Warship starting with the letter d. Dictionary of marine words - marine, yacht and motor-boat terms. Other types of ships

Currently, a ship is called a warship. Tankers, bulk carriers, dry cargo ships, passenger liners, container ships, icebreakers and other representatives of the technical fleet of civil or merchant fleets are not included in this category. But once, at the dawn of shipping, when humanity was still filling the white spaces on the sailing directions with the vague outlines of new islands and even continents, any sailboat was considered a ship. On board each of them were guns, and the team consisted of desperate fellows, ready to do anything for the sake of profit and romance of distant wanderings. Then, in these troubled centuries, there was a division into types of ships. The list, taking into account modern additions, would be very long, so it is worth focusing on sailboats. Well, maybe some rowboats can be added.

galleys

Getting on them is an unenviable share. Such a punishment in ancient times awaited inveterate criminals. And in ancient Egypt, and in Finland, and in Hellas they already were. Over time, other types of ships appeared, but galleys were used until the Middle Ages. Those same convicts served as the main driving force, but they were sometimes assisted by sails, straight or triangular, mounted on two or three masts. By modern concepts these ships were not large, their displacement was only 30-70 tons, and the length rarely exceeded 30 meters, but in those days the size of the ships was not gigantic at all. The rowers sat in rows, according to historians, no more than three horizontal tiers. The armament of the galleys is represented by ballistae and bow rams; in later centuries, these weapons were supplemented by artillery. The move, that is, the speed of movement, was controlled by the overseers, setting the rhythm with special tambourines, and, if necessary, with a whip.

barks

So, a bark (the name of the species comes from the Flemish word "bark") is a ship with three to five masts. All of her sails are straight, with the exception of the oblique rigging of the mizzen (stern mast). Barks - the ships are quite large, for example, the Kruzenshtern has a length of about 115 meters, a width of 14 meters, a crew of 70 people. Since it was built in 1926, when steam engines were already widespread, an auxiliary power plant with a capacity of almost one and a half thousand kilowatts, loaded in two constant steps. Even today the speed of the ship does not seem low; under sail, the speed of this barge reaches 17 knots. The purpose of the type, in general, is common for the merchant fleet of the 19th century - the delivery of mixed cargo, mail and passengers along sea lines.

The brigantine raises the sails

In fact, the same barges, but with two masts, are called brigantines. All differ in their purpose and navigable qualities. Brigantines stand out for their speed and lightness. Sailing equipment is mixed, on the fore (front mast) the sails are straight, and on the mainsail oblique. Favorite ship of pirates of all seas. Historical sources mention brigantines with the so-called "Bermuda grotto", that is, a triangular sail stretched between the lyktros and the luff, but none of the surviving representatives of the species can boast of it. However, these nuances are of interest only to specialists.

Frigates

As the fleet developed, some types of warships appeared, others disappeared, and still others took on a different meaning. A frigate is an example. This concept survived later types such as ironclads, dreadnoughts and even battleships. True, a modern frigate roughly corresponds to the Soviet concept of a large anti-submarine ship, but it sounds shorter and somehow more beautiful. In the original sense, it means a three-masted ship with one artillery deck for 20-30 guns. Since the 17th century, the adjective “Dunkirk” has been added to the word “frigate”, for a long time, meaning the predominant use in a separate zone of the maritime theater of operations adjacent to the Pas de Calais. This type was fast. Then, as the radius of autonomy increased, they began to be called simply frigates. Displacement - average for that time, approximately The most famous Russian frigate was called "Pallada", on it in 1855 a glorious expedition was undertaken to the shores of East Asia under the command of Admiral E.V. Putyatin.

caravels

“She passed like a caravel ...” - is sung in a famous pop song. It is not harmful to study the types of sailing ships before writing lyrics for future hits. The compliment turned out to be somewhat ambiguous. Not every girl wants to be compared with a lifting, large and rather heavy vessel. In addition, the nose of the caravel is turned up high, which can also be seen as an undesirable hint.

However, basically this type, of course, has good seaworthiness. He is most famous for the fact that Columbus made his expedition to the shores of the New World precisely on three caravels (Santa Maria, Pinta and Nina). Outwardly, they can be distinguished by the mentioned raised tanks (bow superstructures), as well as by sailing equipment. There are three masts, with straight foresails, and the rest with latin (oblique) sails.

Appointment - distant sea and transoceanic campaigns.

From the word "caravel" morphologically comes the Russian word "ship". It gave the name to the famous French passenger airliner, very beautiful.

Clippers

For fast navigation, all types of ships are created, they are not always remembered, but there are exceptions. Someone will say the word "cruiser", and then everyone around will think something - some "Aurora", others "Varyag". As for clippers, there is only one option - “Cutty Sark”. This vessel with a long and narrow hull has gone down in history for several reasons, but its main and most important quality was its speed. It was the lot of clippers and their crews to deliver tea from China, quickly bring mail to distant colonies, and carry out especially delicate tasks for the queen. And these ships did their work until the very appearance of steamships, and in some cases even later.

galleons

Going through the old types of warships, one cannot help but recall the Great Armada, which competed with the British fleet in the 16th century. The main unit of this formidable force was the Spanish galleon. Not a single sailing ship of that time could compare in perfection with it. At its core, this is an improved caravel, with a reduced superstructure of the tank (that very “upturned nose” has practically disappeared) and an elongated hull. As a result, the old Spanish shipbuilders achieved increased stability, reduced wave resistance and, as a result, increased speed. Maneuverability has also improved. Other types of warships of the 16th century looked shorter and too high next to the galleon (this was a disadvantage, it was easier to hit such a target). The outlines of the poop (stern superstructure) acquired a rectangular shape, and the crew conditions became more comfortable. It was on the galleons that the first latrines (latrines) appeared, hence the origin of the word.

The displacement of these "battleships of the 16th century" ranged from 500 to 2 thousand tons. Finally, they were very beautiful, they were decorated with skillful carvings, and the nose was crowned with a majestic sculpture.

Schooners

There are types of large ships that have become "workhorses" designed to carry a wide variety of goods. Schooners occupy a special place among them. These are multi-masted vessels, distinguished by the fact that at least two of their rigs are oblique. They are topsail, staysail, Bermuda or gaff, depending on which masts are equipped with slanting sails. In this case, it should be borne in mind that the line between a two-masted brahmsel or topsail schooner and a brigantine is very arbitrary. This type has been known since the 17th century. He reached the greatest distribution in the trade US Navy, in particular, Wolf Larsen, the character of Jack London, with his team hunts on a schooner. Compared to it, other types of ships are more difficult to manage (According to J. London, this process is accessible even to a lone sailor). Most often, schooners were two- and three-masted, but there are cases when the equipment was much more numerous. A peculiar record was set in 1902, when a ship with seven masts was launched (Thomas Double Lawson, Quincy shipyard).

Other types of ships

Photos of sailboats that arrived at the international regatta from all over the world are published in newspapers, magazines and on website pages. Such a parade is always an event, the beauty of these ships is incomparable with anything. Barges, brigantines, corvettes, frigates, clippers, keches, yachts represent all types of ships that, fortunately, have survived to this day. This spectacle distracts from everyday life and takes the viewer into the past centuries, full of adventures and romance of distant wanderings. A real sailor must master the art of sailing navigation, as they say in many countries, including ours. Having climbed up the shrouds, unfolded the sails and breathed in the free wind of the sea, you can take your seats at the modern control panels of bulk carriers, bulk carriers and cruise ships. You can safely trust such a sailor with the fate of the cargo and the lives of passengers, he will not let you down.

D (Good) (Affirmative) - the literal meaning of one of the flags of the naval and international codes of signals. The meaning of this flag, as a signal according to the naval code, is "Yes, I agree, I allow." Flag "D" according to the international code of signals means: "I am changing my course to starboard."

GIVE, GIVE - inform, produce, etc. Back up (Aback; make stern way) - tell the ship to reverse. D. volley (Fire a broad-side) - make a volley. "Give a leg"(right or left) - press the vertical control pedal of the aircraft's rudder. D. so many revolutions of the car (Give NN turns) - inform the machine of a given number of revolutions. D. forward move (Head the engines) - inform the vessel of the forward course. "Give me a pen" (away from you or towards you) - move, press the vertical control knob of the aircraft depth rudder. D. slack (Slack out, swing) - loosen the tackle, the end. D. move forward. D. move back.

PRESSURE is the resultant of external forces applied to the surface. The unit of pressure in the absolute system of measures is barium, equal to dyne / cm2, the technical unit of pressure is atmosphere or bar = 1,000,000 barium. In the MTS system - pieza or sten / m2 = 10,000 barium. Barometers are used to measure atmospheric pressure, pressure gauges are used to measure pressure above atmospheric, and vacuum meters are used to measure pressure below atmospheric.

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE - see Atmospheric pressure.

WIND PRESSURE ON SAIL - if the latter stands perpendicular to the direction of the wind, it can be expressed by a special formula.

EXPLOSION PRESSURE - the maximum pressure of gases inside the cylinder of an engine operating according to the Otto cycle, obtained at the time of the flash of the combustible mixture.

WATER PRESSURE ON THE HANDLEBAR - see Steering wheel.

AIR PRESSURE - the force with which atmospheric air presses on the surface of the globe and all bodies in general that come into contact with air; measured by the height of the mercury column in a barometer. At a height of mercury column of 760 mm, the air pressure is approximately 1 kg/cm2. In meteorology, the value of air pressure is usually expressed in millibars (see).

PRESSURE INDICATOR - the pressure of the working fluid (steam, gas, water) in the cylinder of the engine machine, measured by means of instruments called indicators and expressed in kg 1 cm2 or in f / dm2. Average D. I. - an imaginary constant pressure of the working fluid in the cylinder, giving the same work that is obtained with the actual pressure of the working fluid in the cylinder changing in the piston stroke.

COMPRESSION PRESSURE - the maximum pressure of gases inside the engine cylinder at the end of the process of air compression (in diesel engines) or compression of the combustible mixture (gas and light engines).

DAGLYX, daglys, daglist, daglyx-anchor (old) - left anchor. Belonged to ship anchors of medium size.

DUGLICS, DUGLIS ROPE (Sheet cable) - anchor rope of the left anchor (daglix).

DUGLIES-TOU- rope daglis (dagliks).

LONG VOYAGE (old) - long-distance, long voyage, for example, around the world.

VISION - see Television.

Range finder (Range-finder, Telemeter, Menometer) - a device for determining distances without directly measuring them on the ground. There are different systems of D.: acoustic, optical, mechanical. In military affairs, D. is used to determine the distance to the target.

RANGER (Range-taker) - an ordinary specialist servicing the ship's rangefinders; during the battle, using a rangefinder, determines the distance to the target.

VISIBLE HORIZON RANGE is the distance from the observer to the visible horizon.

OBJECT VISIBILITY - determined

AIRCRAFT RANGE - see Aircraft flight range.

FALSE RANGE - such an installation of the sight, in which (for a given height of the axis of the gun above sea level and when aiming at the waterline) the height of the average trajectory does not exceed the height of the target.

RANGE OF A SINGLE SHIP - the distance traveled by a given ship at a given speed with a given (full or normal) fuel supply. D.P. is determined as a result of sea trials of the ship according to fuel consumption at various speeds. The greatest D.P. corresponds to the so-called economic speed of the ship. See also Vessel Operating Area.

AIRCRAFT FLIGHT RANGE - the maximum distance that an aircraft can cover without landing at a given, usually cruising, speed.

PROJECT FLIGHT RANGE horizontal - the distance between the point of departure of the projectile and the intersection of its trajectory with a horizontal line passing through the center of the muzzle.

DIRECT SHOT RANGE - the distance that ensures the passage of the average trajectory through the base of the target when the sight is set to 0 and when the gun is aimed at the upper edge of the target.

DALTONISM, color blindness (Daltonism) - congenital abnormal color perception. Some color-blind people, for example, distinguish only yellow and blue colors in the spectrum; the intermediate area seems gray to them. Under certain conditions, they do not distinguish, for example, red from green, etc.

DAMB (Dam, sea-wall, dike) - a hydraulic structure in the form of a shaft, which serves to protect the area from flooding, to lay roads or to regulate the flow of rivers.

DAMIJAN (Demijohn) - a large braided bottle (for acids).

DAMPER, roll damper - a special device at the cardan ring of binnacles in Sperry gyrocompasses, which serves to reduce swings during pitching.

DARVO(glory.) - mast.

DANISH MOTOR BOOTS - see Lovetsky ships.

