Basics of marine practice. Plant cables types of ropes and cables on the vessel
Performance qualities of cables . Cables (ropes) are products of vegetable and artificial fibers or steel wires. According to the material used for manufacture, the cables are divided into vegetable, synthetic, steel and combined, and according to the method of manufacture - on twisted (twisted), unbelted and woven.
When choosing a cable for work in specific conditions, it is guided by its operational qualities, which are determined by the physicomechanical characteristics of the cable. The most important of these are strength, flexibility and elasticity.
Cable strength - The ability to withstand it with stretching. It depends on the material, design, method of manufacturing and thickness of the cable. The latter is measured in millimeters: vegetable and synthetic cables - along the length of their circumference, steel - in diameter. Strength is the main criterion for estimating any cable designed to work in a highly intense state.
Distinguish the discontinuous and working strength of the cable.
The discontinuous strength of the cable is determined by the lowest load at which it starts to collapse. This load R.called discontinuous effort. Its numerical meaning in Newton is indicated in state standards and can be calculated approximately by formulas.
For plant and synthetic cables:
for steel cables:
where f. - empirical coefficient; C - the length of the circumference of the cross section of the cable, mm; d, - cable diameter, mm.
The working strength of the cable is determined by the greatest load at which it can operate in specific conditions for a long time without disrupting the intake of individual elements and the entire cable. This load is called permissible effort. Its value in Newton is set with a certain margin of strength:
where R -discontinuous effort, n; k. - The reserve ratio of strength chosen depending on the purpose and operating conditions of the cable.
For most ship cables, the stock reserve coefficient is taken equal to 6, and in devices for lifting people - at least 12.
Cable flexibility - the ability to bend it without disrupting the structure and loss of strength. The more the flexibility of the cable, the more convenient and safer to work with it.
Elasticity (elasticity) cable - The ability to lengthen it when tensile and take initial dimensions without residual deformations after removing the load. Elastic cables are optimal under conditions of application of dynamic loads.
For proper cable care, their proper storage and use on the vessel is also important to know and take into account the resistance of cables to the effects of external factors: water, temperature, solar radiation, chemicals, microorganisms, etc. Standards and state standards identified requirements for the quality of raw materials and The main characteristics of the cables.
Produce vegetable cables made of specially treated durable long fibers of some plants. By the method of swing, they can be cable and cable work.
Fig. 1. Plant cables.
Production of vegetable cable (Fig. 1) start with filament swing 1 in cabels 2. From several cabbles Sweep strand 3, and several strands, pigs together, form a cable cable work(Fig. 1, but). Depending on the number of strands, the cables are three-, four- and multi-phase. The cable with a smaller number of strands is stronger than the cable of the same thickness, the piglet from a larger number of strands, but inferior to him in flexibility. Cable cable work (Fig. 1, b.) It turns out by swing several cable cables, which in the structure of such a cable are called strand 4. Cable work cable is less durable than the cable cable of the same thickness, but more flexible and elastic. So that the cable is not spinning and maintained its shape, the extension of each subsequent cable element is taken to the side opposite to the svivka of the previous element. Usually fibers are twisted in the cables from left to right. Then the cakes in strands are twisted on the right left, and strands in the cable - again from left to right. Such a cable is called a cable direct descent, or right swing(Fig. 1, in), and the cable with the opposite direction of the swing of elements - a cable reverse descent, or left sword(Fig. 1 , d).
On ships of the sea fleet, hemp, manila and sisal vegetable cables were obtained the greatest use. Less often use coconut, cotton and linen cables.
Penkovy Cables are made of cannabis - hemp fibers. The essential disadvantage of these cables is their large hygroscopicity and exposure to rotting. To prevent rotting of the strand of the cable are twisted from the scenar saw cabers. Such a cable is called resisoned, and the cable made from non-spilled cubicles is linen. The strength of the resin cable is about 25% lower than the strength of the laundry cable of the same thickness, and the mass of 11 - 18% more. Hemp cables are manufactured with losses and resoles, and cable work cables are only resounded. The latter as more moisture-resistant are used primarily by the mooring cables. Laby cables have a gray-greenish color, resisoned - from light to dark brown. Hemp cables are lengthened without loss of strength by 8-10%.
Manilic Cables are made from the fibers of the Tropical Banana Abaki - Manila Hemp. Of all the vegetable cables, they have the best performance: greater strength, flexibility and elasticity - lengthen without loss of 20 - 25% strength. The cables are slowly watered and not drown in water, under the influence of moisture they do not lose elasticity and flexibility, quickly dry and therefore are little susceptible to rotting. The color of these cables from light yellow to golden-brown.
Sisalski Cables are made from the fibers of the leaf of the tropical plant of Agave - Sizalskaya hemp. They are elastic, like Manila cables, but inferior to them in strength, flexibility and moisture resistance, in wet state become fragile. The color of these cables is light yellow.
Coconut Cables are made of fibers covering coconuts. Cables are not drowning in water, twice the lighter of resolent hemp cables, but have less strength. The cables are very elastic - with a stretching load close to the discontinuous effort, they are lengthened by 30 - 35%.
Cotton cables are used mainly for household needs. They are not durable enough, are short-lived, very hygroscopic and strongly stretched.
Depending on the method of manufacturing and thickness, plant cables have special names:
- line - cable cables with a thickness of up to 25 mm and cableing cables with a thickness of up to 35 mm;
- perlini - cable cables with a thickness of 101 - 150 mm;
- cable - cable cables thickness 151 - 350 mm;
- ropes - cable cables with a thickness of more than 350 mm.
Line great strength is twisted from several cables of high-quality hemp. Lin, retinue from low-grade hemp, is called a shkimushgar. It goes to the manufacture of mats, trays and other products. Line obtained by plexing linen threads are called cords. Braided cords are bending and elastic, do not have large outdoor changes and deformations as a result of twisting.
When calculating the discontinuous effort for plant cables, the following values \u200b\u200bof the empirical coefficient are taken:
- for Manilla - 0.65;
- for hemp linen - 0.6;
- for hemp resin - 0.5;
- for Sizalsky - 0.4.
Synthetic cables. Depending on the polymer brand, these cables are divided into polyamide, polyester and polypropylene. Polyamide includes cables made from Capron, Nylon (Nylon), Pearlon, Silon and other polymers. Polyester cables are made of Lavsan, Lanon, Dacron, Dionen, and other polymers from fibers. Materials for the manufacture of polypropylene cables are films or monofilament polypropylene, typetolen, buston, ulstrone, etc.
Synthetic cables have great advantages over vegetable. They are much stronger and lighter than the last, more flexible and elastic, moisture resistant, for the most part do not lose the strength during wetting and are not susceptible to rotting. Such cables are racks for solvents (gasoline, alcohol, acetone, turpentor). Polyamide and polyester cables retain all their properties when changing air temperature from - 40 to + 60 ° C, which allows them to use them when the vessel is running in various climatic conditions.
When operating synthetic cables, it is necessary to take into account their features. Polyamide cables are damaged under the influence of solar radiation, acids, olifes, fuel oil, and polyester - on contact with concentrated acids and alkalis. The discontinuous strength of polypropylene cables is reduced at a temperature of above + 20 ° C, and at negative temperatures their flexibility decreases. Upon friction about the surface of the equipment parts and as a result of the friction of strands with each other, the cables are able to accumulate static electricity, which can cause sparking and damage to the cables. Outdoor fibers are not enough to abrasion and can be melted especially with fringe on rough surfaces.
Synthetic cables are very elastic. Thus, with a load equal to half of the discontinuous effort, the relative elongation of woven eight-round cables as follows: polypropylene - 21 - 23%, polyester - 23 - 25%, polyamide - 35 - 37%. Such a large elasticity makes a strongly stretched cable dangerous for those who work, since when the ends gap can be injured. Less dangerous wicked eight-circuit cables, rather than twisted three permanent. In addition, they are more resistant to abrasion, they have better flexibility, retain the structure and shape even when breaking two strands, withsting the load, which makes up 75% of the discontinuous effort. The lack of torque in a wicker cable that is in a tense state makes it more convenient to operate.
