Elements of the internal environment of entrepreneurship. Business environment concept. Factors that determine the external and internal business environment. List of used literature

Entrepreneurs operate in a specific environment that determines their positions.

The business environment is a favorable socio-economic, political, civil-legal situation that has developed in the country, which provides economic freedom for capable citizens to engage in entrepreneurial activities aimed at meeting the needs of all subjects of a market economy.

The entrepreneurial environment is an integrated set of various (objective and subjective) factors that allow entrepreneurs to achieve success in achieving their goals, implementing entrepreneurial projects and making a profit.

The entrepreneurial environment is divided into an external environment, which, as a rule, does not depend on the entrepreneurs themselves, and an internal one, which is formed directly by the entrepreneurs themselves.

The business environment is formed on the basis of the development of productive forces, improvement of industrial (economic) relations, the creation of a favorable social and state mentality, the formation of the market as an environment for the existence of entrepreneurs and other conditions.

It is believed that for the effective development of entrepreneurship, two basic conditions are required: economic freedom and independence.

In Art. 34 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation states that “everyone has the right to freely use their abilities and property for entrepreneurial and other economic activities not prohibited by law”. In Art. 35-36 states that “everyone has the right to own property, own, use and dispose of it both individually and jointly with other persons”; no one can be deprived of their property except by a court decision; possession, use and disposal of land and other natural resources are carried out by their owners freely.

V Russian Federation the unity of the economic space, free movement of goods, services and financial resources, support for competition and freedom of economic activity are guaranteed.

External and internal business environment

The external business environment is characterized by a set of conditions and factors affecting the development of entrepreneurship in the country, acting independently of the will of the entrepreneurs themselves.

The external business environment is a complex system of external regulation of entrepreneurial activity, therefore, for individual entrepreneurs and legal entities, it is objective, since they cannot directly change it.

There are various approaches to describing the structure of the external environment. Most often in modern literature, the external environment is considered as a two-level system consisting of a micro (environment of the immediate environment) and a macro environment (environment of an indirect environment), each of which includes certain factors, or sub-environments. However, it should be noted that the indirect influence is no less real.

Proponents of a different approach identify four structural levels of the business environment, each of which has a corresponding impact on the activities of business entities. These are micro level (or internal business environment), meso level (or local market environment), macro level (or national market environment) and mega level (or international market environment).

Microenvironment is the environment of the immediate environment of the enterprise, which includes a set of factors and conditions of entrepreneurial activity of an entity (individual or legal entity) in the market.

The microenvironment is represented by customers, suppliers, intermediaries, competitors, contact audiences, business partners that influence the activities of the enterprise, through which business entities carry out their relationships with consumers and the state.

Clients - actual or potential buyers of the company's products.

Suppliers are subjects of the business environment that provide the enterprise and its competitors with the necessary material resources for the production of specific goods or services.

Intermediaries are firms or individuals who help an enterprise in promoting, marketing and distributing goods to a clientele.

Competitors - other organizations offering similar products; firms that produce similar products, as well as all organizations that are able to compete for potential customers.

Contact audiences are groups of individuals and organizations that have a potential or real impact on the activities of a firm. These are: the media, financial circles, the public, public authorities and administration, etc.

The macroenvironment characterizes the general conditions for the functioning of business entities, which determine the nature of the development of the latter, regardless of the control actions of the entrepreneurs themselves.

The macro environment includes:

The economic environment associated with the level of inflation, effective demand of the population, pricing policy, the number of taxes, tax rates, etc .;

The political environment characterized by the stability of the development of society and the state;

A legal environment that clearly establishes the rights, duties, and responsibilities of entrepreneurs;

Socio-cultural environment associated with the level of unemployment, education of the population, cultural traditions, etc .;

The demographic environment associated with the size and density of the country's population, the division of this population by sex, age, education level, income and other factors that have a significant impact on the development of entrepreneurship;

A scientific and technological and technological environment, reflecting the level of scientific and technological development affecting entrepreneurship, for example, in the field of information technology;

The physical or geographic environment that characterizes the weather conditions in which the business takes place. In addition, this includes factors that have a direct impact on the location of enterprises: the availability of raw materials, energy resources, highways, railways, sea and air communications;

An institutional environment characterized by the existence and diversity of institutions through which entrepreneurs can establish business relationships or conduct commercial transactions.

Using the example of trade, let us consider in more detail the factors of the economic, socio-demographic, organizational and administrative, scientific, technical and technological, political and legal, natural and climatic environment, which, to a greater or lesser extent, influence its development.

Economic factors are determined by the level and characteristics of the market mechanism. The macroeconomic climate of the country as a whole will determine the level of development of the industry. Poor economic conditions will reduce the demand for goods and services of trade organizations, and more favorable ones can provide preconditions for their growth, therefore, when assessing the external environment, it is necessary to take into account both general (interregional) indicators and sectoral ones inherent in trade.

The main economic instruments reflecting the level of economic development are: interest rate, exchange rates, economic growth rates, inflation rate, the number of taxes and tax rates, the level of prices (tariffs) for certain types of resources, especially for the products (services) of natural monopolies , preventing the establishment of monopoly high or monopoly low prices and some others. Let's consider the most important of them.

Interest rate (interest rate level) in an economy has a significant impact on consumer demand. Consumers often borrow money to purchase goods. They are less likely to do this when interest rates are high. Traders considering expansion plans that are to be financed through loans must monitor the level of the interest rate and its impact on the price of capital, so the interest rate will have a direct impact on the potential attractiveness of various strategies.

Currency exchange rates determine the value of the ruble in relation to the value of the monetary units of other countries. Changes in exchange rates directly affect the competitiveness of products trade enterprises implementing foreign economic activity... When the value of the ruble relative to other currencies is low, goods made in Russia are relatively inexpensive, which reduces the threat from foreign competitors and reduces imports. But if the value of the ruble rises, then imports become relatively inexpensive, which, in turn, increases the level of threats to organizations posed by foreign competitors.

The rate of economic growth affects the opportunities and threats for any industry, including trade. As you know, the country's economy can be located in one

of three states: growth (rise), stagnation or decline. Each of these conditions is identified with the trend of such an indicator as the level of consumption.

The growth or decline in consumption in the country is quite large indicators, they are made up of the purchasing power of the population and the structure of consumption, therefore, entrepreneurs in the field of trade should take into account:

The purchasing power of the population, which depends on the level of current income, prices, savings and the availability of credit. Purchasing power is affected by economic downturns, high unemployment rates, rising cost of obtaining loans;

The nature of the distribution of income (depending on the social class), the distribution of income for consumption: food; housing, transport, medical care, clothing, recreation, personal expenses, etc .;

Geographic differences in the structure of income distribution (for example, Moscow and provincial cities).

Thus, economic growth increases consumer spending, which causes competitive pressure on enterprises in a given industry. Slower economic growth and reduced consumer spending also lead to increased competitive pressures, driven by the desire of enterprises to stay in the industry amid the threat of a crisis.

Inflation. Most governments around the world are making significant efforts to reduce inflation. These efforts usually result in lower interest rates and thus the appearance of signs of economic growth.

In addition to the listed tools, others are no less important, namely:

Consumption structure and its dynamics;

Economic conditions in foreign countries;

Change in demand;

Monetary and Financial Policy;

The level of labor productivity in the industry and the rate of its growth; GNP dynamics;

Tax rates.

Purely economic factors of market activity are quite rare. As a rule, economic factors are intertwined with social factors, interact with them. Another thing is that the influence of economic or, conversely, social processes can prevail.

So, for example, the demand in the consumer market depends not only on economic factors, but also from a whole range of socio-demographic factors, such as:

Natural movement of the population (birth rate, mortality);

The size and growth of the population, its gender, age and social structure;

Territorial settlement and some migration processes;

The size, composition and age of families;

Urbanization, the ratio of urban and rural population;

Cultural level;

National composition of the population.

Socio-economic factors include: volume product offer(production, export and import); the impact of the rate of scientific and technological progress on supply and demand; cash and other income; prices, prices for substitute goods, inflation; employment / unemployment, professional composition of workers, etc.

The combination of social and economic factors affecting the market situation directly manifests itself in the form of the formation and change of monetary incomes and other types, their volume, level, structure and dynamics. There is a close direct relationship between the demand in the market for goods and the incomes that consumers have. The more income, the more goods are purchased by buyers, all other things being equal, and vice versa, a decrease in income leads to a contraction in the volume of the product market. This phenomenon is modeled using correlation and regression analysis.

Socio-demographic factors shape the way of life, work and consumption and have a direct impact on the functioning of the trading industry.

The main socio-demographic factors include: fertility; mortality; rates of intensity of immigration and emigration; life expectancy ratio; disposable income; educational standards; shopping habits; attitude to the quality of goods and services; control over environmental pollution; energy saving; attitude towards the government; problems of interethnic relations; Social responsibility; social welfare, etc.

Social factors directly include: the distribution of the population by class, their social status, the level and forms of education and culture, confessional characteristics, aesthetic views and tastes, the system of social and moral values, consumer culture. All of them, to one degree or another, affect the processes of buying and selling and consuming goods.

The main reason is the increase in migration, which compensated for the natural decline in the population. The birth rate that is inherent in our country today does not provide for the replacement of generations or reproduction of the population for a long time. If you do not take into account migrants, then, despite the increase in the birth rate, in the country as a whole, the excess of the number of deaths over the number of births is 1.2 times.

The main factors affecting general indicators mortality rates of Russians:

Smoking contributes to overall mortality by 17.1%;

Unbalanced nutrition - by 12.9%;

Overweight - by 12.5%;

Alcohol consumption - by 11.9%.

