When the printed machines appeared. Printing machines went up in history. Printing machines in the USA

GODREJ AND BOYCE is now selling the remains in warehouses of printing machines AI no longer intends to produce these devices, since they are completely replaced by computers.

GODREJ AND BOYCE PRIMA - LAST MACHINE MACHINE IN THE WORLD

GoDrej and BoYce after 2000 remained the only manufacturer of printed machines in the world. Until 2009, this Indian company has been manufactured 10-12 thousand devices that were used in some state institutions country. Last year, only 800 copies of mechanical machines were sold.

The production of typewriters in India was launched in the 50s of the last century and at that time was perceived as a symbol of industrialization. And the first commercial device for the mechanical set of texts appeared in the USA in 1867.

By the way, at the turn of the XVIII-XIX centuries, a single standard for placing characters on the keys was developed for printed machines. It has been preserved and to date in the QWERTY layout, which is now used almost everywhere.

The latest factory manufacturer of printed machines is closed, and the last few hundred cars are put up for sale. This news caused the attack of nostalgia in humans, although in Asia, apparently, there are some more smaller factories that manufactures printing machines. However, it is no secret that the printing machines have now practically completely lost their place to computers and soon the only place where you can meet them, there will be museums and stores of antiques (well, or the basements of your insane uncle-collector).

But although the printed machines almost remained in the past, let's remember those times when they had a tremendous impact on the life of any office.


1. At the beginning and middle of the nineteenth century, some inventors tried to realize the construction of mechanical written cars. The breakthrough occurred in 1870, when the Danish inventor, Rasmus Malling Hansen, received a patent for the fact that in the future will be the first printed machine of commercial production in the world, a printed ball of Malling Hansen.


2. This is a printed drawing of the printed machine, invented by Christopher L. Showls, Carlos Glidden, and J.V. Soul. Their idea they patented in 1867, brought their fruits in a few years in the form of a first commercially successful printing machine in the world.


3. So the Showles and Glidden printed machine looked like. She became not only the first commercially successful printing machine, she was also the first typewriter with a QWERTY-keyboard. Not much will change in the main structure over the next 100 years.


4. The engraving depicting a Hammond printed machine invented by James Bartlette Hammond in the 1870s and produced by Hammond Typewriter.


5. Remington printing machine, produced around 1875. Remington Typewriter presented this model to the Smithsonian Institute, characterizing it as "one of the first models of printed machines." After the civil war, Remington, which was the main supplier of weapons, began to produce a variety of office equipment.


6. The printing machine also became a predictor of social change, since there was a demand for people who could have been engaged in office work - so on the outcome of the 19th century and in the beginning of the 20th there were women-typistics.


7. Writing typewriter Blikkentderfer invented George S. Blikkenedfer in 1891. It has been manufactured by Blickensderfer Typewriter Company. It was one of the first truly portable machines. Instead of the QWERTY keyboard, she had a dhiatensor keyboard.


8. Silent Printing machine Remington Noiseless Typewriter 6, first made in 1925 by Remington Typewriter.


9. In 1933, IBM bought what remained from Electromatic Typewriters, Inc. From Rochester, New York. Then there was a change in the design of the electroMatic printed machine, and by 1935 the model of the electrical printing machine 01 IBM Electric Typewriter was presented.


10. Many have used this typewriter while college studies: IBM SELECTRIC TYPEWRITER printed machine. She first came on sale in 1961, and lasted on the shelves until the 1980s.


11. The product that spoiled all the fun. Not many people understood this at the time, but the debut of the IBM PC computer meant the end of the era of the printed machine. The first personal computer who received wide recognition in the business world, IBM PC, soon pushed the printing machine to the background. How it all ended, known to everyone. Any sensible company in his mind soon stopped making orders for printed cars, as the budget allowed to go to computers. Some of us remembers how it is to change the tape in the printed machine. We suggest thinking about how any technology used in the modern office is now fully obsolete.

Horses and strollers, skirts on whale mustache, cars with steam engines... Yes, the daily life of the previous century is charming in its simplicity. But this does not mean that artisans and engineers of that time did not mean anything in innovation.

