Submarine device. Principles and structure of a submarine Submarine diagram

Submarines are a special class of warships that, in addition to all the qualities of warships, have the ability to sail under water, maneuvering along course and depth. By design (Fig. 1.20), submarines are:

One-piece, having one strong hull, which ends at the bow and stern with well-streamlined extremities of light construction;
- polutorak about pusnye, having in addition to a strong body is also lightweight, but not along the entire contour of a strong body;
- double hulls, having two hulls - durable and lightweight, and the latter completely encloses the solid around the perimeter and extends to the entire length of the boat. Currently, most submarines are double-hulled.

Figure: 1.20. Submarine design types:
a - single-hull; b - one and a half hull; в - double-hull; 1 - solid body; 2 - conning tower; 3 - superstructure; 4 - keel; 5 - light body

Robust case - the main structural element of the submarine, ensuring its safe stay at the maximum depth. It forms a closed volume impermeable to water. The space inside the robust hull (Fig. 1.21) is divided by transverse watertight bulkheads into compartments, which are named depending on the nature of the weapons and equipment located in them.

Figure: 1.21. longitudinal section of a diesel-battery submarine:
1 - solid body; 2 - bow torpedo units; 3 - lightweight body; bow torpedo compartment; 5 - torpedo loading hatch; 6 - superstructure; 7 - solid conning tower; 8 - felling fence; 9 - retractable devices; 10 - entrance hatch; 11 - stern torpedo tubes; 12 - aft end; 13 - rudder feather; 14 - aft trim tank; 15 - end (stern) watertight bulkhead; 16 - aft torpedo compartment; 17 - internal watertight bulkhead; 18 - compartment of the main propulsion motors and power plant; 19 - ballast tank; 20 - engine compartment; 21 - fuel tank; 22, 26 - stern and bow groups of storage batteries; 23, 27 - living quarters of the team; 24 - central post; 25 - hold of the central post; 28 - bow trim tank; 29 - end (bow) watertight bulkhead; 30 - nasal end; 31 - buoyancy tank.

Inside the strong hull there are rooms for personnel, main and auxiliary mechanisms, weapons, various systems and devices, bow and stern groups of batteries, various reserves, etc. On modern submarines, the weight of a strong hull in the total weight of the ship is 16-25 %; in the weight of only hull structures - 50-65%.

Structurally robust hull consists of frames and skin. Shpangovy have, as a rule, annular, and elliptical at the ends and are made of profile steel. They are installed one from another at a distance of 300-700 mm, depending on the design of the boat, both from the inside and from the outside of the hull plating, and sometimes in combination on both sides close to each other.

The robust body is made of special rolled sheet steel and welded to the frames. The thickness of the casing sheets reaches 35 mm, depending on the diameter of the strong hull and the maximum immersion depth of the submarine.

The ribs of the durable case are durable and lightweight. Strong bulkheads divide the internal volume of modern submarines into 6-10 watertight compartments and ensure the ship's underwater unsinkability. By location, they are internal and terminal; in shape - flat and spherical.

Light bulkheads are designed to ensure the ship's surface unsinkability. Structurally, bulkheads are made from a set and a skin. A bulkhead set usually consists of several vertical and transverse struts (beams). The cladding is made of sheet steel.

End watertight bulkheads are usually of equal strength with a strong hull and close it in the bow and stern. These bulkheads serve as rigid supports for torpedo tubes on most submarines.

The compartments are connected through watertight doors, which are round or rectangular. These doors are equipped with quick-acting locking devices.

In the vertical direction, the compartments are divided by platforms into upper and lower parts, and sometimes the rooms of the boat have a multi-tiered arrangement, which increases the useful area of \u200b\u200bthe platforms per unit volume. The distance between the platforms "in the light" is more than 2 m, that is, somewhat larger than the average height of a person.

In the upper part of the solid hull, a solid (conning) wheelhouse is installed, communicating through the conning tower hatch with the central post, under which the hold is located. Most modern submarines have a solid wheelhouse in the form of a small round cylinder. Outside, the robust wheelhouse and the devices located behind it, to improve the flow when moving in the submerged position, are closed with light structures, which are called the wheelhouse guard. The deckhouse planking is made of sheet steel of the same grade as the robust hull. The torpedo loading and entrance hatches are also located at the top of the robust hull.

Cisterns are designed for submersion, ascent, trimming of the boat, as well as for storage of liquid cargo. Depending on the purpose, there are tanks: main ballast, auxiliary ballast, ship stores and special ones. Structurally, they are made either strong, that is, designed for the maximum immersion depth, or lightweight, capable of withstanding a pressure of 1-3 kg / cm2. They are housed within a strong case, between a strong and lightweight case and at the extremities.

K and l - welded or riveted beam of box-shaped, trapezoidal, T-shaped, and sometimes semi-cylindrical section, welded to the bottom of the boat hull. It is designed to strengthen the longitudinal strength, protect the hull from damage when laying on rocky ground and placing on a dock cage.

Lightweight hull (Fig. 1.22) - a rigid frame consisting of frames, stringers, transverse impermeable bulkheads and skin. It gives the submarine a well-streamlined shape. The light hull consists of an outer hull, bow and stern ends, a deck superstructure, and a deckhouse guard. The shape of the light hull is completely determined by the outer contours of the ship.

