Presentation on the history of "heroic defense of Leningrad". Heroic defense of Leningrad Heroic defense of Leningrad presentation

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Plan "Barbarossa".

On December 5, 1940, Hitler made the final decision to start a war with the USSR. By the beginning of 1941, the Barbarossa plan was developed - this is a detailed plan of the German command for the entire military campaign against the USSR. The Barbarossa plan involved a “blitzkrieg,” that is, it was designed for a “lightning war” for several months. This plan was based on the coordinated actions of four army groups: the Finnish group was aimed at Murmansk, White Sea and Ladoga; group "North" - to Leningrad, army group "Center" - to Moscow; group "South" - was supposed to attack in the southern, Ukrainian direction.

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The fascist German command entrusted the defeat of Soviet troops in the Baltic states and the capture of Leningrad to Army Group North (18th and 16th field armies and 4th Panzer Group) under the command of Field Marshal von Leeb. This army group consisted of 42 divisions, including 7 tank and 6 motorized. It consisted of about 725 thousand people, over 13 thousand guns and mortars of all calibers and at least 1,500 tanks (more than 30 percent of all forces and means intended for the invasion of Soviet Union). The 1st Air Fleet, numbering 1,070 aircraft, was to support the advance of Army Group North.

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The enemy forces in the North-Western direction were opposed by troops of the Leningrad and Baltic Special Military Districts. With the beginning of the war, the Leningrad District was deployed to the Northern Front, and the Baltic District to the North-Western Front. By the beginning of the battle for Leningrad, that is, by July 10, 1941, the situation in the Leningrad direction, as well as on the entire Soviet-German front, continued to remain difficult. By July 10, Army Group North outnumbered the troops of the Northwestern Front in infantry by 2.4 times, in guns by 4 times, in mortars by 5.8 times, and in tanks by 1.2 times.

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All residents rose to defend the city: about 500 thousand Leningraders built defensive structures, 300 thousand volunteered for civil uprising, into the ranks of the Sov. Armies and partisan detachments. 10 militia divisions and 16 separate machine-gun and artillery battalions were formed total number St. 130 thousand people, 20 thousand joined the MPVO battalions, 17 thousand joined the destruction battalions, 70% of communists and 90% of Komsomol members Leningraders fought on the fronts. Having failed to capture Leningrad on the move, the enemy moved on to a long siege. The blockade of the city and barbaric shelling lasted 900 days.

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During the blockade of Leningrad, about 150 thousand shells were fired and 102,520 incendiary and 4,653 high-explosive bombs were dropped. 16,747 civilians were killed and 33,782 wounded, over 3 thousand were destroyed and over 7 thousand buildings were damaged.

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Children's hungry eyes With frozen horror, in tears. . .And who forgot Piskarevka? There are no personal graves there. . .There is an eternal silent groan Tormenting the memory of those times. They did not get that piece. Lying here... at your feet. The piece that did not give life. . .Who threw the Bread - took the life.Who betrayed the Bread?I submit his guilt to the court of the dead.Sacred Leningrad Bread -One hundred twenty-five sacred grams -Lies in the museum under glass, Witness of courage by right. . .The traffic on Nevsky froze. . The gray-haired mother, keeping sorrow, carried a piece of wounded bread in her weary hands. Traffic stopped on Nevsky... Not at night, no - in broad daylight. On the pavement, like a statue, the figure of a woman is visible. There, on the road, as if in a dream, a gray-haired woman stood - in her outstretched hands a black hump lay. No, not a hump, but a piece, disfigured by soullessness, crushed by many machines and forgotten indifference. . . And the woman held the bread and whispered with a trembling voice: “If only I had this piece then, I wouldn’t have lost my son.” - This would be a piece then. . . This would be a piece then. . . Who desecrated? Who forgot? Blockades are terrible years. . . Who, having thrown bread on the road, Forgot how his neighbor died?

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One of the recipes for Leningrad siege bread: defective rye flour - 45, cake - 10, soy flour - 5, bran - 10, cellulose - 15, wallpaper dust - 5, malt - 10 percent. Due to a sharp decrease in the food rations provided, mortality began among the city's population. In November 1941, 11 thousand people died from hunger, in December - 53 thousand. In January and February 1942, 200 thousand Leningraders died from starvation. During the blockade, the rate of bread distribution to the population was reduced five times, and in the period from November 20 to December 25, 1941, it was the lowest and amounted to: for workers and engineers - 250 grams of surrogate bread per day, for employees, dependents and children - 125 grams per person.