DANISH NEVOD - consists of a bobbin and two wings, gradually tapering from the middle to the ends of the network. The upper seine line is equipped with cork balbers, and the lower one is loaded with lead weights. The wings are attached to two wooden bars, to which manila cables (lasso) are attached by means of two short bridles. The dimensions of the most commonly used nets lie within the following limits: the length of the coil is 12-18 m, the length of the wings is 30-50 m, the height of the net at the coil is 4-8 m, and at the ends of the wings 1-3 m. The net used on the seiners (seiner net) weighs about 250 kg dry. When the net is swept out, first of all, a buoy with an anchor is thrown into the water. The buoy carries a pole with a flag and has a ring to which the beginning of the lasso is attached. Further, walking at a speed of 4-5 knots, they etch the first lasso, then throw the seine into the water and return to the buoy, gradually etching the second lasso. Pulling the seine to the vessel when it is raised is carried out simultaneously by choosing both lassoes. D.N. is also used for fishing from two vessels towing the net.

DAWTON- see Doughton pump.

DAH(old) - link.

GIVING DEVICES - see Artillery fire control devices.

DOORS WATER TIGHT (Water tight door) - serve to get into the watertight compartments of the ship: they are hermetically closed by pressing them to the bulkhead with screw battens or battens based on the principle of wedge pressing. D. V. around the perimeter have a rubber gasket. In holds (between boiler rooms, in coal pits, etc.), doors are made that slide vertically in a special frame, reinforced to bulkheads. On large transatlantic passenger ships, the doors in the holds are arranged to be automatically closed. These are sliding type doors, equipped with some kind of mechanical drive for closing. In the domestic fleet, on battleships and cruisers between the middle (upper) and lower decks, it is allowed to install D.V. only in the middle part of the ship. On these ships, the installation of DV below the lower deck is not allowed. On destroyers and leaders, the installation of D.V. below the upper deck is not allowed.

ENGINE - a machine that works in a direct closed cycle and converts some form of energy into mechanical work.

ENGINE EXPLOSIVE

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE, internal combustion engine (Internal Combustion engine) - a piston machine, in which the combustion of the fuel introduced together with air takes place inside the working cylinders themselves. The expanding combustion products move the pistons, and this movement is transmitted by the connecting rod mechanism to the crankshaft. Thus, the fundamental difference between D.V.S. from steam engines lies in the fact that in the first, inside the working cylinders, not only a physical, but also a chemical change in the state of the working substance occurs.

D.B.C. are divided: 1) According to the type of fuel into gas engines operating with a mixture of various combustible gases with air, and engines operating with a mixture of atomized or evaporated liquid fuel with air. Engines of the last group, depending on specific gravity used fuel can be divided into light fuel engines - gasoline and kerosene and heavy fuel engines running on solar oil, motor fuel, fuel oil and oil (natural).

By the nature of the combustion process - for engines with combustion at a constant volume or fast-burning engines (explosive); engines with combustion at constant pressure or engines of gradual combustion - diesel engines operating on heavy fuel supplied inside the cylinders and sprayed with compressed air; mixed combustion engines, in which part of the fuel burns at a constant volume, and part at a constant pressure.

According to the number of piston strokes or strokes, during which the working substance completes a complete cycle, for four-stroke engines and two-stroke engines. Finally, engines can be single acting if they operate with only one cylinder chamber, and double acting if they operate with both cavities.

As the main mechanisms on large ships and submarines, only four-stroke or two-stroke diesel engines, single or double-acting, are used, while on small ships - tugs, boats, etc. - mainly explosive-type engines are used, lighter, although less economical and more dangerous in terms of fire than diesel.

DOUBLE ACTING ENGINE - see Internal combustion engine.

LIQUID FUEL ENGINE - an internal combustion engine running on liquid fuel. J.J.T. are divided into engines with direct fuel injection into the cylinder and carburetor engines, in which liquid fuel in the carburetor it is sprayed, mixed with air and enters the cylinder in the form of a combustible mixture.

LIGHT FUEL ENGINE - see Internal combustion engine.

HEAVY FUEL ENGINE - see Internal combustion engine.

ENGINE ELECTRIC - see Electric motor.

"FORWARD MOVEMENT" - a special signal performed on the forge and meaning: start tidying up, loading coal, bathing, etc.

MOTION OF THE LIGHTS VISIBLE, OWN - the apparent movement of the luminaries on the surface of the celestial sphere, independent of the apparent daily rotation of the latter.

MOTION OF THE LIGHTS VISIBLE, DAILY - uniform movement of the luminaries along the celestial parallels from east to west. The time of complete revolution of the luminaries is always the same and is approximately equal to 23 hours. 56 min. average time.

MOTION OF THE SUN VISIBLE, OWN - the movement of the Sun on the surface of the celestial sphere seems to us to be its movement from west to east along a large circle inclined to the equator at an angle of 23 ° 27 "3 during the year. This apparent movement of the Sun is explained by the circulation of the Earth itself around it, while maintaining parallelism its axis, inclined to the plane of its orbit at an angle of 66 ° 32 "7.

SHIP ENGINE (Propeller) - an actuator used to convert the mechanical work of ship engines into the forward motion of the ship. D.S include propellers and wheels, jet propulsion, etc.

MOVING VESSELS - see Technical vessels.

TWO (Dinghy)- a two-oar boat for two rowers.

DOUBLE BOTTOM (double bottom) - see inner bottom.

DUAL CONTROL - a double set of control mechanism (steering wheel, control stick, pedals), which makes it possible for two pilots to control the aircraft in turn (without changing their place). It is used on aircraft - training, long-range and military.

DOUBLE KNOP (Double wall knot) - see Knop.

DOUBLE PUNCHING button (Double wall knot) - see. Knop lanyard.

DOUBLE SLIDING BUTTON, ENGLISH BYTE BUTTON - see Sliding buttons.

DOUBLE SPIRE - a spire with two drums located vertically.

DOUBLE STARS - stars visible to the naked eye as one star and only in a telescope are divided into two stars. D. 3. are: a) optical, if the proximity is only promising (in reality, one star is much farther away than the other and only by chance is it located on the same line with the observer), and b) physical, if the proximity is real (both stars form one system, t i.e. two suns revolving around each other).

YARD- 1. Fence, where the fish enters; a place in the sea swept with nets when catching beluga and seals (aster). 2. Part of the river, freed from ice by splitting and cleaning it (Volzh.)

H-STEEL (I wag)- see Sectional steel.

TWIN-SCREW SHIP (Twinscrew ship) - a vessel having two propellers as propellers.

DOUBLE SHIP (Two decked ship, two decker) (old) - a two-deck sailing ship.

DOUBLE-HULL SUBMARINES - submarines having a second light outside of the strong hull, which allows you to give the boat contours that provide seaworthiness, and creates a space convenient for the installation of ballast tanks.

TWO-MASTE VESSEL (Two masted vessel) - a ship with two masts.

DOUBLE-HANDED BRUSH - see Fly brush.

DOUBLE GRID LAMP - an electronic lamp with two grids; the second grid allows you to use a low voltage anode battery (10-12 volts), or receive from a two-grid
lamps are much more gain than a conventional three-electrode lamp.

TWO-STROKE ENGINE - an engine that performs a full cycle in two piston strokes (two-stroke cycle); 1st move - compression of the combustible mixture or clean air (for a diesel engine); at the end of compression, an explosion of the working mixture occurs in carbureted two-stroke engines or fuel injection in a diesel engine; 2nd move - expansion of burnt gases. At the end of the second stroke, exhaust gases are removed and the engine cylinders are filled with fresh air or a combustible mixture. D.D. can operate both on the Diesel cycle and on the Otto cycle, both on liquid and gaseous fuels.

TWO-STROKE CYCLE - see Two-stroke engine.

TWO-ELECTRODE LAMP DIOD (Diode) - an electronic lamp with two electrodes: a cathode and an anode. The grid is missing. See Kenotron.

DEBARKADERS (Landing-stage, Landing) - see Floating piers.

DEBARCATION - disembarkation of troops from ships ashore.

VIRGO (Virgo)- the zodiac constellation in which the autumnal equinox is located. The Sun enters Virgo on September 23rd.

DEV-GORDENI, DEF-GORDENI, DEMP-GORDENI (old) - prides, tied on both sides of the proud bull.

DEVIator - executive in the bases of the fleet and the departments of shipping companies, whose responsibility is to determine and destroy the deviation of magnetic compasses installed on ships.

DEVIATION DEVICE - see Deviation device.

Deviation - in commercial terminology, the deviation of a ship from its normal direction. This occurs when a vessel deviates without legal grounds from the voyage specified in the policy, and where this voyage is not specifically indicated, from the usual route between two ports. See Deviation Conditions.

Heeling deviation - on the pitching of the ship, the forces of ship's magnetism (see) undergo changes, as a result of which D.K. appears, depending on the inclination to one side or the other and on the angle of the ship's heel. When rolling, it is mainly the force (£ХЯ) that changes, and during the keel - the force 96Sh. The rest of the forces on the roll change little. heel deviation, and the compass card, not being able to take a certain position of equilibrium, will begin to oscillate or, as sailors say, “walk.” Hence the need for a thorough destruction of D.K.

MAGNETIC COMPASS DEVIATION (Deviation) - deviation of the magnetic needle of the compass on the iron ship from the direction it occupies on earth (magnetic meridian). On iron ships, ship's iron, being magnetized by the force of terrestrial magnetism, acts on the magnetic needle of the compass, deviating it from the plane of the magnetic meridian in one direction or another at a certain angle, called deviation. The plane in which the magnetic needle of a compass is installed on an iron ship, called. compass meridian. Depending on the direction in which the arrow deviates with its Nordic end from the direction to N magnetic, i.e. to O or to W, and the deviation will be core (+) (Easterly deviation) or sign (-) (Westerly deviation).

DEVIATION RESIDUAL - a small deviation (of the order of 1 °), which remains with the magnetic compass after the destruction of the semicircular and quarter deviation (see).

DEVIATION SEMI-CIRCULAR (Semicircular deviation) - deviation of the compass needle from the direction of the magnetic meridian under the influence of mainly magnetically hard ship iron. Semicircular deviation is produced by forces: longitudinal - SHN and transverse - SHU. The expression "semicircular" means that when the ship rotates through 360 °, the deviation produced by these forces vanishes twice.

DEVIATION CONSTANT (Constant deviation) - deviation of the magnetic compass, which remains unchanged on all courses of the ship.

DIRECTION FINDER DEVIATION is the angle between the visual bearing and the radio bearing to the emitting transmitter.

DEVIATION QUARTER (QuaI drantal deviation) - deviation of the compass needle from the direction of the magnetic meridian under the influence of magnetically soft ship iron. The quarter deviation is produced by the forces: £>XH and @XH. The expression "quarter" means that when the ship rotates through 360 °, the deviation produced by these forces vanishes four times. See Forces of ship's magnetism.

DAVIS- see Davis steering gear.

DEVKA(white) - stand on barges, on which the upper end of the diarrhea rotates.

NINE (Ratline) - see Lin.

DEGASSING- neutralization of the action of chemical warfare agents. It is achieved by mechanical methods (eg ventilation) or chemical methods (using neutralizing agents).

DEADWEIGHT - the total carrying capacity of the vessel, expressed for Soviet merchant ships in metric tons by weight. D. includes both transport (to be transported) cargo and household cargo. The economic cargo is fuel, water for feeding boilers, as well as drinking or washing fresh water for the crew. Provisions for the voyage are not taken into account, since their weight does not noticeably affect the vessel's draft. D. is defined as the difference between the displacements of a ship fully loaded to the summer load line and without cargo, but with water in boilers and refrigerators, spare parts and materials (established by the USSR Register, at least to ensure the safety of navigation), the ship's crew and its luggage. D. for each given ship is a constant value and serves as the main characteristic of a cargo ship.

DEFRITE (Dead freight) - see freight dead.

ON DUTY (On duty) - a commander or a sailor on general ship or special duty.

SHIP ON DUTY - is appointed in an anchored formation or squadron by a signal or order of the flagship on a daily basis. Its main purpose is the constant readiness to fulfill any emergency order. The usual duties of D.K. include sending rounds and all kinds of emergency outfits to the shore, the constant readiness of the fire party in case of a fire on the shore, maintaining communication with the shore and other ships, etc. The private duties of D.K. are usually regulated by an order for the fleet or connection.

STAND FIRE - blue fire, raised on the nok of the yard and illuminating the arc of the horizon in 360 °; serves as an indication that the ship is on duty.

Duty - type of service on the ship, which has as its purpose: the implementation of the schedule of service and life on the ship established by the schedule; control over the performance by the personnel of the duties of the service and the proper direction of its activities, monitoring the proper operation of mechanisms and other means and their periodic maintenance; maintaining order and cleanliness in residential and office space. According to the content and nature of the service, D. is divided into general ship and special (in combat units and services). By duration, D. is diurnal and semi-diurnal.