Figure: 1.22. Cross section of one and a half hull submarine:
1 - walking bridge; 2 - conning tower; 3 - superstructure; 4 - stringer; 5 - equalizing tank; 6 - a reinforcing stand; 7, 9 - knits; 8- platform; 10 - box keel; 11 - the foundation of the main diesel engines; 12 - sheathing of a solid body; 13 - frames of a solid body; 14 - main ballast tank; 15 - diagonal racks; 16 - tank cover; 17 - light hull plating; 18 - frame of the light body; 19 - upper deck

The outer shell refers to the waterproof part of the light shell along the rugged shell. It covers a strong hull along the perimeter of the boat's cross-section from the keel to the upper watertight stringer and extends along the length of the ship from the bow to the aft end bulkheads of the strong hull. The ice belt of the light hull is located in the area of \u200b\u200bthe cruising waterline and extends from the bow to the midship; the width of the belt is about 1 mm, the thickness of the sheets is 8 mm.

The extremities of the light hull serve to streamline the bow and stern of the submarine and extend from the end bulkheads of the strong hull to the stem and sternpost, respectively.

The bow end accommodates: bow torpedo tubes, main ballast and buoyancy tanks, chain box, anchor device, hydroacoustic receivers and emitters. Structurally, it consists of a casing and a complex set system. Made of sheet steel of the same quality as the outer casing.

Stem - forged or welded beam, provides rigidity of the bow edge of the boat hull.

In the aft end (Fig. 1.23) are located: aft torpedo tubes, main ballast tanks, horizontal and vertical rudders, stabilizers, propeller shafts with mortars.

Figure: 1.23. Scheme of stern protruding devices:
1 - vertical stabilizer; 2 - vertical steering wheel; 3 - propeller; 4 - horizontal steering wheel; 5 - horizontal stabilizer

Akhtersteven - a complex section beam, usually welded; provides rigidity of the stern edge of the submarine hull.

Horizontal and vertical stabilizers give stability to the submarine during movement. Propeller shafts pass through horizontal stabilizers (with a two-shaft power plant), at the ends of which propellers are installed. Aft horizontal rudders are installed behind the propellers in the same plane with the stabilizers.

Structurally, the stern end consists of a set and a casing. The set is made of stringers, frame and simple frames, platforms and bulkheads. The casing is equally strong with the outer casing.

Superstructure (fig. 1.24) is located above the upper watertight stringer of the outer shell and extends along the entire length of the rugged shell, passing beyond it at the tip. Structurally, the superstructure consists of a skin and a set. The superstructure contains: various systems, devices, bow horizontal rudders, etc.

Figure: 1.24. Submarine superstructure:
1 - knits; 2 - holes in the deck; 3 - superstructure deck; 4 - superstructure side; 5 - scuppers; 6- pillers; 7 - tank cover; 8 - sheathing of a solid body; 9 - frame of a solid body; 10 - lining of the light body; 11 - waterproof stringer of the outer casing; 12 - frame of the light body; 13 - superstructure frame

Retractable devices (fig. 1.25). A modern submarine has a large number of different devices and systems that provide control of its maneuvers, the use of weapons, survivability, the normal operation of the power plant and other technical means in various sailing conditions.

Figure: 1.25. Retractable devices and submarine systems:
1 - periscope; 2 - radio antennas (retractable); 3 - radar antennas; 4 - air shaft for diesel engine operation under water (RDP); 5 - exhaust device RDP; 6 - radio antenna (overwhelming)

Such devices and systems, in particular, include: radio antennas (collapsing and retractable), an exhaust device for operating a diesel engine under water (RDP), RDP air shaft, radar antennas, periscopes, etc.

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Guide to Maritime Practice Author Unknown

1.3. Submarine device

- one-piece, with one strong hull, which ends in the bow and stern with well-streamlined extremities of light construction;

- polutorak about pusnye, having in addition to a strong body is also lightweight, but not along the entire contour of a strong body;

- double hulls, having two hulls - strong and light, the latter completely encircling the strong perimeter and extending to the entire length of the boat. Currently, most submarines are double-hulled.

Figure: 1.20. Submarine design types:

a - single-hull; b - one and a half hull; в - double-hull; 1 - durable body; 2 - conning tower; 3 - superstructure; 4 - keel; 5 - light body

The rugged hull is the main structural element of the submarine, which ensures its safe stay at the maximum depth. It forms a closed volume impermeable to water. The space inside the robust hull (Fig. 1.21) is divided by transverse watertight bulkheads into compartments, which are named depending on the nature of the weapons and equipment located in them.

Figure: 1.21. longitudinal section of a diesel-battery submarine:

1 - durable body; 2 - bow torpedo units; 3 - lightweight body; bow torpedo compartment; 5 - torpedo loading hatch; 6 - superstructure; 7 - solid conning tower; 8 - felling fence; 9 - retractable devices; 10 - entrance hatch; 11 - stern torpedo tubes; 12 - aft end; 13 - rudder feather; 14 - aft trim tank; 15 - end (stern) watertight bulkhead; 16 - aft torpedo compartment; 17 - internal watertight bulkhead; 18 - compartment of the main propulsion motors and power plant; 19 - ballast tank; 20 - engine compartment; 21 - fuel tank; 22, 26 - stern and bow groups of storage batteries; 23, 27 - living quarters of the team; 24 - central post; 25 - hold of the central post; 28 - bow trim tank; 29 - end (bow) watertight bulkhead; 30 - nasal end; 31 - buoyancy tank.

