The blue spider is the most beautiful spider in the world. The wasp spider is a venomous insect with a striking appearance Planning and holding meetings

The wasp spider belongs to the orb-web spider family. Its web is quite remarkable - the drawing consists of zigzag broken lines. You can find such a trapping net, as a rule, in areas well-lit by the sun among bushes and herbaceous plants. This species is most common in central and southern Europe.

Description

The wasp spider, or argiope bruennichi, is a fairly large insect. Representatives of this species have pronounced sexual dimorphism: females are much larger than males. In adult females, the average body size is 3 cm, but sometimes larger insects are also found. Males are much smaller - their body length, as a rule, does not exceed 0.5 cm.

The wasp spider has a rather bright color on the abdomen - it is covered. There are six notches along the edges of the abdomen - in this area you can see a range of colors from orange to darker, almost brown. The head is black. The cephalothorax has short ash-colored hairs. The legs are long, black, surrounded by a pattern in the form of pale yellow rings.

On a note! This color is inherent exclusively in females. Males are much less expressive - their bodies are usually black or gray!

Lifestyle

Representatives of this species prefer to live in small groups, 20 individuals each. They settle in fields and meadows, in forest zones, as well as in other places with dense vegetation. At the same time, they choose open areas that are well translucent and warmed up by the sun's rays.

To build a web, these insects choose a large spreading plant or build it between several shrubs. It takes a spider about an hour to make one trapping net, and the construction process itself always occurs at twilight. The central part of the web consists of a stabilamentum - a pair of clearly visible filaments located opposite each other, which diverge from the middle.

It is interesting! Argiope bruennichi's web has the ability to reflect ultraviolet rays and it attracts insects quite well!

The finished trapping net is very beautiful - it has small cells arranged in a zigzag pattern. And in its center is always a wasp-like spider. The hostess sits on the underside of the web, spreading her long legs wide apart, and patiently waits for the next victim to fall into a trap.

Nutrition

The basis of the diet of the wasp spider is insects, both orthoptera and others. Most often, distributed networks get:

  • grasshoppers;
  • flies;
  • mosquitoes;
  • butterflies;
  • filly;

The victim caught in the web begins to twitch, which attracts a nearby hunter. The spider immediately approaches, plunges its jaws into the body of its prey and paralyzes the caught insect with poison. As soon as the victim freezes, the hunter deftly wraps it in a web, bites off the restraining threads and hides it in a secluded place.

After some time, the poison, which contains digestive enzymes, softens the victim's body, after which the spider begins to eat.

Reproduction

The female becomes sexually mature immediately after molting. She sheds the old chitinous cover and allows the male to fertilize her, after which she eats it.

On a note! Scientists still cannot agree on the reason for this. Some believe that in this way she tries to saturate her body with protein, which is necessary for the normal bearing of eggs. Others believe that a natural reflex is triggered - the female eats the male due to incompatibility in size, that is, it acts according to the principle of natural selection, when large individuals destroy small ones!

A female wasp-colored spider makes a clutch about a month after mating. She weaves several cocoons from a web and places about 400 eggs in each. She hangs all the cocoons near her trapping net and soon dies.

Future offspring spends in a dense warm cocoon all winter. With the arrival of warmth, the young emerge from the eggs, and spend some time in the immediate vicinity of the cocoon. During this period, many spiders die and there is only one reason for this - the overpopulation of the territory, due to which there is not enough food for everyone. Thus, some packs die of hunger, others are eaten by their fellows.

The survivors leave their homes around August. In windy weather, they scatter around the neighborhood using their webs. In autumn, young animals reach puberty.

Danger

The venom of a wasp spider is deadly to insects, but practically harmless to humans. At the same time, argiope bruennichi does not purposefully attack people. This insect can only bite by accident, if it is disturbed by picking it up. In the affected area, you may experience:

  • slight swelling;
  • redness;
  • burning;
  • pain.

But these symptoms often go away very quickly. If, after the bite of a wasp spider, you begin to be bothered by unpleasant sensations, then something cold is applied to the affected area for speedy healing. After such a compress, the pain subsides and the swelling goes away.

In general, the poison of a wasp spider for humans is rather weak. However, sometimes, in particular, with weak immunity, the negative reaction of the body can be quite intense. In such cases, anti-inflammatory ointments usually help. Dangerous poison argiope bruennichi for humans can be only if you are allergic to insect bites. In this situation, you should definitely seek qualified medical help.