DEINSECTION - destruction of insects. The most advanced is D. with the help of sulfuric anhydride, carbon disulfide, cyanide gas, chloropicrin, etc. It is produced at the request of the ship administration by the port sanitary service.

Vessel DISINFECTION - disinfection, i.e., the destruction of pathogens. Produced for contagious diseases on a ship, usually by a chemical method.

DEADWOOD (Dead-wood) - the aft end of the vessel in its underwater part, in which the exits of the middle propeller shafts are arranged to the outside. If the shape of the sternpost is such that its keel part is cut off at an angle to the waterline, then they say that the ship has a cut stern D. In wooden ships, a narrow space in the bow end, taken up by bars, forms a bow D. (Foremost dead-wood), otherwise the same space in the stern forms the stern D. (Aftermost dead-wood).

STERN PIPE (Stern tube) - a cast-iron or steel pipe through which the propeller shaft exits the ship's hull to the outside; the water tightness of the D.T. from the side of the engine room is achieved by the gland device.

THE REALITY OF ARTILLERY SHOOTING - its end result, i.e. the degree of destruction that will be inflicted on the enemy. D.A.S. depends on the number of projectiles hit and their destructive effect. The latter, in turn, depends on the type of shells that were fired, and on the condition of their hit, i.e., the device and properties of the barrier, the angles of contact with the barrier, etc.

DEC (Deck)- this is how the deck was called on sailing warships, and this term was more applied to those of the decks on which artillery was installed. In addition, D. was also called the space between the two decks, where the personnel were housed for housing. Currently, the deck is called D. only on civilian ships.

DECA (Deca)- a prefix to the names of units of measurement, indicating in the metric system an increase of 10 times (for example, 1 decalitre \u003d 10 liters).

DECLARATION of the ship - a document handed over to the customs representative by the captain of the vessel, which indicates the name of the vessel, the type of goods brought, the number of bills of lading and manifests for the cargo, as well as goods brought without bills of lading, and, if any, property salvaged at sea. Attached to the D. are: a manifest, bills of lading, a passenger list, a crew list, passports of passengers and crew, a list of things brought by the ship's crew, an inventory of provisions, sanitary and measurement certificates, and a patent for the right to raise the flag. D. ends with a notice to the captain about who he entrusts with dealing with customs (usually this is entrusted to the agency agency of the ship).

MARINE DECLARATION (Maritime declaration) - notarized extract from the log book.

DECLARATION ON THE WASTE (Entry outwards) - an application submitted by the captain to the customs before the start of loading the export cargo, containing information about the vessel, the cargo received, the port of destination, the crew, etc.

DECLARATION ON ARRIVAL (Entry inwards) - see Declaration, skipper's or captain's testimony.

DECLINATOR (Declinator) - a device for determining the magnetic declination.

DE-COLONG- see deflector.

DECOMPRESSION (Decompression) - a gradual decrease in the pressure acting on the diver when lifting him from a depth.

DECREMENT - the value characterizing the gradual damping of oscillations. D. is equal to the ratio of two amplitudes following one after another through one period.

DAY TIME - see Standard time.

DECK-TRANSOM (Deck-transom) - see Transom.

DO- produce, make. D. so many miles - to sail so many miles. D. signal (To make a signal) - produce a signal; raise flags in a certain combination, make flashes, sound signals, etc. Comparison of chronometers. D. review, etc.

DELIVERY ORDER (Delivery order) - the order of the cargo owner to the dock in foreign ports for the release of cargo.

CASE (Fight, engagement, skirmish) - combat action: fight with the enemy, fight, battle, battle. "To be in business against the enemy" - to participate in hostilities.

GOOD THINGS - cast, forged and other parts that perform a specific purpose in ship use and are part of the ship's hull equipment. To D.V. include: rail and awning racks, davits, gangways, minbeams, shackles, scuppers from the upper deck, bollards, bale planks, deck and side portholes, manhole covers and necks, wire rope stoppers, butt, eyes, hawses, etc.

DELTA- a branching of the river at its mouth into several branches, having the shape of the Greek letter D (delta). It is formed more often in rivers flowing into inland seas, where sea tides are weak and cannot remove all river sediment from the mouth; also happens when a river flows into a river and into a lake. In the open seas (with strong tides that remove sediment), the mouths, on the contrary, are devoid of a delta.

DELTA METAL - an alloy of copper, zinc and iron; It has great strength and toughness, is forged in red-hot heat, and is not exposed to sea water. This alloy is of great use in shipbuilding. Specific gravity 8.6.

LINE OF DAILY TIME (Line of demarcation) - a line, the transition through which is accompanied by a change in the date of the month. Depending on local conditions, D.L.S.V. in various places it deviates more or less significantly from the direction of the ISO0 meridian of longitude, passing from the Bering Strait along the eastern side of the Japanese Islands, then along the eastern side of the Mariana, Caroline, Fiji, New Caledonia and New Zealand islands. In practice, while sailing in the northern hemisphere, D.L. is usually taken to coincide with the above-mentioned meridian, if it is not supposed to enter the ports located near the latter. When crossing the D.L., ships going east count the previous date again from midnight, and ships heading west skip one number. So, for example, crossing D.L. January 5th when sailing to O, from midnight should keep the same number - January 5th; going to W, January 7th is considered from midnight.

UNMASK - detect objects hidden from the enemy.

Demise charter - a type of chartering, according to which the charterer borrows for a while all the rights of the owner of the vessel, and he hires a crew and bears all current operating costs, including insurance costs. With such chartering, the vessel can be used for all kinds of flights and for any cargo. At the same time, the charterer undertakes to compensate the owner for the stipulated amount in case of loss of the vessel, as well as to return it after the expiration of the period in the same condition in which it was at the time of chartering, with the exception of damage due to normal wear and tear;

DEMONSTRATION (Demonstration) - action of a threatening nature, for example, the concentration of the fleet, air forces, etc., with the aim of influencing the enemy, as well as military operations aimed at diverting the enemy's attention from the point chosen for delivering the main strike.

DEMOREDZH (Demurrage) - see Counterstalia.

DEMP-GORDENI - see Dev-gordeni.

DAY POLAR - the period of time, expressed in days, during which (in latitudes above 66 ° 33 ") the sun in its daily movement does not set below the horizon.

DISPATCH- telegram.

DEPOSIT - contribution of money to the court or to the bank to secure the claim. D. is made either by the consignee on the claim of the shipowner in order to prevent the arrest of the cargo, or by the shipowners on claims addressed to the ship.

DEPRESSION BARICHES - see Areas of low pressure.

DERATIZATION - extermination of rats and mice on ships, in port warehouses, etc.

TREE(Volzh.) - a mast on a ship.

WOODEN PILE (Settingfid) - see Svayka.

HOLDING ROPE (Pounding) - a used cable with splicing.

HOLD. Keep at sea (That bear off from the land) - away from the shore. D. quarantine (To perform quarantine) - have no communication with the shore. D. to the shore (That stand on to the shore) - approach the shore. D. cooler (Keep her close, keep her as close as she will lie) - keep closer to the wind, i.e. so that the course with the direction of the wind forms an acute angle. D. to the ship (That hear up to a ship) - approach the ship, rule on it. D. on the alignment (go along the alignment) - go so that the two objects observed by the ship are on the same line. D. fuller (That k:eep her full) - while sailing close-hauled, keep it fuller than the ship can go to the wind, so that it can move. D. full sails (That keep the sails full) - to rule so that all the sails are inflated by the wind. Keep it up (Keep her so! Thus! Steady as you go) - a command to the helmsman, according to which he is obliged to keep the ship on the course on which the ship was lying at the time this command was given. Hold it cooler, but so that it does not rinse - an order to the helmsman on a sailing ship to keep it closer to the wind, but at the same time so that the sails do not rinse (do not become windless).

HOLD ON. Keep close to the shore (That keep a good hold of the land) - do not move away from the coast. D. in the sea (That keep the sea) - to be in the sea near this or that point, without entering it. D. in a storm (That lie to in a storm) - bring to the wind under storm sails badewind and hold in this position until the storm passes the ship. D. on course- keep the set course. D. on the heading angle - to keep the given heading angle. D. under \ oars. D. under sail, D. seaward - away from the coast. D. (in a storm)- to rule so as to be as steep as possible to the wind.

ANCHOR HOLDING POWER - for Admiralty anchors it is from 12 to 15 anchor weights. D.S. patented anchors is about 2.40 to 3.75 of their own weight.

DERIVATION (Lateral derivation, declination) - deviation of an artillery projectile or bullet in one specific direction from the firing plane, due to the rotation of an elongated projectile around its axis during flight. D. is a completely definite value for each tool and can be taken into account in advance.

DERIK-FAL- see Dirik-fal.

DERRICK CRANES - see Cranes.

LANDING (Descent, landing party, landing troups) - landing of ground troops transported by sea or by air on enemy territory for military operations, as well as for protective and demonstrative purposes.

LANDING SHIP - a combat unit formed from the regular crew of the ship (s) and landed on the shore when, in the course of hostilities, short-term actions on the shore are necessary (execution of demolition work, establishing communications with ground units, etc.). D.K. consists of a subversive party, a rifle division, an observation and communications department, and a sanitary department.

amphibious operation, landing operation - a combat operation in which both ground troops and naval forces. BEFORE. consists in landing and transporting land units of the landing force by sea, landing it on the coast occupied by the enemy, and in the subsequent actions of the landing force on the coast. BEFORE. should not be mixed with the sea transportation of troops, when the landing is made on its territory or the territory of the allies and is not associated with enemy counteraction from the coast. Thus, the elements that define the D.O. are the landing and the solution by the landing force of its combat mission on the shore; everything else, including combat operations at sea and in the air, is a means to achieve success and ensure the operation.

Landing gun (Landing gun) - a gun taken from the ship along with the landing force.

LANDING POINT - a section of the sea coast, convenient for the landing of troops.

DESTROYER (Destroyer) - destroyer; in literal translation - a fighter.

TEN- ten-oared rowboat.

EXPANDER (Reducing valve) - a pressure reducing valve installed on the steam line to reduce the steam pressure.

Detachment (source) - separation of a part of the fleet (detachment), squadron, etc. to perform special tasks or independent operations.

DETECTION - selection with the help of a detector from the modulated high-frequency oscillations of the low-frequency oscillations contained in them, perceived by the phone.

DETECTOR (Detector, spark-indicator) - a device for converting high-frequency modulated oscillations entering the receiver, which are not perceived by hearing, into low-frequency oscillations audible to the telephone. D. are crystalline and tube.

DETECTOR RECEIVER (Crystal receiver) - a radio receiver oscillatory circuit with a crystal detector circuit attached to it with a telephone and a blocking capacitor.

Detention - see Delay.

DETONATOR - explosive (tetryl, mercury fulminate, etc.), the explosion of small quantities of which is capable of causing detonation, i.e., the explosion of another explosive. D. is also called a device for detonation.

DETONATING explosives (Detonation) - a special type of explosion produced by a detonator. Some explosives, if ignited, burn out gradually. If, however, such an explosive is subjected to a sharp blow or a capsule of mercury fulminate is inserted into it and the latter is ignited, then a detonation and explosion of the entire mass of the substance occurs. Detonation can also occur when the explosive masses are at some distance from each other. The destructive effect of an explosion in a fire is 2–4 times greater than in the case of an ordinary ignition of an explosive, which is a consequence of the high speed of the explosion.

DEF-GORDEN- see Dev pride.

DEFECT (Defect)- damage. Submit to D. - add to the inventory for correction or replacement.

DEFECTIVE STATEMENT - a list of faults in the material part of the ship requiring repair.

HUMIDITY DEFICIENCY - see Wet deficit.

DEFLECTOR - a device used to measure the magnetic forces acting on a compass card. The deflector is used when destroying or determining the deviation of the ship's magnetic compass. In our fleet, D. of the de Colong system is used. This D. can measure horizontal and vertical forces, which distinguishes it favorably from D. other systems, through which only one horizontal force is measured.

DEFLECTORS- special devices that serve for the purposes of intake and exhaust ventilation. The simplest is D. with a bell, which is a vertical pipe led into a ventilated room and ending at the top with a coaming. A swivel bell is put on the coaming, installed in any position with respect to the wind, which determines its injection (injection) or exhaust action.

Instead of sockets for exhaust ventilation, ejection heads are often used. In them, due to the presence of a conical pipe, the air has an increased speed, as a result of which the air is rarefied in the upper part of the ventilation pipe, which determines the exhaust effect of D. D. Utleya, which let air through, but not water, are often used on merchant ships. These D. are installed in such places on the upper deck, which are filled with water during waves. For exhaust ventilation of small spaces below the upper deck and in superstructures, mushroom-shaped vents are also often used. Finally, swan-shaped vents are also used for the same purpose.