The discontinuous strength of synthetic cables depends on the polymer brand (see Table).
Table. The values \u200b\u200bof the discontinuous force (KN) for wicker eight-rolled cables depending on the material of their manufacture.
| Type of cable | Cable section circle length, mm | |||||||||||
| 80 | 90 | 100 | 105 | 115 | 125 | 140 | 150 | 165 | 175 | 190 | 200 | |
| Polyamide | 118 | 139 | 176 | 197 | 219 | 264 | 315 | 370 | 430 | 476 | 563 | 635 |
| Polyester | 94 | 108 | 138 | 155 | 190 | 210 | 251 | 296 | 345 | 394 | 439 | 511 |
| Polypropylene | 74 | 89 | 112 | 123 | 143 | 165 | 191 | 222 | 256 | 291 | 334 | 379 |
Wicker and twisted categorous cables of domestic production are ordinary and high density. The discontinuous strength of the last above the discontinuous strength of the usual. The values \u200b\u200bof the discontinuous effort for conventional wicker eight-circuit cables are as follows:
The values \u200b\u200bof the discontinuous effort for wicker eight-risk rates of high density are as follows:
They are usually made of galvanized wire. According to the quality of galvanizing, the wire is divided into three groups with indices of the LAN (for easy working conditions), SS (for the average working conditions) and ZHS (for rigid working conditions).
Fig. 2. Steel cables.
By design, the cable is single, double and triple swing. Single swing cable,also called spiral (Fig. 2, a),it consists of one strand, which has a wire suite on a spiral in one or more rows around the central wire. Several strands, pigs around one core form double swing cable(Fig. 2.6). This is a cable cable. Triple swing cable(Fig. 2, e.) Get by swing multiple double swing cables. It is a cable cable.
Depending on the fracture method, the wires in the multi-row strand distinguish the cables with linear and point-to-point carrier. IN linear Touch Cablethe wire of each subsequent row is twisted around the central core to the same way as the wire of the previous row. In this case, the rows of the wire come into contact along the entire length of the wire. This type of cable is indicated by the letters of LC. The values \u200b\u200bof the discontinuous force for the cables of the LC type 6x30 (0 + 15 + 15) + 10c are as follows:
| Cable diameter, mm | 19 | 21 | 23 | 26,5 | 28,5 | 30,5 | 32,5 | 34,5 | |
| Discontinuous effort. KN. | 143 | 177,5 | 215,5 | 284 | 332 | 373 | 416 | 473 | |
| Cable diameter, mm | 38 | 42 | 46 | 48 | 50 | 53,5 | 57 | 61 | 65 |
| Discontinuous effort, kn | 572,5 | 711 | 831 | 909,5 | 994,5 | 1130 | 1330 | 1490 | 1660 |
When twisting the wire of each subsequent row to the side, the opposite joint of the wire of the previous row, it turns out cable with point touch Wires denoted by the letters TC.
The values \u200b\u200bof the discontinuous force for the cables of the TK design of 6x37 (1 + 6 + 12 + 18) + 10c are as follows:
In the direction of swing, the wires in strands and strands in the cable distinguish the cables of one-sided, cross and combined swing.
Single-sided cable(right or left) receive a joint of strands in the same direction, in which wire suits in strands. When a joint of strands in the cable in the direction opposite to the joint of the wire in strands, it turns out the cable of the cross swee.If the first half of the strand has a swive in one direction, and the second half is in the opposite, such a cable is called cable combined swing.
Steel wires, melt hemp and other vegetable cables, synthetic and asbestos materials are used as cable core cores. The core provides a cable density and preserving its shape on bends with a large tension, makes the cable softer and flexible. The washed cores, in addition, protect the inner wires from rusting, and asbestos - from premature wear of the cables used in high-temperature conditions. In addition to the central core from various materials, many types of cables have cores from organic materials inside each strand.
According to the degree of flexibility, the cable is divided into tough and flexible. Hard Changes are called single swing cables made of wire with a high strength limit, pigged in several rows around the wire core, as well as cable cables with one core from organic material. Flexiblethey call cable cables, each strand of which is a retinue of thin wire and has a core from organic material, as well as retained cable cables for cable work.
Combined cables.They are used as tow and as the mooring. For their manufacture, various polymers are used (in combination), as well as synthetic and steel cables with fibers of plant origin. Factors that determine the choice of materials for the manufacture of combined cables are the performance characteristics to which they must comply.
For the conventional designation of the structure, structure and characteristics of steel cables, an alphabetic and digital system is used. The number of strands in the cable is indicated by the digit, and the design of the strands of the numbers, of which the first characterizes the core, the second indicates the number of wires in the first row, the third is the number of wires in the second row, etc. For example, an entry for a double row strand (1 + 6 +12) means that strand has a core from one (central) wire, in the first row of 6 wires, in the second - 12. The strands with an organic core instead of the figure 1 put the number 0. Records for the bracket +1 OS means that the multiple The cable has a common organic core. Thus, for a multi-picked cable, recording 6x24 (0 + 9 + 15) + 1 ° C means: a six-precinct cable, each strand has 24 wires, retained around the organic core in 2 rows of 9 and 15 wires, respectively, and retinue spots around a common organic core.
Cables (ropes) call products, retained steel wires or twisted from vegetable and artificial fibers. According to the material, the cables are divided into vegetable, steel (wire), combination and synthetic.
Make from the plant fiber-processed approach. Depending on the starting material, plant cables are penenny, manila and sisal.
Hemp cables Made from hemp fibers - hemp. Hemp can be used in pure form (lodged cables) and scenario (resolent cables). The osmolka of the hemp protects the cable from the action of moisture and the rapid rotation, but its strength is somewhat low. Hemp cables are durable and elas-tichn, but strongly absorb moisture, so they are drowning in water, and in cold-one and crude weather becomes heavy and rigid.
Manila cables, Made from fibers of stems and leaves of a ban-new tree, very convenient for use on ships. The peculiarity of these cables is low hygroscopic, due to which they are not drowning in water. These cables are the most durable of vegetable and differ in flexibility and significant elasticity.
Sisal cables Make from the fibers of the leaves of the tropical plant Agava. These cables are inferior to the strength of the Penkov. They have greater rigidity, resulting in rapidly wear out.
Plant cables are manufactured as follows. First, the wolts are twisted in the cabels. Then a strand from not-how many cabels. Three or four strands, swing together, form a cable, which is called a cable cable (Fig. 1, a). Several cables (three or four) of the three-owned work, piggy together, form a cable cable (from-gorgeous cable). The cable cables used at the same time, the Name of Strendie is selected (Fig. 1, b)
Fig. 1 Plant cables A - Cable work, b - cable work, in - direct descent, G - reverse descent, 1 - Cabinet, 2 - strands, 3 - Strande
In order for the cable, it is not blocked and preserved a constant form, composite elements (strands, strand and cables as a whole) twist in different directions. Usually fibers are twisted in a clockwise cables so that the coils go on the left up right, the cables in strands in the opposite direction, and the strand in the cable is clockwise in a clockwise direction. . in). In some cases, the opposite direction of the swing is used. Such cables are called reverse descent (S-shaped) cables (Fig. 1, d).
Found the application on ships is also wicker cables, which consist of one weakly retinted strands, covered with braid from linen threads. These cables stretch a little and do not be screwed, so they are used for signaling falages and lags of fear lags.
The thickness of plant cables is measured along the circumference length. Depending on it, these cables have special names. Thus, the cables with a thickness of up to 25 mm are called lines, from 100 to 150 mm - perlines, from 150 to 350 mm - cable and over 350 mm - ropes (cables at a circle length of 25-100 mm do not have a special name).
Fig. 2 Steel cables of various switches: a - single; b - double; in triple Steel cables Made from steel, usually galvanized, pro-wolves with a diameter of 0.2-5 mm. In depending on the number of obstacles, the cables of the single, double and triple swing (Fig. 2) are spilled. Most simple to make a steel cable of the same swing. In this case, several wires are twisted directly into the cable.
Such unin-trimmed cables are called spiral. But more and more and in a large assortment, double-switched cables are made: the wire is first twisted in strands, and then several strands are twisted into the cable. If several such cables to press together, then the triple swing cable will be.