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The diary of little Leningrad resident Tanya Savicheva became a symbol of the terrible blockade time: “Leka died on March 17 at 5 o’clock. morning 1942 Mom March 13 at 7:30 am 1942 The Savichevs all died. They died. All. Tanya is the only one left." But Tanya did not survive either - she died during the evacuation. In total, about 1 million Leningraders died from hunger, disease, and bombing.

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The defenders of Leningrad were able to withstand the blockade only thanks to their unparalleled courage and the food supplies that were carried out along the Road of Life, laid on the ice of Lake Ladoga. Under continuous enemy bombing, food was delivered to the city along it, and the population was taken out on return flights. From November 20, 1941 to the end of April 1942, 262 thousand tons of food were delivered to the city along the Road of Life. Over the entire period, about 1 million people were taken out of Leningrad.

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In the winter of 1941/42, a military road was built across the ice of Lake Ladoga. The total amount of cargo transported to Leningrad along the Road of Life for the entire period of its operation amounted to more than 1,615 thousand tons. During the same time, 1,376 thousand people were evacuated. By decision of the State Defense Committee, a 35-kilometer-long pipeline was laid across Lake Ladoga to supply petroleum products to the city. It went into operation on June 18, 1942, and the power cable was laid in the fall.

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At the end of 1942, the Soviet Army conducted military operations to destroy the encircled enemy group at Stalingrad and conducted offensive operations near Voronezh and in the North Caucasus. Under these conditions, the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command assigned the troops of the Leningrad (commanded by Lieutenant General L. A. Govorov) and Volkhov (Army General K. A. Meretskov) fronts the task of breaking the blockade of Leningrad and in the area of the Shlisselburg-Sinyavinsky salient to restore land communications between Leningrad and the country . As a result of Operation Iskra (January 12-30, 1943), in which aviation and artillery of the Red Banner Baltic Fleet (commanded by Admiral V.F. Tributs) took an active part, the blockade of the city was broken. A corridor 8-11 kilometers wide was formed between Lake Ladoga and the front line, through which railroads and roads were built within 17 days.

Traffic stopped on Nevsky... Not at night, no - in broad daylight. On the pavement, like a statue, the figure of a woman is visible. There, on the road, as if in a dream, a gray-haired woman stood - in her outstretched hands a black hump lay. No, not a hump, but a piece, disfigured by soullessness, crushed by many machines and forgotten indifference. . . And the woman held the bread and whispered with a trembling voice: “If only I had this piece then, I wouldn’t have lost my son.” - This would be a piece then. . . This would be a piece then. . . Who desecrated? Who forgot? Blockades are terrible years. . . Who, having thrown bread on the road, Forgot how his neighbor died?

Concentrating regiments against us, the enemy attacked a peaceful country. On a white night, on the whitest night, I started this black war! Whether he wants it or not, he will get what he wants from the war: even the days, not just the nights, will become, will become black for him! 1941, June 23, Leningrad Vadim Shefner

On June 22, 1941, Germany crossed the borders of our country. The pace of the troops' advance was 30 km. per day. The capture of the city of Leningrad was given a special place. The enemy wanted to capture the Baltic Sea coast and destroy the Baltic Fleet. The Germans quickly broke through to the city. And from July, residents and factories located in the city began to be removed from Leningrad.

Clouds rose over the city... At the time the blockade was established, there were 2 million 544 thousand people in the city, including about 400 thousand children. In addition, 343 thousand people remained in the suburban areas, that is, also within the blockade ring. In September, when systematic bombing, shelling and fires began, many wanted to leave, but the routes were already cut off. The overwhelming majority of defense workers were women, teenagers and old people (men went to the front).

More than 475 thousand people worked in the construction of defensive structures near Leningrad. 626 km of anti-tank ditches were dug, 15 thousand pillboxes and bunkers were built. In Leningrad itself, 25 km of barricades, 570 artillery pillboxes, and about 3,600 machine-gun pillboxes were built at 110 defense centers.