DEFORMATION - change in the shape (size) of the body under the influence of external forces. Pure D. - not accompanied by a change in body volume. Absolute D. - the difference between two values ​​\u200b\u200bof the same size in a given body after D. and the original. Relative D. - quotient from dividing absolute D. by the original size. D. is called elastic if, after removing the load, the body returns to its original state. D., remaining after the removal of the load, called. plastic.

DEFORMATION OF THE SUN AND MOON - change in the shape of the sun and moon, which is the result of anomalous refraction, as well as the presence of a low layer of fog in the lower air layer above the sea; observed at sunrise and sunset of the sun and moon.

DEFROSTER (Defroster) - a specially equipped refrigerator chamber for gradual heating and drying of products released from the refrigerator in warm weather, mainly eggs and fruits. This eliminates the external sweating of products when they are directly removed from the refrigerator to warm air.

DECI (Deci)- a prefix to the names of units of measurement, denoting a decrease by 10 times in the metric system, for example, 1 decimeter \u003d 0.1 meters.

DZHEKASSRIG (Jack-ass rig) - the name sometimes given to an ordinary three-masted schooner with straight topsails on the foremast. It is possible that this name was given in order to distinguish this armament from the armament of a "real" three-masted schooner that does not have direct sails.

JAMES- see Lot-warner of James or underwater sentry.

GENCON (Gencon) - the conditional name of the certeparty adopted by the Baltic-White Sea Conference.

Jenson- see Jenson's condition.

Jettison (Jettison) - throwing cargo or items of ship's weapons overboard at a critical moment in order to save the ship. The resulting loss is classified as general average.
and covered by all interested parties.

JIGGER (Jigger) - additional mast. In addition, on small sailing ships and some barges, D. is called a small mast, attached completely at the transom, the sail of which works like an air rudder. For this reason, fishing boats with a sloop and a rig are often called a rig or a jigger. The stern (fourth) mast on four-masted ships is also called a jigger mast.

JONKA, JONKA (Junk) - a Chinese ship armed with two masts with one sail each. The largest junks have a displacement of 200 tons.

Joule, one watt second (Joule) - unit of work in the absolute system of measures, equal to 107 ergs.

JUTE (Jute)- vegetable fiber mined in India and in the USA. It goes to the production of cheap varieties of canvas, coarse fabrics, bags, ropes, etc.

DIAGRAM - a graphical way of displaying the relationship between different quantities.

DYNAMIC STABILITY DIAGRAM - a diagram showing the dependence of the amount of work that must be expended to tilt the ship at a certain angle, on the value of the corresponding angle of the ship's heel. Often, instead of working on the ordinates of the diagram, the so-called shoulders of the dynamic are applied, proportional said work. D.D.O. is an integral curve with respect to the Reed diagram (see).

INDICATOR DIAGRAM - a diagram that checks the correctness of the working cycle of a reciprocating machine (steam engine, internal combustion engine, or compressor). DI. gives the dependence of the pressure of the working fluid in the cylinder on the path of the piston. DI. is automatically drawn by a special device - an indicator, mounted on a running machine and recording for each given moment of the working cycle the position of the piston and the pressure of the working fluid (steam, gas) in the cylinder of the machine. From the indicator chart, you can calculate the indicator power of the machine and identify defects in the working process of the machine, and also determine how the operation of the distribution organs should be changed in order to make the machine work normally.

NEPIRA DIAGRAM (Napier's diagram) - diagram of the residual deviation of the magnetic compass, from which you can remove the deviation for each given course. Replaces the deviation table.

REED DIAGRAM (Curve of stability) - a curve showing the dependence of the value of the restoring pair (shoulder of the restoring pair) on the ship's heel angle. Otherwise known as a static stability diagram.

SHIP THEORETICAL ELEMENTS DIAGRAM - a general diagram of the main theoretical elements of the vessel, calculated not only for its largest or normal deepening, but also for the deepenings corresponding to each waterline drawn on the theoretical drawing. By interpolating along the curves of the diagram, it is possible to find the theoretical elements of the vessel for any of its average depths.

DIAMAGNETIC BODIES - bodies, the magnetic permeability of which is less than 1 (an example is bismuth). D.T. oblong shapes in a magnetic field tend to be perpendicular to the lines of force, as opposed to magnetic bodies of the same shape (for example, iron), which tend to be established along the magnetic lines.

PROPELLER DIAMETER - see propeller elements.

CIRCULATION DIAMETER (Diameter of the circular) - the distance between the positions of the ship on two opposite courses with steady circulation. The value of D.C. depends on a number of reasons, of which the most important are the ratio of the length of the vessel to its width, the angle of the rudder and the speed of the vessel.

CONNECTION CIRCULATION DIAMETER - the diameter of the circulation, which the ships must describe when sailing together in formation or in a warrant. D.Ts.S. choose the diameter of the circulation of the ship with the highest circulation, with a rudder angle of about two thirds (depending on the class of the ship) of the maximum deflection of the rudder. The possibility to increase the angle of the rudder position is left to ensure the avoidance of the ship from its neighbors in case of a threat of a collision during joint maneuvering.

CIRCULATION DIAMETER TACTICAL (Tactical diameter) - the distance between the return courses when turning the ship through the first 180 ° during the circulation. Obviously, both for navigational purposes and for it is necessary to know exactly the diameter of the first half of the circulation, because when maneuvering in connected navigation, it is usually not necessary to describe more than half of the circulation.

SHIP DIAMETER PLANE (Fore and aft line) - a longitudinal vertical plane dividing the vessel in width into two equal and symmetrical parts. Cm. Theoretical drawing vessel.

DIAMETER MOUNTING - an additional fastening installed between the middle horse and the middle keelson on wooden barge-type ships to increase the longitudinal strength and rigidity of the ship. It consists in the fact that grapples are placed between the indicated connections, connecting the keelson and the horse on both sides, kokorny racks and kokorny braces. In addition, slopes go from the horse to the extremities, bolted to the tongs and braces.

DIAPHON (Diaphone) - a powerful device for the production of fog signals on beacons; stronger than a siren. Gives a strong low-pitched sound, turning into a piercing fading sound, ending in a "grunt"; hearing range from 7 to 40 miles (depending on the size of the device); invented in the USA.

DIAPHRAGM (Diaphragm, diafragm) - 1. A plate with a hole (usually round), placed in optical instruments between the lenses of the objective, to eliminate some of the shortcomings of the lens by reducing its effective hole. Currently, the most common diaphragms are iris, the opening of which can be continuously changed by simply turning the lever. 2. Partitions that perform one purpose or another, for example, diaphragms separating the cylinder steam turbine into separate chambers corresponding to different pressure levels, stiffening diaphragms in hollow beams, etc.

Divergence - see point of divergence.

Diversion - an independent operation that distracts the attention and forces of the enemy.

DIVISION- 1. Primary, homogeneous connection of warships of the second and third ranks, for example, esk. destroyers, patrol ships, etc., led by a commander. Divisional commanders were assigned a special brand pennant. 2. Division of combat units on ships.

DIVISION of ships (Division of a fleet) - the highest uniform connection of warships. Cm. .

DIESEL (Diesel engine) - see Internal combustion engine.

DIESEL CYCLE (Diesel cycle) - a cycle of operation of a heat engine, in which air is pre-compressed in the engine cylinder before mixing with fuel, and the latter is injected into the cylinder at the end of the compression stroke, ignited by the high temperature of the compressed air and burns out at constant pressure.

DELENE- see ends.

DILS, DILS (Deals) - in the timber export business of the USSR, Scandinavia and the Baltic states - boards with a thickness of 4, 3, 21 / a and 2 dm. (102, 76. 64 and 51 mm), 11, 10 and 9 dm wide. (279, 254 and 229 mm).

DINA- unit of force in the system of measures CGS. The force imparting a constant acceleration to a mass of 1 g is 1 cm/sec2.

- load on various structures and mechanisms, increasing to its full value in very short periods of time of the order of the period of natural oscillations of a given structure or mechanism.

DYNAMIC STABILITY -cm. Vessel stability.

DYNAMOMACHINA (Dynamo) - see Generator.

DYNAMOMETER, dynamometer (Dynamometer) - a device for measuring the magnitude of forces. D. also called instruments used to measure the work or power of the machine. To measure large forces, hydraulic pumps are used, in which the measured force presses on the piston and compresses the oil in the cylinder; the pressure of the latter is indicated by a manometer. Knowing the piston diameter and oil pressure, you can determine the magnitude of the measured force. The pressure gauge is often graduated in such a way that its divisions directly show the magnitude of the measured force.

Dinghy- a small open boat, usually owned by a yacht and serving for various needs. Recently, engines have been installed on large D.

DIODE- see Two-electrode lamp.

DIOPTER (Diopter) - target for directing the goniometric tool to remote object. Usually two frames are installed, fixed at some distance one in front of the other. Looking through the slit of the eye D., the eye should see the hair of the objective D. and the remote object.

DIOPTRIC SYSTEM - See lighthouse lighting.

DIP-LOT (Deep-sea-lead) - lot for measuring great depths. D.-L. differ from manual lots by the large weight of the lot itself (weights), namely from 15 to 30 kg. For D.-L. used deep-lotlin (Deep-see-lead-line) cable work 38-55 mm thick, about 155 m long.

DIP-TANK (Deep-tank) - a deep tank on transport ships, the center of three main types: non-rigid or soft, semi-rigid and rigid, and some of the existing D. are transitional in type between the indicated main types. The main part of any D. is the body, to which one or several gondolas are attached or suspended. In the aft part of the D.'s hull, an plumage is placed, consisting of three or four, usually located crosswise, fixed stabilizer plans, giving the D. stability in flight and ending with movable plans - elevators that serve to change the angle of inclination of the D.'s longitudinal axis to the horizon, and rudders - for turning in a horizontal plane. In non-rigid and semi-rigid D., the gas is contained directly in the D. case, which consists of a fabric shell made of several (two or three) layers of fabric rubberized for less gas permeability; in hard D. gas is contained in special gas cylinders made of bolstered fabric located inside the metal frame (see). A semi-rigid D. differs from a soft one by the presence of a metal keel truss in the lower part of the hull. For the weight of which closely coincides with the center of gravity of the corresponding load waterline. When filling the tank with water, and the holds with cargo, it is possible to raise the general center of gravity of the vessel and thereby create satisfactory conditions for pitching.

AIRSHIP, controlled balloon, airship, aircraft (Dirigible) - an aircraft lighter than air (unlike an aircraft - an apparatus heavier than air). D. keeps in the air due to the fact that its body is filled with a gas lighter than air. (See Aeronautical gases). In contrast to an uncontrolled balloon, the D. is equipped with motors with propellers that allow it to move regardless of the direction of the wind. Modern D. are divided into storage during the flight of the invariability of the external shape of the hull of non-rigid and semi-rigid D. It is necessary to maintain internal gas overpressure in the shell (see), which is achieved by the presence of balloonets in it, into which air enters under pressure through a trap or through a hose - an air duct, coming from the fan installed in the gondola. In rigid engines, the maintenance of gas overpressure is not required, since the invariability of the external shape of the hull is achieved by the presence of a rigid frame, and the outer shell of light fabric serves only as a close-fitting, protecting the frame from atmospheric influences and giving the hull a streamlined appearance. There are valves in the shell or gas cylinders of D.: uncontrolled - automatic, opening when the internal pressure of the gas rises above the calculated one, and controlled, opened by the valve rope by the pilot from the gondola in order to reduce the lifting force of D., for example, during descent . Gondolas in non-rigid D. are usually one; it accommodates the crew and passengers, motors are installed and some cargo is taken into flight. In rigid and semi-rigid aircraft, individual motor nacelles are suspended from the aircraft hull, and most of the cargo is in rooms in the lower part of the aircraft frame. In the bow of the aircraft, there is a mooring device with which the airship is attached to the mooring mast. The frame of a rigid D. consists of stringers and frames, the latter are braced in their plane (for zeppelins) by a row of cables. The entire frame is covered with a network of metal wires arranged diagonally in panels formed by the intersection of stringers and frames. The first D. was built by Giffard in 1854, the first rigid D. - by Zeppelin in 1900.

DIRIK-FAL, durgin-fal (Topping-lift) - tackle, with the help of which the gaff is raised and held in the required position.

DISBURSMENT - see Costs and Cost Account.

STEAM TURBINE DISK - a disk that is mounted on the shaft of a steam turbine and carries on its circumference the blades inserted by the tail parts into its grooves. The disks mounted on the shaft form together with it a disk rotor.

PLIMSOLL DISC - see Load line.