Multiple cables are twisted by the central core wow-rugs (Fig. 3), which is used by steel wire or organic fibers. The core, filling the void inside the cable, prevents the failure of the strand to the center, and the organic core containing anti-corrosion lubricant, in addition, protects the wire cable from rusting, which increases its service life. In addition to the central core, some tro-s may have an organic heart-nickname inside each strand.
The classification of cables for their flexibility is of great practical importance. The most rigid are uninterfroken spiral cables. Rigid include cables, having a wire core, and cables with central organic heart-nickname - to semi-rigid. Flexible TRIs have several organic cores. Triple switches have the greatest flexibility.
For the designation of steel cables, a digital system is adopted in which each cable is labeled by the number of numbers: the first of them indicates the number of strands in the cable, the second is the number of wires in each strand. When labeling the Tro-sa triple swing, ahead is adding another factory, which indicates the number of stinestones in the cable. The number of organic hearts in the cable indicates the last digit.
Fig. 3 Steel cables with core: a - wire, b - synthetic, in - organic 6 x 24 + 7 means a double swing cable consisting of 6 strands, each of which is a retinue of 24 wires, and having 7 organic cores. The six-hundredstrend cable of a triple swing, each line of which retinue from 7 strands in 19 wires and has one organic core, will be marked: 6 x 7 x 19 + 1.
Combined cables have strands consisting of steel galvanized wires coated with yarn of plant origin.
Synthetic cables They were made of artificial fibers, to the number of which include Kapron, Nylon, Curabal, and the most commonly strange polypropylene. These cables in their strength, elasticity, flexibility and durability are significantly superior to Sa-my best vegetable. They are not susceptible to rotting and mold, are not amenable to the action of oil, ma-villages, alkalis and acids. For ship's work, most often the steeper three-robber synthetic troops are used, and for the mooring ends is allowed to apply woven eight-circuit synthetic cables.
The use of cables on vessels tre-buet knowledge of their main character-ristik, of which the most important strength is. The strength of the cable is characterized by its discontinuous vehicle, under which they understand the minimum load taking the cable. The discontinuous force of the cable depending on its diameter and construction, the type of swing and material, the diameter of the wire, the quality of steel, etc.
The magnitudes of the discontinuous force of the cables are given in the State Standard Darts. For practical purposes, it is often enough to know the approximate value of the discontinuous effort that can be determined by various empirical formulas.
So, for example, the discontinuous effort R. (in H) and mass G. (in kg) 100 normal three-road manila cable cable determine:
Where F is an empirical coefficient whose magnitudes vary within up to 4 with a change in the circumference of the cable from 30 to 350 mm. More accurately, this coefficient can be determined by the formula
f \u003d 650 - 0, 75 s 100
FROM - Cable circumference length, mm.
Table 1
The discontinuous force of other types of plant cables can be determined by the same formulas with the introduction of the amendment below (in% of the calculated value R.) :
- Manila's high strength + 30;
- Sizalskiy normal - 30;
- The same increased strength is 0;
- Hemp Bell, Nor-Malny - 20;
- The same special + 5;
- The same mounted normal - 25;
- The same special.
Synthetic cables have significantly higher strength. The discontinuous force of the Curabal TRO-CA is 1.5 times, and nylon and kapron - more than 2.5 times higher than Manila. At the same time, the mass of synthetic cables is 10% less than plant.
The discontinuous effort and the mass of steel cables can be determined:
Wherek. andk. 1 — empirical coefficients whose value for different types of cables is indicated in Table. one;
d. - cable diameter, mm.
In order to correctly choose a cable for work, it is necessary to know not only the discontinuous effort, but also its working strength (allowed by-tensile). Working strength - a cargo, in which the cable can operate in these conditions for a long time without disrupting the intake of individual elements and the entire cable. Scral strength R (Newton) is only some part of the discontinuous effort and determined:
Where n is the safety reserve coefficient.
For cables used on su-dah, n. It is usually taken equal to 6. More precisely, it can be selected taking into account the purpose, the working conditions and the type of cable. So, for standing rigging p Falls up to 4, in devices for lifting people, it is flown up to 14.
Example1. Normal three-road Ma-Nile mooring cable, surrounding area 250 mm. Calculate the discontinuous force and the working fortress of 100 m. The cable and weight of the cable bay of 200 m.
- N and x about d and m to o e f f and c and e n t f \u003d 650 - 0, 75 × 250 100 \u003d 4, 625;
- Oh r \u003d 4, 625 × 250 2 \u003d 289062, 5 h;
- Cause of q Р \u003d 29062, 5 6 \u003d 48177, 1 H;
- The mass of 100 m cable G \u003d 0.007-250 2 \u003d 437.5 kg. The mass of the bay of 200 m will be 2 times more, that is, 875 kg.
Example 2.Steel flexible towing cable with a diameter of 60 mm. Calculate the breaking force and the working strength of 100 m. Cable and weight of the bay of 500 m. This cable.
- Choose from table. 1 values \u200b\u200b& \u003d 350 and k.1 =0,3;
- Determine R. = 350. 60 2 \u003d 1 260 000 H;
- PR and N in n \u003d 5, p o l u h and m p \u003d 1260000 5 \u003d 252000 h;
- Mass of 100 m cable G. \u003d 0.3. 60 2 \u003d 1080 kg, and the bay of 500 m has G. — 5-1080 \u003d 5400 kg.
Supply of vessels of cables is produced in accordance with the rules of classification and the construction of the sea courts of the USSR.
The strength and durability of cables depends not only on their constructions and quality, but also from the correct operation, the order of storage and care for them. A good cable can quickly come into disrepair if it does not comply with the elements of the technical operation of the technical operation and use it in due to the walking conditions.
Detection of benignness of the cable depends on the proper reception. Upon receipt of the cable, it should be carefully inspecting it and check the main design data and the availability of a certificate with a tag. When examining steel tri-owls check the integrity of the galvanizing, the presence of rust, the safety of the wire and the density of the fitting of the wire in the strands. Taking plant cables, it is necessary to pay attention to their smell and color, since the shaft smell indicates the presence of rot and mold.
The mounted cable should be homogeneous light brown, not to have stains, do not stick to the hands and do not make a cod when extension. The stickiness of the cable indicates an excessive amount of resin, and dry crackle - on the rope of the cable.
The safety of the cable is significantly ensured by the correct techniques of blooming bays (Fig. 4), not allowing the imaging of the loop and the halls (pegs), since the chances cause significant local deformation of the cables and the rupture of individual wires, and also make it difficult to work with cables.
The bay of vegetation cable in the dissolution to put on the edge, hesitate the strapping and, traveled the inner end of the cable through the internal passage of the bay, dissolve it, the custody-live outdoor shoes with their hands.
To dissolve the bay of the steel cable, it is necessary, holding the bay for the extreme hose, roll it on Pa-Lube and at the same time pull for the sough. Thick steel cable is usually getting shutdown to the drum. In this case, it is best to wind up with a rotary drum by setting it into a horizontal position into two supports.
Fig. 4 Fractional cable bay: a - vegetable; b and in - steel Frames from the bay of the cable should be stretched along the deck so that they will dealt, and then cut into pieces of the desired length. In order that at the point of the cut, the cable was not unwound, on both sides of this place it is preliminarily tied with a soft wire or cabinets impose stamps. The cut cable is wound on the view or stored in small bays. From the action of moisture, the cable protects the case, which is put on the view. In Ho-rosy weather, the case must be removed to dry the cable.
Plant cables are usually stamped in small, freely laid bays. Cables are placed in Buch-TuV, i.e. The cable cables of the direct descent - clockwise, and the reverse shutter cables and cable work - against the hour arrows. For protection against moisture, the bay of the vegetation cable is suspended or lattice (letters).
In the time of the rain or fresh weather bays should be coated with tarpaulin or covers. All unused cables should be kept in dry, well ventilated rooms. From time to time, the cable must be carefully tired, for which they should be thrilled on the handrails, between masts or in other convenient places.
The cables that were in use before laying in the bay are well dried by plant cables, wet in seawater, it is recommended to rinse with fresh water before drying. For flushing pains, the cables can be used by the ships in the mouth of rivers, where the cable can be rinsed overboard in river water.
Synthetic cables are not afraid of moisture, and the drying of them is optional, but it is impossible to wet the wet cable on the view. Drying the cable should be in the shade, as it will deteriorate from the action of sunlight. When contamination, the cable can be washed with sea water. Synthetic three-sens are very sensitive to abrasion and melting, so the surface of the drums should be smooth.
When operating on the surface of synthetic cables, static electricity accumulates, which is the reason for the formation of sparks. Therefore, on tankers, new synthetic cables can be used only after antistatic treatment of soaking over the day in sea water salinity at least 20%, or in a specially prepared saline solution (20 kg of table salt by 1 m 3 of water). In the course of operation, the TRO-SC is required periodically, at least 1 time in 2 months. Roll on the deck with salt wicked water, about what the record is recorded in the Vachnic magazine.
Careful care requires combined cables that have a shirt made of vegetable cubicles. These cables can not be laid in bays with raw or wet, since the moisture operated in the moisture shirt can cause intensive corrosion of the wire.
Steel cables follows the system-tically to lubricate. This not only protects the cable from corrosion, but, reducing friction between wires, helps to reduce wear. As a lubricant, the NMZ-Z or ZZT cable lubricant is usually used. The neotized cables must not be lubricated to beavot 1 times a month. The composition of the Tira: 87% of the tavota, 10% of the bit-ma, 3% of graphite.
§ 63. Means of communication and alarm on water.
On small courts, communication and alarm are necessary for communication with the shore and other vessels, for feeding disaster signals.
All types of communications or alarm systems on small courts are divided into three main types: visual, sound, radio engineering.
1. Visual alarm.
Visual communication tools include flaple and light alarms.
A. Flage alarm.
Flex semaphore (Fig. 148, a) is the most common and affordable type of communication. The essence of it is that each letter of the Russian alphabet corresponds to a certain position of the hands. In the semaphore alphabet there are 29 letter signs, 8 service and 4 signs of change of place. In order to enjoy the flag semaphore, the lover's lifetime must know him well, and on the ship in swimming have two flags of bright coloring, nailed to the handles for ease of use. It is also necessary to have a spare pair of semaphore flags.
Signal flags (see Appendix) are used for communication and alarm with posts, lighthouses and passing vessels. If the amateur navigator does not know the meaning of each flag or the combination of flags, then on the vessel you need to have a table where these values \u200b\u200bwould be discharged. The combinations of the flags given in the application, the sea swimming officer is obliged to know by heart and have prepared combinations on the vessel, so that at the right time you quickly inform the warning or disaster signal or read the signal raised by another ship.
The values \u200b\u200bof the same name signals
BUT - "I carry out tests for speed"
B. - "I load (unloaded) explosive"
IN - "I need medical care"
G. - "I need Lotsman"
D. - "Stay aside from me.I I'm managed with difficulty "
E. - "I send my course to the right"
J. - "I need help"
Z. - Coastal Warning Signal
And - "I'm going to make a message on semafora"
TO - "Stop immediately your ship"
L. - "Stop. I have an important message "
M. - "I have a doctor on board"
Fig. 148 A.- alphabet of the flag semaphore;
N. - "No", negative
ABOUT - "Man overboard"
P - In the sea: "Your lights went out." In the port: "Create a ship"
R - "My ship does not have a move"
Fig. 148 B.- Some signs and techniques
FROM - "My cars work in full swing back"
T. - "Do not cross my course"
W. - "You go to the danger."
F. - "I'm not managed. Keep a connection with me "
X. - "I have on board pilots"
C. - "Yes", affirmative
Sh - "My ship is not infected"
B - "Stop your actions, watch me"
S - "I'm going to post"
B. Light alarm.
Light alarm is used in the dark, when other communication tools cannot be transferred to the message. Each letter of the Russian alphabet has been assigned a specific combination consisting of a set of points and a dash transmitted by the searchlight, a signaling device or a crook.
The point is transmitted by a short press of the key closing the electrical circuit. A dash should be three times longer than a point.
In the absence of electrical lighting, the message can be transmitted by an electric pocket lantern or oil light, covering the light with hand palms or cap.
Fig. 149.Using a light signal mirror. but- alignment of the sun stain; b -feed signals
The light signaling also includes a lighting mirror (heliograph), which is a device that allows the mirror-reflected rays in the form of light signals at a distance of 20 miles. It is based on this device on the reflection of the solar disk ("bunny") on the object of interest. The signaling mirror consists of two metal plates bonded on the hinge, the surface of one of which is chromed and polished. The plate has a sighting hole. To serve the signals, the mirror should be kept in the hand so that a ship or aircraft can be seen on its sight hole on the top sash to which the signal is applied (Fig. 149, a). To "bunny" fell to the target and on the vessel or the aircraft noticed your signal, it is necessary to deploy the mirror so that the beam, which passed through the sighting hole and reflected from the lower sash to the inner surface of the upper sash in the form of a light mug, coincided with the crucial hole (Fig. 149,6).
So that the mirror does not fall into the water, it should have a lace, which during the signals to wear on the neck.
Pyrotechnic alarm or pyrotechnic tools serve to supply signals about the location of the vessel or at the disaster of the vessel. Pyrotechnic remedies are divided into daytime (thick orange smoke) and night (bright stars or flames).
The boat parachute missile RB-40Sh takes off at least 200 m,lights bright red fire and slowly falls on a parachute. Duration of burning 35 seconds. The visibility range of the signal is 10-15 miles.
Night alarm cartridge, commonly called "Falfaiter", while burning is held in hands and gives the torch of red, blue or white fire.
The cartridges are respectively designated F-2K, F-2G and F-2B.
False Fire Fakeers are designed to supply disaster signals, white - to attract attention, blue - to call Lotsman. The time of the signal from the cartridges of red and blue fire is at least 60 seconds., White has 30 seconds. Visibility range is 5 miles.
Falfofira are safe in circulation and do not blend wind.
The cartridge signal daylight during operation highlights the orange smoke, which is visible from the distance of 3-4 miles. The combustion time of the cartridge is at least 30 seconds.
Effectively apply in the bright time of the day floating smoke checkers. The thick smoke of orange color even with clear and quiet weather is visible at least 5 miles. Smoke formation occurs within 5 minutes. And passes without an open flame.
Pyrotechnic cartridges are reliable, and preparing for the action of the aforementioned pyrotechnic tools takes no more than 7-10 seconds.
To supply the signal, the cartridge cap and the sharp movement is pulled by a ring with a cord. All cartridges when serving the signal must be kept from themselves in the wind.
K.vizual alarmization includes the dyes of the water surface, well visible from the aircraft.
Dyes include packets with dyes - florescene or uranium "A" brand, painting the surface of water on the square to 50 m 2.in yellow-green color. The visibility range of such a stain from the aircraft reaches 15-20 km.
It is not necessary when swimming on open aquatic spaces, have all the above pyrotechnic alarm means, but at least 1-2 means from each of the above pyrotechnic groups should be having on a ship. You can have one tool reliably replacing another. This is necessary for the case of feeding a disaster signal. In order to avoid a fire, pyrotechnic signals are needed only overboard from the leeward side of the vessel.
2. Sound alarm.
On small vessels for feeding signals, attracting attention, indicating their location in the fog (poor visibility), in the absence of visual alarm, all types of car signals, whistles, signaling horns, bells are applicable. The range of audibility of the automotive signal is 1 mile, the horn - 0.5 miles, whistle - twice the audience of voices, electric, air sirens and steam beeps - 2 km.
P12 disaster signal cartridge makes a signal sound, audible with quiet weather at least 5 miles away.
3. Radio engineering alarm.
As a radio signaling means for feeding disaster signals on small courts, an emergency portable boat radio station "Slut" and emergency aircraft radio station "Cedar-C", which can work both from an automatic alarm and disaster signals and a hand-held key. The receiver of the radio station "Slut" has two wave range: 400-550 kgz.and 600-9000 kHz.Signal transmission can be conducted on the waves with frequencies 500, 6273 and 8364 kHz.The station has a cylinder form with a diameter of 280 mm,height 500. mm,weigh 25. kgand feeds from the manual generator.
The Kedr-C radio station operates at frequencies 500, 2232, 4465, 8928 and 13392 kHz.Bar weight 25 kgthere are two types of antennas. Power is carried out from dry batteries.
As a radio signaling means for small vessels, you can recommend a "raft" alarm portable radio station, intended for feeding and receiving telegraph and telephone calls and disasters, as well as to receive signals in the average ranges (100-550 kHz)intermediate (1605-2800 kHz)and short (6000-8000 kHz)waves. There is an automatic alarm sensor.
Radio station feeds from a manual generator. The receiver can also work from the "smoke" waterway batteries, which are included in the supply of rescue. Radio station consumes no more than 35 when transmitted wand when taking no more than 6 wThe amount of electricity consumed from water batteries does not exceed 1.5 w
"Raft" weighs 23 kgit has dimensions 270x300x415 mM.and it can work with a 6-meter telescopic antenna, a 9-meter mast and 100 meters, started using a box snake.
Radar passive reflectors installed on sailing, rowing, wooden, plastic boats, also belong to the means of alarm, according to which shifts of vessels where ship radar stations are installed, lowered small vessels. The installation of passive radar reflectors is necessary for the timely detection of a small vessel by the courts of a large fleet in both open aquatic spaces and in the inland waterways. Many cases are known when timely detection of a small vessel with poor visibility and in the fog warned a clash of small vessels with major when changing the last course.
The presence of passive radar reflectors on small boys is crucial in rescue operations on the search for vessels gone into the sea.
Passive radar reflector consists of three metal exactly mutually perpendicular disks with a diameter of 240 mM.and thickness 1. mm. TOa steel tube with diameter 50 is attached to one of the disks. mM.and length 130. mm.It is planted on a wooden two-meter rod, which, together with the reflector, is installed vertically on the mast.
§ 64. Rooting work on the ship.
Fig. 150.Cables: A - three-robber and four-row cable cables; b.- Hemp cable cable and part
Taxela works are called all work with cables in the manufacture of rigging, tugs, mooring ends, etc. The cable is called every rope on the vessel.
Cables are vegetable, steel and synthetic. Plant cables are hemp, manila, sisal and cotton (Fig. 150). The hemp cable can be a larger and resin-mounted mounted cable more durable, but a little weaker. From vegetable cables The best for the mooring of the vessel are hemp linen or resin vegetable cables are afraid of soot, high temperatures, oils. If the baby cable in the middle is light, then the quality is good if it is brown, it means that the cable is harshly.
Fig. 151.Steel cables: a - hard; b - semi-rigid; in- flexible; g.- Benzel
Steel cables are made of galvanized wires (Fig. 151). Having a big fortress than vegetable, these cables are tougher, and therefore are not so comfortable in the work. The more the wires in the cable, the more softer, more elastic, the more convenient to work with it.
Care required: Herbal cables are dry after work dry, steel once a month is lubricated with taving or spent oil. Acids and alkali spoil any cables.
Fig. 152.Rigging tool 1
- Spada, 2
- Muskel, 3
- half-leather, 4
- Drake, 5
- shovel, 6
- Knife
The rigging tool is used when working with cables (Fig. 152) with the help of pile, strands of the cable are made when embedding the flames, cable connections. Surerack is used to cover the benzels, hits and the root of rigging flames and nodes. Muskel - a wooden hammer for sheeping cables. Gardaman is a leather "thimble" with a steel or copper head on the palm.
In addition, a set of rigging tools includes a knife, chisel, hammer and a blade.
2. Nodes.
The nodes serve to bind cables and bonded them with any objects, equipment, etc. They must quickly knit and unleash, but not spontaneously dissolve. Main nodes (Fig. 153).
The direct node serves to fasten the two ends of the cable of a small diameter (with a small stretching effort to avoid tightening the node).
The reef node is used when a quick recovery is required, for which you need to pull for the free end of the cable.
Fig. 153.Sea nodes: but- straight, b - reef, in - Remove, g -selected; d.- simple bayonet; e.- stop knot; j.- boat knot; z - the gut node; and -shkotovy (left) and branded (right); to -Lesk node; L - towing, m-buffalo knot
The remover is used to quickly fix the cable for logs and other round surfaces when towing. For the strength of the node and reduce slip on the smooth round surface, one or two shoggs are additionally made.
The selected knot knives when there is an assumption that the lection slides.
A simple bayonet is used when fastening the mooring to the furnaces and facies. A variety of simple bayonet is a bayonet with two shoes - it does not crawl and is not delayed.
The locking unit is applied when fastening the pharynses of boats when one towing cable is fed into several boats.
The boat node is used to attach a boat, for example, when towing.
The bundle knot knacks for laying a vegetable cable on the gas.
The squirrel node is used to knit akmet in the squirrel corners of the sails. It is a variety of it is a branded knot used for stronger loads.
The flat node is used to bind the cables of various thicknesses, for example, a conductor with a tug (more often, a selected knot is used with a reverse loop for decaying).
A towing unit is used to lay the towing end on the nut.
The buffalo node is used when knitting buffalo per trend anchor.
3. Split and flames.
Spreads serve to splicing two cables. They are short and long or accelerated. A short spread gives a small thickening at the splicing site. To combine two cables with a short spank, disseminate the strands of both ends (Fig. 154, a). The cable impose a brand that protects the cable from dissolve.
The strands of one cable will put in line in the other. Turning the cable on the Sun, punch the running strand of one cable under the oncoming strand of another with such a calculation so that when tightening they pressed each other. Typically make three punching each strand, then cut into half breaths and pierce again. To fight two cables long (overclocking) springs (Fig. 154, b)the cable is dismissed on one and a half meters and impose stamps. Then one strand is cast out, and the strand of another cable is made in her place. The remaining two untouched strands are associated with each other, and the ends of strands are cut off. For the splicing of two steel cables, accelerated springs come in the same way. Only the punching of the running strand is made against the descent under two indigenous strands of another cable, while holding one root strand located on the left. So all the strands in order to right left, clamping one root and passing two others under it.
The flame is called at the end or in the middle of the loop cable (Fig. 155). A brand is superimposed on the cable, and its free end is dissolved. Locating in order, the broken strands, the punching starts with the average, passing it under the nearest indigenous strand against the descent. Then punch the upper left under the next root, closing the previous root. Turn the flame 180 ° and the third strand punch under the remaining root. In the process of further punching, it is necessary to watch the indigenous strand to be between two chassis. Then keep the breakdown of one strand under one root. Total make three piercing.
Fig. 154.Splice: but- short spread (1- 4
- consistent methods of splicing of two cables); b.- Long spread
To impose a brand (Fig. 156), you need to take a pile or a canvas thread, put it with a loop on the cable and wrap over a free end of 10-20 times. By skipping the end in the loop, the latter is dragged and cut.
Fig. 155.Simple Ogon
Fig. 156.Simple brand: 1 - end end; 2
- Native end
4. Production of cranes and mop.
The cranes serve to protect the vessel body from shocks and friction during the mooring and parking lot of the jet. You can use solid (wooden) and soft (wicker) by the trays (Fig. 157). Soft fauces are made of small cable pieces, pacles and crumbs. In the canvas bag in size of the crane, they impose a cushion or pass, then the old cable is dismissed and the nearest bump to them, leaving the loop from above. The bag is suspended at a comfortable height and pass through a loop with a cake. The latter go on each other. At the end of the work, the free ends are bubble under the braid. The mop is manufactured as: they bloom a piece of unnecessary vegetable cable on the cakes, take the handle, as shown in the figure (Fig. 158), shove evenly the end of the handle with cables and impose benzel. After that, the cakes are already swinging, they are tightened and fastened with benzelia.
The ends of the cables are smoothly shaken, the mop ishes and dried. At the other end of the handle, the hole is drilled for fastening the cable from the loop (the cable is needed so that the vebum does not fall overboard).
Fig. 157.Making a soft crane
Fig. 158.Mop manufacturing (Consistent manufacturers)
Vegetable cables used on maritime courts, according to the material from which they are manufactured, as well as on design and classification. Approved by state all-Union standards (GOST), indicated on previous pages of the site.
Recently, in the maritime courts practiced use capron and nylon cables, Made from synthetic fiber. Kapron cables They are distinguished by high tensile strength, low water absorption, high lengthening when working on stretching, good elasticity and chemical resistance. Capron cable withstands the temperature to + 220 ° C.
Nylon has the valuable properties of increased technical strength (for example, the tensile strength of the dry nylon comes to 6300 kg / cm2). Nylon is elastic, has resistance to moisture and abrasion, goes to durable fishing gear.
The disadvantage of kapron cables is the melting of the threads (fibers) from friction on the surface of the drum of the winch, Brathpil or Knechtov.
General
Most often, the trunk cable is applied on the courts. The four-finished cable is weaker than the three-power cable of the same thickness with it by 20-25%.
Cable cables are used as tows and mooring, although their strength is 25% lower than the strength of cable cables. The best grazing of the wet cable belongs to their positive qualities.
Cables with a thickness of 100 to 150 mm are called pearnes, from 150 to 350 mm cable and over 350 mm ropes.
The hemp cable is manufactured white (non-relaxed) and resisoned.
The mounted cable has a weight of about 12% more than white, its strength is 25% lower than the white cable strength. The service life of the resolent cable is longer than white thanks to the best protection against atmospheric influence.
The dark matte color of the cable means that the cable is a layer, unsuitable. Such a cable has an unpleasant odor.
The Manila cable compared to hemp has greater flexibility and ease.
The manila cable wets little, swims on the surface of water, which is valuable when applying it as tugs, mooring and rescue ends.
The coconut cable is elastic, has a fortress about four times less, and the weight is two times less than the hemp mounted cable of the same thickness.
The sisal cable floats on the surface of the water, but in strength is inferior to Manila.
Littros is a soft rope of a common descent, which are trimmed by the edges of the sails.
For towing often apply cable combined selection, such as "Hercules", in which its individual strands consist of steel galvanized wires covered with yarn sisaile hemp. Sweeping strands is made around the soft core. The cable "Hercules" is made by a four-road and six cost.
All plant cables must be evenly twisted along the entire length and have no vices in the strands (elements, nodes n t. N.).
The new cable is drawn up without losing its fortress, about 8-9%
His initial value.
Spread weakens cableby about 10-15%. The coolest the cable, the more weaker. Wet cable is weaker dry.
Line Sea Penkovoy
The cable is a vegetable circle less than 25 mm is called a lines. Lin in two threads (white and resound) called Shkimushhar. Lin in three threads (white and resound) is called a joy. Special destination lines include: l aglin, Lotline, Dipllin, Signal Fool etc. Lottin is white in 18 threads, three degree. Dipllin is descended by cable work and has 27 threads at three strands. All other lines of cable work.
Laglini for mechanical lags and signaling fals are made of wicker and made of better quality hemp.
Measuring plant cables
The thickness of plant cables is measured around the circumference. Typically produce 10 measurements in different places of the cable. The arithmetic average of these measurements will determine the size of the circumference of the cable.
Floor Care Care
Cables must be stored in dry rooms available for ventilating rooms. Plant cables are afraid of fire, heat, smoke, as well as various types of oils and acids. The wet cable must be dried, as the insufficiently succeeded cable laid in the bay will chant and prematurely lose its fortress. Cables, during use blurred by zl, before drying, it is necessary to wash thoroughly.
Vegetable cables,. The mock in salted water, is recommended to rinse with fresh water, it should be stored on wooden banquets to store them.
Calculation of plant cables
Approximate service life (in operation) of a vegetable cable:
a) cable work-3 years;
b) perlines - 2 years;
c) other cables - 1 year.
The required cable can be chosen by calculating its discontinuous fortress by the formula
R \u003d P. r (π D 2/4) (1)
From
d \u003d. Ö (4R / PR * π) ,
where R is the discontinuous fortress, kg;
d - cable diameter, see;
P. r. - Allowable estimated strength strength of the cable of tension (usually p r. Take no more than 100 kg / kV. See with the diameters of the cable block 10D and no more than 80 kg / sq. cm at smaller diameters). Typically, when calculating cables, they neglect the load from their own weights of cables, the force of accelerating the masses in the initial period of lifting the cargo and the additional tension when drumming the pulleys of the drums.
For lifting weights, the selection of the required cable can be produced by approximate formula
P \u003d nr, (2)
where p is the working fortress of the cable;
n - security coefficient (safety margin);
R is the discontinuous fortress of the cable.
Example 1. Pick the hemp cable to raise the cargo weighing 1,500 kg. Cargo q hanging with one free block on two cables.
Decision. We produce the calculation according to formula (2) by taking a 6-fold stock of the strength. Stretching the effort to which the cable is exposed is equal
R \u003d Q / 2 \u003d 1500/2 \u003d 750 kg.
Having accepted a 6-fold storage stock, we get the working fortress of the cable
P \u003d 750 kg * 6 \u003d 4500 kg.
To check this calculation from the GOST 483-41 table, select the hemp white cable, looking for a number close to 4500 kg in the column "discontinuous fortress". For increased strength cable, such a discontinuous fortress is 4477 kg and corresponds to the cable for which D \u003d 31.8 cm. Then, referring to the allowable calculation limit of the strength of the cable under tension in kg / kV. cm, through P r., according to formula (1)
P. r \u003d R / ( π
D 2/4) \u003d 750 / ( π
* 3,18 2 / 4)
We obtain a calculated strength limit equal to 93 kg / kV. See what is permissible.
The discontinuous and allowable working fortress of plant cables can be estimated by the formula
R \u003d k from 2, (3)
where R is a hard fortress, kg;
k - the strength coefficient (Table 2);
C - circle cable, mm.
table 2
Frequency coefficient for plant cables
Table 3.
Weight definition of vegetable cable
| Name of cable | The weight of the route | Note |
| Hemp circle more than 10 cm | Q \u003d C 2/112 | Q - weight 1 rope cable meter, kg C - cable circumference, cm |
| Hemp Circle less than 10 cm | Q \u003d C 2/106 | |
| Manilian | Q \u003d C 2/137 | |
| Sisalsky | Q \u003d C 2/145 |
Table 4.
Cables (ropes) Tall, cable work
(GOST 483-55)
|
Rope size, mm |
Increased |
Normal |
|||||
| around the circumference | by diameter | total number of cables in rope | weight 1 rope meter, g | total number of cables in rope | weight 1 rope meter, g | total rope cabers fortress, kg | |
| 150 | 47,8 | 201 | 1710 | 11658 | 201 | 1710 | 10653 |
Table 5.
Cables (ropes) Sisal and Manila, Drive Three Control, Cable Work
|
Cable size, mm |
the total number of turns of all strands of the cable in the field meter | the number of cables in the cable | weight 1 cable meter at a moisture content of 12%, g | average breaking effort 1 cable cable, kg | total cable fortress for cables, kg | burning fortress of the cable as a whole, kg | |
| by diameter | around the circumference | ||||||
| 25 | 78,5 | 42 | 66 | 420 | 73 | 4818 | 3760 |
| 30 | 94,5 | 35 | 96 | 610 | 73 | 7008 | 5250 |
| 35 | 110 | 30 | 132 | 840 | 73 | 9636 | 6830 |
| 40 | 126 | 26 | 174 | 1100 | 73 | 12702 | 8510 |
| 45 | 141 | 24 | 216 | 1370 | 73 | 15768 | 10550 |
| 50 | 157 | 21 | 270 | 1700 | 73 | 19710 | 12800 |
| 55 | 173 | 19 | 327 | 2070 | 73 | 23871 | 15050 |
Table 6.
Cables (ropes) Manila's Ordinary Three Distribution Cable Works
(GOST 1088),
|
Size, mm. |
Increased |
Normal |
||||||||||
|
around the circumference |
by diameter |
the number of cables in the cable |
the number of cables in the cable |
weight 1 cable meter at a moisture content of 12%, g |
average breaking effort 1 cable cable, kg |
total cable fortress for cables, kg |
burning fortress of the cable as a whole, kg |
|||||
Table 7.
Cables (ropes) Sisalic Common Three Distribution Cable Work
|
Size, mm. |
the total number of turns of all strands of the cable in the field meter |
Increased |
Normal |
|||||||||
|
the number of cables in the cable |
weight 1 cable meter at a moisture content of 12%, g |
average breaking effort 1 cable cable, kg |
total cable fortress for cables, kg |
burning fortress of the cable as a whole, kg |
the number of cables in the cable |
weight 1 cable meter at a moisture content of 12%, g |
average breaking effort 1 cable cable, kg |
total cable fortress for cables, kg |
burning fortress of the cable as a whole, kg |
|||
Table 8.
| The main characteristics of nylon cables | |||
| Cable dimensions,mM. | Weight 10. rm. M.cablekg | Discontinuous fortresskg | |
| around the circumference | by diameter | ||
| 12.7 | 4.0 | 0,13 | 294,6 |
| 19,1 | 6.4 | 0,26 | 543,6 |
| 25.4 | 7,9 | 0,45 | 906,8 |
| 31,8 | 10,3 | 0,66 | 1451,4 |
| 33,1 | 11.1 | 1, 0 | 2087,9 |
| 44.5 | 14,3 | 1,34 | 2834.6 |
| 50.8 | 15,9 | 1, 78 | 3657.6 |
| 57,2 | 18.2 | 2,13 | 4572,0 |
| 63,5 | 20,6 | 2,77 | 5588, 0 |
| 69,8 | 22,2 | 3,27 | 6807.2 |
| 76.2 | 23.8 | 3,92 | 8128,0 |
| 82.6 | 27.0 | 4,56 | 9448,8 |
| 88,9 | 28.6 | 5.39 | 10972,8 |
| 95.3 | 30.2 | 6,14 | 12700,0 |
| 101,6 | 31,8 | 7,03 | 14427,2 |
| 114,3 | 36.5 | 8.80 | 18288,0 |
| 127,0 | 39,7 | 10,94 | 22555,2 |
| 139,7 | 44.5 | 13,28 | |
The information below on the classification of the ropes is far from Nova, and we can not add anything new. Similar materials can be easily found on other resources, so why do we place it? Looking at the end classification below you will understand that the types of rope has a large number and sometimes even a specialist is quite difficult to figure out what the 12-Gl-VK-L-L-N-1770 GOST 2688-80 is.
Working with the same ropes to decrypt everything enough, but if the client wants to buy a non-standard rope? Here and begins "Where to see? Where to get? What does this letter mean in the item? " Previously, we have already published material about the ropes, but did not describe the classification in detail, so we hope that this article will be useful to you.
Classification, technical requirements, test methods, rules of acceptance, transportation, and storage of steel ropes are set out in GOST 3241-91 "Steel ropes. Technical conditions. "
Classification of steel ropes
1. Basically constructive feature:
- single swing or spiral Consist of wires, spirals in one or more concentric layers. Single swing ropes, switched from round wire, called ordinary spiral ropes. Spiral ropes having in the outer layer shaped wire are called ropes of closed design. Single-switched ropes intended for subsequent swing are called strands.
- double tilting Consist of strands, pigs in one or more concentric layers. Double switches can be single-layer or multi-layered. Single-layer hexount ropes of double swing received widespread. Double swing ropes designed for subsequent swing are called strands.
- tripomswave Consist of strang, retinable spirals in one concentric layer.
2. On the shape of the cross section of strands:
- round
- Logging (triang-finished, plane), have a significantly larger surface of the fit to pulley than the chicken-ending.
3. According to the type of patch of strands and ropes of single swing:
- TK - with point touch wires between layers,
- LK- with linear touch of wires between layers,
- LK-O. - with linear touch of wires between layers with the same diameter of the wires on the layers of strands,
- LK-R. - with a linear touch of the wire between the layers at different diameters of the wire in the outer layer strands,
- LK-Z. - with linear touch of wires between layers of strands and filling wires,
- LK-RO - with a linear touch of the wire between layers and having a layer in strands with wires of different diameters and layers with wires of the same diameter,
- TLK - With the combined point-line touch of the wire in the strands.
Rides with point-touch wire are manufactured for several technological operations depending on the number of layers of the wire. In this case, it is necessary to apply different steps of the wire for each layer of strands and attach the following layer in the opposite direction to the previous one. As a result, the wire between the layers is crossed. Such a location of the wire increases their wear during shifts during operation, creates significant contact stresses that contribute to the development of fatigue cracks in the wires and reduces the filling coefficient of the rope cross section.
Strands with linear touch wires are manufactured in one technological reception; At the same time, the constancy of the swing step is preserved, and the same direction of the wire for all layers is straight, which, with the proper selection of wire diameters according to the layers, gives the linear touch of the wire between the layers. As a result, the wear of the wire is significantly reduced and the operability of ropes with a linear touch of wires in strands in comparison with the performance of the TC ropes increases.
Speed-line touch strands are used if you need to replace in strands of linear tancing of the central wire of the seven-level strand, when the LC type single-layer seven-layer strand is laid a layer of the liner diameter with a point-to-touch. Rides may have increased unloading properties.
4. According to the core material:
- OS.- with an organic core - as a core in the center of the rope, and sometimes in the center of strands, cores from natural, synthetic and artificial materials are used - from hemp, manila, sisali, cotton yarn, polyethylene, polypropylene, caperon, lavsana, viscose, asbestos .
- Ms. - with a metal core - as a core, in most designs, a double swing rope from six seven wire strands, located around the central seven wire strands, in the ropes according to GOST 3066-80, 3067-88,3068-88, is used as MS The same design as in the top. It is advisable to apply them when it is necessary to increase the structural strength of the rope, reduce the structural elongations of the rope when tensile, as well as at high medium temperature in which the rope works.
5. According to the method of swing:
- Non-scratched ropes - n- strands and wire retain the specified position after removing the mating from the end of the rope or easily fit into manual with a minor spinning, which is achieved by preliminary deformation of the wire and strands when the wire is in a strand and strands into the rope.
- Split ropes- Wires and strands are not pre-deformed or are not deformed before they are in spit and rope. Therefore, strands in the rope and wire in the strands do not retain their position after removing the mating from the end of the rope.
6. According to the degree of balance:
- Richwood - R - does not lose its straightness (within the limiting deviation) in a free suspended state or on the horizontal plane, because After a swing of strands and spam, respectively, the voltage from the deformation of the wire and strands were removed with strands.
- Untitled rope- Does not have such a property, the free end of the unsightened rope seeks to form a ring, due to stresses of deformation of the wire and the strands of the rope obtained during the manufacture of the rope.
7. In the direction of the rope swing:
- Right swine - Not denoted
- Left swing - L.
The direction of the rope swing is determined by: the direction of the swing of the outer layer wire - for the ropes of single swing; The direction of the sweeter of the outer layer - for dual swing ropes; Direction of Swing Strang to the rope - for ropes of triple swing
8. On the combination of rope swing directions and its elements:
- Cross-swine - The direction of the tick of strands and Streng is opposite to the direction of the rope swing.
- One-sided swing - about - The direction of the swing of strands into the rope and wire in strands are the same.
- Combined swing- By simultaneously using the strands of the right and left direction of the swing.
9. According to the degree of spontaneity
- Torch - with the same direction of the swing of all strands along the layers of the rope (six - and eight-rope ropes with an organic and metallic core)
- Maloktyrachy- (MK) with the opposite direction of the swing of the rope elements in the layers (multi-layered, multiple ropes and ropes of single swing). In unloading ropes, thanks to the selection of sewing directions of individual layers of wire (in spiral ropes) or strands (in multi-layered double swing ropes), the rotation of the rope is eliminated around its axis with free load hanging.
10. For mechanical properties of wire
- Mark VK - High Quality
- Mark B. - Increased quality
- Brand 1.- Normal quality
11. In view of the surface covering of the wire in the rope:
- From wire without coating
- From galvanized wire Depending on the surface density of zinc:
- group S.- for medium aggressive working conditions
- group J.- for hard aggressive working conditions
- group of OK.- especially severe aggressive working conditions
- P - Rope or strands are covered with polymeric materials
12. By destination of the rope
- Loomer - GL - for lifting and transporting people and cargo
- Cargo - G.- for lifting and transporting and cargo
13. Production accuracy
- Normal accuracy - Not denoted
- Increased accuracy - t- tightened limit deviations on the diameter of the rope
14. According to the strength characteristics
Marking groups of temporary resistance rupture H / mm2 (kgf / mm2) - 1370 (140), 1470 (150), 1570 (160), 1670 (170), 1770 (180), 1860 (190), 1960 (200), 2060 (210), 2160 (220)
Examples of the conventional designation of steel ropes
- Rope 16.5 - M - I - N - P - T - 1960 GOST 2688 - 80 rope with a diameter of 16.5 mm, cargo, first brand, from wire without coating, right crushing, unwrapped, strained, high accuracy, labeling Groups 1960 N / mm2 (200 kgf / mm2), according to GOST 2688 - 80
- Rope 12 - GL - VK - O - N - 1770 GOST 2688 - 80 rope with a diameter of 12.0 mm, load-major destination, brand VK, from wire without coating, left one-sided swing, unwasizing, unlimited, normal accuracy, labeling group 1770 N / mm2 (180 kgf / mm2), according to GOST 2688-80
- Rope 25.5 - g - VK - C - N - P - T - 1670 GOST 7668 - 80 rope with a diameter of 25.5 mm, cargo destination, brand VK, galvanized according to a group with, right crossed swivel, unwrapped, strained, increased accuracy , labeling group 1670 N / mm2 (170 kgf / mm2), according to GOST 7668 - 80
- Rope 5.6 - G - V - ZH - MK - P - 1670 GOST 3063 - 80 rope with a diameter of 5.6 mm, truck, brand B, galvanized in group, right swing, unwrapped, small-cut, strain, marking Groups 1670 N / mm2 (170 kgf / mm2), according to GOST 3063 - 80
Each rope design has the advantages and disadvantages that need to be considered correctly when choosing a ropatory for specific operating conditions. When choosing, it is necessary to maintain the necessary relationships between the diameters of the navigament organs and the diameters of the ropes and their outer wires, as well as the necessary safety margin providing trouble-free operation.
Ropes of single swing from round wire - Ordinary spirals (GOST 3062-80; 3063-80; 3064-80) They have increased rigidity, so they are recommended to be applied where the tensile loads on the rope predominate (injector cables of high-voltage power lines, fences, stretch marks, etc.).
Double swing ropes with linear carriers in strands With ease of manufacture, there are relatively great performance and have a sufficient number of diverse designs. The latter allows you to select ropes for operation at large end loads, with a significant abrasive wear, in various aggressive media, with the minimum permissible diameter ratio of the naviguration organ and the rope diameter.
Lux-P ropes (GOST 2688-80, 14954-80) It should be used when, during operation, the ropes are exposed to aggressive media, intense alternating bending and operate in the open air. The large structural strength of these ropes allows them to use them in many of the most intense conditions of the crane mechanisms.
Lux-o ropes (GOST 3077-80, 3081-80; 3066-80; 3069-80; 3083-80)sustainably work under conditions of strong abrasion due to the presence in the upper layer of the wired diameter. These ropes were widespread, but for their normal operation, several elevated diameter of blocks and drums is required.
Ropes like LK-Z (GOST 7665-80, 7667-80) Apply when flexibility is required, provided that the rope is not exposed to an aggressive environment. Applying these ropes in an aggressive environment is not recommended due to thin filling wire in strands, easy to corrodary.
LK-RO ropes (GOST 7668-80, 7669-80, 16853-80) They differ in a relatively large number of wires in strands and therefore have increased flexibility. The presence in the outer layer of these ropes relative to thick wire allows you to successfully apply them under abrasive wear and aggressive environments. Due to this combination of properties, the rope of the LK-RO type design is universal.
Double swing ropes with point-line-line tapping of wires in PRC type strands - o (GOST 3079-80) It should be used when the use of ropes with a linear touch of wires in the strands is not possible due to the violation of the installation minimum allowable ratios between the diameters of the navigament organs and the diameters of the wire wire or if it is impossible to provide the recommended storage stock.
Double swing ropes with point-touch wire in strands of the TC type (GOST 3067-88; 3068-88; 3070-88; 3071-88)not recommended for responsible and intensively working installations. These ropes can be used only for not intense operating conditions, where signable bends and pulsing loads are not significant or absent (slings, stone ropes, temporary weed fastenings support and brake ropes, etc.)
Multiple dual swing ropes (GOST 3088-80; 7681-80) Depending on the received directions of the swing, strands in separate layers are manufactured by ordinary and unloading. The latter provide reliable and sustainable operation on mechanisms with free load hanging, and a large support surface and smaller specific pressure on external wires allow you to achieve a relatively large working capacity of the rope. The disadvantages of multiple rope are the complexity of manufacturing (especially preliminary deformation), a tendency to stratification, the complexity of monitoring the state of the inner layers of strands.
Ropes of Triple Switching (GOST 3089-80) Apply when the main operational requirements are the maximum flexibility and rope elasticity, and its strength and support surface do not have a decisive value. Organic cores in Strands are suitable when the rope is designed for towing and mooring, where elevated elastic properties of the rope are required. Thanks to the use of small diameter wires compared with the wires of dual swing ropes, the ropes of a triple swing for normal operation require pulleys of significantly smaller diameters.
Triang-finished ropes (GOST3085-80) They are distinguished by increased structural stability, a very large filling coefficient and a large support surface. The use of these ropes is particularly appropriate for large terminal loads and strong abrasive wear. It is recommended to use these ropes both on installations with friction pulleys and with a multi-layer pumping on the drums, the disadvantage of triang-finished ropes are sharp flap of the wires on the edges, increased rigidity of the rope, the complexity of the manufacture of strands.
Flat ropes (GOST 3091-80; 3092-80) Find use as balancing on mine lifting installations. The advantages of these ropes should be attributed to their tightness. However, manual operations applied when stitching ropes, and relatively rapid destruction of the armhole during operation limit the amount of use of these ropes in the industry.
Classification of ropes for domestic and foreign standards
| GOST | DIN. | En | BS. | ISO. |
| GOST 2688-80 | DIN 3059-72. | EN 12385. | BS 302 6x19 (12/6/1) FC | |
| GOST 3062-80 | DIN 3052-71 | |||
| GOST 3063-80 | DIN 3053-72. | |||
| GOST 3064-80 | DIN 3054-72. | |||
| GOST 3066-80 | DIN 3055-72 | EN 12385. | BS 302 6x7 (6/1) WSC | |
| GOST 3067-88. | DIN 3060-72 | EN 12385. | BS 302 6x19 (12/6/1) WSK | |
| GOST 3068-88. | DIN 3066-72 | |||
| GOST 3069-80 | DIN 3055-72 | EN 12385. | BS 302 6x7 (6/1) FC | |
| GOST 3070-88. | DIN 3060-72 | BS 302 6x19 (12/6/1) WSC | ||
| GOST 3071-88 | DIN 3066-72 | BS 302 6x37 (18/12/6/1) FC | ||
| GOST 3077-80 | DIN 3058-72. | EN 12385. | BS 302 6x19 (9/9/1) FC | ISO 2408. |
| GOST 3079-80 | ||||
| GOST 3081-80 | DIN 3058-72. | EN 12385. | BS 302 6x19 (9/9/1) WRC | ISO 2408. |
| GOST 7668-80 | DIN 3064-72 | EN 12385. | BS 302 6x36 (14/7 & 7 / 7/1) FC | ISO 2408. |
| GOST 7669-80 | DIN 3064-72 | EN 12385. | BS 302 6x36 (14/7 & 7 / 7/1) IWRC | ISO 2408. |
| GOST 14954-80 | DIN 3059-72. | EN 12385. | BS 302 6x19 (12/6 + 6F / 1) IWRC |
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