The townspeople began to prepare for the siege: people rushed to withdraw funds from the savings banks, and in a few hours the entire cash reserve in the city was taken out. There were huge queues outside all the stores. In fact, few people believed in a siege, but out of old habit they stocked up on sugar, flour, soap, and salt. On the evening of September 8, at 18:55, an enemy air raid hit Leningrad with unprecedented striking power. In just one bomber raid on the city, 6,327 incendiary bombs were dropped. Black plumes of smoke from 178 fires reached into the sky. Badayevsky warehouses caught fire due to German bombing

At the end of July 1941, there was approximately a week's supply of food on hand. Moreover, it was almost impossible to create strategic food reserves for a city with a population of almost three million, especially in the conditions of August-September of that year. In the first days of the blockade, with rather meager norms, 2,100 tons of flour were consumed daily in the city. The annual supply of flour would have been more than 700 thousand tons, and there were no conditions for its storage. On September 10 and 11, a recount of all food supplies, livestock, poultry, and grain was carried out.

The blockade begins. From the first days of September, food cards were introduced in Leningrad. Canteens and restaurants have closed. All livestock on collective and state farms were slaughtered, and the meat was delivered to procurement points. Feed grain was transported to mills to be ground and used as an additive to rye flour. The administration of medical institutions was obliged to cut out food coupons from the cards of citizens undergoing treatment during their stay in hospitals. The same procedure applied to children in orphanages. School classes have been canceled until further notice.

As soon as it became clear that the city was under blockade, the mood of its residents began to change for the worse. From October 1, workers and engineering workers began to receive 400 grams of bread per day on cards, all others - 200 grams. The supply of other products has sharply decreased.

From November 13, 1941, the norm for the distribution of bread to the population was reduced. Now workers and technical workers received 300 grams of bread, everyone else received until November, and this meager ration had to be cut. The population began to receive the lowest rate during the entire blockade of grams for a work card and 125 grams for all others. Famine began in Leningrad. This figure - “125 blockade grams with fire and blood in half” - will forever remain one of the symbols of the blockade, although these norms lasted just over a month. 125 grams of bread per day for dependents were introduced on November 20, 1941, and replaced by higher ones on December 25. However, for the residents of the besieged city it was a disaster - most of them, not accustomed to making any serious supplies, had nothing but this piece of bread mixed with bran and cake. But even these grams were not always obtained.

Other disasters also came. At the end of November frosts hit. The mercury in the thermometer approached minus 40 degrees. Water supply and sewer pipes froze, residents were left without water - now it could only be taken from the Neva. Soon the fuel ran out. Power plants stopped working, lights went out in houses, and the interior walls of apartments were covered with frost. Leningraders began installing temporary iron stoves in their rooms. They burned tables, chairs, wardrobes, bookcases, sofas, parquet floor tiles, and then books. But such fuel did not last long. By December 1941, the city was trapped in ice. The streets and squares were covered with snow, covering the first floors of houses.

The road of life. For the supply of food and ammunition, the only communication remained - along Lake Ladoga. By the beginning of the war, it was little developed and practically unstudied. August 30, 1941 State Committee The Defense Department decided to deliver goods to Leningrad via Lake Ladoga. This is how the blockade “artery” of Leningrad began to operate, which the people called the “Road of Life”. Observing intervals, the cars followed the tracks of the horses at low speed. The fact is that the ice was fragile; two-ton trucks carried 2-3 bags each, however, several vehicles sank. Later, sleds were attached to the trucks, which reduced the pressure on the ice and increased the amount of cargo. The frosts also helped - if on November 25 70 tons of food were delivered to the city, then a month later there were already 800 tons. During this time, 40 trucks sank.

The Germans constantly sought to cut the Road of Life. In the first weeks of the route’s operation, German pilots shot at cars with impunity and used bombs to break the ice on the route. To cover the Road of Life, the command of the Leningrad Front installed anti-aircraft guns and machine guns directly on the ice of Ladoga, and also attracted fighter aircraft. The results were immediate - on January 16, 1942, instead of the planned 2,000 tons, 2,506 tons of cargo were delivered to the western shore of Ladoga.