Take, for example, a letter. The letter is like a process. Let's look at it before the bright minds of humanity did not upgrade this occupation. Pens (and feathers), which were constantly dried, ink, who spilled and smeared on paper, ineffective stress ... Sendless the meaning of the letter - especially written manually - it was at best problematic, it is impossible at worst. So it was until the scene appeared ...


Printing machines


William Austin Bert in 1829 created a device called a "typewriter". Was the design of Berta first - this is the subject of serious disputes, since a similar car was built at the same time Pellegrino Tour. Some even believe that the palm of the championship should be given to Henry Mill, who made a "letter for writing" in distant 1714.

All these devices were only prototype samples: rather a potential, rather than the practical ability to make a letter to clear, rapid and not requiring effort. And after these undertakings were others, but no aggregate had commercial success. When looking at them, it is obvious why: in many early copies, printing machines were selected by choosing the desired letter on the slider and pressed the litera to paper. It would be too soft called them "slow". Replacing the slider with letters to the disk mechanism helped a little, but not so much to make any of these cars quite simple and popular.

Here is a "linear typewriter." She never had success from buyers :) Just think about what efforts there is a key decoding at this monster:

"Victor" 1890:



The mechanism that many is considered the present ancestor of the true, effective and financially successful printing machine was created by Rasmus Malling Hansen. In addition to the fact that the "printed ball" was effective, it was and effectable: eleven and even beautiful. Copper hemisphere, snapped with keys, was located above the cylinder with a fixed sheet of paper. The mechanism was built and really worked, unlike some former unsuccessful units, although it looks more like a prestigious watch than on office equipment:



"Printed ball" Malling Hansen is not only the first commercially successful printing machine, but also the most elegant:



Such a ball will definitely decorate any desktop:



Engravy, made by Hans Gerhard Broodor:




Of course, the ball had serious disadvantages - such as high costs and an uncomfortable location of the keys over the paper, because the typist could not see what printers until the sheet had taken from the typewriter. But they did not interfere with selling it better than many other models. One of the finds of the ball was that the keys on it were located to facilitate the work of the typist, and not the printed machine itself.

Hansen did not stop at creating the first ball. For many years of work, he created a whole set of all sorts of variations of printed machines. Solid collection of balls of Malling Hansen, including a beautiful sample in a wooden case:



Miniature "printed ball":



"Encryption printed ball" Alexis Kokhlsa, approximately 1883:

Spectacular keyboard modification: Piano-style keyboard american company "Hammond", 1880s:



Ultimately, other, cheaper printing machines were created, who saved from the ugly hand writing, not one generation of writers, secretaries, businessmen and all those who are used to led by pen on paper ...

Based on:

For a large part of the 20th century, almost all official documents emanating from government instances (and their internal document flow) printed on a typewriter. At the same time, in the USSR statements, receipts and autobiography of citizens were often written by hand; The protocols were often compiled from hand. However, if a citizen wanted something from the state, it was necessary to bring manuscripts, characteristics and questionnaires in typewritten form so that it was not necessary to disassemble the incomprehensible handwriting of the authors. These were engaged in typist, either in Mashburo, or secretarians in the divisions. The roar was unimaginable, despite the special lining under the device and sound-absorbing cladding.

Each typewriter in the USSR came to control in the first department and a copy of all the liter was filmed from it. There were times when they were forced to take on holidays and weekends. I was somehow asked to remove the print from the fonts of my first matrix "robotron". I brought. The roll was fat. No longer asked.

Printed or typewriter - once this thing was an affiliation of those who were called by people of intellectual professions: scientists, writers, journalists. The brisk knock on the keys was heard in the receiving high chiefs, where the charming typical secretary was sled at the table next to the printing machine. Now another time and printed cars have almost left the past, they came to replace them personal computersSave from the printing machine only the keyboard. But maybe not whether there would be no computers? By the way, the printed machine has its own holiday - the day of the printed machine, and it is celebrated on March 1.

Old printing machine of the beginning of the XX century

Legends and historical sources tell us that the first typewriter was developed as much as three hundred years ago in 1714 Henry Mill, and he even received a patent for the invention from the English Queen itself. But only images are not preserved images. The real, acting machine, first introduced the Italian very named Terry Pellegrino in 1808. His writing apparatus was made for his blind girlfriend, Countess Carolina Fantoni De Fvisono, who was able to communicate with the world, leading a correspondence with their friends and loved ones.