End watertight bulkheads are usually of equal strength with a strong hull and close it in the bow and stern. These bulkheads serve as rigid supports for torpedo tubes on most submarines.

The compartments are connected through watertight doors, which are round or rectangular. These doors are equipped with quick-acting locking devices.

K and l - a welded or riveted beam of box-shaped, trapezoidal, T-shaped, and sometimes semi-cylindrical section, welded to the bottom of the boat hull. It is designed to strengthen the longitudinal strength, protect the hull from damage when laying on rocky ground and placing on a dock cage.

Light hull (Fig. 1.22) - a rigid frame, consisting of frames, stringers, transverse impermeable bulkheads and skin. It gives the submarine a well-streamlined shape. The light hull consists of an outer hull, bow and stern ends, a deck superstructure, and a deckhouse guard. The shape of the light hull is completely determined by the outer contours of the ship.

Figure: 1.22. Cross section of one and a half hull submarine:

1 - walking bridge; 2 - conning tower; 3 - superstructure; 4 - stringer; 5 - equalizing tank; 6 - a reinforcing stand; 7, 9 - knits; 8- platform; 10 - box keel; 11 - the foundation of the main diesel engines; 12 - sheathing of a solid body; 13 - frames of a solid body; 14 - main ballast tank; 15 - diagonal racks; 16 - tank cover; 17 - light hull plating; 18 - light hull frame; 19 - upper deck

The extremities of the light hull serve to streamline the bow and stern of the submarine and extend from the end bulkheads of the strong hull to the stem and sternpost, respectively.

Stem - forged or welded beam, provides rigidity of the bow edge of the boat hull.

In the aft end (Fig. 1.23) are located: aft torpedo tubes, main ballast tanks, horizontal and vertical rudders, stabilizers, propeller shafts with mortars.

Figure: 1.23. Scheme of stern protruding devices:

1 - vertical stabilizer; 2 - vertical steering wheel; 3 - propeller; 4 - horizontal steering wheel; 5 - horizontal stabilizer

Akhtersteven - a complex section beam, usually welded; provides rigidity of the stern edge of the submarine hull.

Structurally, the stern end consists of a set and a casing. The set is made of stringers, frame and simple frames, platforms and bulkheads. The casing is equally strong with the outer casing.

The superstructure (fig. 1.24) is located above the upper watertight stringer of the outer hull and extends along the entire length of the robust hull, passing beyond it at the tip. Structurally, the superstructure consists of a skin and a set. The superstructure contains: various systems, devices, bow horizontal rudders, etc.

Figure: 1.24. Submarine superstructure:

1 - knits; 2 - holes in the deck; 3 - superstructure deck; 4 - superstructure side; 5 - scuppers; 6- pillers; 7 - tank cover; 8 - sheathing of a solid body; 9 - frame of a solid body; 10 - lining of the light body; 11 - waterproof stringer of the outer casing; 12 - frame of the light body; 13 - superstructure frame

Retractable devices (Fig. 1.25). A modern submarine has a large number of different devices and systems that provide control of its maneuvers, the use of weapons, survivability, the normal operation of the power plant and other technical means in various sailing conditions.

Figure: 1.25. Retractable devices and submarine systems:

1 - periscope; 2 - radio antennas (retractable); 3 - radar antennas; 4 - air shaft for diesel engine operation under water (RDP); 5 - exhaust device RDP; 6 - radio antenna (overwhelming)

In continuation of publications about submarines that were previously in service with the Soviet and Russian navies, and converted into museums, we offer you a brief overview of modern Russian submarines. The first part will consider non-nuclear (diesel-electric) submarines.

Currently, the Russian Navy is armed with diesel-electric submarines of three main projects: 877 Halibut, 677 Lada and 636 Varshavyanka.

All modern Russian diesel-electric submarines are built according to the scheme with full electric propulsion: the main engine is an electric motor powered by accumulator batteries, which are recharged on the surface or at periscope depth (when air enters through the RPM shaft) from a diesel generator. The diesel generator compares favorably with diesel engines in smaller dimensions, which is achieved by increasing the shaft rotation speed and eliminating the need for reverse.

Project 877 "Halibut"

Submarines of project 877 (code "Halibut", according to NATO classification - Kilo) - a series of Soviet and Russian submarines 1982-2000. The project was developed at the Central Design Bureau "Rubin", the general designer of the project is YN Kormilitsin. The lead ship was built in 1979-1982. at the plant them. Lenin's Komsomol in Komsomolsk-on-Amur. Subsequently, the ships of project 877 were built at the Krasnoye Sormovo shipyard in Nizhny Novgorod and at the Admiralty Shipyards in St. Petersburg.

For the first time in the USSR, the hull of the boat was made in an "airship" shape with an optimal length-to-width ratio in terms of streamlining (slightly more than 7: 1). The chosen form made it possible to increase the underwater speed and reduce noise, due to the deterioration of seaworthiness in the surface position. The boat has a double-hull design, traditional for the Soviet school of submarine shipbuilding. The light body limits the developed bow end, in the upper part of which there are torpedo tubes, and the lower part is occupied by the developed main antenna of the Rubicon-M hydroacoustic complex.