At the beginning of April 1942, the snow melted and the ice on the lake was covered with water - sometimes by centimeters. But movement along the Road of Life was not interrupted. On April 24, when the snow cover began to collapse, the Ladoga Ice Route was closed. In total, from November 24, 1941 to April 21, 1942, tons of cargo were delivered through Lake Ladoga to Leningrad, three quarters of which were food and fodder.

Diary of Tanya Savicheva. It was the worst of all for the children. When adults die, it is difficult, but understandable. And the consciousness refuses to accept the death of children. Among the incriminating documents presented at the Nuremberg trials was a small notebook kept by a twelve-year-old Leningrad girl, Tanya Savicheva. The book has nine pages, six of them have dates. "December 28, 1941, Zhenya died... Grandmother died on January 25, 1942. March 17 - Leka died. Uncle Vasya died on April 13. May 10 - Uncle Lesha, mother - May 15. The Savichevs died. Everyone died. Only Tanya remained .

Breaking through and lifting the blockade. On December 2, 1942, the Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief approved the operation plan of the Volkhov and Leningrad fronts, conventionally called “Iskra”. A narrow ledge separating the troops of the fronts was chosen as the place to break the blockade. Taking into account the favorable situation that had developed at the beginning of the next year, the Headquarters ordered on January 12, 1943 to go on the offensive south of Lake Ladoga and break the blockade of Leningrad. On January 12, 1943, at 9:30 a.m., the morning silence was broken by a Katyusha salvo—artillery preparation began throughout the entire offensive zone. Thousands of soldiers took to the ice. By the end of the first day of the offensive, the troops secured two bridgeheads on the left bank of the Neva. By noon on January 18, a meeting of two fronts took place in the area of Workers' Villages 5 and 1. On the night of January 19, 1943, Leningrad radio reported that the blockade had been broken.

On January 18, 1943, the State Defense Committee decided to accelerate the construction of a railway line that would connect Leningrad with the country. In 18 days, builders laid the Shlisselburg-Polyana line with a length of 33 kilometers and erected a crossing across the Neva. On the morning of February 7, the residents of Leningrad enthusiastically greeted the first train arriving directly from the mainland. From February

Medal "For the Defense of Leningrad". The medal “For the Defense of Leningrad” was established by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated December 22, 1942. The author of the medal project is artist N.I. Moskalev. The medal “For the Defense of Leningrad” was awarded to all participants in the defense of Leningrad.

The medal “For the Defense of Leningrad” is worn on the left side of the chest and, in the presence of other medals of the USSR, is located after the medal “For the rescue of drowning people”. Persons awarded the medal “For the Defense of Leningrad” have the right to be awarded the later established anniversary medal “In memory of the 250th anniversary of Leningrad.” As of 1985, about people were awarded the medal “For the Defense of Leningrad”. Among them are 15 thousand children and teenagers under siege.