In recent years, various methods of graphical presentation of information have been increasingly used. On the one hand, this is due to the effectiveness of the perception of information received through visual channels, and on the other hand, the development of computer graphics tools, the expansion of the possibilities of its application. Graphical representations are usually a tool for decision making

Histograms are widely used. The advantage of histograms is their clarity. The disadvantages include the fact thata histogram (like similar diagrams) allows, as a rule, compare options for solutions by only one single criterion... Histograms can be helpful at comparison of several options (more than two) byone criterion. Comparison by several criteria using histograms is possible in the case that the code values \u200b\u200bcorresponding to different criteria are measured in the same units. In this case, the data is presented as a series of bars. But. if different options have different qualities in different ways, and the advantage in some criteria is combined with disadvantages in others, making a decision based on the histogram becomes difficult.

Unlike diagrams constructed in rectangular decarsco-ordinates, "Spider - ZIS" (the abbreviation "ZIS" is formed by the first letters from the name of the Central Institute of Welding, in which this method was developed) is a visualdiagram plotted in polar coordinates.Axles,on which the values \u200b\u200bof the criteria are applied are directed along thediuses from the center of the circle to the periphery. In fig. 20 atan example is included that explains this method.

Let's say a certain engineer wants to change jobs. In search of a new job, the engineer received two proposals, which differ sharply from each other, but each has its own advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, a person finds it difficult to accept this or that proposal. In one case, we are talking about the position of the head of a department at a large enterprise, which is very tempting from a material point of view and means a certain promotion in the service, but it is associated with a heavy load. Another proposal is less profitable in terms of money, but it is associated with lower loads. In the second case, our engineer would be, as before, an employee of the technical department. The decision is further complicated by other considerations in both cases, he must change his place of residence, which is also associated with the need to change the place of work for his wife.

A person decides to apply the "Spider-CIS" method to find the best solution, presenting his problem on the "web" (see Fig. XX). The first step is to match the decision criteria. The engineer selects 8 criteria:

    salary,

    independence;

    professional interest;

    restructuring (at work, relationship withcolleagues);

    the possibility of obtaining living space;

    opportunities for a new job for the wife;

    additional burdens (responsibility, the need to make frequent decisions, business trips, troubles, etc.),

    additional benefits (bonuses, vacations, pleasant co-workers, etc.).

For these eight criteria, the engineer draws a circle and in it eight radial scales (see Figure 20), on which he applies numerical and verbal designations in such a way that the best values \u200b\u200bare closer to the center, and the worst ones are farther from it, closer to the outer ones. circles. In this case, it does not matter how the scales are graduated - in relative units, conventions, or only verbally. The main thing is to see a gradual change in the criteria, reflecting a tendency to deterioration when moving from the center to the periphery.

After completing this work, it is necessary to connect the points put on the axes with a closed line - a polygon. First for the first and then for the second sentence. It is this closed broken line that is called a cobweb. Now, our polar diagram has two generally irregular polygons (n-gons, where p -number of criteria), each of which presents its own proposal.The rule of thumb based on "Spider - ISS" is that the "spider web" that defines the smallest area is the best option.

Note that the comparison does not imply an accurate calculation of areas. If the difference in the size of both areas cannot be reliably estimated "by eye", then it is insignificant. If the difference is striking, the matter is clear, and no measurements are required.

With this method of comparing the two options, the shortcomings in them are revealed by themselves and it becomes clear to what extent the improvement of one parameter or another will have a beneficial effect on the “big picture” (the area of \u200b\u200bthe “web”). The number of objects or variants compared using an ISS diagram should not exceed four, otherwise the advantage of clarity is again lost.

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In order for the company to be able to achieve the established goals, it is necessary to have a competitive staff. The competitiveness of personnel depends on their competitive advantages, which can be external in relation to personnel and internal. External competitive advantage of personnel is determined by the competitiveness of the organization in which they work. If the organization has a high level of competitiveness, then the staff also has good external conditions for achieving a high level of competitiveness. Internal competitive advantages of personnel can be hereditary and acquired.

sberbank loans to individuals

Figure 2.4.8 - Spider - CIS

Figure 2.4.8 suggests the following conclusions:

1) The qualifications of personnel and the system of advanced training at Sberbank are at a high level. Sberbank considers the development of human resources as the main condition for the implementation of the set strategic objectives. The intensification of the work of bank employees, the massive development of new products and technologies, the expansion of the powers and responsibilities of specialists and middle managers require setting new goals and priorities for the personnel management system. The main task of Sberbank's personnel policy for the coming years will be to further improve the qualifications of Sberbank's personnel and create teams of professionals capable of meeting the challenges of the bank's strategic development. The Bank sees increasing the efficiency of the personnel selection, training and placement system, improving the personnel motivation system, and developing corporate culture as priority areas of the personnel policy. The existing system of selecting the most promising graduates of leading higher and secondary educational institutions, providing them with targeted scholarships from Sberbank of Russia is combined with the practice of attracting the most trained specialists with work experience in other credit and financial institutions. There is a practice of holding open competitions for filling vacant executive positions and certain categories of employees. The system of forming a reserve of managerial personnel, especially the top management level, planning the career growth of promising young specialists, and improving the qualifications of personnel is significantly changing. The system of rotation and horizontal movement of the most qualified specialists is being developed. Sberbank creates conditions that allow each employee to realize their creative abilities, to get the opportunity to improve their professional knowledge, to understand the system for assessing the results of their work and the prospects for job growth.

2) Social guarantees. Employees of the Bank have a full social package (they pay for temporary disability sheets, provide round-trip fares on any type of transport in Russia, pay benefits for caring for a child up to 1.5 years old, pay vouchers for treatment in various sanatoriums, provide financial assistance when the birth of a child and death of loved ones, and much more), the Bank participates in the implementation of social programs, charity.

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plotted on the axes, a closed line - a polygon. First for the first and then for the second sentence. It is this closed broken line that we called a web. Now, our polar diagram has two generally irregular polygons (n-gons, where n is the number of criteria), each of which represents its own proposal. The rule of assessment based on the "Spider-CIS" says: "nautina", delineating the area, corresponds to the best option.

Qualitatively, this is quite understandable. If the best values \u200b\u200bof individual criteria are always found on the inner circle, the area of \u200b\u200bthe polygon should be the smaller, the better the corresponding option is estimated. This is a global statement that considers all criteria. It follows from him that in order to obtain a quantitative result, both sites must be measured.

There were supporters of this intention. It is important, however, to clearly understand that the "web" of the "Spider-CIS" does not have a geometrically unambiguous area. Even if the same criteria were chosen and the same digital values \u200b\u200bwere assigned, the area of \u200b\u200bthe corresponding n-angle can change only due to the fact that we have changed places in the scale, that is, their sequence (counted along an arc of a circle). The area and shape of the "web" also changes if any criterion is excluded from consideration or, on the contrary. it is additionally introduced if the angles between the scales are not the same or if we change the divisions of the scales or if the internal values \u200b\u200bare outside the limits.

Thus, there are many factors that influence the area of \u200b\u200bthe "web", so there is no question of a geometrically unambiguous well-being with all the desire ~. Moreover, such measurements are simply wasted work. This would mean, as they say, to shoot the sparrows with cannons. It may be argued that we are not talking about the absolute value of the area (in square millimeters). but only about the ratio of the values \u200b\u200bof the two areas, in order to better answer the question of which of the two "webs" is smaller. The answer to this should be: if the difference in the size of the two areas cannot be assessed “by eye,” it means that it is insignificant. If the difference catches the eye, the matter is clear, and no measurements are required. And if the difference is so small that the "eye" is indistinguishable, then it is not worth measuring, since taking into account all the inaccuracies and subjeative factors mentioned above, this difference does not matter. So, I must say that the choice between two (barely several) options using the "Spider - TsIS" is feasible only if the difference between the areas is appropriate

of spider webs are striking. Otherwise, both (or all) possibilities should be considered as equivalent or having the same order. From this point of view, the "CIS Spider" method cannot be considered a completely quantitative method, perhaps only half.

After these theoretical considerations, let's take another look at Fig. 20. See which of the two areas is smaller? Anyone with a good eye will notice that the offer of the position of the head of the department corresponds to a smaller

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Figure: 20 Comparison of two blue spot welding machines

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area. Anyone who does not believe can make copies of these "webs" under a carbon copy, cut them out and weigh them on an analytical balance, or measure them with a planimeter.

As the next example, consider one of the first applications of the method, which was implemented in the CIS to select a promising development option. It was necessary to “equalize how the two types of spot welding pliers are quoted in the world market (Fig. 2)) with. used for detecting

Poecilotheria metallica - was discovered in 1899 by the arachnologist Pocock, but despite the fact that this species was described more than 100 years ago, it still remains one of the rarest spiders in the collections of lovers of the whole world. Every amateur wanted to have this superb spider in his collection. The color of this spider is impressive even for seasoned keepers, blue with a gray-white pattern looks very impressive. There are also yellow stripes on the legs, which are especially noticeable from the bottom. Individuals from the southern part of India are black in color. With a bright color, the spider is also quite large in size, the bodies of Poecilotheria metallica are 6-7 cm, and the leg span can reach 16-17 cm.