Old printing machines with "unusual" keyboard layout

The idea of \u200b\u200bcreating an ideal and convenient printing machine captured the minds of the inventors and over time, various modifications of this device for writing began to appear in the world. In 1863, he finally appeared ancestor of all modern printed machines: Americans Christopher Lehtem Schelz (Samuel Soule) - Former Typographers - came up with first a device for numbers of pages in counting books, and then therefore, the principle was created by a working machine, Print words. The patent for the invention was obtained in 1868. The first version of their typewriter had two rows of keys with numbers and an alphabetic location of the letters from A to Z (there was no lowercase letters, only the title; there were no numbers 1 and 0 - the letters I and O) were used instead of them), however, this option was inconvenient . Why?

With a quick consistent press on the letters located nearby, the hammers with the lites were stuck, forcing the stop of the work and to rake the plot. Then Scholes analyzed the combination of letters in English and suggested the option in which the most common letters are separated as far as possible, which made it possible to avoid sticking when printing, which is invented by the QWERTY keyboard - the keyboard, which on one side caused the typist to work slower, and on the other hand, eliminated downtime.

Printing machines with already familiar keyboard layout

Different types of machines for a certain period gradually became more practical for daily use. There were also cars with a different keyboard location, but ... Classic Underwood (Underwood Typewriter) I was able to achieve domination at the beginning of the 20th century in 1895, and most of the manufacturers began to make their printed machines already in the same style.

What no and there were no printed machines. Printing machines of special purpose: stenographic, accounting, for writing formulas, for blind and others.

Printing machines for different areas of activity

There was even an alternative - printing machines without ... keyboard. These are the so-called index sizes: one hand works with a pointer that chooses the desired letter in the index, and the other hand presses the lever for printing the letter on paper. Such machines were very cheap compared to the usual and enjoyed in demand from housewives, travelers, graft lovers, and even in children.

Indian printed cars

And a little about the Russian layout of the keyboard - Yatsuken ... The story of her appearance is this: alas, but it was invented in America at the end of the XIX century. Then all firms produced a typewriter with only one layout option - Yiuken. This is not a typo - the usual Yatsuken appeared only after the reform of the Russian language, as a result of which the "yat" and "i" disappeared from the alphabet. So now we have on the latch, all that was invented before us ... The writing machines became an antique value and can be completely perceived as works of art.

Madame Secretary

Reprinting handwritten texts on a typewriter was a matter of special workers - Townists (since the profession was predominantly feminine, the male version of the term did not fit); Previously, they were also called remontonists or remamptonists (by brand "Remigton"). Works on the printing of documents on typewriters were called typewritten works and were performed in special organizations or departments ("Maspical Bureau").

A typewriter not only produced a revolution in office work, but also changed the composition of the office employees. Providing women acceptable in social affairs, in addition to the household, the typewriter became a powerful gun of their emancipation, opening the doors where only men worked exclusively. A typewriter, noticed Christopher Schowls shortly before his death in 1890, "Obviously, it became a blessing for all mankind, especially for the female half. My invention turned out to be much wiser than I could think. "

However, soon women began to understand that they were freed from the kitchen oven only to become the slaves of a typewriter. This device did not forgive the errors: it was worth the accidentally pressing the key and the entire page had to be reprinted. The appearance in the 20s of our century electric typewriter did not solve the problem. She worked faster and was more convenient for the fingers, but still one unexpected impact for the key did not inevitably cause mistakes.

Starting from the last third of the XX century computer techologies Started writing typewriters. Today, computers (with appropriate peripheral devices) fully assumed the functions of typewriters, which thus are hopelessly outdated. Despite the fact that they became electrical, and some even learned to correct typos with a special tape.

When, after World War II, the first computers have appeared, modified typewriters, naturally, began to be used to print output information of the central processor. Approximately ten years later they were used to prepare data. However, the problem of errors and the associated tedious reprints remained, which looked even more annoying against the background of high performance of the CDM processor.