September 8, 1941 - January 27, 1944 With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War On June 22, 1941, a strike in the direction of Leningrad was entrusted to the German Army Group North, which was supposed to destroy units of the Red Army in the Baltic States, capture naval bases on the Baltic Sea and capture Leningrad by July 21. On July 9, Pskov was captured, on July 10, German units broke through the front and with the forces of the 4th Tank Group of the Army "North" reached the Plusa River and then rushed to Luga. On August 21, the Germans occupied the Chudovo station, thereby cutting the Oktyabrskaya Railway, and 8 days later they captured Tosno. On August 30, the large railway junction of Mga was captured. On September 8, 1941, when the Germans captured Shlisselburg, the 871-day blockade of Leningrad began. 2 million 544 thousand of the city's civilian population (including approximately 400 thousand children), 343 thousand residents of suburban areas, and troops defending the city were surrounded. Food and fuel supplies were limited (only for 1-2 months). On September 8, 1941, as a result of an air raid and a fire, food warehouses named after. A.E. Badaeva. Food cards were introduced: from October 1, workers and engineers began to receive 400 g of bread per day, everyone else - 200 g. Public transport stopped because by the winter of 1941 - 1942 there were no fuel reserves or electricity left. Food supplies were rapidly declining, and in January 1942 there was only 200/125 g of bread per person per day. By the end of February 1942, more than 200 thousand people died from cold and hunger in Leningrad. There were huge queues at the bakeries where daily rations were distributed. In addition to famine, besieged Leningrad was also attacked by other disasters: very frosty winters, sometimes the thermometer dropped to -40 degrees. Running out of fuel and frozen water pipes- the city was left without light, and drinking water . Rats became another problem for the besieged city in the first winter of the siege. They not only destroyed food supplies, but also spread all kinds of infections. People died and there was no time to bury them; the corpses lay right on the streets. At the same time, Leningraders tried with all their might to survive and not let their hometown die. Not only that: Leningrad helped the army by producing military products; the factories continued to operate in such conditions. Theaters and museums resumed their activities. This was necessary - to prove to the enemy, and, most importantly, to ourselves: the blockade of Leningrad will not kill the city, it continues to live! One of the striking examples of amazing dedication and love for the Motherland, life, and hometown is the story of the creation of one piece of music. During the blockade, the famous symphony of D. Shostakovich, later called “Leningrad”, was written. Or rather, the composer began writing it in Leningrad, and finished it in evacuation. When the score was ready, it was delivered to the besieged city. By that time, the symphony orchestra had already resumed its activities in Leningrad. In connection with the cessation of communication with the mainland, the road across Lake Ladoga, which became the legendary “Road of Life,” acquired special significance. On November 17, two groups carried out reconnaissance of the ice route. On November 20, the first horse-drawn convoy was driven along the ice Road of Life, and a day later the first convoy. In total, during the first winter of the blockade, the ice road operated for 152 days. During this time, 361 thousand tons of various cargo were transported, including 262.5 thousand tons of food. More than 550 thousand Leningraders and more than 35 thousand wounded were evacuated from the city. The second navigation along Ladoga began on May 23, 1942, during which over 1 million tons of various cargo were transported in both directions. About 540 thousand people were evacuated from the city. From December 19, 1942 to March 30, 1943, the ice Road of Life was in operation again for 101 days. During this period, more than 200 thousand tons of various cargo were transported, including over 100 thousand tons of food, and about 89 thousand people were evacuated. The breaking of the blockade of Leningrad began by order of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief Headquarters on January 12, 1943 with the offensive of troops of the Leningrad and Volkhov fronts in cooperation with the Red Banner Baltic Fleet (KBF) south of Lake Ladoga. A narrow ledge separating the troops of the fronts was chosen as the place to break the blockade. On January 18, the 136th Rifle Division and the 61st Tank Brigade of the Leningrad Front broke into Workers' Village No. 5 and linked up with units of the 18th Rifle Division of the Volkhov Front. On the same day, units of the 86th Infantry Division and the 34th Ski Brigade liberated Shlisselburg and cleared the entire southern coast of Lake Ladoga from the enemy. In a corridor cut along the shore, in 18 days the builders built a crossing across the Neva and laid a railway and a highway. The enemy blockade was broken. By the end of 1943, the situation on the fronts had changed radically and Soviet troops were preparing for the final liquidation of the siege of Leningrad. On January 14, 1944, the final part of the operation to liberate Leningrad began with the forces of the Leningrad and Volkhov fronts, with the support of Kronstadt artillery. By January 27, 1944, Soviet troops had broken through the defenses of the German 18th Army, defeated its main forces and advanced 60 kilometers in depth. The Germans began to retreat. With the liberation of Pushkin, Gatchina and Chudovo, the blockade of Leningrad was completely lifted. www.ppt4school.ru

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Leningrad Symbol of the revolution + “with the fall of Leningrad a complete catastrophe may occur” = after the capture, Hitler planned to raze the city to the ground

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Leningrad More than 3 million people lived in the pre-war city. From the beginning of the war until the establishment of the blockade, 663 thousand citizens were evacuated. On September 8, 1941, German troops managed to completely blockade the city. On September 8, 1941, German aircraft destroyed the Badaevsky food warehouses. The population is on the verge of starvation. Terrible. cold The enemy was counting on food riots in the city - this did not happen, but on the contrary, the trials brought people together

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The most difficult time in the defense of Leningrad was the winter of 1941 - 1942. They were able to survive only thanks to food supplies along the “Road of Life”, laid on the ice of Lake Ladoga “Road of Life”