Reducing the economically active population. The number of economically active population, even taking into account the positive balance of migration and maintaining a high level of labor participation rate.

The decline in the general population. Despite the increase in the birth rate that has been observed in Russia in recent years, the death rate still exceeds the birth rate.

Population aging. An increase in the proportion of elderly people around the world, including in Russia. According to demographers, this trend will continue for another fifty years, so manufacturers should take this circumstance into account in the structure of goods offered to the market (increase the output of goods for the elderly).

Notable changes in families. An increase in the number of childless families, as well as single married couples. This lifestyle leaves a certain imprint on the structure of consumption in society.

Increasing the proportion of educated people. The growing number of educated people will increase the demand for books, magazines, computers, etc., as well as for educational services.

In order to identify the most significant opportunities and threats from these factors, trade must take into account new trends and develop new development strategies. For example, the impact of shifts in the social and age structure of the population on the nature and intensity of demand. On the one hand, an increase in the birth rate causes an increase in the demand for a whole range of goods. On the other hand, an increase in the number of consumers without a corresponding increase in their income leads to a decrease in the average level of consumption. The modern historical stage is characterized by strong social differentiation of the population and its standard of living. Since the 90s. XX century internal and external migration processes are intensifying. Thus, the response of demand to demographic factors is mixed and can be highly controversial. The unstable situation in some regions also affects.

Socio-demographic factors tend to strongly influence the market. So, a change in population increases or, conversely, reduces the volume of consumer demand and, therefore, directly affects the state consumer market... In the analysis of social reactions of the market, one cannot ignore the factor of the size and composition of families, which closely interacts with the factor of the age structure of the population. However, here one should take into account the distribution of material wealth within the family itself, traditions and culture of consumption.

Organizational and administrative factors. They have both a positive and a negative impact on trade. For example, there is weak administrative support for trade in the regions. Instead, merchants are subject to frequent and unwarranted scrutiny by a variety of government agencies.

Organizational and administrative factors include the following indicators: the share of costs for overcoming administrative barriers in the proceeds of small and medium-sized businesses in trade; the degree of participation of public authorities and local self-government bodies in the formation and implementation of trade policy, the number of inspections of trade enterprises by various state bodies.

Political and legal factors. The stability of the political situation has a significant impact on the economic situation in the regions and the country as a whole. Various legislative and governmental factors can influence the level of industry development. National and foreign governments can be for trade enterprises engaged in foreign economic activity, the main regulators of their activities, sources of subsidies, employers and buyers. Therefore, for these commercial enterprises, the assessment of the political environment may be the most important aspect of the analysis of the external environment. Such an assessment is carried out through the detailing of political and legal factors.

The main political and legal factors are changes in tax legislation; patent legislation; environmental legislation; antitrust legislation; money-credit policy; government regulation; the number of legislative acts in the field of wholesale and retail trade; the number of regulations governing trading activities; number of approved regional trade development programs; the number of consultations on the formation of programs for small and medium-sized businesses in trade, provided by local governments of mono-profile cities of Russia.

Some of these factors affect all businesses, such as changes in tax laws. Others - only for a small number of firms operating in the market, for example, antitrust laws, and others - only for trade organizations. However, to one degree or another, directly or indirectly, political and legal factors affect all organizations.

Recently, there have been changes in the legislators' base of trade. This is how Federal Law No. 381-FZ “On the Basics of State Regulation trading activities in the Russian Federation ", which is designed to regulate relations arising between state authorities, local self-government and economic entities in connection with the organization and implementation of the latter trading activities in Russia, as well as relations arising between business entities in the course of trading activities.

The law contains a list of methods of state regulation of trade, which include:

Establishment of requirements for the organization and implementation of trading activities;

Anti-monopoly regulation;

Technical regulation;

Information support in the field of trading activities;

State control (supervision) and municipal control in the field of trade.

However, according to representatives of trade, this law contains many inaccuracies and requires improvement.

Scientific, technical and technological factors - reflect the level of scientific and technological development affecting entrepreneurship in the field of trade, for example, in the field of data processing automation, information technology. The impact of technological factors can be assessed as the process of creating something new - innovative and destroying the old.

Recently, more and more attention is paid to the innovative development of trade. Retail innovations include: Internet-based point-of-sale (POS) systems; self-service systems without a cashier; wireless kiosks; personal shopping devices; touch screens. Development and implementation in retail chains software allows you to create databases on a variety of parameters and consumption dynamics for these networks based on information about customers and their purchases. There are barcodes on the goods, they are read and get into the cash register and, therefore, into a single database. At the same time, the customer is given a card with an individual number, which encourages them to go to this particular store. And all information is read from the buyer: gender, age, social status, place of residence, the goods he purchases, the frequency of purchases, the amount he regularly spends, consumer preferences and their changes. Such a system makes it possible to accumulate a colossal amount of individualized information.

Thus, retail trade is a fertile ground for innovation and the search for an effective combination of various factors both at the level of internal corporate mechanisms and within the framework of the system of customer relations.

An innovative approach allows you to see the market differently and create new effective tools:

The development of Internet technologies has led to the fact that recently almost any trading company has access to the World Wide Web, which allows not only to receive information, but also to conduct business;

B2B technologies (businesstobusiness). The businesstobusiness technology is relatively new for Russia, namely, it allows you to transfer workflow to the virtual space;

Electronic digital signature. In Russia, the law "On Electronic Digital Signature" is in force, which contributes to the replacement of paper documents with electronic ones;

Internet banking. Now, some manufacturers of such systems are linking B2B technologies with Internet banking into a single solution, which makes it possible to introduce a distributed payment management system in trade organizations and reduce the costs associated with conducting trade operations;

Bar coding. Bar coding technologies make it possible to reduce the costs of commodity circulation and make it possible to introduce information systems of the ERP class, etc.

Accelerating technological change is shortening the average lifecycle of a product, so organizations must anticipate what changes new technologies will bring with them. These changes can affect all aspects of the trading activity, for example, human resources (recruiting and training personnel to work with new technologies) or marketing services who are tasked with developing methods for selling new types of products.

Natural and climatic factors. An important factor in the state and development of the market, its territorial and geographical location are the national climatic characteristics of the consumption of material and spiritual benefits, as well as consumer habits. To a certain extent, this is also related to the production base of the market. Changes in climatic and weather conditions largely respond to the resource base of the consumer market and its development.

Natural and climatic factors include: the use of environmentally friendly products, the development of packaging that does not pollute the environment, the protection of the ozone layer of the earth, the prohibition of testing new products on animals, the fight against environmental pollution, energy conservation, etc.

As noted above, the environmental factors that affect the functioning of the firm are not controlled by entrepreneurs, but they must be taken into account in order to avoid negative consequences.

The internal business environment is a set of internal conditions of functioning business organization... To a large extent, the internal entrepreneurial environment depends on the entrepreneur himself, his competence, willpower, dedication, the level of aspirations, skills in organizing and running a business.

The internal environment of an enterprise is largely determined by its mission, composition of goals and objectives, structure, technology, availability of qualified personnel, and leadership style.

Mission - the target function of the organization or its main goal, i.e. that for the sake of which it was established and to which all its functioning is subordinated.

Goals are a specific end state or a desired result that the team of a given enterprise strives for.

Tasks indicate in general terms the immediate goals of entrepreneurial activity. For example, making a profit, accumulating sufficient cash monetary resources for the continuation of the enterprise, providing the services necessary for society, achieving leading positions in the market and industry, optimally meeting customer demand, etc.

The structure of an enterprise is a logical relationship between management levels and functional areas that allow achieving the goals of the enterprise.

Technology is a combination of skills, equipment, tools and related technical knowledge.

Personnel - a set of employees included in payroll enterprises. The staff is necessary to perform certain functions, to achieve the goals of entrepreneurial activity.

Leadership style is a generalized type of leader's behavior in relations with subordinates in the management process.

In addition, the internal environment of an enterprise can be attributed to its culture, which covers the existing system of relations between people, the distribution of power, management style, personnel issues, and the determination of development prospects.

The state of the internal environment of the enterprise is greatly influenced by the availability of material, financial, labor, information and investment resources. In addition: the presence of the amount of equity capital; right choice organizational and legal form of the enterprise; choice of the subject of activity; selection of a team of partners; market knowledge and qualified marketing research; developing a sound business plan; development and implementation of a sound strategy for the development of the company; compliance by entrepreneurs and hired managers with laws and regulations governing the activities of this type of business, etc.

Assessment of macroeconomic factors of the business environment

To assess the impact of the macroenvironment on the entrepreneurial structure, the following methodology can be used:

Determine the factors and their actual significance;

Determine by expert means the nature of the influence;

Evaluate each factor by an expert on a 5-point scale and the coefficient of importance, taking into account the fact that the sum of all coefficients is equal to 1.

When assessing the influence of factors, it is necessary to take into account the following conditions.

The interconnectedness of environmental factors is the level of force with which a change in one factor affects other factors. A change in any environmental factor can cause a change in others.

The complexity of the external environment is the number of factors that the industry must respond to, as well as the level of variability of each factor.

The mobility of the environment is the rate at which changes occur. The mobility of the external environment may be higher for some enterprises and lower for others. In a highly mobile environment, an organization or department must rely on more diverse information to make effective decisions.

Environmental Uncertainty is the relationship between the amount of information an industry has about the environment and confidence in the accuracy of that information. The more uncertain the external environment, the more difficult it is to make effective decisions.

It should be noted that in theoretical aspect environmental factors are considered separately, but in practice it makes sense to study their complex impact on the entrepreneurial structure. For example, if we consider their influence on trade, then using the index factor model, one can determine the turnover per capita and identify the influence of environmental factors on this indicator.

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The creation and effective functioning of business entities is ensured primarily by certain conditions of its activities. In addition, the practical functioning of business entities at an effective level is possible only if there is a certain situation - an appropriate business environment.

Natural environment successful development entrepreneurship is a market economy with its inherent developed legal and economic regulators, as well as the corresponding infrastructure. Therefore, for the continuous reproduction of entrepreneurship in society, certain prerequisites are necessary: ​​economic, legal, psychological and others.

Economic conditions entrepreneurship consists in the fact that society should act as a bagatosub "ktni owners. The economic prerequisites for entrepreneurship in Ukraine are created by privatizing state-owned objects, demonopolizing economic activity.

Legal prerequisites entrepreneurship is the presence in the country of laws, regulations governing entrepreneurial activity.

Psychological prerequisites entrepreneurship consists in a positive public opinion about entrepreneurial activity, the socio-ethical responsibility of an entrepreneur.

Entrepreneurship functions in a specific external environment and under its influence. To ensure continuous activity, the entrepreneur receives from the outside financial and material resources, employees, services, information and must sell his own products to other entities. At the same time, it is important to find out the parameters of the elements of the business environment and assess their state of the art and trends of change.

External environment of entrepreneurship- these are conditions and factors external to the given enterprise (business).

For a successful entrepreneurial activity, it is necessary to be able to analyze the external environment and predict its changes. For the purpose of analysis, certain elements of the business environment:

1. Physical or geographic environment, which characterizes natural conditions business activities (location, climatic conditions, availability of highways, railways, sea routes, availability of raw materials, energy resources).

2. Demographic environment, which is necessary to study the demand for products and the availability of labor resources (composition of the population, share labor resources).

3. Socio-cultural environment, which affects the demand for goods, the attitude towards work, its prestige, the attitude towards entrepreneurship in society (tastes, fashion, moral and religious norms, the general educational level of the population). That is, it is the mentality, worldview, lifestyle of the population of a country or region.

4. Ecological environment- environmental safety of the environment and this type of entrepreneurial activity.

5. Scientific and technical (technological) the environment reflects the level of scientific and technological development of a given industry (technology level, equipment, technical level and product quality).

6. Legal (legal) environment- it is the presence of laws that create favorable conditions for the development of entrepreneurship.

7. Economic situation characterized by the following parameters: the degree of government regulation (structural policy, support for entrepreneurship); consumer income level (size wages, pensions, etc.), which affects the effective demand and its structure; availability and availability of borrowed funds; the availability of jobs, the unemployment rate; the level and rate of inflation, fluctuations in the exchange rate of the national currency; the stage of the economic cycle (the rate of decline or growth in production); degree of risk.

8. Political situation depends on the degree of political stability in society, the influence of various political parties. In an unstable political environment, it is impossible to provide reliable protection of entrepreneurs from loss of income and property, guarantees of preservation of property, and exclusion of the possibility of expropriation.

9. International environment are characterized by the following factors: foreign policy of Ukraine and other states, economic, scientific and technical cooperation between them, the level of customs duties, as well as elements of the external environment in other countries (inflation, taxes, wages, etc.). These parameters are of particular importance for enterprises that carry out foreign economic activity.

10. Institutional environment (business infrastructure)- This is the presence of institutions through which an entrepreneur can conduct economic activities. These institutions include banks, suppliers, wholesalers and retailers (exchanges, bases, shops), legal, auditing, leasing, consulting firms, educational institutions, marketing and advertising agencies, employment services, transport agencies, insurance companies, companies providing utilities(heat, water, power supply, garbage disposal), communication and information transfer services.

All these elements of the external environment of the enterprise can, depending on the circumstances, have a positive or negative effect on its activities. When analyzing the external environment, priorities are determined, that is, the most significant elements that must first be taken into account. As a result of the analysis, the potential opportunities of the enterprise, external problems and threats are identified.

1. The main features of entrepreneurship include everything except:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) profit orientation;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) willingness to take any risk in order to get a result;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) material responsibility for the results of their actions.
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) striving for innovations and innovations ..
2. The procedural business is characterized by:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) predominantly extensive development;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) focus on finding new rules and procedures;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) asymmetric relationships between partners ;.
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) equal, sustainable relationships between partners.
3. The main forms of economic activity include:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) entrepreneur;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) housewife;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) teachers at school;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) all of the above is true.
4. A businessman differs from an entrepreneur in that:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) takes the risk of doing business;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) is engaged in business organization;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) conducts business using "traditional" methods;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) is looking for new areas and ways of doing business.
5. The strengths of a sole entrepreneur include everything except:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) speed of decision making in non-standard situations;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) specialization of management activities.
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp c) taking on the risk of doing business;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) flexibility and quick adaptation to changing conditions;
6. The modern functional business paradigm is based on:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) management;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) marketing;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) strategic planning;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) all of the above is true.
7. The economic freedom of an entrepreneur is manifested:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) in the emergence and development of business functions;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) in complete independence from the state;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) in complete freedom in economic activity;
   
8. For a modern procedural business, profit is:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) the main purpose of doing business;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) the main indicator of the entrepreneur's performance;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) remuneration of the entrepreneur for taking on the risk of doing business;
   
9. In modern conditions, post-industrial society is characterized by:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) only intuitive business;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) only procedural business;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) is mainly a procedural business, while maintaining the elements of intuitive business in certain areas and situations;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) is basically an intuitive business, when elements of a procedural business appear in certain areas and situations;
10. The main elements of a business transaction include:
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) formulating a business idea and planning a future business;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) finding and organizing the necessary resources;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspc) organization of production and sales of products;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) all of the above is true.
11. The elements of the external business environment include:
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) the nature of the entrepreneur;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) features of competition in the market;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) the goals of the company;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) corporate culture prevailing in the company.
12. The legal business infrastructure includes:
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) laws and regulations;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) customs of economic turnover;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) business ethics;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) all the above numbers are correct.
    

    Right answers: 1 - b, 2 - d, 3 - a, 4 - c, 5 - b, 6 - c, 7 - a, 8 - d, 9 - c, 10 - d, 11 - b, 12 - d.

TOPIC 2. Small business

1. Banking activities are related to:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) commercial business;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) financial business;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) business in the service sector.
2. The advantages of a commercial business include:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) independence from the quality of resources:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) simplicity of business operation;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspc) sustainability;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) ease of management.
3. Large business performs the following functions in the economy:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) serves as a source of economic development:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) ensures the sustainability of the economy;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) accumulates and replicates the most effective rules and procedures of modern rational business;
   
4. A life-supporting enterprise is:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) a small business oriented to the market, which provides its owner with an acceptable level of income and does not tend to grow rapidly:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) small business enterprise, market-oriented and tending to rapid growth and high return on investment;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspc) a small business, focused on meeting the current needs of its owner, weakly connected with the market and therefore tending to rapid growth;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) only those small businesses that belong to the smallest business, and therefore often perish and do not tend to grow rapidly.
5. The economic functions of small businesses include:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) inclusion of temporarily unoccupied resources into production;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) introduction of new goods and services;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) provision of highly specialized goods and services;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) all of the above is true.
6. Service stations operating on the basis of a contract, under the brand and technology of "Toyota" include:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) to traditional small business;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) venture business;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) franchising;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) do not apply to small businesses at all.
7. The most common formal criteria for setting up a small business include:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) the number of employees at the enterprise;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) industry affiliation of the business;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspv) quantity regular customers;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) unity of ownership and management at the enterprise.
8. Local needs include those needs that are characterized by:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) homogeneity;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) wide dispersal of customers;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) conservatism;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) a significant circle of clients.
9. The benefits of small businesses include:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) low initial costs;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) increased flexibility and mobility;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspc) increased stability in the market;
   
10. All of the following features apply to the modern networked economy, with the exception of:
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) equal partnership nature of the relationship between small and large businesses:
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) the significant role of the state and medium-sized businesses in ensuring effective interaction between small and large businesses;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspc) the high role of informal institutions and relationships between business partners;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) stability of relationships between large, medium and small businesses.
11. The main forms of support for small businesses from large firms include everything except:
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) tax benefits;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) lease and sublease relations;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) contracts;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) leasing.
12. The forms of information support for small businesses include:
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) equipment rental;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) providing opportunities to use technical libraries;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) provision of advisory services to small businesses;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) provision of tax incentives.
    

    Right answers: 1 - c, 2 - b, 3 - d, 4 - a, 5 - d, 6 - b, 7 - a, 8 - b, 9 - d, 10 - a, 11 - a, 12 - b.

Topic 3: Basic organizational and legal forms of the company

1. The services of brokers working on the stock exchange relate to:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) industrial entrepreneurship;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) commercial entrepreneurship;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) financial entrepreneurship
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) business advisory.
2. Business advisory entrepreneurs include:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) auditor;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) dealer
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) investor;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) broker.
3. Modern stage economic development characteristic:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) growth in the share of production of material goods and services;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) primary growth of the 1st division;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspc) growth in the share of production of intangible goods and services;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) increase in the share of extractive industries.
4. At the end of the 20th century, countries with developed market economies were characterized by:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) the overwhelming number of firms were owned by one owner, bearing both limited and unlimited liability for the activities of the firm;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) the overwhelming majority of firms were owned by the state, in the form of unitary enterprises;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) the vast majority of firms were partnerships in which the owners bore unlimited property liability;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) the vast majority of firms were joint stock companies, with the right to issue shares under limited liability of shareholders.
5. Unlimited property liability of owners is characteristic of all the companies listed below, with the exception of:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) corporations;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) of a sole proprietorship;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) a private person working under a license;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) full partnership.
6. In modern conditions, the material responsibility of an entrepreneur is ensured by:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) tightening the legal regime of entrepreneurial activity;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) increasing the number of firms with unlimited property liability of owners;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspc) the established capital market;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) all of the above is true.
7. The pooling of capitals is characterized by:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) to a limited partnership;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) corporations;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) closed joint stock company;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) to all of the above organizational and legal forms of the company.
8. Investments invested in:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) corporation;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) partnership;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) to an individual private company;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) any collective forms of entrepreneurial activity.
9. The disadvantages of an individual private firm include:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) the risk of losing control over the company;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) low liquidity of investments invested in the company;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspc) risk of opportunistic behavior of business partners;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) is true a) and b).
10. The owner of the monetary capital of the company is:
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) a person who makes a contribution to the capital of the company;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) only the owner of the controlling stake;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) only the owner of 51% of the company's shares;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) corporation as an individual.
11. The most effective form of organizing a law firm will be:
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) cooperative;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) partnership;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) corporation;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) closed joint stock company.
12. Duration of the "life cycle" of the partnership:
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) unlimited;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) depends on the terms of the agreement between the founders;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) may be limited by the life expectancy of partners and the duration of his participation in the firm;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspd) is true b) and c).
    

    Right answers: 1 - c, 2 - a, 3 - c, 4 - d, 5 - b, 6 - c, 7 - d, 8 - c, 9 - b, 10 - a, 11 - b, 12 - c.

Topic 4: Joint Stock Company as the Leading Form of Organization of Modern Business

1. Corporations as organizational legal form everything is typical, except for:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) divisibility of shareholder ownership.
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) indivisibility of the property of the firm;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) this is usually a form of organizing a large business;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) unity of ownership and management.
2. A shareholder as a special type of owner is characterized by all of the following features, with the exception of:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) cannot withdraw its capital from the company;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) cannot affect the amount of your income;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) is separated from management;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) is the owner of the corporation's property.
3. External mechanisms that ensure the balance of the rights of entrepreneurs and their partners within the JSC include:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) system of legal restrictions;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) cross-shareholding system;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp) market control.
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) all of the above is true.
4. The corporation's orientation towards the implementation of long-term investment projects is facilitated by:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) increase in specific gravity individuals among shareholders;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) an increase in the proportion of employees among shareholders;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspc) increase in the share of consolidated shareholders;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) reduction of the share of administration among shareholders.
5. The controlling stake is:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) 51% of shares;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) a block of shares providing control over the company;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) a block of shares giving its owner the right to participate in the meeting of shareholders;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) a block of shares giving its owner the right to be elected to the board of directors of the company.
6. Full control over the corporation gets:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) a shareholder or a group of shareholders owning a controlling stake, in any conditions;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) a shareholder or a group of shareholders owning a controlling stake, if there is no blocking minority;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp c) a shareholder or a group of shareholders, which can block the adoption of undesirable decisions for them on the most important issues;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) always belongs to the management, which makes the most important decisions on the management of the corporation.
7. The state that owns a controlling stake in a joint-stock company is in relation to it:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) an outsider;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) by an insider;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) corporate investor;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) as an unconsolidated investor.
8. The Russian corporation is characterized by all of the following features, with the exception of:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) most shareholders are outsiders;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) most of the shares are immobile;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) three-tier model of corporate management;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) the presence of mainly legislative mechanisms to guarantee the rights of shareholders.
9. The radical methods of reorganizing a corporation include:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) creation of joint ventures;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) merger of corporations;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp c) consortium organization;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) creating a cooperative.
10. The main elements of the three-tier management structure of JSC are:
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) shareholders, the board of directors and the audit commission;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) shareholders, board of directors and employees;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) shareholders, board of directors, officials(administration);
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) shareholders, officials (administration), audit commission.
11. The strengths of the Anglo-Saxon corporation model include:
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) easy identification of the shareholder;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) orientation of shareholders to long-term investment programs;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) low dispersion of shares among small private investors;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) focus on internal sources of funding.
    

    Right answers: 1- d, 2- d, 3 - d, 4 - c, 5 - c, 6- b, 7 - a, 8 - a, 9 - b, 10- c, 11 - d.

Topic 5: Fundamentals of Management

1. The management functions include everything except:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) planning;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) management;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) striving for profit;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) organizational work.
2. Signs of pre-scientific management include:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) the systemic nature of the management organization;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) creating a "rational bureaucracy" in the company;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp) the presence of a two-level control system;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) transformation of management into an independent profession.
3. The process of allocating resources to fulfill the company's plans is called:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) organizational work;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) planning;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp) manual;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) control.
4. The main interpersonal roles of a manager include:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) the role of information disseminator;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) the role of the leader;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp c) the role of the entrepreneur organizer;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) the role of an emergency specialist.
5. For top management, the key skills are:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) analytical skills;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) communication skills;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspc) technical skills;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) administrative skills.
6. The ability to see the organization as a whole to understand the interactions between its various parts is called:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) technical skills;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) analytical skills;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) communication skills;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) administrative skills.
7. Scientific leadership methods include:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) regulatory guidance (normative);
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspб) transformative leadership (personalized approach);
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspc) a manual based on personal relationships;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) is true a) and b).
8. A laissez-faire style is a guideline when:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) the manager concentrates in his hands all the power and does not allow anyone to make decisions;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) the manager delegates part of his authority to subordinates and involves them in decision-making;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) the manager acts as a consultant and gives the right to make decisions to his subordinates;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) a manager who uses in his work, along with traditional management methods, non-traditional, based on the traditions and customs of the company.
9. The main method of authoritarian leadership style is:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) delegation of authority;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) order;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) information exchange;
   
10. Management decisions based on the development of a system of goals and objectives for all levels of management are called:
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) target management;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) situational management;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) systematic management;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspg) a guide for unforeseen circumstances.
11. The Japanese control system is characterized by:
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) the position of the manager in the organization depends on his education and skills;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) the manager has a universal management education;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) the prevalence of formal rational management;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) flexibility of management structures with a stable composition of employees.

Right answers: 1 - c, 2 - c, 3 - a, 4 - c, 5 - a, 6 - b, 7 - d, 8 - c, 9 - b, 10 - c, 11 - d.

Topic 6: Management of organizations

1. Everything belongs to the characteristics of an organization, except for:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) the presence of several, at least 2 people;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) common goal;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp c) mechanism for coordinating actions;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) manager.
2. Everything is typical for an informal organization except:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) spontaneous nature of creation;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) absence of a manager;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) small size;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) lack of rigidly established rules and procedures.
3. The main functional services of the management structure include:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) formal organization;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) board of directors;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp c) matrix structure;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) marketing department.
4. The linear-functional management structure turns out to be most effective in the following conditions:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) stable existing environment;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) orientation of the company to new markets and technologies;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp) prevalence of non-price competition in the market;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) when efficiency in decision-making is necessary.
5. The disadvantages of the divisional management structure include:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) duplication of functions;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) bureaucratization;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp c) departmental within individual functional services;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) all of the above is true.
6. In Russia, in modern conditions, firms that have:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) matrix structure;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) divisional structure;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp c) linear structure;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) linear-functional structure.
7. Modern organizational management structures include:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) matrix structure;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) project structure;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspc) command structure;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) all of the above is true.
8. To the elements corporate culture refers to:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) company slogans in annual reports and press releases;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) informal channels for spreading rumors;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) internal business and psychological atmosphere in the company;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) all of the above is true.
9. American corporate culture is characterized by:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) rigid imposition of behavioral standards;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) wide zone of power;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp) collegiality;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) caring for the quality of life.
   

   Right answers: 1 - a, 2 - b, 3 - d, 4 - a, 5 - d, 6 - d, 7 - d, 8 - d, 9 - a.

Topic 7: Production management

1. The main elements of the production system include:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) production process;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) resources;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) products;
   
2. The sequence of actions and operations for converting materials into raw materials is called:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) production process;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) labor;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) production system;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) management process.
3. The current trend in the world development of production systems is characterized by the transition:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) from natural resources to synthetic;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) from expensive resources to cheaper ones;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) from specialized resources to universal;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) all of the above is true.
4. The use of machines to partially replace labor previously performed by people is called:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) mechanization;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) automation;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspc) standardization;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) computerization.
5. An example of unit labor is:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) creation of any complex technique;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) creation of unique devices;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) use of any skilled manual labor in production;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) all of the above is true.
6. Serial production is:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) production of homogeneous products on a significant scale;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) repetitive, stable production of uniform goods and services;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspc) production of different types of products with intervals between series;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) unique production of single copies of products.
7. The signs of semi-standard work include:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) completeness of the complex of operations, with the uniformity of operations;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) the employee performs the functions of managing and setting up specialized equipment;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspc) the employee constantly changes the pace and place of work;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspg) narrow specialization and monotonous work.
8. An example of formulaic labor is labor:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) engineer;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) worker on the conveyor;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp) builder;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) scientist.
9. A complex labor process involves:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) release of one type of product;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) production of a wide range of products;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspc) production standardization;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) wide use of manual labor.
10. The signs of a rigid production system include everything except:
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) mass standardized production;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) flexibility adaptation to changing conditions;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) specialized equipment;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) the prevalence of methods of inventory management.
11. The soft scientific production system aims to reduce:
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) only production costs;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) only organizational costs;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) mainly production costs;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) mainly organizational costs.
12. The military-anarchist system of industrial production is based on:
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) mass, conveyor production;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) mechanized factory production;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp) system of production workshops;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspg) manual labor.
    

    Right answers: 1- d, 2- a, 3- a, 4- a, 5- b, 6- c, 7 - a, 8- b, 9 - b, 10 - b, 11- d, 12 - b.

Topic 8: Human Resources Management

1. The main elements of the socio-technical system are all, except for:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) production system;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) training and retraining system;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspc) internal corporate institutions and external legal regulators of relations between personnel and administration;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) methods of personnel management.
2. The main functions of human resource management include:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) the formation of labor resources;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) workforce development;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) creating a normal working climate;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) all of the above is true.
3. Motivation is:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) various ways of encouraging a person to take any action (leadership);
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) methods and nature of communication between people in production (mechanisms of information transfer);
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) creating a system of incentives to work with returns (material, moral, etc.);
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) management of relationships and ways of interaction between people in production.
4. In the conditions of a tough scientific production system, personnel management is based on the following principles:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) the classical theory of motivation;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) a complex system of various material and non-material motives;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspc) a complex system of collective and individual incentives;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) does not have special methods of personnel management.
5. Choose a sequence of needs from lowest to highest that correctly reflects Maslow's hierarchy of needs:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) the need for self-expression, the need for recognition, social needs, the need for security, physiological needs;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) physiological needs, the need for self-expression, the need for recognition, social needs, the need for security;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) physiological needs; social needs, need for recognition, need for security, need for self-expression;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) physiological needs, the need for security, social needs, the need for recognition, the need for self-expression.
6. According to theory Z, the average person:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) should be maximally involved in the management process of the company;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) works most effectively if the needs of all Maslow levels are met, including the highest;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) likes to work in a team in which he is recognized, loved and treated like a family member;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) all of the above is true.
7. Theory Y relies on methods:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) democratic management style;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) moderately authoritarian management;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) hard authoritarian management;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) does not have a special management style.
8. The main directions of the formation of labor resources include:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) workforce planning;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) hiring workers;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) creating a system of incentives and remuneration for work;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) all of the above.
9. Evaluation of an employee's performance at a modern Western firm includes the following parameters:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) level of professional knowledge and skills;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) volume and quality of work performed;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspc) communication skills and the ability to perform leadership work;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) all of the above is true.
10. Payments to employees in excess of regular wages or wages, which are rewards for achievements made:
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) encouragement;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) premium;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) reward;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) commission.
11. In the nineteenth century for labor relations was typical:
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) the private law nature of the employment contract;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) the presence of corporate social security systems;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspc) expansion of the contractual system of an employment contract;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) availability of state social insurance programs for employees.
12. The new modern institutional regulators of labor relations include:
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) trade unions;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) paternalism system;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspc) state insurance programs for employees;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) non-corporate insurance and social security systems for employees.
    

    Right answers: 1 - c, 2 - d, 3 - a, 4 - a, 5 - d, 6 - d, 7 - b, 8 - d, 9 - d, 10 - b, 11 - a, 12 - d.

Topic 9: Marketing

1. For a marketing specialist, the market is:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) commercial exchange of values ​​between two parties;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) a set of buyers who have a need for a product and have the funds necessary to purchase;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp c) a set of existing and potential goods that satisfy any need;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) a place where various transactions for the sale of goods are made.
2. The main elements of the market structure include:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) demand;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) competitors;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspv) consumers;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) all of the above.
3. Institutional consumers include:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) firms buying goods and services for further processing;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) wholesale intermediaries;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) retail intermediaries;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) all of the above.
4. The factors most important for institutional buyers to influence purchasing decisions are:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) cultural environment;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) belonging to a particular social class;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) attendant circumstances;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) method of purchasing goods.
5. Everything is typical for the "buyer's market", except for:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) the seller dictates the price to the buyer;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) the domination of the principle "let the seller beware";
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) good consumer awareness of the quality of the goods;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) a developed network of consumer societies.
6. The main disadvantage of undifferentiated marketing is:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) vulnerability to competitors who focus on certain market niches;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) high production and marketing costs;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) limited opportunities for growth;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) the risk of changing consumer tastes.
7. For products such as aluminum, copper is most suitable for:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) undifferentiated marketing strategy;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) differentiated marketing strategy;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspc) concentrated marketing strategy;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspd) is true b) and c).
8. The firm "Adidas", focusing its efforts on the production of several types of sports shoes at once (sneakers for runners, tennis shirts for tennis players, sports shoes for basketball
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв), focuses on:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) a concentrated strategy of market segmentation;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) differentiated market segmentation strategy;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp) an individual strategy for market segmentation;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) undifferentiated market segmentation strategy.
9. Predominantly tangible goods include:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) salt;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) lunch in a cafe;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) educational services;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) political ideas.
10. Product range:
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) everything that can satisfy the need of the buyer in order to attract attention, purchase, use or consumption;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) the whole group of goods that can satisfy the same need;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp c) a thing or service that satisfies any need and is available in limited quantity;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) isolated integrity, characterized by indicators of size, price and appearance.
11. The trade mark is:
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) any name, sign, symbol, drawing or their combination used to designate the company's products and distinguish them from competitors' products;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) any name, sign, symbol, figure or their combination used to designate the goods of the manufacturer's company under which they are sold throughout the country;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) packaging, which indicates only the name of the product without the manufacturer's designation;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) any name, sign, symbol, drawing or their combination used to designate the goods of the company, legally registered and giving the owner the exclusive right to use it.
12. The longest period of a product's life cycle, as a rule, is the stage:
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) product introduction;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) growth;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp c) product maturity;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) recession.
13. Audit consulting refers to:
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) capital goods;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) institutional goods;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp) durable goods;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) are generally not classified as goods in the marketing system.
    

    Right answers: 1- a, 2- d, 3- d, 4- d, 5- a, 6- a, 7- d, 8- b, 9 - a, 10 - d, 11 - d, 12 - c, 13 - b.

Topic 10: Pricing and distribution of goods

1. In conditions of monopolistic competition, the most important role in a firm's pricing decisions is played by:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) advertising and trademark;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) consumer behavior;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspc) the level of production costs;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) mechanisms of state regulation of prices and anti-monopoly policy.
2. The firm's survival strategy is most effective in the following conditions:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) high competition and a large number of competing firms;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) consumer needs are changing dramatically;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp) strong market;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) is true a) and b).
3. In conditions of elastic demand, it follows:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) increase the price, since as a result, the total revenue increases;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) lower the price, since as a result, the total revenue increases;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) increase the price, since as a result the profitability of sales increases;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) is true a) and c).
4. If the firm has fixed costs prevailing in the cost structure, then:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) such a firm is called "price sensitive" and the price should be carefully reduced in order to increase the total revenue;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) such a firm is called "sensitive to turnover" and the price should be carefully reduced in order to increase the total revenue;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspc) such a firm is called "price sensitive" and the price should be carefully increased in order to increase the total revenue;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspd) such a firm is called "turnover sensitive" and the price should be carefully increased in order to increase the total revenue.
5. "Price sensitivity" (dependence of profit on prices) for firms:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) the higher, the higher the share fixed costs;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) the higher, the higher the proportion of variable costs;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) the higher, the lower the proportion of variable costs;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) is true a) and c).
6. The most "price sensitive" firms are those that are:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) organizing excursions;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) retail;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) film distribution;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) wholesale.
7. Strong market:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) market of growing demand;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) falling demand market;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) a market in which there are many oligopolist firms;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) market of perfect competition.
8. In a weak market, it is beneficial:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) reduce prices, maintain low prices;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) increase prices, maintain high prices;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) reduce prices, maintain high prices;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) increase prices, maintain low prices.
9. If the firm's product is of lower quality than the products of the main competitor, it will be forced to assign:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) similar to the competitor's price;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) a higher price to position your product relative to competitors' products;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp) a lower price to ensure the growth of sales of goods;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) is true a) and c).
10. Product positioning is:
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) ensuring the goods a competitive position in the market and developing a marketing mix;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) the process of breaking down consumers based on their needs and purchasing habits;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspc) assessment and selection of one or more market segments to enter them with their goods;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) the activities of the company to increase sales by creating new or improved consumer qualities in goods.
11. For a highly developed market with a high degree of segmentation, the following are most often used for product introduction:
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) moving price;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) penetration price;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) low price;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) high price.
12. For a sliding price, the following dynamics are characteristic:
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) high cost of implementation, with its subsequent decrease;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) low price implementation with its subsequent increase;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspc) constant price changes depending on market conditions;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) change in the price of goods depending on the stage of the life cycle.
13. A small firm that has a strong position in the firm and wants to avoid a price war is more likely to price its product at the level of:
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) above the market;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) below market;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) at the level of the price leader.
14. Cost-based pricing methods include:
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) by the method of setting the implementation price;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) at the level of the average market price;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) by the method of skimming.
15. Perceived value pricing methods include:
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) price calculation using the "average cost plus profit" method;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) by the method of pricing implementation;.
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) at the level of the average market price;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspd) is true b) and c).
16. Of the stores listed below, the highest mark-up is usually set at:
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) supermarket;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) general grocery store;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) in the "store-warehouse";
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) in the bookstore.
17. All of the following applies to dishonest pricing methods, with the exception of:
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) fixing prices;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) price discrimination;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) conclusion of restrictive transactions;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) setting high trade margins.
18. The company's own means of distribution of goods include:
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) salesmen;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) sales branches of the company;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) dealers;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) is true a) and b).
19. A company that creates a network of its sales branches in different cities and regions uses:
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) a zero-level channel;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) a single-level channel;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) a two-level channel;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) multi-level channel.
    

    Right answers: 1-b, 2-d, 3-b, 4-b, 5-b, 6-a, 7-a, 8-c, 9-a, 10-a, 11-a, 12-c, 13- a, 14-g, 15-g, 16-c, 17-b, 18-g, 19-b.

Topic 11. Promotion of goods and the basics of advertising

1. The main elements of product promotion include:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) store;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) advertising;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) exchange;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspg) television.
2. The goals of product promotion include:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) ensuring the sale of goods and profit to the advertiser .;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) informing the buyer about the purpose, quality, price and place where you can buy the goods;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) establishing feedback with the market and the consumer;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) all of the above is true.
3. Product promotion is:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) a collection of various incentive methods used by companies when interacting with target markets and the general public;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) establishing direct contacts between the seller and the buyer;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) a paid form of impersonal influence of the advertiser on the target market through the media;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) any forms of interaction between the company and the audience that are not directly related to the organization of the sale of goods.
4. The advantages of personal selling include:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) individual approach;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) low costs;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) the ability to reach a large circle of contact audience;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) all of the above is true.
5. The main disadvantages of public relations include:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) non-individualized approach based on standard messages;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) high costs of the company;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) not the ability to reach a large circle of contact audience;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) all of the above is true.
6. The main elements of advertising include:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) text component;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) artistic component (creative);
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) advertising appeal;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) all of the above is true.
7. Advertising aimed at increasing sales by describing the properties and advantages of a product (less often prices) is called:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) product advertising;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) institutional advertising;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) propaganda advertising;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) comparative advertising.
8. The advantages of the press as an advertising channel include:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) the regularity of the exit;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) wide audience coverage;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspc) fast ad execution;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) all of the above is true.
9. The disadvantages of outdoor advertising include:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) consumer resistance;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) irregularity of announcements;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) significant costs of creating advertising;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) limited possibilities of text components and the complexity of advertising new products.
10. In modern conditions in developed countries prevails:
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) product advertising;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) prestigious advertising;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) competitive advertising;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) comparative advertising.
11. Modern non-advertising means of promoting goods include:
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) sponsorship;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) branding;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) direct marketing;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) all of the above is true.
12. Direct marketing is:
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) activities to create a long-term preference for a group of products, united by a certain price, quality niche and the idea of ​​distinguishing the product from competitors and creating its image;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) establishing a long-term mutually beneficial and developing partnership between the manufacturer and personally known consumers;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspc) financing of various public events, events, scientific research, etc.;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) activities aimed at creating a background, contributing to the creation of the prestige and social significance of the product.
    Right answers: 1 - b, 2 - d, 3 - a, 4 - a, 5 - a, 6 - d, 7 - a, 8 - d, 9 - d, 10 - b, 11 - d, 12 - a.

Topic 12: Fundamentals of Accounting

1. The system used in business for preparing financial information for the management of an organization is called:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) accounting;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) management accounting;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) financial statements;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) financial management.
2. To functions financial statements refers to:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) consulting;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) audit;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) financial planning for individuals;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) all of the above.
3. In the financial accounting system, the cash flow statement shows:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) how profitable the enterprise is;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) is the enterprise sustainable;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) what is the accounting value of the enterprise;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) the ability of the enterprise to make its current payments.
4. Operating costs (operating costs) include everything except:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) the salary of the administrative apparatus;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) marketing research costs;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) funds going to reimbursement of fixed capital;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) advertising costs.
5. The firm's assets are:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) own and attracted money capital;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) the cost estimate of all funds and funds of the company (actually operating capital);
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) own money capital;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) attracted money capital (borrowed capital).
6. Current (liquid assets) includes everything except:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) cash on hand;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) market securities;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) trade marks;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) inventories.
7. Retained earnings are found by the formula:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) net profit - dividends and reserves;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) gross profit - dividends and reserves;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) gross profit - interest on a loan;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) taxable profit - taxes.
8. Intangible assets are:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) cash and other assets that can be converted into cash during the year;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) assets intended for long-term use;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspc) assets that do not have a tangible form, but have value, since they give their owners certain rights;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) the cost equivalent of the company's reputation.
9. The long-term obligations of the company include everything except:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) share capital;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) property pledge agreements
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) long-term bank loans;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspg) lease agreements.
10. Equity the firm's balance sheet includes everything except:
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) the cost of outstanding ordinary shares;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) the cost of bonds issued into circulation;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) shares in the enterprise of each of the partners.
11. The revenue amounted to 100 thousand, production costs - 90 thousand, capital is involved in production, estimated at 50 thousand. The profitability of sales under these conditions is:
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) 20%;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) 10%;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) 20%;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) 7%.
12. Based on the firm's balance sheet below, calculate the firm's liquidity ratio: asset liabilities cash - 500 thousand short-term liabilities - 1,000 thousand market securities - 200 thousand long-term liabilities - 1,000 thousand receivables- 300 thousand inventories - 100 thousand equipment - 1000 thousand intangible assets - 200 thousand
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) 3.;.
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) 2;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) 1;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) 0.5.
13. Based on the firm's balance sheet below, calculate the degree of independence of the firm: Asset Liability cash - 200 thousand short-term liabilities - 500 thousand inventories - 300 thousand long-term liabilities - 1000 thousand equipment - 1000 thousand intangible assets - 500 thousand a) 0.25 ;. b) 2; in 1; d) 0.5.
14. The deviation of the market value of the firm from the valuation of the assets of the balance sheet is associated with the following facts:
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) with underestimation in the balance sheet of intangible assets;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) with a significant amount of intangible assets
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) with the expectations of the subjects of the securities market;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) all of the above is true.
    

    Right answers: 1 - b, 2 - d, 3 - d, 4 - d, 5 - b, 6 - c, 7 - a, 8 - d, 9 - a, 10 - c, 11 - c, 12 - c, 13 - g, 14 - g.

Topic 13: Fundamentals of Financial Management

1. The main goals of the policy of attracting financial resources by the company are:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) decrease in the cost of the company's capital;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) growth in return on equity;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) reducing the risk of insolvency of the company;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) all of the above is true.
2. Internal sources of financing for the firm include:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) depreciation deductions;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) retained earnings;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspc) asset sales;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) the above is true.
3. The company's cost of capital is:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) the interest rate that the company pays for loans received from external borrowers;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) the average interest rate that the company pays for a given combination of equity and debt capital.
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) the value of all assets of the company;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) the value of all liquid assets of the company;
4. The cost of borrowed capital, all other things being equal, is always:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) above the share capital;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) below the share capital;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) is equal to the share capital;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) has nothing to do with the value of the share capital.
5. Short-term sources of funding include:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) trade credit;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) factoring;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) bond loan;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) true a) and b)
6. A bill of exchange differs from a trade credit in that:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) is unconditional;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) can only be issued by a financial institution (bank, fund, etc.);
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspv) can handle;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) is true a) and c).
7. The main disadvantages of a bank loan as a source of financing for a firm include:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) the need for collateral;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) growth in the cost of the company's capital;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) danger of losing control over the company;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) all of the above is true.
8. An unsecured loan may be guaranteed by:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) credit history of the debtor;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) compensation balance;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) profitability of the debtor's business;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) all of the above is true.
9. If you are going to finance capital investments, then, according to the principle of compliance, of the following, it is most correct for you to resort to:
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) to the trade credit;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) try to get the bill;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) get factoring from the bank;
   & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) get a lease.
10. The newly created high-risk venture should be financed by:
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) internal funds;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) bank loan;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) issue of shares;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) issue of bonds.
11. Financial assets include:
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) securities: stocks, bonds;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) currency;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) bank deposits;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) all of the above is true.
12. The main securities include:
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) options, futures;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) depositary receipts, warrants, forwards;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) stocks, bonds, bills;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspd) is true b) and c).
13. Determine the annual yield on a $ 100 bond and a coupon yield of $ 10 if you managed to get it for $ 80:
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) 10%;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) 8%;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) 12.5%;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) 2.5%.
14. Fluctuations in profitability are highest for:
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) preferred shares;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) government bonds.
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) bonds of the enterprise;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) ordinary shares;
15. As a rule, in a downturn in the investor's portfolio:
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) the share of stocks is growing and the share of bonds and cash is decreasing;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) the share of shares is decreasing and the share of bonds and cash is growing;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspc) the share of stocks and cash is growing, but the share of bonds is decreasing;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) the share of bonds is growing, but the share of stocks and cash is decreasing.
16. An investor in whose investment portfolio the securities are distributed in the following way: shares - 10%, bonds -30%, bank certificates 60% can be called:
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspа) aggressive;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspb) conservative;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspв) moderate;
    & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbspг) information is not enough.
    Right answers: 1 - d, 2- d, 3 - b, 4- b, 5 - d, 6- d, 7- a, 8- d, 9 - d, 10 - c, 11 - d, 12 - d, 13 - c, 14 - d, 15 - b, 16 - b.

The entrepreneurial environment (OS) is understood as the presence of conditions and factors affecting entrepreneurial activity and requiring the adoption of managerial decisions to eliminate or adapt them.

PS is an integrated set of objective and subjective factors that allow entrepreneurs to achieve success in achieving their goals and is subdivided into external, as a rule, independent of the entrepreneurs themselves, and internal, which is formed directly by the entrepreneurs themselves.

External environment entrepreneurship seems to be a complex heterogeneous entity, encompassing a wide range of elements interconnected both with the firm - the subject of entrepreneurial activity, and with each other, forming a kind of systemically - organized "space" in which processes that limit or activate entrepreneurial activity function and develop. To reveal the structure of the external environment of entrepreneurship, one should refer to the nature of the relationship that develops between the business entity and the environmental elements. In this case, a number of elements can be distinguished that are not subject to direct control from the side of the firm and cannot adequately respond to its behavior due to indirect, non-mediated impact. For example, an entrepreneur is not able to directly influence the nature of the activities of competing firms, however, shaping the quality of the goods produced, implementing a certain pricing policy, carrying out activities that contribute to strengthening its image and public recognition, it creates certain conditions of competition, which are taken into account by all organizations competing in market. The entrepreneurial system, thus, has a tangible impact on all participants in the competition process, which is distributed indirectly through the use of marketing tools. This influence is captured by the market and requires an adequate response from its various actors.

The elements of the external environment, amenable to indirect influence from the business system, can be combined into a stable and fairly homogeneous set using a criterion that expresses the nature of the impact (indirect). This set can be characterized as a separate group of elements of the external environment - microenvironment.

When studying the microenvironment, it is important to remember that it not only experiences some influence on the part of a specific entrepreneurial organization and responds adequately to its behavior in the market, but also has a noticeable formative influence on the style and nature of entrepreneurial activity. The microenvironment is, as it were, in the focus of market processes, reflecting the most significant market fluctuations. Its elements are in a state of constant mutual influence, when each of them is able to cause changes in the behavior of the other, but is also forced to adapt to these changes.

Together with the elements of the microenvironment, the external environment of entrepreneurship reflects the influence of factors of a more “harsh” nature. These factors (they can be called the factors of the macroenvironment) have limiting and sometimes stimulating properties, but in any case, they are properties that manifest themselves in one direction from an element of the environment to a specific entrepreneurial organization.

The most important feature of such factors is the lack of opportunity for any influence on them by individual market entities, and vice versa - the need to adapt to the conditions they form. Of course, in general theoretical terms, it is hardly legitimate to talk about the complete absence of the ability to influence any factors, since all elements of socio-ecological and economic systems are in unity and dynamic interconnection. We can talk only about a very insignificant impact, which practically does not manifest itself in the practice of entrepreneurship, and which can be neglected when solving specific management problems. So, for example, one cannot fail to note the influence of entrepreneurship as a phenomenon, and entrepreneurs, as its representatives, on the nature of the legal and regulatory framework. An entrepreneur expresses his preference for this or that form of state structure with regulatory and legal levers, participates in the creation of a certain public opinion, and finally gives his “voice” to representatives of a particular political platform, but it can hardly be argued that his positions and actions can have essential, formative value. It is more expedient and fruitful to forecast and take into account state-regulated legal processes than attempts to adapt them to one's own interests. The factors of the macroenvironment, thus, form a kind of restrictive segment that requires study from the side of entrepreneurial structures and active adaptation.

The macro-environment external environment includes a wide range of elements: natural, demographic, economic, ecological, scientific and technological, legislative, national, etc. They have a different character and socio - economic nature and have a different impact on a particular type of production and business activity.

To single out the factors that determine the parameters of a particular entrepreneur, it is necessary to have a scientifically based classification that reflects the structure of macrofactors. Such a classification can be based on five large groups of elements reflecting various aspects of socio - economic relationships (Fig. 2.1).

Each of these elements has its own multicomponent structure. Group uniting scientific and technical elements reflects the level of scientific and technological development, which imposes technical and technological restrictions on a specific type of entrepreneurship. So, in the conditions Russian market noticeably limiting influence of the level of development of information technology, covering almost all areas of entrepreneurial activity.

Economic elements determine, first of all, the volume Money, which the consumer can direct to the market for a specific product and which form the conditions of demand and the capacity of this market. The action of these elements also determines the structure of demand, which includes various types of goods that correspond to consumer preferences and are affordable.

The economic factors of the macroenvironment also include the formed labor market, the availability of vacancies and, consequently, the surplus or shortage of labor, which affects the level of wages of workers.

The economic factors include the peculiarities of the development of the production sphere. At the same time, it is important to consider two aspects of the development of the production base: sectoral and regional. In the sectoral aspect, the production, technological and organizational hierarchy of the sectoral structure, its retrospective dynamics and prospects are studied. At the regional level, it is required to study the nature of the location of productive forces and specific objects of production infrastructure that determine the supply structure within the boundaries of a particular region, especially the material and technical base of production processes that affect the performance indicators of production and all entrepreneurial activities. Taking into account the peculiarities of the Russian market, it is important to single out as a special structural element the production and transport infrastructure, its capacity, length, technical equipment, as well as the current tariffs for transportation.

The economic situation is shaped by political factors. The ways of managing the economy and the resulting economic environment are, to some extent, a reflection of the political goals and objectives of government agencies. Political factors are sometimes considered as independent environment-forming factors, but their influence on the conditions of a particular business is usually manifested through other factors, in particular, economic ones, which impose a clearly delineated restrictive framework on many parameters of entrepreneurial activity.

The political situation influences other environmental factors: social, legal, environmental. The greatest "political impulse" is experienced by legal environment... The types of laws and other legal acts are, as a rule, a consequence of political processes, lobbying and socio-political pressure. Legal documents of any kind are always "rigid" and unequivocal constraints on entrepreneurship.

Political factors influence the ecological situation, in particular, in the form of protectionism in relation to social movements in the field of the struggle for the preservation and restoration of the environment. Thus, political factors spread their influence bypassing several stages - with the help of economic, legal or other characteristics. At the same time, it can be assumed that they are absent in the presented structure of elements, where those that are in direct contact with the entrepreneurial link and really form the boundaries of its activities are highlighted.

An extended set of elements are united environmental factors... Expressing the relationship between society and nature, they include three independent subgroups of elements:

Natural and climatic;

Natural resources;

Environmental protection.

Natural and climatic factors express the peculiarities of the geographic location of the consumer market and the entrepreneurial structure that satisfies its demand. It is important to note that both types of such factors must be taken into account, since the natural conditions in which the consumer and the entrepreneur operate may not coincide.

Natural resource factors are associated with the availability, volume, quality and conditions of use of all types of natural resources used in business. Among them: natural raw materials, water, fuel and energy reserves.

Environmental components express the degree of pollution of the ecosystem surrounding the territory of the consumer market, including all its components. The influence of environmental factors is expressed both in a fixed degree of environmental pollution and in a form that determines the type of social behavior in relation to environmental problems.

From the point of view of modern socio-ethical needs, the most close attention deserve social elements macroenvironmental environment. Their group is perhaps the most numerous. Trying to give an expanded description of its structure, economic nature and the nature of the impact on entrepreneurial activity, two subgroups can be distinguished:

Elements that have a material-material form of expression;

Elements that do not have this shape.

The first subgroup presents specific objects of social infrastructure of a specific market. These objects include a wide range of systems and networks that support the life of an individual, their groups and society as a whole. These are objects of engineering support, cultural and household spheres, public transport, protection of public order, regional and local government. Their presence and absence form the conditions for determining the method of doing business, its scale and territorial specifics. So, for example, in the absence of a wide and diverse efficiently functioning infrastructure, it is difficult or almost impossible to develop some types of business (tourism, production of consumer services, some types of construction production).

The second subgroup includes elements of the so-called social and spiritual environment. It is they who shape the psychological climate, social preferences, tastes and preferences.

In the social and spiritual environment, one can single out the historical traditions inherent in the territorial entity, within the boundaries of which the target segment of consumers is concentrated, ethical standards, type of social structure, worldview and moral principles. The social and spiritual environment can be attributed to national, racial, religious characteristics of consumers, which determine the specifics of social behavior and lifestyle.

Social elements external environment form the social basis of entrepreneurship in the form of infrastructure facilities and consumer demand for specific goods. These elements are of particular importance in solving competition problems, determining the competitiveness of a firm in the market. It is known that the most effective methods competitive struggle are price and non-price methods. At the same time, non-price methods include improving the quality of the product and improving its parameters that are most significant for the consumer. However, with the development of the market, the intensification of entrepreneurial activity and the gradual satisfaction of the demand for various goods, the task of using additional methods of competition is posed. These methods include competition based on strengthening the image and public recognition of the manufacturer's firm. Such methods are most effective within the framework of subject (marketing) competition, when the products on the market are close or completely identical in quality characteristics or the high solvency of the target market overshadows the price factors.

Competing on the basis of the image, which is an independent socio-psychological characteristic, the firm focuses on the social (or rather, the socio-spiritual) components, on the basis of which the program for the formation of public opinion in relation to the firm, its inclination and desire to solve public tasks, entrepreneurial ethics and general culture. The implementation of such a program provides the creation of additional competitive advantages objectively necessary in an active competitive environment.

Internal environment of entrepreneurship covers a wide range of elements representing the totality of internal conditions for the functioning of an entrepreneurial organization and is completely dependent on the entrepreneur. When it comes to the internal environment of entrepreneurship, we mean:

Availability of capital (both own and invested);

Choice of the object of entrepreneurial activity and the organizational and legal form of economic activity;

Organizational structure of organizations;

Rationality and efficiency of entrepreneurial activity, etc.

When it comes to the internal environment of an entrepreneurial organization, we mean its structure, which encompasses not only the management mechanism aimed at optimizing scientific, technical and production and marketing activities, but also at improving the technologies of the processes being implemented, with the help of which entrepreneurial activity (energy), materials and information is converted into the final product of the entrepreneurial organization.

When forming the internal environment of entrepreneurship, two of its components are usually distinguished: situational factors and elements of the internal environment

The elements of the internal environment are the constituent parts of the enterprise that are necessary to achieve the goals. The main elements of the internal environment are shown in Fig. 2.2.

Situational factors of the internal environment of an entrepreneurial organization are internal variables that are created by an entrepreneur based on an analysis of the external environment and are used to determine the boundary conditions for the functioning of an entrepreneurial organization. The main situational factors include:

Entrepreneurship goals;

Ethics and culture of entrepreneurship;

Intrafirm entrepreneurship (intrapreneurship).

Under business environment is understood as a set of conditions and factors affecting entrepreneurial activity and requiring the adoption of management decisions for their elimination or adaptation.

The entrepreneurial environment is an integrated set of objective and subjective factors that allow entrepreneurs to achieve success in achieving their goals, and is subdivided into external, as a rule, independent of the entrepreneurs themselves, and internal, which is formed directly by the entrepreneurs themselves.

External environment entrepreneurship seems to be a complex heterogeneous entity, encompassing a wide range of elements interconnected both with the firm - the subject of entrepreneurial activity, and among themselves, forming a kind of system-organized "space" in which processes that limit or activate entrepreneurial activity function and develop. To reveal the structure of the external environment of entrepreneurship, one should refer to the nature of the relationships that develop between the business entity and the elements of the environment. In this case, a number of elements can be distinguished that are not subject to direct control from the side of the firm and cannot adequately respond to its behavior due to indirect, indirect impact. For example, an entrepreneur is not able to directly influence the nature of the activities of competing firms, however, shaping the quality of the goods produced, implementing a certain pricing policy, taking measures to strengthen his image and public recognition, he creates certain conditions of competition that are taken into account by all competing organizations. on the market. The entrepreneurial system, thus, has a tangible impact on all participants in the competition process, which is distributed indirectly through the use of marketing tools. This influence is captured by the market and requires an adequate response from its various actors.

The elements of the external environment, amenable to indirect influence from the business system, can be combined into a stable and fairly homogeneous set using a criterion that expresses the nature of the impact (indirect). This set can be characterized as a separate group of elements of the external environment - microenvironment.

When studying the microenvironment, it is important to remember that it not only experiences some influence on the part of a specific entrepreneurial organization and responds adequately to its behavior in the market, but also has a noticeable formative influence on the style and nature of entrepreneurial activity. The microenvironment is, as it were, in the focus of market processes reflecting the most significant market fluctuations. Its elements are in a state of constant mutual influence, when each of them is able to cause changes in the behavior of the other, but is also forced to adapt to these changes.

Together with the elements of the microenvironment in the external environment of entrepreneurship, the influence of factors of a more "harsh" nature is reflected. These factors (they can be called the factors of the macroenvironment) have limiting and sometimes stimulating effects, in any case manifesting unidirectionally from an element of the environment to a specific entrepreneurial organization.

The most important feature of these factors is the lack of the ability to influence them on the part of individual market entities, and vice versa - the need to adapt to the conditions being formed. Obviously, in general theoretical terms, it is hardly legitimate to talk about complete absence the possibility of influencing any factors, since all elements of social ecological and economic systems are in unity and dynamic interconnection. We can only talk about a very insignificant impact that is not manifested in the practice of entrepreneurship, and it is legitimate to neglect it when solving specific management problems. For example, one cannot fail to note the impact of entrepreneurship on the nature of the legal and regulatory framework. An entrepreneur expresses his preference for one or another form of government with regulatory levers, participates in the creation of a certain public opinion, and finally gives his “voice” to representatives of a particular political platform, but it cannot be argued that his positions and actions can be significant, formative meaning. It is more expedient and fruitful to forecast and take into account state-regulated legal processes than attempts to adapt them to one's own interests. Consequently, the factors of the macroenvironment form a kind of restrictive segment that requires study from the side of entrepreneurial structures and active adaptation.

Macroenvironment includes a wide range of elements:

Natural,

Demographic,

Economic,

Environmental,

Scientific and technological,

Legislative,

National, etc.

They have a different character and socio-economic nature and have a different impact on a particular type of industrial and business activity.

In order to single out the factors that determine the parameters of a particular entrepreneur, it is necessary to have a scientifically based classification that reflects the structure of macro factors. Such a classification can be based on five large groups of elements reflecting various aspects of socio-economic relationships.

Each of these elements has its own multicomponent structure. The group combining scientific and technical elements reflects the level scientific and technological development, imposing technical and technological restrictions on a specific type of business. So, in the conditions of the Russian market, the limiting influence of the level of development of information technologies, covering almost all areas of entrepreneurial activity, is noticeable.

Economic elements determine, first of all, the amount of money that the consumer can send to the market for a particular product and which form the conditions of demand and the capacity of this market. The action of these elements also determines the structure of demand, including different kinds products that meet consumer preferences and are affordable.

The economic factors of the macroenvironment also include the formed labor market, the availability of vacancies and, consequently, the surplus or shortage of labor, which affects the level of wages of workers.

The economic factors include the peculiarities of the development of the production sphere. At the same time, it is important to consider two aspects of the development of the production base: sectoral and regional. In the sectoral aspect, the production, technological and organizational hierarchies of the sectoral structure, its retrospective dynamics and prospects are studied. At the regional level, it is required to study the nature of the location of productive forces and specific objects of production infrastructure, which determine the supply structure within the boundaries of a particular region, the features of the material and technical base of production processes that affect the performance indicators of production and all business activities. Taking into account the peculiarities of the Russian market, it is important to single out as a special structural element the production and transport infrastructure, its capacity, length, technical equipment, as well as the current transportation tariffs.

The economic situation is shaped by political factors. The ways in which the economy is managed and the resulting economic environment are to some extent a reflection of the political goals and objectives of government agencies. Political factors are sometimes considered as independent environment-forming factors, but their influence on the conditions of a particular business is usually manifested through other factors, in particular economic ones, which impose a clearly delineated restrictive framework on many parameters of entrepreneurial activity.

The political situation influences other environmental factors: legal, environmental, social. The greatest "political impulse" is experienced by legal environment. The types of laws and other legal acts are, as a rule, the result of political processes, lobbying and public-political pressure. Legal documents of any kind are always "tough" and unequivocal restrictions on entrepreneurship;

Political factors affect the environmental situation, in particular in the form of protectionism in relation to social movements in the field of struggle for the preservation and restoration of the environment. Thus, political factors spread their influence bypassing several stages - with the help of economic, legal or other characteristics. At the same time, it can be assumed that they are absent in the presented structure of elements, where those that are in direct contact with the entrepreneurial link and really form the boundaries of its activities are highlighted.

An extended set of elements are united environmental factors. Expressing the relationship between society and nature, they include three independent subgroups of elements:

Natural and climatic;

Natural resources;

Environmental protection.

Natural and climatic factors express the peculiarities of the geographic location of the consumer market and satisfy the demand of the entrepreneurial structure. It is important to note that all three types of such factors must be taken into account, since the natural conditions in which the consumer and the entrepreneur operate may not coincide.

Natural resource factors are associated with the availability, volume, quality and conditions of use of all types of natural resources required in business. Among them are natural raw materials, water, fuel and energy reserves.

Environmental components express the degree of pollution of the ecosystem surrounding the territory of the consumer market, including all its components. The influence of environmental factors is expressed both in a fixed level of pollution and in the form that determined the type of social behavior in relation to environmental problems.

From the point of view of modern socio-ethical needs, social elements macroenvironmental environment. Their group is perhaps the most numerous. Trying to give an extended description of its structure and the nature of the impact on entrepreneurial activity, two subgroups can be distinguished:

Elements that have a material-material form of expression;

Elements that do not have this shape.

The first subgroup presents specific objects of social infrastructure of a specific market. These objects include a wide range of systems and networks that support the life of an individual, their groups and society as a whole. These are objects of engineering support, cultural and everyday life, public transport, public order protection, regional and local government. Their presence and absence form the conditions for determining the method of doing business, its scale and territorial specifics. So, for example, in the absence of a wide and diverse efficiently functioning infrastructure, it is difficult or practically impossible to develop some types of business (tourism, production of consumer services, some types of construction production).

The second subgroup includes elements of the so-called social and spiritual environment. It is they who shape the psychological climate, social preferences, tastes and preferences.

In the social and spiritual environment, one can single out the historical traditions inherent in the territorial entity, within the boundaries of which the target segment of consumers, ethical norms, type of social structure, worldview and moral foundations are concentrated. The social and spiritual environment can be attributed to the national, racial, religious characteristics of consumers, which determine the specifics of social behavior and lifestyle.

Social elements of the external environment form the social basis of entrepreneurship in the form of infrastructure facilities and consumer demand for specific goods. These elements are of particular importance in solving competition problems, determining the competitiveness of a firm in the market. It is known that the most effective methods of competition are price and non-price methods. At the same time, non-price methods include improving the quality of the product and improving its parameters that are most significant for the consumer. However, with the development of the market, the intensification of entrepreneurial activity and the gradual satisfaction of the demand for various goods, the task is to use additional methods of competition. These methods include competition based on strengthening the image and public recognition of the manufacturer's firm. Such methods are most effective in the context of subject (marketing) competition, when the products on the market are close or completely identical in quality characteristics. The high solvency of the target market overshadows the price factors.

Competing on the basis of the image, which is an independent socio-psychological characteristic, the firm focuses on the social (or rather, socio-spiritual) components, on the basis of which the program for the formation of public opinion in relation to the firm, its inclinations and desire to solve social problems, entrepreneurial ethics and general culture. The implementation of such a program ensures the creation of additional competitive advantages that are objectively necessary in an active competitive environment.

 

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