The boats of the project received an automated weapon system. The armament included 6 torpedo tubes of 533 mm caliber, up to 18 torpedoes or 24 mines. In Soviet times, the ships were equipped with a defensive air defense system "Strela-3", which could be used on the surface.

Submarine B-227 "Vyborg" project 877 "Halibut"

Submarine B-471 "Magnitogorsk" project 877 "Halibut"

Longitudinal section of the submarine of project 877 "Halibut":

1 - main antenna of "Rubicon-M" SJSC; 2 - 533 mm TA; 3 - the first (bow or torpedo) compartment; 4 - anchor spire; 5 - bow hatch; 6 - spare torpedoes with a quick-loading device; 7 - bow horizontal rudder with a dropping mechanism and drives; 8 - living quarters; 9 - nasal group AB; 10 - gyrocompass repeater; 11 - walking bridge; 12 - attack periscope PK-8.5; 13 - anti-aircraft and navigation periscope PZNG-8M; 14 - PMU device RDP; 15 - solid deckhouse; 16 - PMU antenna of the Kaskad radar; 17 - PMU antenna of the "Frame" radio direction finder; 18 - PMU antenna SORS MRP-25; 19 - container (fender) for storing the "Strela-ZM" MANPADS air defense missile system; 20 - second compartment; 21 - central post; 22 - third (residential) compartment; 23 - feed group AB; 24 - fourth (diesel-generator) compartment; 25 - DG; 26 - cylinders of the VVD system; 27 - the fifth (electromotor) compartment; 28 - GGED; 29 - emergency buoy; 30 - sixth (aft) compartment; 31 - aft hatch; 32 - GED economic course; 33 - drives of aft rudders; 34 - shaft line; 34 - aft vertical stabilizer.

The performance data of the project 877 "Halibut":

Project 677 "Lada" ("Cupid")

Submarines of the project 677 (code "Lada") - a series of Russian diesel-electric submarines, developed at the end of the XX century at the Central Design Bureau "Rubin", the general designer of the project Yu.N. Kormilitsin. The boats are intended to destroy submarines, surface ships and enemy ships, to protect naval bases, sea coast and sea communications, and conduct reconnaissance. The series is a development of the project 877 "Halibut". The low noise level was achieved due to the choice of a single-hull design type, a reduction in the size of the ship, the use of an all-mode main propeller motor with permanent magnets, the installation of vibroactive equipment and the introduction of a new generation anti-hydrolocation coating technology. Project 677 submarines are under construction at the Admiralty Shipyards in St. Petersburg.

The submarine of project 677 is made according to the so-called one-and-a-half-hull scheme. The axisymmetric robust casing is made of AB-2 steel and has the same diameter along almost the entire length. The bow and stern tips are spherical. The hull is divided in length into five watertight compartments by flat bulkheads; the hull is divided in height into three tiers by means of platforms. The lightweight body is streamlined for high hydrodynamic performance. The fence of the retractable devices has the same shape as that of the boats of projects 877, at the same time the stern tail is made cruciform, and the front horizontal rudders are placed on the fence, where they create minimal interference with the operation of the sonar complex.

In comparison with the Varshavyanka, the surface displacement has been reduced by almost 1.3 times - from 2,300 to 1,765 tons. Full submerged speed increased from 19-20 to 21 knots. The number of the crew was reduced from 52 to 35 submariners, while the autonomy remained unchanged - up to 45 days. The boats of the "Lada" type are distinguished by a very low noise level, a high level of automation and a relatively low price compared to their foreign counterparts: the German type 212, and the Franco-Spanish project "Scorpene", while possessing more powerful weapons.

Submarine B-585 "St. Petersburg" project 677 "Lada"

Longitudinal section of the submarine project 677 "Lada":

1 - baffle of the main antenna of the SAC; 2 - nasal CGB; 3 - 533 mm TA; 4 - torpedo loading hatch; 5 - anchor; 6 - bow (torpedo) compartment; 7 - spare torpedoes with a quick-loading device; 8 - baffle of auxiliary mechanisms; 9 - nasal AB; 10 - walking bridge; 11 - solid deckhouse; 12 - second (central post) compartment; 13 - central post; 14 - main command post; 15 - REV aggregate baffle; 16 enclosure for auxiliary equipment and general ship systems (bilge pumps, general ship hydraulics pumps, converters and air conditioners); 17 - third (residential and battery) compartment; 18 - wardroom and galley block; 19 - living quarters and a medical block; 20 - stern AB; 21 - fourth (diesel-generator) compartment; 22 - DG; 23 - baffle of auxiliary mechanisms; 24 - fifth (electromotor) compartment; 25 - GED; 26 - fuel tank; 27 - aft rudder drives; 28 - shaft line; 29 - feed Central City Hospital; 30 - aft vertical stabilizers; 31 fairing of the GPBA exit channel.

Tactical and technical data of the project 677 "Lada":

* Amur-950 "- an export modification of the project 677" Lada "is equipped with four torpedo tubes and an air defense missile for ten missiles, capable of firing a salvo of ten missiles in two minutes. Depth of immersion - 250 meters. Crew - from 18 to 21 people. Autonomy - 30 days ...

Due to the shortcomings of the power plant, the planned serial construction of boats of this project in its original form was canceled, the project will be finalized.

