Ecology and human health. Presentation on ecology and human health Presentation on ecology and health of people from different countries

The work was performed by pupils of 10 "B" class Nadeeva Milya and Kaldina Anna

Human ecology is the science of human relationship with the environment in various aspects (economic, technical, physical and technical, socio-psychological) and is designed to determine the optimal conditions for human existence, including the permissible limits of its impact on the environment. The relationship with the human environment as an organism is studied by autecology, the ecology of human communities - synecology. F. Bacon

Chemical pollution of the atmosphere industry household boiler houses transport The main source of pyrogenic pollution: thermal power plants, metallurgical and chemical plants, boiler plants, (consuming more than 70% of the annually produced solid and liquid fuel.) harmful impurities pyrogenic origin: carbon monoxide sulfurous and sulfuric anhydride nitrogen oxides hydrogen sulfide and carbon disulfide fluorine compounds chlorine compounds

Human exposure to sulfur and sulfuric anhydride Poisoning symptoms: runny nose, cough, hoarseness, sore throat. Inhalation high concentration- choking, speech disorder, difficulty swallowing, vomiting, possible acute pulmonary edema. Human exposure to nitrogen oxides gas mixed with oxygen is used for anesthesia. number of symptoms Small amounts of dullness of pain sensitivity. Small amounts feeling drunk. Inhalation of pure gas causes narcotic state and suffocation

weather and human well-being Biorhythm - a set of rhythmic processes in the body (rhythms of the heart, respiration, bioelectric activity of the brain). Circadian rhythms and biorhythms The study of changes in circadian rhythms reveals the occurrence of some diseases at the earliest stages Climate and health XVII century - the foundations of a scientific direction in medicine about the influence of climatic factors on human health were born 1725 - the beginning of studying the influence of climate, seasons and weather on humans in Russia

nutrition and human health Doctors say that good balanced nutrition is an important condition for maintaining the health and high performance of adults, and for children also necessary condition growth and development. For normal growth, development and maintenance of vital functions, the body needs proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and mineral salts in the amount it needs. Regular overeating, consumption of excessive amounts of carbohydrates and fats is the reason for the development of metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes. Many food products have bactericidal effects, inhibiting the growth and development of various microorganisms.

The surrounding landscape can have various effects on the psychoemotional state. landscape as a factor of health Nature increases vitality, soothes the nerves. Forest, especially forest air, has one of the strongest health effects. Outdoor recreation is useful for city dwellers due to the busy rhythm of life and polluted air, including noise pollution and in general environment cities.

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Slide 1

Ecology and human health

The presentation was made by the teacher of biology of the secondary school № 102 of Volgograd Shaboldina E.V.

Slide 2

Slide 3

Chemical pollution of the atmosphere

industry

household boiler rooms

transport

The main source of pyrogenic pollution: thermal power plants, metallurgical and chemical enterprises, boiler plants,

(consuming more than 70% of the annually produced solid and liquid fuels.)

The main harmful impurities of pyrogenic origin: carbon monoxide sulfurous and sulfuric anhydride nitrogen oxides hydrogen sulfide and carbon disulfide fluorine compounds chlorine compounds

Slide 4

Human exposure to carbon monoxide

Slide 5

Human exposure to sulfuric and sulfuric anhydride

Poisoning symptoms: runny nose, cough, hoarseness, sore throat. Inhalation of high concentrations - choking, speech disorder, difficulty swallowing, vomiting, acute pulmonary edema is possible.

Human exposure to nitrogen oxides

gas mixed with oxygen is used for anesthesia.

Slide 6

Human exposure to hydrogen sulfide and carbon disulfide

Slide 7

Human exposure to fluoride compounds

Leads to the development of chronic poisoning (fluorosis), Symptoms: weight loss, anemia, weakness, joint stiffness, brittle bones, discoloration

Human exposure to chlorine compounds

Slide 8

Biological pollution of the environment - its pollution with pathogens

main sources

wastewater

industrial production

Agriculture

municipal services of cities and towns

household and industrial landfills

cemeteries, etc.

Biological pollution and human diseases

Slide 9

Causative agents of tetanus, botulism, gas gangrene, some fungal diseases. They can get into the human body if the skin is damaged, with unwashed food, if the rules of hygiene are violated.

Contaminated water sources have caused epidemics of cholera, typhoid fever, and dysentery.

infection occurs through the respiratory tract by inhaling air. Diseases: influenza, whooping cough, mumps, diphtheria, measles and others. Pathogens get into the air when you cough, sneeze, and even when sick people talk.

Waters: rivers, lakes, ponds.

Slide 10

The effect of sounds on a person

environments that are perceived by the human hearing aid (from 16 to 20,000 vibrations per second). Noise - Loud sounds blended into a discordant sound.

Oscillations of higher frequency - by ultrasound, lower - by infrasound.

Very noisy modern music dulls hearing, causes nervous diseases.

Slide 11

weather and human well-being

Biorhythm - many rhythmic processes in the body (rhythms of the heart, respiration, bioelectric activity of the brain).

Daily rhythms and biorhythms

The study of changes in circadian rhythms makes it possible to identify the occurrence of some diseases at the earliest stages.

Climate and health

XVII century - the foundations of the scientific direction in medicine about the influence of climatic factors on human health were born

1725 - the beginning of the study of the influence of climate, seasons and weather on a person in Russia

Slide 12

INFLUENCE OF WEATHER, direct indirect

affects the blood supply to the skin, respiratory, cardiovascular system and sweat-dividing system.

The longer the body is isolated from external climatic factors and is in comfortable or subcomfortable conditions of the indoor microclimate, the more its adaptive responses to constantly changing weather parameters decrease.

Slide 13

human nutrition and health

Doctors say that good balanced nutrition is an important condition for maintaining the health and high performance of adults, and for children it is also a necessary condition for growth and development.

For normal growth, development and maintenance of vital functions, the body needs proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and mineral salts in the amount it needs.

Regular overeating, consumption of excessive amounts of carbohydrates and fats is the reason for the development of metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes.

Many food products have bactericidal effects, inhibiting the growth and development of various microorganisms.

Slide 14

The surrounding landscape can have various effects on the psycho-emotional state.

landscape as a factor of health

Nature increases vitality, calms the nerves. Forest, especially forest air, has one of the strongest health effects.

Outdoor recreation is useful for city dwellers due to the busy rhythm of life and polluted air, including noise pollution and the overall urban environment.

Slide 15

Problems of human adaptation to the environment

Tension is the mobilization of all mechanisms that provide certain activities the human body.

Human adaptation types: Sprinter Styer

high resistance to short-term extreme factors and poor tolerance of long-term loads.

The reverse type (in the northern regions of the country, people of the “stayer” type prevail among the population)

Adaptation is a dynamic process, due to which the mobile systems of living organisms, despite the variability of conditions, maintain the stability necessary for the existence, development and procreation.

Slide 16

Adapting to unfavorable environmental conditions, the human body experiences a state of tension and fatigue.

Any imbalance in the human-environment balance is a source of anxiety. Anxiety, labeled as feeling an undefined threat; a sense of diffuse fear and anxious anticipation; vague anxiety is the most potent mechanism of mental stress.

The main features of mental stress: 1) stress - the state of the body, its occurrence presupposes the interaction between the body and the environment; 2) stress is a more stressful state than the usual motivational one; it requires the perception of a threat to arise; 3) stress phenomena occur when the normal adaptive response is insufficient.

Radiation The Chernobyl accident gave rise to radiophobia - an increased fear of radiation, an increase in suspiciousness, bias in assessing one's health, emotional breakdowns, etc. The limiting level of soil contamination has been exceeded by more than 100 times. The main sources of external and internal radiation are long-lived radionuclides (cesium, strontium, iodine). Radiation enters the body through the air, drinking water, but g. through products of plant and animal origin, especially through meat and dairy products.

How to preserve human health and nature? Responsible environmental policy and practice of state and public bodies are necessary. The most important task is the formation of the environmental consciousness of the population - a set of measures of environmental education and upbringing according to the approval in the public consciousness as the dominant elements such as environmental scientific consciousness, environmental ethics, psychology, legal consciousness.

Human ecology For the first time the term "human ecology" appeared in 1921 in the works of the American researchers R.Ye. Park and E.V. Burgess Human ecology is a science that studies the laws of human interaction as a biosocial creature with a complex multicomponent surrounding world, with a dynamic, ever more complicated habitat, problems of maintaining and strengthening health.

Human ecology at all stages of historical development is interested in the following: 1) the number of individual communities of people and all of humanity; 2) age and gender structure of communities; 3) the level of human health, which can be expressed in terms of average life expectancy, the most typical diseases and common causes of death; 4) the specificity of the nutrition of people of each era, the calorie content of food, the methods of its preparation; 5) type labor activity, mechanisms and tools of labor, energy sources used in the economy and everyday life; 6) settlement system; 7) cultural and hygiene skills.

The presentation was made by the teacher of biology of the secondary school № 102 of Volgograd Shaboldina E.V.

Slide 2

Slide 3

Chemical pollution of the atmosphere

industry
household boiler rooms
transport

The main source of pyrogenic pollution:

thermal power plants,
metallurgical and chemical enterprises,
boiler plants (consuming more than 70% of the annually produced solid and liquid fuel.)

The main harmful impurities of pyrogenic origin:

carbon monoxide
sulfurous and sulfuric anhydride
nitrogen oxides
hydrogen sulfide and carbon disulfide
fluorine compounds
chlorine compounds

Slide 4

Human exposure to carbon monoxide

Slide 5

Human exposure to sulfuric and sulfuric anhydride

Poisoning symptoms: runny nose, cough, hoarseness, sore throat. Inhalation of high concentrations - choking, speech disorder, difficulty swallowing, vomiting, acute pulmonary edema is possible.

Human exposure to nitrogen oxides gas mixed with oxygen is used for anesthesia

They call him laughing.

Slide 6

Human exposure to hydrogen sulfide and carbon disulfide

Slide 7

Human exposure to fluoride compounds

Leads to the development of chronic poisoning (fluorosis),

Symptoms: weight loss, anemia, weakness, joint stiffness, brittle bones, discoloration

Human exposure to chlorine compounds

Slide 8

Biological pollution of the environment - its pollution with pathogens

main sources

wastewater
industrial production
Agriculture
municipal services of cities and towns
household and industrial landfills
cemeteries, etc.

Biological pollution and human diseases

Slide 9

Causative agents of tetanus, botulism, gas gangrene, some fungal diseases.

They can get into the human body if the skin is damaged, with unwashed food, if the rules of hygiene are violated.

Contaminated water sources have caused epidemics of cholera, typhoid fever, and dysentery.

The soil
Waters: rivers, lakes, ponds.
Air

Slide 10

The effect of sounds on a person's environment, which are perceived by the human hearing aid

(from 16 to 20,000 vibrations per second).

Noise - Loud sounds blended into a discordant sound.

Oscillations of higher frequency - by ultrasound, lower - by infrasound.

Very noisy modern music dulls hearing, causes nervous diseases.

Slide 11

weather and human well-being

Biorhythm - many rhythmic processes in the body (rhythms of the heart, respiration, bioelectric activity of the brain).

Daily rhythms and biorhythms

The study of changes in circadian rhythms makes it possible to identify the occurrence of some diseases at the earliest stages.

Climate and health

XVII century - the foundations of the scientific direction in medicine about the influence of climatic factors on human health were born
1725 - the beginning of the study of the influence of climate, seasons and weather on a person in Russia

Slide 12

INFLUENCE OF WEATHER

direct
indirect

affects the blood supply to the skin, respiratory,

cardiovascular system and sweating system.

Slide 13

human nutrition and health

Doctors say that good balanced nutrition is an important condition for maintaining the health and high performance of adults, and for children it is also a necessary condition for growth and development.
For normal growth, development and maintenance of vital functions, the body needs proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and mineral salts in the amount it needs.
Regular overeating, consumption of excessive amounts of carbohydrates and fats is the reason for the development of metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes.
Many food products have bactericidal effects, inhibiting the growth and development of various microorganisms.

Slide 14

The surrounding landscape can have various effects on the psycho-emotional state.

landscape as a factor of health

Nature increases vitality, calms the nerves. Forest, especially forest air, has one of the strongest health effects.

Outdoor recreation is useful for city dwellers due to the busy rhythm of life and polluted air, including noise pollution and the overall urban environment.

Slide 15

Problems of human adaptation to the environment

Tension is the mobilization of all mechanisms that ensure a certain activity of the human body.

Types of human adaptation:

Sprinter
Stayer

high resistance to short-term extreme factors and poor tolerance of long-term loads.

The reverse type (in the northern regions of the country, people of the “stayer” type prevail among the population)

Slide 16

Adapting to unfavorable environmental conditions, the human body experiences a state of tension and fatigue.

Any imbalance in the human-environment balance is a source of anxiety Anxiety denoted as a sense of an undefined threat;

a sense of diffuse fear and anxious anticipation;

vague anxiety is the most potent mechanism of mental stress.

Key features of mental stress:

1) stress - the state of the body, its occurrence presupposes the interaction between the body and the environment;

2) stress is a more stressful state than the usual motivational one; it requires the perception of a threat to arise;

3) stress phenomena occur when the normal adaptive response is insufficient.

View all slides

Ecology and human health

Problems of the impact of environmental pollution on human health in Russia.

According to the available data, a changed environment, combined with a wrong attitude of a person to his health, is the cause of diseases in 77% of cases, the cause of death in 50%, and the cause of improper physical development in 57% of cases.

Of the poisons that regularly enter the human body, 70% come from food, 20% from the air and 10% from water.

Food products.

Control over the content of harmful substances in food is carried out for 14 elements, the most dangerous and toxic of which are cadmium, mercury and lead. Cadmium is found most in plant foods and mushrooms, mercury and nitrosamines - in fish products, lead - in both plant and animal products. There are many pesticides in plant foods, nitrites are used as preservatives in the manufacture of sausages, ham, and many canned food. Many of them are carcinogenic. Peanuts exported from other countries are 24% contaminated with aflatoxin.

Radionuclides migrate along food chains and enter the human body through food in radio-contaminated areas. The half-lives of strontium-90 and cesium-137 (uranium fission products) occur in about 30 years.

Among food products that do not meet hygienic safety indicators, the largest share are:

Wine products (21%); - honey and beekeeping products (19%);

Drinks (15%); - bakery and flour products (13%).

Atmospheric air.

As we already know, the atmospheric air is most polluted in large cities, industrial centers, especially with developed metallurgical, processing and coal industries, where the main pollutants are dust, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, soot, nitrogen dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, fluorine, phenol , metals, etc.

In such centers, the average incidence rates of the population are 40% higher than the norm for the respiratory system, 130% for cardiovascular diseases, 176% for skin diseases, and 35% for malignant neoplasms. At the same time, the least sensitive group of the population aged 20-39 years, and the most sensitive are children from 3 to 6 years (3.3 times higher) and over 60 years (1.6 times).

Drinking water.

Up to 80% of all chemical compounds entering external environment, sooner or later enter water sources. In Russia, quality drinking water served to the population does not respond hygiene requirements for sanitary and chemical indicators in 20-25% of cases and for microbiological indicators - in 10-15% of cases.

In most bodies of water modern Russia water quality does not meet regulatory requirements. the process of increasing the number of objects with high (more than 10 MPC) and extreme levels of excess of the norm (more than 100 MPC) continues. The most polluted are water bodies in the lower reaches of the Volga, the southern Urals, Kuzbass, and some territories of the North.

About 50% of the population of the Russian Federation continues to use water for drinking that does not meet hygienic requirements for various quality indicators.

In large cities of Russia, every year during the spring flood, the quality of drinking water deteriorates. In this regard, drinking water is hyperchlorinated, which, however, is unsafe for health due to the formation of organochlorine compounds. In 22% of cases, in centralized water supply sources, water does not meet sanitary and chemical requirements. When decentralized sources are used, 28% of sources do not comply with sanitary and chemical standards, and 29% with bacteriological standards.

Overall, 50% of the Russian population continues to use water that is not potable. A particularly difficult situation with regard to water in Russia is in the Arkhangelsk, Kursk, Tomsk, Yaroslavl, Kaluga and Kaliningrad regions, the Primorsky Territory, Kalmykia and Dagestan.

In a number of regions, including in our region, up to 64% of sources drinking water supply does not have sanitary protection zones.

Ecology and healthy lifestyle.

2.1. Man is a component of the biosphere.

Each person, like any other living organism, exists in a certain biotic and abiotic environment and is inextricably linked with it.

Man is a derivative and important element of the biosphere, which completely and completely depends on its state, and the state of the biosphere, in turn, is regulated by higher-scale processes occurring in the Solar System, Galaxy, Space.

Each type of plant or animal organism has developed in the process of evolution inherited adaptations (adaptations) to changing environmental conditions, which serve its survival, prosperity, and optimization of all vital functions of the organism.

Unlike all other species, humans (Homo sapiens) are the only intelligent biosocial species on the planet that can control the functions of their body not only on the basis of genetically fixed adaptations or instinctively, but also on the basis of their analytical activities, thereby largely optimizing their relationship with nature, overcome diseases, extend the life of everyone an individual.

The intellectual potential of a person has always been more aimed at solving technical, economic and political problems than at improving the ecological culture, culture of life and their own health.

As a result of scientific and technological revolution, gigantic industrial, energy, military and transport complexes were created, computerization was intensively developed in Everyday life people, mechanization and chemicalization of agriculture, were intensively mastered Natural resources land, oceans, seas and rivers, but the development of the technosphere in most cases had a very negative impact on the health and life of each individual, although, of course, it cannot be denied successful development some medical and health technologies.

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