SECCA DISC- a special disk used to determine the transparency of water. This definition is made as follows: in clear weather, the Secchi disk on the line is gradually immersed in water until it completely disappears from visibility; the depth at which this occurs is recorded as characterizing transparency.

FLAG discrimination - preferential port and other dues, as well as various advantages provided to the ships of one nation, along with worse conditions for the ships of another nation.

DISLOCATION (Dislocation) - distribution of ships of the fleet by ports for wintering or for permanent basing.

DISPACH (Despatch money) - a stipulated amount, which the shipowner reimburses the charterer for any time saved against the time specified in the charter party in the course of loading and unloading operations.

AVERAGE STATEMENT- calculation of the amount of losses caused by general average, falling on each interested party. D.'s drawing up is difficult production and quite often causes necessity of preliminary consideration of many questions by means of experts. By excluding losses that are not related to general average, the amount of losses subject to apportionment is established. These losses may relate to the ship, cargo and freight. To determine the shares of responsibility, two property masses are calculated: the active mass, which includes all losses incurred that are subject to compensation, and the passive mass, i.e. those property values ​​that were saved thanks to donations made. Further, the active mass is added to the sum of the value of the rescued, and the so-called contribution capital is obtained. By dividing the active mass by the contributory capital, the contributory dividend is established, that is, the ratio in which each of the interested parties participates in the incurring of general losses.

AVERAGE ADJUSTER- a person who specialized in the assessment of accidental losses and the allocation of participants in a general average.

DISPETCH- see dispatcher.

Dispatcher - an employee of the operational part of the shipping company, whose duties and responsibilities are: I. Operational planning of transportation for a given month by type of cargo, direction and timing. 2. Correct distribution of the tonnage in operation by type of transportation in accordance with the technical and operational characteristics of the vessels and an accurate account of the productivity of the ports. 3. Monitoring the implementation of the production plan of the fleet through operational management and command. 4. Drawing up flight orders, tasks and monitoring their exact implementation. 5. Implementation of dispatcher reporting.

DISPOSITION - a plan for the location of ships for parking in the roadstead or in the harbor in a certain order, in one or more lines, so as not to hamper the movement of ships if possible and occupy the smallest amount of water without cluttering the entire roadstead in vain.

REMOTE TUBE (Time fuze) - a device screwed into the head of the projectile to produce a gap in the air at a certain distance or after a certain time. The remote double-acting tube, in addition, has a device for breaking the projectile when it hits an obstacle.

DISTANCE - 1. Any distance in artillery or shooting. 2. Distance between aircraft in formation, measured along the direction of flight.

TRIM (Trim difference) - the angle of longitudinal inclination of the vessel, causing a difference in the draft of the bow and stern. If the deepening of the bow and stern is the same, then the ship sits on an even keel. If the deepening of the stern (bow) is greater than the bow (stern), then the ship has a trim to the stern (bow). The trim of the ship in centimeters can be determined by a special formula.

DIFFERENT SISTERS - see Submarine tanks. ( Currently the word sistern practically not used. In the course of the word tank . - Note. "Kubrick" )

TRIMING LINE OF SUBMARINES - see Water line on submarines.

DIFFERENTOMETERS - instruments and devices used to determine the ship's trim. D. can be divided into two groups: a) giving a deepening of the fore and stern and b) giving only the angle of longitudinal inclination of the vessel. The simplest and most common device is to mark the recesses on the stems. These stamps are applied during the construction of the vessel and then renewed when parking in the dock. Depression is usually measured in feet (meters) and is written in Roman numerals. The method of determining the deepening by marks can give sufficient accuracy only when anchored and at the same time in calm. It is absolutely impossible to use stamps when there is a wave, and even more so on the go. Another device for measuring the trim is as follows: one or more vertical glass tubes are installed in the end compartments of the vessel in the diametrical plane. The upper end of the tubes remains open, and the lower end communicates with sea water by means of a tap. Obviously, the water level in the tube will indicate the depth of the vessel at the location of the tube. On the move, this device also turns out to be unsatisfactory, since the hydrodynamic pressure in the jets of water flowing around the vessel distorts its readings. The trim angle can be measured using an instrument like a clinometer with a tube having a large radius of curvature. It is inconvenient to measure the trim angle with a pendulum instrument, similar to an ordinary inclinometer, because this angle is usually very small. Knowing the trim angle and measuring the depth of the vessel in the plane of the frame passing through the center of gravity of the load waterline with a gauge glass, it is possible to find the deepening of the stems according to the drawing. ( Currently the word trim (or differential, etc.) is written with two letters f. Therefore, here you can sometimes find the word trim with one letter f, as the word was written in the thirties of the 20th century. - Note. "Kubrick" )

DIFFERENTIAL - a gear train, through which it is possible to impart rotation to the shaft of one or another machine simultaneously from two engines.

DIFFERENTIAL block tackle - lifting device, consisting of two blocks of different diameters, rigidly connected and placed in a fixed cage, and one movable block. The working chain covers successively a fixed block of small diameter, a movable block and a fixed block of a larger diameter and returns to the first one. For one revolution of the fixed block, the load rises a distance equal to the half-difference of the circumferences of the large and small block. D.T. give a much greater gain in lifting force than ordinary hoists.

DIELECTRIC (insulators) - Substances that do not conduct electricity. Examples of dielectrics: mica, amber, rubber, sulfur, glass, porcelain, various types of oils, etc.

WAVE LENGTH (Length of wave) - the distance between the crests (tops) of two adjacent waves.

USEFUL DOCK LENGTH - the distance between the inner surface of the sluice gate and the vertical drawn from the bottom of the end wall of the dock.

DOCK LENGTH ALONG THE KEELBLOCKS LINE - the length of the dock, considered between the extreme keel blocks.

MINEFIELD LENGTH - the extension of the minefield along the front, i.e., in the direction that intersects the probable course of the enemy or the fairway.

RADIO WAVE LENGTH - the space that electromagnetic energy passes during one period, propagating at the speed of light (300,000 km per second).

LENGTH OF BUILDING (wake, bearing, ledge) - the distance between the stem of the head ship and the stern of the end ship, considered in the direction of movement.

SHIP LENGTH (Length) - one of the main dimensions of the ship. D. S. is distinguished by the load waterline, measured from the intersection of this plane with the stem to its intersection with the aft gap in the diametrical plane; D.S. between perpendiculars, also measured along the load and from the same place at the stem, but to the trailing edge of the stern or to the center of the rudder stock on ships with a cruising stern.

THE LENGTH OF THE SHIP IS THE GREATEST (Length over all) - the length of the vessel, measured from the most advanced outer point of the stem to the outermost point of the stern inspection.

LONG SPICE (Long-splice) - see Long mold.

DAILY (Keeper, orderly man) - a sailor of the Red Navy, a sailor of the rank and file, appointed for direct supervision of order in the area of ​​duty. Main duty D. - to be constantly in the premises or area on duty and monitor the integrity of the property entrusted to his supervision, as well as prevent the possibility of any disorder, violation of established rules, fire or misfortune. D. is directly subordinate to the duty officer and must immediately report to him about everything, no matter what happens.

DAY WATCH (Day watch) - watch service, rushing in the daytime.

DAY signal - a signal produced by daytime communications.

DAYS CONTINUOUS (Running days) - see Sequentially counted days.

SEQUENTIAL DAYS or CONTINUOUS DAYS (Running days) - a term used in certeparties (charters), which establishes the production of loading and unloading operations on a ship in a continuous flow of days, including days of rest.

WORKING DAYS - all days on which, according to the custom of the port, work is carried out. Term fine days ("Weather working days") excludes, in addition to holidays, all days of bad weather, when it is impossible to carry out work on this cargo.

DAYS SVERHSTEEL (Demurrage days) - see Counterstalia.

DAYS CONTINUOUS (Running days) - see Days sequentially counted.

STEEL DAYS (Lay days) - the time stipulated by the charter for loading and unloading the vessel.

BOTTOM- the lower, almost horizontal part of the ship's hull from the keel to the cheekbone.

BOTTOM OF THE SEA (Ground, sea bottom) - Go to the bottom, go to the bottom (To sink, to founder) - to sink. Let go to the bottom (That sink a ship) - sink. Stony bottom, sandy bottom.

DREDGING the bottom - works on artificial, mechanical deepening of the bottom on the approaches to ports, in the area of ​​roads, port basins and along the lines of embankments. Dredging includes dredging, dredging and underwater blasting. Modern powerful dredging shells can extract up to 1000 mg or more of soil per hour.

Dredgers - ships whose purpose is to remove soil from the bottom to deepen the passages and places of parking of ships. They are divided into two types: dredging or scoop shells and dredgers. The latter work either stationary, gradually moving as the soil is excavated, or on the move, dragging the sucking pipes behind them and removing a small layer of soil at the bottom.

GOOD- see D. Letter D.

VOLUNTEER FLEET - a pre-revolutionary Russian shipping society, organized in 1878 on voluntary donations and subsequently supported by state subsidies. During the war steamboats Voluntary Society were to be transferred to the Naval Department and turned into auxiliary cruisers through their armament to combat the enemy's maritime trade.

DOGGER (Dogger)- this was the name of the Dutch fishing boats sailing in the German Sea. They had two masts (mainsail and mizzen) and were somewhat similar to the ketch. They served mainly for catching fish on the Dogger Bank. In Holland and Scandinavia, this ship is known as pink.

DOGGERMEN (Dogger-men) - so in England they call the fishermen who hunt on Dogger Bank.

CATCH THE SHIP (Reach, join, draw near, come up with) - to overtake the departing vessel.

DOGR- see Dogger.

RAINCOAT (Water proof) - a coat made of waterproof fabric, worn in bad weather when on duty.

OILSKIN - trousers, shirt and southwest made of waterproof fabric. It is worn during bad weather by the Red Navy, working or serving at the top.

RAIN TENT (Rain awning) - see Awning.

RAIN GAUGE - a device for measuring the amount of precipitation (rain, snow, etc.). It consists of a cylindrical vessel surrounded by a special funnel (Nifer's protection) in order to eliminate the influence of the wind. The cross-sectional area of ​​the upper part of the rain gauge is called the receiving surface and is set at 500 cm2 for meteorological stations in the USSR. Self-recording rain gauges, mechanically marking the time of precipitation and their amount, are called pluviographs .

RAINS STOKER - are arranged in the output shafts of the boiler rooms of military courts; consist of water pipes provided with small holes. D.K. provide the opportunity for people to exit when steam breaks in the stokers, protecting them from steam burns.

PATROL- protection. A type of combat support carried by parts of the fleet in order to timely warn the fleet about the appearance of the enemy and repel his private attempts to penetrate the protected area.

DOC (Dock)- a special structure designed to bring ships into it for the purpose of repair, inspection or painting of their underwater part, as well as for the purpose of mooring in ports with tides. The dimensions of the dock depend on the size of the vessels for which they are intended. Enter the ship into the dock (To dock a ship). Sign in to the dock. (Then enter the dock). Exit the dock (To come out of dock).

DOCK EMERGENCY - a dock capable of receiving a ship significantly overloaded against its normal draft.

DOC HYDRAULIC (Hidraulic lift dock) - differs from mechanical (see) in that the platform is lifted not by mechanical winches, but by the direct use of hydraulic lifts, the rods of which raise the platform with the vessel. These docks, like mechanical ones, were used for ships of small tonnage and at present, with the growing size of ships, they are rather of historical interest.

DOCK MECHANICAL - represents in general terms a platform lowered to the bottom of the pool into which the vessel is introduced; the platform, after the vessel has stopped above it, is raised by means of chains selected by a mechanical winch. Vessels of insignificant tonnage - up to 500 tons were lifted on such platforms. At present, D.M. have only historical interest.

DOC WET (Wet dock) - a pool or a series of interconnected pools for mooring ships. At the mouth of a wet dock there is a gate or batoport that connects the pool with the sea or river during high tide (high tide) and is locked at low tide; thus, the water level in the wetdock is always kept constant, which is of great convenience, allowing deep-draft ocean-going vessels to enter relatively shallow tide-prone ports. Wet docks are especially common in England and Holland.

DOCK FLOATING (Floating dock) - a floating structure designed to lift ships and consisting of a pontoon, on the sides of which side walls (towers) rise, firmly connected to the pontoon. The D.P. is divided by watertight bulkheads into compartments, which, when the dock is submerged, are filled with water by gravity through special clinkets controlled by rods from the upper deck of the walls. When the dock is raised, water is pumped out by pumps that are placed in the lower part of the pontoon and are driven by electric motors or steam engines located on the upper deck of the walls. D.P. self-lifting - a floating dock, consisting of several pontoons connected on both sides by common continuous walls. Dock pontoons for repair and painting can be disconnected from the towers and lifted one by one to the same dock supported by the rest of the pontoons.