Project 636 "Varshavyanka"

Submarines of project 636 (code "Varshavyanka", according to NATO classification - Improved Kilo) multipurpose diesel-electric submarines - an improved version of the export submarine of Project 877EKM. The project was also developed at the Rubin Central Design Bureau, under the leadership of Yu.N. Kormilitsin.

Submarines of the "Varshavyanka" class, combining projects 877 and 636 and their modifications, are the main class of non-nuclear submarines produced in Russia. They are in service with both the Russian and a number of foreign fleets. The project, developed in the late 1970s, is considered very successful, so the construction of the series, with a number of improvements, continues into the 2010s.

Submarine B-262 "Stary Oskol" project 636 "Varshavyanka"

Tactical and technical data of the project 636 "Varshavyanka":

To be continued.

The principles and structure of the submarine

Principles of operation and structure of a submarine considered together as they are closely related. The principle of scuba diving is decisive. Hence, the main requirements for submarines are:

withstand water pressure in a submerged position, that is, to ensure the strength and water resistance of the case.
provide controlled diving, ascent, and depth changes.
have optimal flow from the point of view of speed
maintain performance (combat effectiveness) throughout the entire range of operation in terms of physical, climatic and autonomy conditions.

The device of one of the first submarines, "Pioneer", 1862

Submarine device diagram

Durability and waterproof

Ensuring strength is the most difficult task, and therefore the main focus is on it. In the case of a double-hull design, the water pressure (excess 1 kgf / cm² for every 10 m depth) takes over robust housingoptimally shaped to withstand pressure. The flow is provided lightweight body... In some cases, with a single-hull design, a robust body has a shape that simultaneously satisfies both pressure resistance and streamlining conditions. For example, the hull of the Drzewiecki submarine, or the British midget submarine, had such a shape. X-Craft .

Rugged case (PC)

The most important tactical characteristic of the submarine - the immersion depth - depends on how strong the hull is, what water pressure it can withstand. The depth determines the stealth and invulnerability of the boat, the deeper the dive, the more difficult it is to find the boat and the more difficult it is to hit it. Most important working depth - the maximum depth at which the boat can remain indefinitely without permanent deformations, and ultimate depth - the maximum depth to which the boat can still dive without destruction, albeit with residual deformations.

Of course, strength must be accompanied by waterproofness. Otherwise, the boat, like any ship, simply will not be able to float.

Before going to sea or before a campaign, during a test dive, the strength and tightness of a durable hull is checked on the submarine. Immediately before diving from the boat with the help of a compressor (on diesel submarines - the main diesel engine), air is partially evacuated to create a vacuum. The command "listen in the compartments" is given. At the same time, the shut-off pressure is monitored. If the characteristic whistling of air is heard and / or the pressure quickly returns to atmospheric pressure, the robust housing is leaking. After immersion in the positional position, a command is given to “look around the compartments”, and the body and fittings are visually checked for leaks.

Light body (LK)

The contours of the lightweight body provide optimal airflow during design travel. In a submerged position, there is water inside the light body - inside and outside it the pressure is the same and it does not need to be strong, hence its name. The light body contains equipment that does not require isolation from the outboard pressure: ballast and fuel (on diesel submarines) tanks, GAS antennas, steering rods.

Enclosure types

Single-hull: main ballast tanks (CGB) are located inside a robust hull. Light body at the extremities only. The elements of the set, like a surface ship, are located inside a sturdy hull.
Advantages of this design: economy of size and weight, correspondingly lower power requirements of the main mechanisms, better underwater maneuverability.
Disadvantages: the vulnerability of a solid hull, a small buoyancy margin, the need to make the CHB strong.
Historically, the first submarines were single-hull. Most American nuclear submarines are also single-hull.

Double-hull: (CGB inside a lightweight body, lightweight body completely encloses durable). In double-hull submarines, the elements of the set are usually located outside the sturdy hull to save space inside.
Advantages: increased buoyancy, more tenacious construction.
Disadvantages: increase in size and weight, complication of ballast systems, less maneuverability, including when diving and ascending.
Most of the Russian / Soviet boats were built according to this scheme. For them, the standard requirement is to ensure unsinkability in the event of flooding of any compartment and the adjacent Central City Hospital.

One-and-a-half-body: (CGB inside a light body, light body partially covers a durable one).
Advantages of one-and-a-half-hull submarines: good maneuverability, reduced diving time with a sufficiently high survivability.
Disadvantages: Less buoyancy, need to fit more systems into a robust hull.
This design was characteristic of medium-sized submarines of the Second World War, for example, the German type VII, and the first post-war ones, for example, the Guppy type, USA.

Superstructure

The superstructure forms an additional volume above the CGB and / or the upper deck of the submarine, for use on the surface. It is carried out lightly, in an underwater position it is filled with water. It can play the role of an additional chamber above the Central City Hospital, insuring the tank against emergency filling. It also contains devices that do not require waterproofing: mooring, anchor, emergency buoys. At the top of the tanks are ventilation valve (KV), under them - emergency slams (AZ). Otherwise, they are called the first and second constipation of the CHB.