But with the typewriter, Mashburo died with a typewriter, this wonderful marshirok, where they gone to drink a seagull, and not just a seagull, and not only .... and the profession of typist ordered a long time. But even in the 80s they are so appreciated, gave chocolates ..

And on April 26, 2011, we learned that the last manufacturer of this wonderful printing device - the Indian company GODREJ AND BOYCE - closes the only remaining plant in Mumbai.

"An old typewriter" Adler "was bought at the bazaar, in which the letters" E "was bought, and it had to be replaced by the letter" E ". "Now I sent the fool of the Commissioner for hooves! - He was angry left. - It is impossible to assign anything. I bought a car with a Turkish accent. So I'm the head of separable? Pig you, Shura, after that! " But even the machine with an amazing proncess could not overshadow the bright joy of the great combinator. " Do you know? True, the net classic, the "golden calf". But how many processor text born in the era of all-in-law computer texts, can say with the go, what kind of a walled unit, which caused the anger to Ostab Bender, bought on the market of Balagan Shura? Meanwhile, the typewriter - the invention is not so long. In March 2018, it turns only 145 years since the Americans Brothers Remediaton, famous for the production of weapons, the serial release of writing machines began in history.

In the secret service of Her Majesty

Let's start with the definition of Wikipedia. A typewriter (in the printed machine "printing machine") - a mechanical, electromechanical or electron-mechanical device equipped with a set of keys, pressing the prints of the corresponding characters on the carrier (in most cases it is paper). Widely used in the XIX-twentieth centuries. Currently, these cars for the most part came out of use. Briefly, but, in fact, right, if you take only the descriptive part. But "came out of use" - Sorry, this is far from the case. Not only did not come out, but also found themselves the most important and not yet occupied niche in the computer age. Judge for yourself.

In November 2012, the Brizer factory has released a typewriter called the last, produced in the UK. She was presented with the London Museum of Science and on Tom closed the topic. But - hurried! Olympia and Olivetti continue to produce mechanical typewriters with "manual drive". True, these apparatus and externally, and in their capabilities do notide the rest of Bender to the office miracle and in the design of documents almost do not infer computers. But everything is manually, on lever, wheels, gears and pulleys! Who is the customer? Probably you have already guessed. Yes, the very British services to which there was a direct attitude of the notorious James Bond.

But not only they. Indeed, not in one Britain there are structures, from government to banking and commercial, very interested in preserving their secrets. As it takes this case in Russia, it is not known for it, and at rumors it is impassable. But the author doubts that the Russian special services care about the protection of information less than their foreign colleagues. Yes, and the usual owners of vintage devices, grandmother's inheritance, can be safely typing manually and not fear that their technique will endure. Because she has been outdated so long ago. But, now if some catastrophe occurs and electricity will turn off throughout the earth, old good mastodonts will take revenge. Therefore, take care of your "remigra" and "Underwood", gentlemen!

The very first - Sumerians!

Who first began to produce typewriters, we do we know - the Remedton brothers. But, before letting something, it is necessary to invent it. The name of the author of the idea is sinking in the darkness of times, and it was not like that, most likely, some one author. The idea was worn, as it is called, in the air. Hardly something similar invented in ancient Egypt, Greece or Rome. Yes, and that in ancient Russia printed on Bereste, there is also no information. But at one of the most "advanced" ancient civilizations - the Sumerians are already 3,300 before N. e. In the go were clay chips various shapes For the properties of property (tokens). So that these chips do not remove and have not replaced, the Sumerians folded them into clay cases, and the tops were put on top with the signs of the owners. There is already evidently the main sign of the typewriter, which remains safely unchanged: the symbol at the end of the rod, imprinted on the carrier (from the shemers on clay). Then the Sumerians thought that so you can record various information. There appeared clig of clay signs. It turns out that the printed texts of the Sumerians were previously handwritten.

Progress will not stop!