DOCK SECTIONAL (Sectional dock) - floating dock, consisting of several separate parts (sections).

DOCK DRY (Dry dock) - a dock built on the shore in the ground, the bottom of which lies below the level of the ordinary water in order to be able to dock the appropriate vessel afloat. Both the bottom and the side and rear walls of the dock are made of stone and concrete masses, and instead of the front wall, a movable gate is arranged at the mouth of the dock. Gates are of two types: either in the form of a sliding gate, or in the form of a floating gate - a batoport. In the middle of the dock, along its bottom, there is a protruding track designed to install keel blocks on it. Near the D.S., a special room is arranged for pumps that serve to pump water from the dock.

DOCKS COMMERCIAL - see the dock is wet.

DOCKING- docking of the vessel with the subsequent production of the required docking works.

DOCUMENTARY LETTER OF CREDIT (Documentary credit, Marginal credit) - a letter of credit opened by a bank in favor of a non-resident enterprise for making payments to it within a certain period and amount against the submitted shipping documents.

LEGAL DOCUMENTS (Documents of title) - documents that provide their holders with material rights to those goods and values ​​that they cover. Such documents include original bills of lading, mortgage bonds, etc.

DOCUMENTS AGAINST ACCEPTANCE (Documents against acceptance) - a condition of sale under which shipping papers are issued against acceptance of the draft.

DOCUMENTS SHIPPING (Ship "s papers) - numerous documents related to the vessel, such as: ship's certificate, certificate for the right to sail under the flag of the USSR, measuring certificate, certificate of seaworthiness, certificate of load line, boiler book, ship's log, international safety certificate, etc.

GEOGRAPHICAL LONGITUDE (Longitude) - a geographic coordinate that serves, together with latitude, to determine the position of a point on the earth's surface. Represents the angle at the pole between the planes of the prime meridian and the meridian of a given point, measured by the corresponding arc of the equator. It is considered from the initial meridian, for which Greenwich is accepted by international agreement. Longitudes east of this meridian (up to 180°) ref. eastern and have a + sign, to the west - western (sign -).

Longitude left - longitude of the outgoing point.

LONGITUDE COMING (Longitude in) - longitude of the arrived point, i.e., the longitude of the place where the ship arrived.

LONGITUDE OF THE LIGHT - the arc of the ecliptic between the point of the vernal equinox and the circle of latitude of the star, considered in the direction of the apparent proper motion of the sun from 0 ° to 360 °.

Longitude by reckoning, longitude by account - longitude, determined by reckoning.

"DOWN" (Down)- an order to go down from Mars, saling, etc. "Sails down" (Lower the sails) - a command on which boat sails are lowered. “From Mars down” (Off from aloft) - a command by which people from Mars (Mars) descend down to the deck.

"TO THE PLACE"- an expression used when lifting spar trees or when pulling gear. It means - to raise until failure, that is, so that the blocks converge or the object being lifted approaches the pulley. To raise the signal to the place means: to raise the flag signal to failure, i.e., under the very klotik or the yard's nok.

JACK (Dum-craft, Jack-screw, Jack and pinion rack) - a mechanism for lifting heavy objects to a small height. There are jacks: 1. Screw, in which the working part is a threaded screw. 2. Rack and pinion, in which the working part is a gear rack, lifted by a system of levers or a system of gears. 3. Hydraulic, driven by the pressure of a compressed fluid (usually oil or water). 4. Pneumatic, operating with compressed air or gas.

HOUSECOAT- this is the name of the barge on the Svir River.

REPORT(Message) - a written or oral service message transmitted from performers to superiors.

DONETSKOL (Donetzcol) - the code name of the Soviet charter for the transportation of coal from the southern ports of the USSR.

DONKA- ship name applied to most reciprocating steam pumps.

DONKA NUTRIENT (Donkey engine, auxiliary feed pump) - serves to supply steam boilers with water. The most common in military fleets are the D.P. systems of Veer and Worthington; they are of vertical and horizontal type.

"BOTTOM WAVE" - if the depth near the steep coast is not particularly great, then the masses of water, which received the downward direction during the interaction of the wave and the coast, can reach the bottom and strike it. This phenomenon, known as the "bottom wave", poses a serious danger to port facilities, usually built at shallow depths.

BOTTOM BOARD (old) - beds at the machine guns of the times sailing fleet.

BOTTOM TUBE, bottom fuze (Base fuze) - a device used to explode an artillery shell, screwed into its bottom.

CLEAR OFF- they say when the tow driven into the groove no longer advances.

ADDING WATER, AVOIDING WATER (arch.) - the end of the sea ebb.

Allowable unit stress - the amount of stress that should not be exceeded when calculating different structures and their parts for strength. D. N. depends on the nature of the load (constant, changing, etc.) and the type of material.

ALLOWANCES - 1. The tolerance for inaccuracy in the manufacture of a part is the difference between the largest and smallest limit sizes (OST 1001). 2. Permissible deviations of standard products in relation to their norm, quality, size, etc.

BACKBOARD (Backboard) - see dorsal board.

BOARDS (Plank board) - sawing from logs and bars. Logs sawn from the middle are called middle ones, followed by side or ordinary ones and, finally, slabs. By finishing, boards are divided into edged boards, which have regular edges and the same width, semi-edged boards - the first and second boards after the middle board, and semi-edged boards - extreme boards with irregular edges. According to the thickness, D. are divided into loom 13-16 mm thick, tess - 18-25 mm thick, boards - 38-50 mm, floor D. - 65 mm, D., called madrill, 75-100 mm thick.

BOARD FOOT (Superficial foot) - the volume of wood, consisting in a board with an area of ​​\u200b\u200b1 sq. foot and 1 inch thick. Thus, excluding shrinkage allowances, a board foot is equal to 1/12 cu. foot. This measure is usually expressed as the amount of lumber for freight quotation in US and European-American trade.

INSPECTION OF CARGO IN SOFT PACKAGING (Spitting) - piercing cargo in soft packaging with sharp tools during customs inspection. Spits - sharp instruments used by customs to probe bales, bales, bags in order to detect undeclared goods.

INSPECTION CERTIFICATE (Survey report) - a certificate that takes place in foreign practice, issued by an agent of Lloyd's inspecting the damaged cargo or an agent of an insurance company; it details the condition of the cargo, the cause of damage and the amount of loss. The costs associated with obtaining this certificate shall be reimbursed by the insurer when paying the insurance premium.

INSPECTORS (Searchers) - customs officers inspecting the cargo and monitoring the loading and unloading of ships of foreign traffic.

GET THE BOTTOM (That get soundings) - they talk about the lot when it reaches the bottom. If the lot did not reach the bottom, then they say "swept through."

FINISHING- half of the first fork and further refinement of the position of the target before the transition to defeat. The term is outdated.

DOSHCHANIK- a flat-bottomed, non-self-propelled wooden river vessel with a deck or half-deck and with one mast. Load capacity from 7 to 200 tons.

HORSE PLANTER - river wooden sailing and rowing vessel, 6.4-12.2 m long, 2.1-3.7 m wide and 0.8-1.1 m high; lifting capacity from 13 to 24.5 t \ mast with a straight rake sail.

DOSHCHANIK PRE-LOADED - a wooden raid vessel with dimensions: length 12.2-15.2 m; width 2.4–2.9 m, height 1.5–2.0 m. the sea is fully loaded, and therefore reloaded in the roadstead.

DOSHCHANIK COSSACK - river sailing and rowing wooden vessel; dimensions: length 5.5-8.5 m, width 1.8-2.7 m, height 0.5-0.6 m, carrying capacity 0.3-0.6 tons. Volga.

DOSHCHANIK NEVODNY or NEVODNIK- river, wooden sailing vessel; dimensions: length 6.0-8.5 m or more, width 1.8-2.7 m, height 0.6-0.8 m, carrying capacity 0.4-0.7 tons. They were built in the lower part of the Volga. Mast with slanting rake sail. Used to transport fishing nets.

DRAG (Drag)- 1. A stationary vessel used to develop gold deposits at the bottom of natural or artificial pools. 2. Cone-shaped canvas bag with an opening diameter of approx. 60 cm and 1.5 m long, used on boats sailing with a lot of passing waves or surf. D. descend behind the stern at the thick end, opening forward; a thin guy is attached to the top of the cone, the free end of which is also taken to the boat. The dredge, towed forward by the opening, fills with water and presents a significant resistance, which holds the stern of the boat. One has only to hold the guy and ease the thick end, the dredge will immediately turn and, presenting almost no resistance, can easily be taken onto the boat.

PRECIOUS ITEMS (Costly articles) - separate consignments containing articles made of precious metals, precious stones, works of art, if the value of one consignment exceeds 100 pounds sterling.

DRAEK, DRAEK (Turning fid or heaving fid) - a tool for rigging and sailing, which is a small cylindrical piece of wood with pointed ends. It is used as a twist, wrap or as a lever when stretching, tearing ropes. "Draek yes pile - sailor relatives" - an old marine proverb.

DRAW, SHEAR, DRAW (That haul taut, to bowse taut) - 1. Generally speaking, to pull, for example, to tear out a tackle means to pull it tight. In addition, the word D. has the meaning - to clean, for example, D. deck, D. copper, etc. In a figurative sense, it means - to demand strict performance of service, to school. 2. See Draek.

DRIVER or SPANKER (Driver or spanker) - 1. An oblique or gaff sail on the mizzen-mast of a ship (with full armament) or a barge. 2. A sail rising to the mizzen yard (when the mizzen yard still existed). The upper luff of this sail was tied to a rail, which was raised by a halyard through a block mounted on a mizzen yard; the lower corners of this sail were drawn by sheets to another yard or driver-alcohol lying on the tackboard.

DRIVER ALCOHOL - see Driver.

DRAYREP (Tue) - Tackle for lifting Mars-Ray.

DRAYREP-BLOCKS (Thue-block) - single-pulley blocks tied to the Mars-Ray, through which the dryrep passes.

DRAN (Laths)- wooden strips 4.7-6 mm thick, 2.5 cm wide and 45 to 122 cm long.

DRAT(old) - line thread (in another way fight ).

DRASHPILE- a corrupted word used instead of the word. Means a temporary, home-made windlass, which is used, for example, when pulling a wall-shroud.

DREGER- see Draeger diving apparatus.

"Dreadnought" (Dreadnought) - English battleship, a prototype of a class of modern powerful battleships, for which his name has become a household name. "D". was built in England in 1905-06. based on the experience of the Russo-Japanese War. It had a displacement of 17900 tons, armament X - 12 "(305 mm) guns in five turrets and a stroke of 21 knots.

DREITOV-cm. Bitch.

DRIFT, DERIF (Lee-way) - the phenomenon of the drift of the vessel from the line of its course under the influence of the wind; especially strongly affects when sailing and longline ships. The magnitude or angle of drift called. the angle enclosed between the wake and the centreline of the vessel. If the wind blows from the left side, then D. called. drift of the port tack, if it blows from the starboard side, then - drift of the starboard tack.

GULF STREAM DRIFT - see Atlantic current.

JAPANESE CURRENT DRIFT - see Japanese current.

DREIFGAGEL, DREVGAGEL (Crape-Shot) (old) - shrapnel projectile.

TO DRIFT (Drive, fall to leeward) - 1. To move under the influence of wind or current, when the anchor is given, but the latter did not pick up well enough and crawls along the ground. 2. Move with the wind or current without the help of any engine.

DRIFT CURRENTS - see currents.

DREK, DREG (Grapiling) - a small anchor weighing up to 48 kg. Always Admiralty system with iron folding rods. Used on boats.

DREKTOV, DREK-TOU - a cable end tied to the drek. Drek.

DRILL- a manually or electrically driven tool for drilling small holes.

DRIFT(old) - the difference between the diameter of the bolt and the hole.

DRIFT SPIERS - patented spiers with a steam engine located above the spire drum. Such a device is convenient in that it frees up space on the deck around the spire, which facilitates the work on sampling the drifter order.

DRIFT FISHING - fishing with drift nets used to catch fish floating in the surface layers of water, such as herring, mackerel, sardines, etc. It is extremely important in the fisheries of Western Europe.

DRIFTERS - fishing vessels adapted exclusively for fishing with floating nets. By their size, D. are smaller vessels than fishing trawlers. English and Scottish steam and diesel engines, with a net carrying capacity of 50–60 tons, are 24–32 m long and are equipped with machines with a capacity of 100–300 hp. With. Large ships of the continental type, designed for a long voyage, are made 40–50 m long. Along with ships of this type, small steam and diesel engines (Logger) 25–30 m long operate in Germany. do not differ from typical trawlers. From the outside, D. differ from trawlers only in fishing equipment and the absence of a tank. So that the shrouds and stays do not interfere with fishing, the fore mast is made of a lowering type and is laid along with the boom on the wheelhouse.