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this is a set of defensive and offensive operations of Soviet troops in the Great Patriotic War, carried out from July 10, 1941 to August 9, 1944 in the northwestern strategic direction, with the aim of defending Leningrad and defeating the German Army Group North and Finnish troops located between Onega and Ladoga lakes and on the Karelian Isthmus Battle of Leningrad a towed German rocket mortar. For the very specific sound that the shells made, it received the nickname “Donkey” from Soviet soldiers - it was used during the siege of Leningrad Nebelwerfer 42 “Fog Thrower”

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The heavy German tank Panzerkampfwagen VI “Tiger I”, “Tiger”, the baptism of fire of this tank took place in 1942 at the Mga station near Leningrad, significant quantities of steel were used from the Battle of Kursk and were used by the Wehrmacht until the very end of World War II. The troops of the Leningrad Front continued improve defense on the southern approaches to the city, on the Karelian Isthmus. At the same time, work was carried out to strengthen the sea approaches to Leningrad. Defensive positions were built inside the city, which, if necessary, were to be defended by garrison units, NKVD troops and special units. The main task is the defense of Leningrad from the Gulf of Finland

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Defense of Leningrad in the fall of 1941. In the second half of September 1941, when the German Army Group Center was intensively preparing for a general attack on Moscow, Army Group North continued active operations near Leningrad. The heroic resistance of the city’s defenders led to the scattering of the forces of the Army Group “ North" in several operational directions, unable to create a sufficiently powerful strike force for the next assault on Leningrad, the Nazis decided to destroy the city with artillery fire and air strikes, and starve its defenders

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Olga Fedorovna Berggolts - Russian Soviet poetess, prose writer During the Great Patriotic War, while remaining in besieged Leningrad, she worked on the radio Sleepless nights, every day is hard. But we have forgotten what tears are, What was called fear and prayer. I say: we, citizens of Leningrad, will not be shaken by the roar of cannonades, And if tomorrow there are barricades, We will not leave our barricades.. No one is forgotten and nothing is forgotten...

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Victory near Moscow = illusions of the USSR about the possibility of a quick defeat of German troops and ending the war + Stalin set the task of launching a general offensive Order of I.V. Stalin dated May 1, 1942 “KA - to ensure that 1942 becomes the year of the final defeat of the Nazi troops and the liberation of Soviet land from Hitler’s scoundrels!”

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He spoke AGAINST the simultaneous offensive of Soviet troops in all 3 strategic directions. He believed (rightly) that there were no prepared reserves for this offensive. However, under pressure from Stalin, Headquarters decided to attack Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov. By this time, the spacecraft had lost up to 6 million people killed and wounded and prisoners = the offensive was bound to fail

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Hitler believed strategic goal- a large-scale offensive in the southwestern direction with the goal of breaking through the defenses of the Red Army and capturing the lower Volga and the Caucasus. In order to hide their intentions, the Germans developed a special plan to misinform the Soviet military command and political leadership Plan “Kremlin”

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By the spring of 1942, the preponderance of forces still remained on the side of the German troops. Before advancing in the south-eastern direction, the Germans decided to completely capture the Crimea. German offensive of 1942. In 10 days, the troops of the Crimean Front were defeated = losses - 176 thousand people, 347 tanks, 3476 guns and mortars, 400 aircraft

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May 1942 - Soviet troops went on the offensive in the Kharkov region, BUT the troops of 2 armies were surrounded and destroyed End of June 1942 - German troops rushed to the southeast = occupied Donbass and reached the Don  Stalingrad was threatened on July 24 1942 - Rostov-on-Don fell - the gates of the Caucasus Only now Stalin understood the true goal of the German summer offensive, BUT it was too late to change anything Order No. 227 - “Not a step back!”

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Beginning of September 1942 - in Stalingrad, which was completely destroyed, street fighting began BUT The tenacity and courage of the Soviet defenders did the impossible = by mid-November 1942, the German forces finally dried up. In the battles for Stalingrad in the fall of 1942, the Germans lost - 1 thousand tanks, over 1.4 thousand aircraft, almost 700 thousand killed and wounded  The Germans not only failed to take the city, but also went on the defensive

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