Well, actually a typewriter? Here mankind had to wait not yet one millennium. The tone asked England. In 1714, a decree, which John Smith, the mechanics of the London plumbing station, was released for the Royal Signature, which was prescribed a device for printing texts. Performed Pi Smith the monarch will, the story is silent. But what is undoubtedly - in 1833, the French inventor Francois proves a working copy. His car more resembled a drawing pantograph. 88 levers were connected to the letter and digital symbols and moved along and across the paper sheet. Slow and uncomfortable, yes, it's easier to write from the hand! But the progress will not stop. And in 1843, the compatriot of warmed Charles Turber patented a typewriter for the blind. He came up with the lever transfer of the flow of letters, which was subsequently applied in all typewriters.

And yet, the "God of inventors" was pleased to dispose so that the first apparatus, which contained all the elements of subsequent writing machines appeared in America, and not in Europe. The names of the creators of this device - Samuel Sul and Christopher Latam Showles. They began and finished work on him in 1867, then the chalk, already alone, improved the device to an industrially suitable sample of 1873. And then ... Further, the Remington brothers are published on the scene, and writing machines who received their name are rapidly conquering peace.

Remington was so successful that his design lived almost to the present day. But there were others. For example, in the German Machine "Yost". 1887, the summer replaced the pad impregnated with ink. And the letter with paper was in contact when the sheet was scrolling under the roller, so it was not possible to see the printed string. However, early (more precisely, the average) "Remington" had the same disadvantage. Those who worked at Remington 3M, and did not see that they were printed. The carriage was closed, only later realized to open it. And "portable" (on the plan) "Bambina" reminded the phone without a disk and tube. A scale with letters and punctuation marks was placed on the panel of this masterpiece. The lever slid along it, and three keys were attached on the side. To print a letter or sign, it was necessary to install the lever opposite the division of the scale and only then hit one of the keys. That's really, "there was no hassle - bought a typewriter ..."

It happened…

Until 1928, writing machines were not produced in the USSR. All devices that were then used in the country were produced for our market. foreign companies. And before the orpography reform, the location of the keys (and their number), of course, was slightly different from what happened after the reform and what today we see on computer keyboards. By the way, why exactly is the location? Yes, actually nor why. It happened. Christopher Latam Showles scattered the letters on the keyboard so that often sitting next to the words were away from one another. So, he hoped, it would be smaller errors: two neighboring buttons pressed almost simultaneously led to the fact that the hammers were joined and jammed each other. Of course, according to this principle, any other location is possible, but it is impossible to redeem on each model! That's how it went ... the power of habit. And what is the layout today? Also invented her in America? Yes, and at the same time with Latin, although the author is unknown. It is unlikely about it the Sapa Schalz took care.

Only two decades ago, no office did not affect without typewriter. By the end of the twentieth century, the typewriter reached a peak of technical perfection. In parallel with classic mechanical machines, electromechanical and electronic were produced. The latter were precursors of the coming era of the universal computerization, which sent the technology of machinery into the summer itself.

Today we can safely say that the era of writing machines has ended. In the summer of 2011, the last plant was closed for their production. Typewriters have become a story ...

And everything began for a very long time. One of the first inventors of the typewriter was Englishman Henry Mill. In 1714, he received a patent for the method of consistently incentive printing and a typewriter of his own design. Mill machine details are unknown, as is unknown, whether to build it to be conventor.

Passed almost a century. And in 1808, the printed machine invented the Italian Pellegrino Tourry, remaining in history as a copy paper in history. We do not know how his machine looked in reality. Nothing of its instance, drawings or at least the sketches of this invention have not been preserved to this day. But the fact that the machine existed, no doubt. In Italy's museums, typewritten pages are stored for Tourria.

Mikhail Ivanovich Alisov became the next inventor of the typewriter, our compatriot. In 1870, he created a typing machine. In this car, the listers with letters pierced the smell (dumping paper), with which copies on the rotator were then printed. From the point of view of development of technology, the car Alisova was a real breakthrough. She gave prints of such quality that

the customer did not require the services of the printing house. The disadvantage was only limited quantity Copies are no more than a hundred.