Strong wheelhouse (view through the lower conning tower)

Strong deckhouse

Installed on top of a robust housing. Performed waterproof. It is a gateway for access to the submarine through the main hatch, a rescue chamber, and often a combat post. It has upper and lower conning tower... Periscope shafts are usually passed through it. The solid deckhouse provides additional unsinkability when on the surface - the upper deckhouse hatch is high above the waterline, the danger of flooding the submarine with a wave is less, damage to the strong deckhouse does not violate the tightness of the solid hull. When operating under the periscope, the wheelhouse allows you to increase it departure - the height of the head above the body, - and thereby increase the periscope depth. Tactically, this is more profitable - urgent diving from under the periscope is faster.

Cabin fencing

Less commonly, the fence of retractable devices. Fits around a robust deckhouse to improve flow around it and retractable devices. It also forms the bridge. Done easy.

Immersion and ascent

When an urgent dive is required, use rapid dive tank (PPI, sometimes called an urgent immersion tank). Its volume is not included in the design buoyancy margin, that is, having taken ballast into it, the boat becomes heavier than the surrounding water, which helps to "fall" to the depth. Thereafter, of course, the rapid dive tank is immediately purged. It is housed in a sturdy case and is made sturdy.

In a combat situation (including in combat service and on a campaign), immediately after surfacing, the boat receives water in the pulp and paper industry, and compensates for its weight, blowing the main ballast is to maintain some excess pressure in the CHB. Thus, the boat is in immediate readiness for an urgent dive.

Among the most important special tanks:

Torpedo and rocket replacement tanks.

In order to maintain the total load after the exit of torpedoes or missiles from the TA / mines, and to prevent spontaneous ascent, the water that entered them (about a ton for each torpedo, tens of tons per rocket) is not pumped overboard, but poured into specially designed tanks. This allows you not to disrupt the work with the centralized gas tank and to limit the volume of the equalizing tank.

If you try to compensate for the weight of torpedoes and missiles at the expense of the main ballast, it should be variable, that is, an air bubble should remain in the Central City Hospital, and it “walks” (mobile) - the worst situation for trimming. At the same time, a submerged submarine practically loses controllability, in the words of one author, "behaves like a mad horse." To a lesser extent, this is also true for the surge tank. But most importantly, if it compensates for large loads, it will have to increase its volume, which means the amount of compressed air required for blowing. And the supply of compressed air on a boat is the most valuable thing, it is always small and difficult to replenish.

Annular gap tanks

There is always a gap between the torpedo (missile) and the wall of the torpedo tube (mine), especially in the head and tail parts. Before firing, the outer cover of the torpedo tube (mine) must be opened. This can be done only by equalizing the pressure overboard and inside, that is, by filling the TA (mine) with water communicating with the outboard. But if you let water in directly from the side, the trim will be knocked down - right before the shot.

To avoid this, the water required to fill the gap is stored in special annular gap tanks (CKZ). They are located near the TA or mines, and are filled from the surge tank. After that, to equalize the pressure, it is enough to bypass water from the Central Concert Hall to the TA, and open the seacock.

Energy and vitality

It is clear that neither the filling and purging of tanks, nor the firing of torpedoes or missiles, nor movement or even ventilation occur by themselves. A submarine is not an apartment where you can open a window, and fresh air itself will replace the used one. All this requires energy costs.

Accordingly, without energy, the boat cannot not only move, but maintain the ability to “swim and shoot” for any length of time. That is, energy and vitality are two sides of the same process.

If with motion it is possible to choose solutions traditional for a ship - to use the energy of the burned fuel (if there is enough oxygen for this), or the energy of the fission of an atom, then for actions characteristic only of a submarine, other energy sources are needed. Even a nuclear reactor, which gives an almost unlimited source of it, has a drawback - it produces it only at a certain rate, and very reluctantly changes the rate. Trying to get more power out of it means risking the reaction out of control - a kind of mini-nuclear explosion.

This means that you need some way to store energy, and quickly release it as needed. And compressed air has been the best way ever since diving was born. Its only serious drawback is its limited reserves. Air storage cylinders are heavy, and the more, the greater the pressure in them. This sets the limit for stocks.

Air system

Main article: Air system

Compressed air is the second most important source of energy on a boat and, secondly, provides a supply of oxygen. With it, many evolutions are made - from diving and surfacing to removing waste from the boat.

For example, it is possible to combat emergency flooding of compartments by supplying them with compressed air. Torpedoes and missiles are also fired by air - in fact, blowing through a TA or mines.

The air system is classified into high pressure air (HPA), medium pressure air (HPA) and low pressure air (HPA) systems.

The VVD system is the main one among them. It is more profitable to store compressed air under high pressure - it takes up less space and accumulates more energy. Therefore, it is stored in VVD cylinders, and released into other subsystems through pressure reducers.

Replenishment of VVD stocks is a long and energy-intensive operation. And, of course, it requires access to atmospheric air. Considering that modern boats spend most of their time under water, and they also try not to linger at periscope depth, there are not many opportunities for replenishment. Compressed air has to be literally rationed, and usually the senior mechanic (commander of the warhead-5) personally monitors this.

Traffic

The movement, or the course of the submarine, is the main consumer of energy. Depending on how the surface and underwater passage is provided, all submarines can be divided into two large types: with a separate or with a single engine.

Separate is called an engine that is used only for surface or only for underwater running. United, respectively, is called the engine, which is suitable for both modes.

Historically, the first submarine engine was man. With his muscular strength, he set the boat in motion both on the surface and under water. That is, it was a single engine.

The search for more powerful and long-range engines was directly related to the development of technology in general. It went through the steam engine and various types of internal combustion engines to diesel. But they all have a common drawback - dependence on atmospheric air. Inevitably arises separateness, that is, the need for a second engine for underwater running. An additional requirement for submarine engines is low noise levels. The noiselessness of the submarine in the sneaking mode is necessary to maintain its invisibility from the enemy when performing combat missions in the immediate vicinity of him.

Traditionally, an underwater motor has been and remains an electric motor powered by a battery. It is air independent, quite safe and acceptable in weight and dimensions. However, there is also a serious drawback - the low capacity of the battery. Therefore, the stock of continuous underwater travel is limited. Moreover, it depends on the mode of use. A typical diesel-electric submarine needs to recharge the battery after every 300 to 350 miles of economic speed, or every 20 to 30 miles of full speed. In other words, a boat can travel without recharging for 3 or more days at a speed of 2 ÷ 4 knots, or an hour and a half at a speed of more than 20 knots. Since the weight and volume of a diesel submarine are limited, the diesel and the electric motor play several roles. Diesel can be an engine, or a piston compressor if it is driven by an electric motor. That, in turn, can be a generator when it is rotated by a diesel engine, or an engine when it is powered by a propeller.

There were attempts to create a single steam-gas engine. German submarines Walter used concentrated hydrogen peroxide as fuel. It turned out to be too explosive, expensive and unstable for widespread use.

Only with the creation of a nuclear reactor suitable for submarines did a truly single engine appear, which can move in any position for an unlimited time. Therefore, the division of submarines into atomic and non-nuclear.

There are submarines with a single non-nuclear engine. For example, Swedish boats of the Nakken type with a Stirling engine. However, they only lengthened the time of the underwater course, not eliminating the need for the submarine to surface to replenish oxygen reserves. This engine has not yet found widespread use.

Electric Power System (EES)

The main elements of the system are generators, converters, storage facilities, conductors and energy consumers.

Since most of the submarines in the world are diesel-electric, they have characteristic features in the scheme and composition of the EPS. In the classic diesel-electric PL system, the electric motor is used as a reversible machine, that is, it can consume current for movement, or generate it for charging. Such a system has:

Main diesel... It is a surface engine and generator drive. Also plays a minor role as a reciprocating compressor. Main switchboard (Main switchboard). Converts the generator current into direct current for charging the battery or vice versa, and distributes energy to consumers. Rowing motor (GED). Its main purpose is to work on the screw. May also play a role generator. Accumulator battery (AB). Stores and stores electricity from the generator, gives it out for consumption when the generator is not working - primarily under water. Electrical fittings... Cables, breakers, insulators. Their purpose is to connect other elements of the system, transfer energy to consumers and prevent its leaks.

For such a submarine, the characteristic modes are:

Screw-charging... The diesel engine on one side rotates the propeller, the diesel engine on the other side works on the generator, charging the battery.
Screw-consumption... Diesel on one side rotates the propeller, the diesel on the other runs on the generator, which supplies consumers.
Partial electric motion... Diesel engines work on a generator, part of the energy of which is consumed by the electric motor, the other part is used to charge the battery.
Full electric motion... Diesel engines run on a generator, all of which is consumed by the electric motor.

In some cases, the system also contains separate diesel generators (DG) and an economic propulsion motor (EDEC). The latter is used for low-noise economical mode of "sneaking" to the target.

The main problem of storage and transmission of electricity is the resistance of the EPS elements. Unlike ground-based units, resistance in conditions of high humidity and saturation with submarine equipment is a highly variable value. One of the permanent tasks of the electrician team is to monitor the insulation and restore its resistance to standard.

The second major concern is the condition of the batteries. As a result of a chemical reaction, heat is generated in them and hydrogen is released. If free hydrogen accumulates in a certain concentration, it forms an explosive mixture with atmospheric oxygen that can explode no worse than a depth charge. An overheated battery in a cramped hold is the cause of an emergency, which is very typical for boats - a fire in a battery pit.

When seawater enters the battery, chlorine is released, which forms extremely toxic and explosive compounds. A mixture of hydrogen and chlorine explodes even from light. Given that the likelihood of seawater entering the boat's premises is always high, constant monitoring of the chlorine content and ventilation of the battery pits is required.

In the submerged position, for hydrogen binding, devices for flameless (catalytic) hydrogen afterburning - HRC are used, installed in the compartments of the submarine and hydrogen afterburners, built into the battery ventilation system. Complete removal of hydrogen is possible only by venting the battery. Therefore, on a running boat, even in the base, a watch is carried out in the central post and in the post of energy and survivability (PEL). One of its tasks is to control the hydrogen content and ventilate the battery.

Fuel system

Diesel-electric, and to a lesser extent, nuclear submarines use diesel fuel - solar oil. The volume of stored fuel can be up to 30% of the displacement. Moreover, this is a variable margin, which means that it is a serious task when calculating trim.

The solar oil is quite easily separated from the seawater by settling, while practically not mixing, therefore such a scheme is used. Fuel tanks are located at the bottom of the light body. As fuel is consumed, it is replaced by seawater. Since the difference in the densities of diesel fuel and water is approximately 0.8 to 1.0, the order of consumption is observed, for example: the bow cistern on the left side, then the stern right side, then the bow cistern on the starboard, and so on, so that changes in trim are minimal.