Let's explore it in more detail ...

Photo 2.

The arial habitat of these spiders is the tropical forests of southwestern India. Spiders of this species can be found high in the crown of Old trees, young individuals are often found at the base of trees, sometimes even in a hole, which is carefully braided with cobwebs, at the slightest danger in the blink of an eye, the baby hides in this hole, therefore, when keeping juveniles at home, it is quite suitable a horizontal type container with a soil thickness of 3-4 cm. Representatives of this species live up to 15 years, but despite this they have a fairly rapid growth rate. Like most spiders of the genus Poecilotheria, Poecilotheria metallica takes a defensive stance in case of danger and, if the source of danger approaches, it will certainly use its chelicerae.

Photo 3.

The poison of this type is considered potent, therefore, it will not seem a little to a bitten one. In addition, this species is quite athletic - they can jump and run very fast, therefore, novice keepers are advised not to have such spiders, although given all of the above, few would have resisted. Young spiders up to 3-4 years. can be kept in small groups of 4-5 individuals in volume, the main condition for group keeping is: a sufficient area and a sufficient number of shelters for each individual. Otherwise, during the moulting period, one of them may become a victim of the attack of his fellow. To maintain one adult, a vertical type terrarium with a size of 20x20x30 will be enough. To weave a nest, the spider needs some kind of base, as such a piece of cork bark, which should be vertically installed inside the terrarium, is quite suitable.

Any insects of a suitable size (cricket, locust, zofobas, cockroach) are suitable as food. Sexual maturity on average occurs in females after 2-2.5 years, in males 1-1.5 years. A bite of this type is very taxic and can cause health complications even in an adult, healthy person. In captivity, Poecilotheria metallica is currently not bred very often. The males of this species do not immediately approach the females, therefore, it is not always possible to follow the mating, but if everything goes well, after a few months the female weaves a cocoon, which she will protect for another 2 months, after which the cocoon will be opened by the female's chelicerae and from it 80 to 160 little cute spiders will appear.

Photo 5.

Family Poecilotheriaattracts the attention of not only skilled and professional keepers, but also beginners. Indeed, it is very difficult to resist them: interesting character, activity, very bright and beautiful color, large size make them welcome guests in any collection.

But not everyone can start them for two reasons. This is a very toxic poison and such unpredictable behavior that you can never guess where she will run or jump. The Internet is full of photos and videos where this spider is sitting in his arms. After such videos and photos, people are no longer afraid of them and let's take these spiders in their arms. To me, like many keepers, all spiders are cute and interesting. But I will not advise beginners or amateurs to start this genus. Their poison is quite toxic, and if you are bitten by an adult spider, then the consequences can be within two weeks.

Photo 6.

Therefore, before buying, think very carefully whether you need this spider. There are quite a few interesting tarantulas out there that are not as dangerous as this one. For example, the genus Psalmopoeus and the genus Tapinauchenius. These, of course, are not angels either, but they are not so dangerous.

Photo 7.

If you nevertheless decided to opt for Poecilotheria metallica,now I will tell you how to keep it.

This spider is woody; in nature it lives in the crowns and hollows of trees. There he builds himself an air nest and sits in it all day until dusk. In the terrarium, you need to create similar conditions. For this, the terrarium should be fairly tall, about 45 centimeters high. The bottom area can be relatively small, about 30x30 centimeters. At the bottom, you need to pour 2-3 centimeters of coconut substrate, they do not need any more. You also need to put a piece of bark and twigs in the terrarium. The spider should always have access to fresh and clean water. Change the water in the drinker every day

Photo 8.

The terrarium must have a hydrometer and thermometer to control temperature and humidity. The temperature for keeping this spider should be 24-28 degrees, and the humidity should be 75-80 percent. With such high humidity, there should be very good ventilation, so if you keep the spider not in the terrarium, but in a plastic container, then make more holes for air in it.

There are no problems with feeding these tarantulas. They have a very good appetite, they are rarely capricious in this regard. Suitable food insects include crickets, locusts, marble cockroaches, cherry cockroaches, Madagascar cockroaches and zofobas.

If you want your tarantula to grow actively, then it must always have access to food. This applies to small spiders, while large spiders age and they live shorter.

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