Drifts(old) - side plating between the poop and forecastle below the upper deck.

Splitting a bill of lading - release of cargo under one bill of lading in parts.

"FRACTION"- a signal on the forge, meaning to cease fire (shooting).

FIREWOOD, FIRWOOD (Firewood) - in the timber export business - pieces of lumber from 15 to 175 cm long.

DROG(sev.) - halyard for raising the yard.

FALSE(sev.) - they talk about water, when it began to decrease after the tide, it also sunk down, hacked.

DROMGED ( Drum-head of a Capstan) - the upper part of the spire drum, in which there are sockets for inserting embossing. Otherwise called the head of the spire.

THROTTLE (Throttle) - 1. A device that reduces the pressure of steam by passing it through a narrowed hole while maintaining the heat content of the steam constant. 2. An iron core coil with a large inductive resistance. It is used to obtain a large phase shift between current and voltage.

BE FRIENDS WITH THE SHORE (sev.) - approach, keep close to the shore.

DRYUCHOK- birch pole, from which levers for capstans on wooden ships are made.

OAK- strong tree; durable and fine-layered, difficult to process. It is used for the manufacture of critical parts of the ship. Oak contains tannic acid, which is corrosive to iron fasteners in a damp place, so they must be galvanized.

"OAK"- a wooden cargo ship used off the coast of the Black Sea and in the mouths of the river. Dnieper; coastal D. is built up to 20 m in length, has a deck and two masts; river D. is smaller and without a deck. At the mouth of the river Dons use preload D. - a flat-bottomed vessel without a keel and rudder for delivering cargo to ships in the roadstead.

OAK STONE - grows in America. It is used in shipbuilding for the manufacture of highly curved parts.

DUBEL-BOAT (old) - a single-masted military vessel of the Russian rowing fleet of the second half of the 18th century. type of gunboat for operations in skerries, estuaries and off the coast (length up to 25 m, width up to 6 m and deepening up to 2 m) had up to 8 guns, of which two or three were of large caliber.

ARC (Voltaic arc) - abbreviated name of the voltaic arc.

ARC(aster) - the lower parts of the frames (floortimbers), trimmed and assembled for installation on a ship under construction. Once installed on the ship, they are called offlotins .

ARC OF THE GREAT CIRCLE (Arch of the great circle) - part of the line of section of the ball by a plane passing through its center.

ARC RADIO TRANSMITTER - a generator of continuous oscillations, consisting of a power source, electrodes of a voltaic arc with blowing and an oscillatory circuit connected to the antenna. The arc radio transmitter is falling into disuse.

DUDKA (Boatswain's pipe) - a whistle of a special device for giving signals on the ship. D. is usually supplied to junior officers who are on duty or on duty on the upper deck or in the premises of the ship. To give a D. means to convey one or another order of the watch or duty commander for the ship, preceding it with a signal to the D. to draw the attention of the crew.

DULO (Muzzle)- the front opening of the channel of a firearm, from which a projectile or bullet flies when fired.

MUZZLE PLUG (Tompion) - a wooden plug or a special closing device, fixed at the muzzle of the gun in order to protect the channel of the latter from dust, splashes, etc. P.

Muzzle (Chase of the gun) - the front part of the barrel of a firearm. See Doulo.

Muzzle - a cut at the outer end of the muzzle of the gun.

MUG BRAKE - a device mounted on the muzzle of a gun to reduce the recoil force of the gun when fired.

DUMMIS (Balance pistons, Dummy piston) - part of a jet steam turbine, which serves to balance the axial component of steam pressure, and in low-speed turbines - the difference in steam pressure in the turbine and the propeller stop.

DUPLEX RADIO COMMUNICATION (Duplex - system) - radio communication, allowing reception during radio transmission.

DUPLIN- an expression meaning that the cable is pulled into the butt, the eye and its end is taken back again, so that both ends are at the disposal of the workers. If necessary, pull out the cable one end is released. To put a perlin on a barrel with a hollow means to have a perlin threaded into the eye of the barrel so that both ends are on the deck of the ship; at the moment of shooting from the barrel, one of the ends is given away, and the ship is quickly released from its connection with the barrel.

DUUMVIR (Duumvir) (source) - the head of the fleet or squadron among the Romans.

DUSHEGUBKA (Funny, dug-out) - see Shuttle.

HAZE (Haze, mist) - see Dry fogs.

SMOKE SCREEN (Screening smoke) - a smoke cloud of sufficient density to cover a camouflaged ship or formation, placed between this ship or formation and the enemy in order to deprive the latter of the possibility of observation, as well as to make it difficult for him to maneuver and use weapons.

CHIMNEY (Funnel) - a pipe for the removal of gaseous products of combustion from the combustion device into the atmosphere. On small ships (mainly tugboats), which often have to pass under bridges, the D.T. is made folding, i.e., falling to the stern for the duration of the passage under the bridge.

SMOKE BUOYS - buoys with phosphorus or other smoke-forming substance, which are used for placing smoke screens at sea.

Flue gases - gaseous combustion products.

SMOKE DEVICES - special devices for the release of smoke and the formation of a smoke screen.

SMOKE PIPES (Tubes) - pipes of fire-tube boilers through which flue gases pass; constitute the main heating surface of boilers.

CHIMNEY (Uptake) - channels through which fuel combustion products are discharged from the boiler into the chimney.

DYMSEL (Smoke-sail) - a small four- or triangular sail (canvas shield), placed in front of the galley pipe when the ship is facing the wind. The purpose is to prevent smoke from spreading across the deck. It was used on old military (sailing) ships.

DAVIS- see Steering gear (screw) Davis.

DEADWEIGHT- see Deadweight.

DANDY (Dandy)- so the British sometimes call a small triangular mizzen sail.

INCH- the former Russian measure of length, equal to 10 lines. One inch equals 25.4 mm.

DUNES- sandy hills, carried by the wind from place to place.

DURALUMINIUM (Duralumin) - See Aluminum alloys.

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Gak- a steel hook attached to the end of cables and chains, used to lift boats, cargo and towing.

Biscuit- cracker made from rye or wheat flour, which was consumed on ships of the military sailing fleet in the absence of bread.

Tack- the position of the vessel relative to the wind. Left G. - the wind blows to the left side, right G. - the wind blows to the starboard side.

Gandonovod- water motor on an inflatable boat.

"Blue Ribbon"- a prize in the form of a blue ribbon, established by the English shipping company "Kunar White Star Line" in the early 19th century and awarded to the fastest ship on the Europe-America line. For a long time, the leader was the American passenger liner United States. With an engine power of 235,000 horsepower, she developed a speed of 37 knots and crossed the Atlantic in 82 hours and 40 minutes. After the liner was decommissioned in 1969, boats joined the fight for the record. In 1982, the 22-meter boat The Virgin Atlantic Challenger II improved the Big Yu time by 2 hours and 10 minutes. Four years later, the 33.5-meter Gentry Eagle crossed the Atlantic in 62 hours and 7 minutes. However, both of these records were not recognized. boats resorted to refueling en route. The first ship to show the best time and fulfill all the rules was the 73-meter catamaran Sea Cat. In 1990, he crossed the Atlantic in 80 hours at an average speed of 37.5 knots, burning 220 tons of diesel fuel. Two years later, the "tape" was intercepted by the 67.7-meter turbine boat Destriero, which showed an average speed of 53.09 knots.

Greenwich- a suburb of London, where the astronomical observatory founded in 1657 was located. By international agreement, the meridian passing through the Greenwich Observatory in 1884 was taken as the initial one in the countdown of geographical longitudes and was named the Greenwich meridian. From it is also counted universal and standard time.

Gaff- 1- A spar to which the luff of a slanting sail is laced. 2. Spars raised along the mast at an angle to carry the flag during the day on the move, and at night - gaff lights.

hydroacoustic log- absolute log, working on the principle of an echo sounder. Provides sufficient accuracy at depths not exceeding 300 meters. There are Doppler and correlation hydroacoustic lags. The action of Doppler hydroacoustic lags is based on measuring the frequency of the received signal caused by the movement of the vessel relative to the bottom, correlation lags - on comparing the bottom topography record obtained by two receivers (with one emitter) located under the bottom in the diametrical plane at some distance from each other. The speed is determined by the time between obtaining similar relief records.

Hydrodynamic log- relative lag, the action of which is based on taking into account the magnitude of the velocity head of the oncoming water flow. In the simplest case, it consists of two tubes brought out under the bottom of the vessel. The opening of one of them is directed to the bow of the vessel, and the other is flush with the lining. The speed of the vessel is determined by the difference in the heights of the water columns in the tubes. At speeds over 5 km/h and waves less than 7 points, it can provide measurements with an error of up to 1 km/h.

hydraulic drive- a power drive of any mechanisms, consisting of a hydraulic pump and a hydraulic motor (hydraulic cylinder), interconnected by pipelines for supplying a working fluid (oil). On small boats it is used to drive the rudder, winches and propeller.

Geek- a horizontal spar attached to the mast at a small height above the deck and facing the free end to the stern of the vessel. The luff of the oblique sail is laced to the boom.

Gitz- small hoists, the movable block of which is tied into some kind of fall.

Gitovs- running rigging gear, used for cleaning straight pairs and trisels. Gits of direct sails pull clew to the yard; gl1 sails. Trisail gits pull the sail to the gaff and mast.

Gorden- tackle, passing through a fixed single-pulley-II block.

Grotto- I. A straight sail, the lowest on the second mast of the bow of the mainmast), tied to the mainsail. 2. A word added to the names of peea. sails and rigging above the main mast.

Grotto-nachta- the second mast from the bow of the ship.

sensible things- the general name of some parts included in the ship's equipment. Good things include hawses, ducks, bale planks, doors, hatches, coamings, lifelines, portholes, scuppers, bollards, ladders, etc.

Diametral plane- an imaginary vertical plane passing through the stern and stem of the vessel

Vessel trim- the inclination of the ship in the longitudinal vertical plane relative to the surface of the water. Accordingly, there is D. on the stern and D. on the bow.

Dmrik-fal- tackle of running rigging, which serves to lift the gaff to the end of the claim.

Heaver- a tool for rigging and sailing, represented by a small cylindrical piece of wood with pointed youths. It is used as a lever when tearing out the ends.

Dryrep- tackle for lifting the mars-swarm.

Drektov- anchor rope of a chain anchor (drake).

Bend- a bend in the riverbed.

Induction log- relative lag, the principle of operation of which is based on the occurrence of an additional EMF during the movement of the vessel in the circuit (of which sea water is a part), located in a magnetic field created by a special solenoid when an alternating electric current is passed through it.

cavitation- the formation of cavities (bubbles) in a liquid filled with gas, steam or a mixture thereof as a result of a local decrease in pressure below a critical value. Once in a high-pressure area, the bubbles burst, generating shock loads from which the surfaces of propellers, pump impeller blades, hydrofoils, etc. are destroyed, which reduces their service life, and also reduces the efficiency of the installation.

boat- the general name of small craft with a stationary engine and a displacement of not more than 40 tons.

Cardinal system - a system for placing navigational signs indicating the extremities of navigational hazards on the cardinal points. It is used exclusively on sea waterways.

Deadrise - characteristic of the transverse profile of the vessel. It has a numerical value - deadrise angle (deadrise) - see fig. The ship's hull is usually characterized by two deadrise angles - amidships and transom. With a low deadrise, the vessels have a smaller draft and a lower roll during circulation, however, they have a sufficiently high yaw rate (therefore, planing vessels have a large deadrise angle on the transom) and large shock loads on the hull when moving on a wave. With a large deadrise, the vessels have low stability when stationary and at low speed, as well as slightly greater hydrodynamic resistance at low speed. Vessels with a deadrise angle of less than 10 degrees are called flat-bottomed, from 10 to 15 - moderate deadrise, from 15 to 20 - strongly deadrise, more than 20 - "deep V". In practice, ships with a deadrise angle of more than 26 degrees are rarely encountered.

Knecht - a metal structure designed to secure mooring ends on it. Installed on the pier or on the ship.

Feed - rear end of the ship. A flat cut of the stern is called a transom. Spicy food is called whaleboat.

Fender- an object softening the blows of the ship's hull against the berth or another ship is located on the outer surface of the side. As K. often use old car tires.

Cruising speed- the conditional name of the most economical speed of the vessel.

all round fire- a fire illuminating a continuous arc of the horizon in 360 degrees.

lag- a navigational instrument for measuring the speed of a vessel and the distance traveled by it. There are relative lags (measure the speed relative to the water) and absolute (relative to the bottom).

Lateral system- a system of placement of navigation marks, indicating the left and right edges of the ship's passage or its axis. On the right edge of the ship's passage, signs painted in red are installed, on the left - signs painted in white (on rivers) or black (on reservoirs and lakes) color. The axis of the ship's passage is indicated by alignments - paired signs installed on the shore, which set a straight line that coincides with the axis of the ship's passage at a certain segment. In some cases, the alignments also indicate the boundaries of the ship's passage. HP predominantly used on inland waterways.

Leer- a stretched cable used as a handrail.

small boat- a vessel, the length of which is less than 7 m, and a rowing vessel - regardless of size (PVVP).

Midel- the line of intersection of the ship's hull and an imaginary vertical plane that runs along the middle of the ship's length and is perpendicular to the centreline.

seaward- an expression indicating that a ship or floating object is further from the coast than anyone else. For example, the phrase "let's go seaward" means let's go farther from the coast in the open sea.

sea ​​mile- a unit for measuring distances at sea, equal to the length of the arc of the earth's meridian in 1`. In different countries, the mile is defined at different latitudes, so it has different values. In Russia, the nautical mile is taken in latitude 44 degrees 30 minutes and is 1852 meters, in the UK and Japan - 1853.18 meters, in Italy - 1851.85 meters. An international nautical mile is 1852 meters.

Motor resource- operating time of the engine or other mechanism before their overhaul. Measured in hours of work.

Powerboat- a small boat with an outboard motor.

Freeboard - part of the side above the waterline.

Draft(draft, draft) - the distance from the surface of the water to the lowest point of the ship's hull.

Vessel stability- the ability of the vessel, brought out of equilibrium external forces, again return to its original position after the termination of these forces. In the theory of ships, a distinction is made between static stability and dynamic stability. The measure of stability is the metacentric height.

Drying- part of the coast or shoal, exposed during low tide or water surge under the influence of wind.

go-ahead - a method of signaling used to coordinate the sides of the passing of ships. The go-ahead is given from the side of the divergence, during the day - with a white flag or a white pulsed flash fire, at night with a flashing white light. The light signal is located above the side lights and consists of a pair of lights from each side, which illuminate the horizon arc at 112.5 degrees from the beam.

Payol- easily removable floor covering the bottom of the vessel.

pass sign(pillar) - a coastal sign of the navigable situation, having the form of a pillar with a shield. It is installed on both banks of rivers in places where the ship's passage (fairway) goes from one bank to another.

Stanchion- a vertical post, which is an element of hull structures, is designed to absorb and transmit vertical loads. It is installed between decks, based on such elements of the set as carlings, frames, stringers.

Plaza- a place for breaking down the theoretical drawing of the ship in full size, according to which templates of outer plating sheets and templates of set parts are made. In amateur shipbuilding, it is a flat floor (or even a wall!) of a garage, hangar, gym, lined with sheets of thick cardboard, plywood or hardboard.

Swivel nozzle- a massive ring fixed on the baller instead of the rudder. In addition to improving the controllability of the vessel at low speed, it increases the propeller thrust.

Sterndrive(stern drive) - transmission with a horizontal shaft crossing the transom. Structurally, it is a mechanism located behind the transom, which allows the axis of rotation of the propeller to move in two planes: horizontally - to control the vessel and vertically - to adjust the angle of inclination of the axis of rotation relative to the surface of the water, as well as to recline when hitting an obstacle, similarly to an outboard motor.

Outboard motor(outboard motor) - First appeared around the beginning of the century. It is currently produced by several companies under various brand names. The most famous brands are: Evinrude/Johnson (USA), Honda (Japan), Mariner/Mercury (USA), Mitsubishi (Japan), Nissan (Japan), Selva ( Italy), Ruggerini ( Italy), Suzuki (Japan), Tohatsu (Japan), Yamaha (Japan), Yanmar (Japan). Power range from 2 to 250hp The most widely used gasoline two-stroke engines. Recently, however, with the introduction of new environmental regulations, four-stroke engines are being produced more and more. In addition to the best environmental performance, they are characterized by lower fuel consumption, low noise and vibration levels. The cost of four-stroke engines is 30-50 percent higher. Two manufacturers (Ruggerini and Yanmar) produce diesel engines.

Redan - ledge on the bottom of the hull of high-speed vessels. Reduces the area of ​​contact of the bottom with water when driving at high speeds.

Rym- a metal ring. Depending on the place of attachment, it is intended for mooring ships, performing rigging work.

Bell- a special battle in the ship's bell. Most often, however, the ship's bell itself is called the bell, which the inveterate Moremans consider wrong.

IALA system - one system protection of navigational dangers by floating warning signs, adopted in November 1980 by the conference of the International Association of Lighthouse Authorities (IALA). Warning signs are divided into system "A" (red buoy or light on the left) and system "B" (red buoy or light on the right). The IALA system includes five types of signs: lateral, cardinal, signs for the protection of individual hazards, signs for designating the starting points and axes of fairways (channels) and the middle of the passage (axial or clear water signs). In addition, the system provides for special purpose signs.

Breast- the place of the steepest bend of the side, passing into the bottom. Depending on the shape of the cheekbones, ships are divided into ships with round chine lines (see the figure above) and ships with sharp chine lines (see the figure below). Round bilge vessels have an easier course (due to a smaller wetted surface), increased hull strength (due to the absence of stress concentration points). Sharp-chinned vessels are considered to be faster, have increased stability when stationary and at low speed, and allow better use of the internal volume of the hull. Sharp-cheeked contours are also more suitable for self-construction, since they have a simpler surface that unfolds onto a plane.

Slane- removable bottom flooring on a boat, boat, etc.

satellite navigation system- GPS (global positioning system) - the general name of systems that allow obtaining accurate coordinates of a place by processing signals from special artificial Earth satellites. So-called GPS receivers have recently gained popularity among small boat owners. Outwardly, they look like a small radio station with an antenna, weighing 300-800 g. Depending on the model, GPS receivers continuously process signals from 8-12 satellites and display coordinates on the LCD screen with an accuracy of 30-50 meters. As a rule, all models of GPS receivers are capable of calculating and continuously displaying the speed of the vessel, storing up to several hundred waypoints, and then indicating the direction of movement to each of them. No special authorization is required to purchase these receivers. In Moscow stores, the simplest models can be bought for 220-280 USD.

ship's passage- body of water on the inland navigation route, intended for the movement of ships and marked on the ground and on the map.

Tombuy- a float that serves to indicate the location of the given anchor. Connected by a buoy to an anchor.

Registered ton- 1 register ton corresponds to 2.83 cubic meters (100 cubic feet).

Beam- direction to any object, perpendicular to the course of the vessel (diametrical plane). Depending on the location of the object from the vessel (from the starboard or port side), the right and left traverses are distinguished. The distance from the vessel to the object at the traverse distance is called the traverse distance.

Trim plate- a horizontal plate mounted on the transom to facilitate planing and reduce the running trim. Usually it has the ability to adjust the angle of inclination relative to the transom, which allows you to achieve the most favorable sailing mode for various loading options for the boat or boat.

corner column(S-drive, sail drive) - a transmission with a vertical shaft crossing the bottom of the vessel. In rare cases, it has mobility in the horizontal plane to control the vessel.

Knot- non-systemic unit of speed, corresponding to 1 nautical mile per hour (1.852 km/h).

Thrust bearing- a bearing that perceives and transmits to the ship's hull the axial stop of the propeller on the forward and rearward strokes. In marine engines of small power, as a rule, it is built into the gearbox housing. Absolutely necessary for automotive and tractor engines installed on ships, the crankshaft bearings of which are not designed to take the load from the propeller. Conventional angular bearings are capable of absorbing an axial load equal to 20-25 percent of their radial load capacity. If the propeller stop exceeds this value, angular contact, spherical or tapered bearings must be used. According to the recommendations of the River Register, the thrust bearing must absorb an axial force [H] that is 10 times the engine horsepower.

Duck- a special two-horned casting or forging, fixed on the bulwark or in another place of the vessel and serving for attaching cables to it.

Bulwark- a light belt of side plating, towering above the upper deck. Serves to protect the deck and protect it from flooding.

False keel- 1) boards, beams or metal strips sewn to the keel of the vessel to protect it from damage when it touches the ground. 2) A heavy lead or cast iron ballast keel on yachts that prevents them from listing and capsizing.

Fiord- a narrow, deep, branched bay (bay) with high rocky shores.

Forepeak- bow compartment of the vessel from the stem to the first (ram) bulkhead.

stem- a wooden or metal beam in the bow of the ship, on which the outer skin of the bow of the hull is fixed and which in the lower part passes into the keel.

Fofan- a type of rowboat.

Freeboard- ship's freeboard.

Futoks- part of the composite frames of wooden ships. The upper futox is called toptimbers, the lower one is called flortimbers.

Footstock- a pole or rail with divisions for measuring depth or monitoring the water level in the sea, lake, river.

Ship's center of gravity- the point of application of the resultant forces of gravity acting on all elements of the vessel.

moorings- cable (chain) for mooring.

sheerstrake- side plating belt adjacent to the upper deck of the ship. It is one of the main longitudinal ties and is made thicker than the rest of the sheathing belts.

Shkimushgar- thin (no more than 25 mm) tarred line. Used in rigging.

Hose- one turn of the cable around something.

frame- stiffener of the outer skin of the ship's hull, located in the transverse plane.

space- the distance between two adjacent frames.

Scupper- a hole for water drainage in the bulwark or waterway.

Shturtros- a cable connecting the steering wheel with the tiller.

Suga- small pieces of loose ice and clods of snow that appear in the water before freezing.

Kabolka- the thinnest component of a vegetable cable? twisted from the fibers of hemp, agave or other plants.

Kalyshka- a loop on the cable, made by its running or root end so that the cable crosses with itself, or formed by excessive twisting of the cable.

toggle- 1. A cone-shaped piece of hard wood inserted into a yul. so that the last ns is tightened - 2, A small wooden block of a cylindrical shape with a round recess (bale) in the middle - Down-turned to connect the flags with the halyards on which they are raised.

Klsten- a layer of shkimushgar, a thin line or wire, overlaid around the cable against its descent with the help of a semi-mushkel.

Service- a special type of rigging work, consisting in the pedal; on a truncated and pitched cable, they put the cage along the [cable of the cable] so that each of its hoses overlaps the next. Having covered the entire cable with a rope with a bench press and having strengthened its ends, they proceed to laying a cage (shkimushgar. a thin line or wire) around the cable against its descent with the help of a half-mushkel.

Jib- oblique triangular sail, which is placed ahead of the "ok-mast.

Knechts- paired metal pedestals cast together with the base-"l-plate. Kkelts are installed on the deck in the fore and aft parts and along the sides of the drone. They serve to secure the cables during mooring.

Knop- a knot in the form of a thickening at the end of the cable to hold or fasten its root end.

Peg (*leg of lamb*)- kind of node for shortening snash.

Koush- a metal ring with a groove of appropriate thickness on the outer surface for the cable,

K Ophel Nagel- a wooden or metal rod with a handle at the upper end, inserted into the socket of the coffee bar for wrapping running rigging gear on it,

K ofsl-plank- a wooden or metal beam with holes for a hofel-nagel I. attached horizontally on the deck at the masts and at the inside of the side;

Grommet- a ring twisted from strands of cable. Krengels replace slings, are embedded in the luffs of the sails for pulling in spruits, are superimposed on the bram-strings under the sconce m-rigging-Kubrick - 1. Living quarters for the team, 2- The name of one of the decks of the sailing warship on which the team lived.

Lightness- 1. A small bag, woven from a cord, the size of a fist, filled with sand. Serves as a load at the throwing end for its supply. 2. In the merchant marine, this term refers to the throwing line.

Leer- a metal rod or a tightly stretched vegetable or steel cable. used for tying sails, pulling awnings, drying clothes, etc. Handrails are also called ropes fixed on racks that replace the bulwark of a ship, and ropes pulled to prevent people from falling and overboard during a storm.

linek- a short rope about a finger thick, with a knot at the end. which was used to punish sailors.

Tench- a thin vegetable cable with a diameter of 3.8 to! 1.2 mm, twisted from heels. Braided lines are used for sishal halyards and for laglins.

Liseli- additional sails c. the shape of trapezoids, which were placed on the outer sides of direct sails on fox-spirits-

Lisel-reek- slats to which the fox is laced.

Lisel alcohols- thin spar trees on the foca- and grotto-yards and on the fore- and main-mars-yards, used for setting foxes.

Lapp- rope. based between blocks or lufers.

Lot- a device for measuring depths - According to the principle of the device, the lots are divided into manual, mechanical and echo sounders.

Lotlin- a line or cable to which the load (weight) of the lot is attached.

lueyers- a round, threaded or finished with a copper ring hole in a sail, awning, etc.

 

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