The invention of Alisova received honorary medals at three world exhibitions: in the Vienna 1873, in the Philadelphia 1876 and in the Parisian 1878. The award was obtained from the Russian Imperial Technical Society. But at the same time, the car Alisov never found the use. Oddly enough, the reason was the high quality of printouts. Having ordered a batch of cars in England, the Russian authorities equated the invention of Alice to minor printing houses. Prints must have been required to be assessing state censorship. For customers, the acquisition of the car Alice was turned around with superfluous troubles. In the end, the inventor was forced to independently search for the use of his car. He opened the Bureau on the printout of institutes. However, the company existed not long. Further fate of the invention Mikhail Alisova is unknown ...

A mechanical lever-segment typewriter was patented on June 23, 1868 in the United States in the US resident of the American city of Green Bay, which is in Wisconsin, Christopher Latels. By chronology, this machine must precede Alice invention. But this is not the case - to bring his design to mind to the mind, Chalves needed about seven years.

In the youth, the chalz was the publisher and editor of the newspaper. In the mid-60s of the XIX century, he received an appointment to the post of chief of the customs port in Milwaukee. As in the newspaper in the past, and at the new place of work, the chalme had to deal with handwritten documents, painfully disassembled a quick handwriting of many sometimes not the most competent people. The idea of \u200b\u200bcreating a universal writing tool was born after the chalk, along with his companion Samuel, coil invented the typewriter to number the pages. This device was patented on November 13, 1866. A year later, the chalome, soul and their new companion Carlos Glidden took up the development of a printed machine.

The first car of the chalza, Soul and Glidden was very different from those printed machines that we know. She had no push-button, but a piano two-row keyboard with wide flat keys located in alphabetical order. Liteers hit the roller from the bottom, the printing did not see what it turns out during the work - the result could be estimated only after removing the sheet of paper.

In 1868, the development team of the machine expanded. James Dorsmore joined the inventors - a journalist, politician and a rich man who invested in the company Showles a lot of money. Common efforts for the seven subsequent years, the chalk and his colleagues built fifty prototypes of their typewriters. In April 1870, the keyboard was recycled. Instead of the keys of the pioneal type, a push-button keyboard appeared. In 1872, the driver of the chalza received four rows of keys. The layout changed from one prototype to another.

In the end, the typewriter was ready for serial production. And in 1875, Remington's armory company released the first batch of writing machines "Remington 1" in the amount of 5 thousand pieces. It was a typewriter with QWERTY layout, a patented chalome in March 1875. This layout was even different from the classic. But a few years later, she was subjected to the latest changes and became an industrial standard.

The fate of the inventors of the typewriter turned out to be happy. Writing machines used in the United States with great demand and quickly separated worldwide. In pre-revolutionary Russia, the cars were not produced - they were imported from America and England. And each sold copy replenished the accounts of patent owners. Only James Danzmore earned on patent deductions and a half million dollars - huge money at that time money!

A typewriter drastically changed its office work and gave rise to new professions, primarily the profession of typist. The new tool for the letter was appreciated by the writers. The first American writer who bought a typewriter and began to work on it, became Mark Twain.

Christopher Schelz was very proud of the effect produced by his invention. Shortly before the death, he noted that the typewriter "obviously became a blessing for all mankind, especially for the female half. My invention turned out to be much wiser than I could think. " Chalz did not exaggerate: his machine gave work to millions of women. The word "typist" in many languages \u200b\u200bof the world, including Russian, does not have a semantic analog of male genus. Thus, the invention of the chalza has acquired social importance, becoming a milestone on the path of female emancipation.

Christopher Lite Schuolz completed his days on February 17, 1890. Fate gave him the opportunity to see the fruits of many years of work. Later during the lifetime of the Showles, the typewriter received widespread distribution ...

Nowadays, old typewriters are dusting in storage rooms and on the mezzanine. But you should not throw them away. A mechanical machine can still be useful - for example, to work in the country. This braking thing does not require electricity. And the typewritten text is easily processed computer programs recognition, allowing you to translate typewritten pages into a digital format.

For its more than 100 years of history, printing machines "saw" many talented works, they were direct participants in the creation of thousands of masterpieces and bestsellers around the world. For many decades, the printed machine was considered the main working tool of writers, philosophers and journalists.

And the history of the creation of a printed machine began in 1714, when a patent for a certain writing unit was issued. Invented her Plumber Henry Mill (Henry Mill) from England, but accurate data on the mechanism and photo of the aggregate itself, unfortunately, no.