Drainage system

As the name suggests, it is designed to remove water from the submarine. Consists of pumps (pumps), pipelines and fittings. It has drainage pumps for fast pumping of large amounts of water, and drainage pumps for its complete removal.

It is based on centrifugal pumps with high performance. Since their supply depends on the back pressure, and therefore decreases with depth, there are also pumps, the supply of which does not depend on the back pressure - piston pumps. For example, on the submarine of pr.633, the productivity of drainage means on the surface is 250 m³ / h, at a working depth of 60 m³ / h.

Fire protection system

The submarine fire-fighting system consists of four types of subsystems. In fact, the boat has four independent systems extinguishing:

Air-foam fire extinguishing system (IDF);
Water fire extinguishing system;
Fire extinguishers and fire-fighting equipment (asbestos cloth, tarpaulin, etc.).

At the same time, unlike stationary, ground-based systems, water extinguishing is not the main one. On the contrary, the manual for damage control (RBZh PL) aims to use primarily volumetric and air-foam systems. The reason for this is the high saturation of the submarine with equipment, which means that there is a high probability of damage from water, short circuits, and the release of harmful gases.

In addition, there are systems preventing fires:

irrigation system for missile silos (containers) - on missile submarines;
irrigation system for ammunition stored on racks in submarine compartments;
bulkhead irrigation system;

Volumetric chemical fire extinguishing system (LOH)

The Boat, Bulk, Chemical (LOKH) system is designed to extinguish fires in submarine compartments (except for fires of gunpowder, explosives and two-component rocket fuel). Based on the interruption of the chain reaction of combustion with the participation of atmospheric oxygen with a freon-based quenching agent. Its main advantage is its versatility. However, the supply of freon is limited, and therefore the use of LOX is recommended only in certain cases.

Air-foam fire extinguishing system (IPL)

Air-foam system, Boat (VPL) is designed to extinguish small local fires in the compartments:

live electrical equipment;
accumulated fuel, oil or other flammable liquids in the hold;
materials in the battery pit;
rags, wood sheathing, thermal insulation materials.

Water extinguishing system

The system is designed to extinguish a fire in the superstructure of the submarine and the deckhouse fence, as well as fires of fuel spilled on the water near the submarine. In other words, not designed for extinguishing inside a durable submarine housing.

Fire extinguishers and fire equipment

Designed to extinguish the fires of rags, wood sheathing, electrical and heat-insulating materials and to ensure the actions of personnel when extinguishing a fire. In other words, they play an auxiliary role in cases where the use of centralized fire extinguishing systems is difficult or impossible.

All systems and devices of a submarine are so closely related to survivability and depend on each other that anyone who is allowed on board, even temporarily, must pass credit for the device and safety rules on the submarine, including the features of the particular ship to which it gets access.

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Submarine of the British Navy "Upholder" ("Ally")

Submarines easily float on the water surface. But unlike all other ships, they can sink to the bottom of the ocean and, in some cases, swim for months in its depths. The secret is that the submarine has a unique double-hull design.

Between its outer and inner hulls there are special compartments, or ballast tanks, which can be filled with sea water. This increases the total weight of the submarine and, accordingly, decreases its buoyancy, that is, the ability to stay on the surface. The boat moves forward due to the work of the propeller, and horizontal rudders, called hydroplanes, help it to dive.

The sub's inner steel hull is designed to withstand the immense water pressure that grows with depth. In a submerged state, the trim tanks located along the keel help keep the ship stably. If it is necessary to surface, then the submarine is freed from the water, or, as they say, the ballast tanks are blown through. Navigation aids such as periscopes, radar, (radar), sonar (sonar) and satellite communication systems help the submarine to stay on course.

The above image shows a cross-sectional view of a 2455-ton, 232-foot long British strike submarine that can travel at 20 mph. While the boat is near the surface, its diesel engines generate electricity. This energy is stored in rechargeable batteries and then spent in diving. Nuclear submarines use nuclear fuel to turn water into superheated steam to power its steam turbines.

How does a submarine sink and surface?

When a sub is on the surface, it is said to be in a positive buoyancy state. Then her ballast tanks are mostly filled with air (near right). When submerged (middle figure on the right), the vessel acquires negative buoyancy, since air from the ballast tanks escapes through the outlet valves, and the tanks are filled with water through the water intake ports. To move at a certain depth in a submerged state, submarines use a balancing technique in which compressed air is pumped into ballast tanks, while the water intake ports remain open. In this case, the desired state of neutral buoyancy occurs. For ascent (far right), water is pushed out of the ballast tanks using the compressed air stored on board.

There is not enough free space on the submarine. In the top picture, sailors are eating in the wardroom. In the upper right corner is an American submarine on the surface. On the right in the photo is a cramped cockpit where divers sleep.

Clean air under water

Most modern submarines make fresh water from sea water. And supplies of fresh air are also made on board - decomposing fresh water using electrolysis and freeing oxygen from it. When the submarine cruises near the surface, it takes in fresh air and throws out the exhaust air with the help of snorkels covered with caps - devices exposed above the water. In this position, above the conning tower, the boats are in the air, except for snorkels, a periscope, a radio communication antenna and other superstructures. The submarine's air quality is monitored daily to ensure proper oxygen levels. All the air is passed through a scrubber, or gas scrubber, to remove contamination. The exhaust gases are discharged through a separate pipeline.

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