It was necessary to spend almost a whole century so that in 1808 the first was created, and what is important, a working typewriter. The Creator and the developer became Pellegrino Tour, who came up with her for the familiar Countess Carolina Fantoni Da Fivizzono. Carolina was blind, and with such an apparatus, she could correspond with his relatives. Letters of Carolina Fantoni Yes Fivisono have been preserved to this day, but the writing device is not. It is known that Paper has been used for printing, sozhai (like a copy). By the way, the idea of \u200b\u200b"copying" of several documents was designed not to tour. In 1806, the Englishman Ralph Blagwood patented "coal paper." For two centuries, it was actively used in office work to quickly obtain copies.

But back to the printing machines.

The next attempt to create suitable for "fast-printing" the unit was in Russia, when M.I. Alice has developed a typical machine. Mikhail Ivanovich wanted to simplify and facilitate the procedure for rewriting manuscripts and originals, and he succeeded. The machine showed itself perfectly. True, the high cost of the product, put the fat "cross" on the history of the development of this product.

September 1867 became a sign date for all writing aggregates of the world.

They say a talented man talented in everything. Christopher Latham Schezes was a writer, a journalist and, of course, the inventor. In 1867, he filed a request for a patent for the production of his "brainchild" - a printed apparatus. The "bureaucratic car" needed months to make a decision, but nevertheless, in 1868, Christopher received cherished confirmation. Development co-authors were indicated glidden and soul.

Six years later, the first batch of writing units under the brand "Sholes & Glidden Type Writer" arrived at the American market. It should be noted that appearance It was very different from what we used to see: the keyboard was in two rows of letters placed according to the alphabetic hierarchy. By the way, the numbers 1 and 0 were not, their role was performed by "I" and "O". There were plenty of minuses at the first aggregate. This is an uncomfortable location of the letters, and the inability to work quickly, because the hammers on which the stamps with letters did not have time to occupy the starting position, and were confused.

By the way, the "Adventures of Tom Sawyer" Mark, who saw the light in 1876, was printed on such a typewriter with "confusing hammers." You can envy the patience of the author.

It was possible to solve the problem of confusing the hammers in several ways: to work slowly (it was not satisfied with the writers) or change the design of the machine. But Christopher Sholes took advantage of the third method: changed the order of the liter. The fact is that the hammers were installed on the arc, and most often the letters accommodated in the "Neighborhood". And then, the developer decided to consolidate them so that the letters that participate in education sustainable combinations, were farther from each other. Embossing Litera B. the right order, the updated keyboard began with letters Q, W, E, R, T, Y.

QWERTY-layout or universal keyboard has become popular worldwide.

Whether you know that the favorite writing assistant L. N. Tolstoy, without which it was not possible to present the interior of his working office, was a reliable "Remington", and his colleague on the writing workshop V.V. Mayakovsky was a bright fan of Underwood.

In 1877, Scháhes sold the right to manufacture the printed machine of Remington, producing weapons. And it was the beginning of a new chapter in the history of the printed machine. Remigraton engineers complemented the "source" the ability to print capital and lowercase letters (in the initial version they were written only by capital). To do this, have added the "Shift" key.

Success Schezes inspired other inventors. In 1895, Franz Wagner got a patent for making a typewriter with horizontally arranged levers, which hit the front-hand shaft. The main difference, and at the same time, the dignity of the invention of 1867 was that the printed text was visible during the work. After Wagner sold the right to make John Underwood with his printed typewriter. The design was very convenient to use, and very soon the new owner earned a whole condition on it.

In addition to Remington and Underwood, dozens of other companies produced their own variants of other typewriters. From 1890-1920, these devices were constantly upgraded and improved. Among the machines of this period, two main types can be distinguished: with a single enclosure and with a lever device. The convenience of the first was that the printed text could be seen immediately, but at the same time they were very slow in work and had a weak punching ability. The advantage of the second was the speed.

The last plant for the manufacture of printed machines, which was located in India, was closed in April 2011. This means that the era of this writing instrument officially ended.

 

Perhaps it will be useful to read: