NEP problems and contradictions presentation. Presentation "Soviet country in the years of NEP" on history - project, report. The main events of the NEP

slide 5

Results of the Civil War in Russia.

1. The military-political victory was won by the Bolsheviks (Reds).
2. The White Guard armies were defeated.
3. Soviet power was established throughout the country, including in most national regions. This contributed to the creation of conditions for strengthening the power of the Bolsheviks in the country and the implementation of socialist transformations.

slide 6

Consequences of the civil war:

1. territorial losses.
2. Deep social and economic crisis. The total damage from the war amounted to 39 billion rubles in gold.
3. Huge human losses (12 million people killed, died of starvation and disease).
4. Mass emigration (more than 2.5 million people).
5. Children's homelessness.
6. The tragedy of whole social groups(officers, Cossacks, intelligentsia, nobility, clergy, etc.). They had no place in the new Bolshevik system.
7. Society's addiction to violence and terror.
8. Gap of historical and spiritual traditions in society.

Slide 7

March 1921 - Tenth Congress of the RCP (b) - transition to the "new economic policy" (NEP)

NEP (1921-1929) - a new economic policy introduced by the Bolsheviks in 1921 in the conditions of an economic and political crisis, which provided for a "partial revival of capitalism."

Slide 8

The policy of "war communism"

• The ruin of the country;
• Political crisis;
• Economic crisis;
• Dissatisfaction of the population with the policy of the Bolsheviks;
• The introduction of the NEP by the Bolsheviks.

Slide 9

The policy of "war communism" (1918-1920)

A set of emergency measures in the country's economy under the conditions of the Civil War, taken by the Bolshevik government.

Slide 10

The main events of "war communism"

1. The introduction of surplus appropriation - the forced withdrawal of products from the peasants according to the plan of the state. The size of the surplus during the year could be changed.
2. The nationalization of the entire industry is a "Red Guard attack on capital."
3. Complete centralization of economic management.
4. Destruction of private capital.
5. Labor conscription of the population, labor mobilization.
6. "Equalization" in wages.
7. Prohibition of free trade. Direct product exchange between town and countryside.

slide 11

Reasons for the introduction of the NEP

The economic crisis as a result of the policy of "war communism":

1. The civil war led to a reduction in the population in Russia by more than 10 million people. and child homelessness (7 million children).
2. The decline of industry, transport, agriculture. The extraction of coal and oil has decreased.
3. Lack of food, clothing, footwear, medicines.

Political crisis as a result of the policy of "war communism":

1. 1921 - a terrible famine in the Volga region (more than 5 million people died).
2. Peasant uprisings throughout Russia (Tambov uprising by A.S. Antonov).
3. Dissatisfaction with the policy of the Bolshevik army and the proletariat. March 1921 - Kronstadt uprising.

slide 12

The goals of the introduction of the NEP

• Foreign-political - to overcome international isolation.
• Political - to remove social tension, to strengthen the social base of Soviet power in the form of an alliance of working peasants.
• Economic - to prevent further aggravation of devastation, to get out of the crisis and restore the economy.
• Social - to provide favorable conditions for building a socialist society, without waiting for the world revolution

slide 13

The main events of the NEP

1. The introduction of the tax in kind, which was half the surplus, was announced in advance (on the eve of the sowing season), it could not be increased during the year, the surplus was made available to the peasants.
2. In a limited amount, the lease of land and the use of hired labor were allowed.
3. Individuals were allowed to rent small and medium-sized industrial and trade enterprises.
4. The existence of different forms of ownership: state, private, cooperative.
5. Partial decentralization of management. Large state enterprises were transferred to self-financing (after fulfilling the state order, they sold their products on their own).
6. Concessions were created to attract foreign investors.
7. There was a free hire work force created labor exchanges.
8. Wage was established depending on the qualifications and quantity of products produced.
9. Monetary reform (1922-1924) - the introduction of a gold chervonets (at its face value it was higher than the British pound sterling and was equal to 5 dollars and 14.5 cents).
10. The State Bank was restored.
11. Compulsory regulation of prices by the state was carried out - "price scissors".

Slide 14

Results of the NEP

Positive results of the NEP.

1. It was possible to restore the national economy.
2. It turned out to revive agriculture, which made it possible to feed the population of the country.
3. The national income has increased.
4. The growth of industrial output led to a rapid increase in labor productivity.
5. The national currency of the country has become strong and stable.
6. The material well-being of the population grew rapidly.

Negative results of the NEP.

1. Disproportionate development of the main branches of the national economy.
2. The rate of industrial revival lags behind agricultural production.
3. The stratification of the peasantry.
4. Rising unemployment.
5. In the second half of the 1920s, financial problems began.

slide 15

Contradictions of the NEP

1. A rigid one-party political regime was maintained.
2. The transition to communism remained the programmatic task of the party and the state.
3. The state retained a significant public sector of the economy, a monopoly of foreign trade, management (“commanding heights”).
4. The impossibility of developing an economy based on the partial recognition of commodity-money relations, private property, in the face of a tightening one-party political regime, the ideal of which was to build a "non-commodity, classless, stateless" society.
5. The attitude towards NEPmen in the country was mocking and contemptuous.
6. The country was dominated by an atmosphere of temporality of ongoing reforms, so the country was flooded with scammers and adventurers who wanted to quickly make a profit, squander it and live well.

slide 16

Crises of the NEP, their causes and consequences

Crises:

• 1923 "sales crisis";
• 1925 - commodity crisis and grain procurement crisis;
• 1927-1928 - Commodity crisis and grain procurement crisis.

• Incompetence of the main part of the administrative apparatus
• Lack of broad economic ties with the world community
• Restriction of large and medium enterprises
• Limited investment in industry
• Bureaucracy and red tape
• Internal party struggle for power and the victory of supporters of the curtailment of the NEP
• Departure from the NEP principles of state policy (strengthening the centralized management of the economy, raising taxes on private entrepreneurs, etc.)

Slide 17

Conclusion

The main contradiction of the NEP, which eventually led to the curtailment of the "new economic policy", was the discrepancy between the multi-structural economy and the one-party political regime. in and. Lenin regarded the NEP as a temporary tactical move, as a forced retreat caused by an unfavorable balance of forces, as a forced respite before a decisive assault on the shining heights of communism. therefore, economic pluralism must be compensated by the tightening of the political and economic regime, otherwise the NEP will not lead to socialism, but will turn the country back to the old rails.

Slide 18

The political meaning of the NEP

1. IN AND. Lenin in March 1921: "The NEP is a temporary, tactical move, a forced retreat caused by an unfavorable balance of forces, a forced respite before a decisive assault on the shining heights of communism."
2. IN AND. Lenin in the autumn of 1921: “The NEP is one of possible ways the transition to socialism with peaceful economic competition between different sectors and the concentration of "commanding heights" in the economy in the hands of the proletarian state. Economic pluralism must be compensated by the tightening of the political and economic regime, otherwise the NEP will not lead to socialism, but will turn the country back to the old rails.

Slide 19

Formation of a one-party political system

• A ban on the creation in the RCP(b) of factions or groups that have a point of view that differs from the party leadership and defend it at all levels and by various methods.
• March 1921 - Tenth Congress of the RCP (b) - resolution "On the unity of the party."
• June-August 1922 - The trial of the Socialist-Revolutionaries.
• June 1923 - secret resolution "On measures to combat the Mensheviks."
• The political opposition outside the RCP(b) ceased to exist.
• The country has established a one-party political system.

Slide 20

RCP(b) in the structure of state power

• Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP(b)
• Central Committee of the RCP(b)
• SNK (Council of People's Commissars)

The Bolshevik Party is the main link in the state structure.

slide 21

Formation of the USSR

Prerequisites for the formation of the USSR:

• After the collapse of the Russian Empire, no national territory showed mature nationalism that would lead to the formation of an independent state (except for Finland and Poland).
• In most national territories, power belonged to the national communist parties that were part of the RCP (b).
• For centuries, the emerging economic interconnection and interdependence of national regions.

The idea of ​​belonging to a single great state lived in the minds and moods of the peoples who inhabited the former Russian Empire.

slide 22

Principles of building the USSR

slide 23

December 30, 1922 - I Congress of Soviets of the USSR - Declaration on the formation of the USSR (RSFSR, Ukraine, Belarus, Transcaucasian Federation).

Authority of the center:

1. International representation;
2. Defense;
3. Boundary revision;
4. State Security;
5. International trade;
6. Transport;
7. Budget;
8. Connection;
9. Money turnover.

The powers of the republics:

1. Internal affairs;
2. Agriculture;
3. Education;
4. Justice;
5. Social Security;
6. Healthcare.

slide 24

State bodies USSR:

• The All-Union Congress of Soviets is the highest legislative body of the USSR.
• Central Executive Committee of the Soviets.
• Union Council.
• Council of Nationalities.
• Presidium of the CEC.
• The Council of People's Commissars is the highest executive and administrative body of the USSR.

Slide 25

December 30, 1922 - Formation of the USSR

The Bolsheviks collected a large

part of the territory of the Russian

empire into a single state.

The next stage of development has begun

Russian state now

already in the form of the Union of Soviet

Socialist Republics.

As it develops

federalist principles

organizations established

to the basis of the Union, gradually

were replaced by the former

unitary.

rice. Flag and coat of arms of the USSR.

slide 26

Slide 27

Country in the years of the NEP - an authoritarian political regime

1. Centralization of power.
2. Command method of leadership.
3. Unconditional execution of the will of the ruling party.
4. Complete domination of the party apparatus.
5. The nominal role of the Soviets in the country.
6. Lack of political opposition.
7. Establishment of a one-party political system.
8. Planting ideological unanimity.
9. In fact, freedom of speech and the press has been abolished.
10. The unconditional authority of the leader - V.I. Lenin.

Slide 28

Power struggle.

• L.B. Kamenev,
• Leon Trotsky,
• N.I. Bukharin,
• I.V. Stalin
• G.E. Zinoviev.

Slide 29

Internal party struggle for power in the 1920s.

The reasons:

• struggle for power in the party in the country between political leaders,
• lack of legal opposition,
• difference in views on the fundamental issues of the country's development.

slide 30

The winner in the struggle for power is I.V. Stalin.

1. February - August 1924 - announced the "Lenin call" - about 200 thousand people were accepted into the party, which created difficulties for the competent solution of political problems, facilitated the development of authoritarian tendencies and the ability to turn the masses in the right direction.
2. He put forward a theory about the possibility of building socialism in a single country.
3. He accused L. Trotsky of not believing in the possibility of building socialism in the USSR "as a single country."
4. Planted the cult of V.I. Lenin, increasing his authority in society.

Slide 31

Homework

§ 18, 19, 21, 9 class.

slide 32

§ 14-15, 11th grade.

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The presentation on the topic "Soviet country in the years of the New Economic Policy" can be downloaded absolutely free of charge on our website. Project subject: History. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you keep your classmates or audience interested. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report, click on the appropriate text under the player. The presentation contains 32 slide(s).

Presentation slides

slide 1

slide 2

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slide 4

1. Reasons for the introduction of the NEP, the main activities. 2. Results and contradictions of the NEP.

Lesson plan.

Reasons for the introduction of the NEP. Main activities. 3. Results. 4. Contradictions of the NEP.

slide 5

Results of the Civil War in Russia.

1. The military-political victory was won by the Bolsheviks (Reds). 2. The White Guard armies were defeated. 3. Soviet power has established itself throughout the country, including in most national regions. This contributed to the creation of conditions for strengthening the power of the Bolsheviks in the country and the implementation of socialist transformations.

slide 6

Consequences of the civil war:

1. Territorial losses. 2. Deep social and economic crisis. The total damage from the war amounted to 39 billion rubles in gold. 3. Huge human losses (12 million people killed, died of starvation and disease). 4. Mass emigration (more than 2.5 million people). 5. Children's homelessness. 6. The tragedy of entire social groups (officers, Cossacks, intelligentsia, nobility, clergy, etc.). They had no place in the new Bolshevik system. 7. The addiction of society to violence and terror. 8. Gap of historical and spiritual traditions in society.

Slide 7

March 1921 - Tenth Congress of the RCP (b) - transition to the "new economic policy" (NEP).

NEP (1921-1929) - a new economic policy introduced by the Bolsheviks in 1921 in the conditions of an economic and political crisis, which provided for a "partial revival of capitalism."

Slide 8

The policy of "war communism"

The ruin of the country

Political crisis

Economic crisis

Discontent of the population with the policy of the Bolsheviks

The introduction of the NEP by the Bolsheviks

Slide 9

The policy of "war communism" (1918-1920)

A set of emergency measures in the country's economy under the conditions of the Civil War, taken by the Bolshevik government.

Slide 10

The main events of "war communism"

The introduction of surplus appropriation - the forced withdrawal of products from the peasants according to the plan of the state. The size of the surplus during the year could be changed. 2. Nationalization of the entire industry - "Red Guard attack on capital." 3. Complete centralization of economic management. 4. Destruction of private capital. 5. Labor conscription of the population, labor mobilization. 6. "Equalization" in wages. 7. Prohibition of free trade. Direct product exchange between town and countryside.

slide 11

Reasons for the introduction of the NEP.

The economic crisis as a result of the policy of "war communism":

Political crisis as a result of the policy of "war communism":

1. The civil war led to a reduction in the population in Russia by more than 10 million people. and child homelessness (7 million children). 2. The decline of industry, transport, agriculture. The extraction of coal and oil has decreased. 3. Lack of food, clothing, footwear, medicines. 4. 1921 - a terrible famine in the Volga region (more than 5 million people died).

Peasant uprisings throughout Russia (Tambov uprising by A.S. Antonov). 2. Dissatisfaction with the policy of the Bolshevik army and the proletariat. March 1921 - Kronstadt uprising.

slide 12

The purpose of the introduction of the NEP.

FOREIGN POLITICAL - overcome international isolation

POLITICAL - remove social tension, strengthen the social base of Soviet power in the form of an alliance of working peasants

ECONOMIC - prevent further aggravation of devastation, get out of the crisis and restore the economy

SOCIAL - to provide favorable conditions for building a socialist society without waiting for the world revolution

slide 13

The main events of the NEP

1. The introduction of the tax in kind, which was half the surplus, was announced in advance (on the eve of the sowing season), it could not be increased during the year, the surplus was made available to the peasants. 2. In a limited amount, the lease of land and the use of hired labor were allowed. 3. Individuals were allowed to rent small and medium-sized industrial and commercial enterprises. 4. The existence of different forms of ownership: state, private, cooperative. 5. Partial decentralization of management. Large state-owned enterprises were transferred to self-financing (after fulfilling the state order, they sold their products on their own). 6. Concessions were created - they attracted foreign investors. 7. Free hiring of labor was carried out, labor exchanges were created. 8. Wages were set depending on the qualifications and quantity of products produced. 9. Monetary reform (1922-1924) - the introduction of a gold chervonets (at its face value it was higher than the British pound and was equal to 5 dollars and 14.5 cents). The State Bank was restored. Compulsory regulation of prices by the state was carried out - "price scissors".

Slide 14

NEP results.

Positive results of the NEP. It was possible to restore the national economy. 2. It turned out to revive agriculture, which made it possible to feed the population of the country. 3. Increased national income. 4. The growth of industrial output led to a rapid increase in labor productivity. 5. The national currency of the country has become strong and stable. 6. The material well-being of the population grew rapidly.

Negative results of the NEP. Disproportionate development of the main branches of the national economy. 2. Lagging behind the pace of the revival of industry from agricultural production. 3. The stratification of the peasantry. 4. Rising unemployment. 5. In the second half of the 1920s, financial problems began.

slide 15

Contradictions of the NEP.

A rigid one-party political regime was maintained. 2. The transition to communism remained the programmatic task of the party and the state. 3. The state retained a significant public sector of the economy, a monopoly of foreign trade, management (“commanding heights”). 4. The impossibility of developing an economy based on the partial recognition of commodity-money relations, private property, in the face of a tightening one-party political regime, the ideal of which was to build a "non-commodity, classless, stateless" society. 5. The attitude towards NEPmen in the country was mocking and contemptuous. 6. An atmosphere of temporary reforms reigned in the country, so the country was flooded with scammers and adventurers who wanted to quickly make a profit, squander it and live well.

slide 16

NEP CRISES, THEIR CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES

CRISES CAUSES

The incompetence of the main part of the management apparatus - the lack of broad economic relations with the world community - the restriction of large and medium -sized enterprises - the limited investment in industry - bureaucracy and bureaucratic red tape - the intra -party struggle for power and the victory of NEP coagulation - the departure from Nemovsky principles of state policy (strengthening centralized leadership (strengthening centralized leadership ECONOMY, INCREASING TAXES FOR PRIVATE ENTREPRENEURS, ETC.)

RESULTS - 1929 - COLLAPSE OF NEP

1923 "MARKET CRISIS"

1925 COMMODITY CRISIS AND GRAIN PROCUREMENT CRISIS

1927-1928 COMMODITY CRISIS AND GRAIN PROCUREMENT CRISIS

Slide 17

The main contradiction of the NEP, which eventually led to the curtailment of the "new economic policy", was the discrepancy between the multi-structural economy and the one-party political regime. IN AND. Lenin viewed the NEP as a temporary tactical move, as a forced retreat caused by an unfavorable balance of forces, as a forced respite before a decisive assault on the shining heights of communism. Therefore, economic pluralism must be compensated by the tightening of the political and economic regime, otherwise the NEP will not lead to socialism, but will turn the country back to the old rails.

Slide 18

The political meaning of the NEP.

1. V.I. Lenin in March 1921: "The NEP is a temporary, tactical move, a forced retreat caused by an unfavorable balance of forces, a forced respite before a decisive assault on the shining heights of communism." 2. V.I. Lenin in the autumn of 1921: “The NEP is one of the possible ways of transition to socialism in the context of peaceful economic competition of various structures and the concentration of “commanding heights” in the economy in the hands of the proletarian state.

Economic pluralism must be compensated by the tightening of the political and economic regime, otherwise the NEP will not lead to socialism, but will turn the country back to the old rails.

Slide 19

Formation of a one-party political system.

A ban on the creation in the RCP(b) of factions or groups that have a point of view that differs from the party leadership and defend it at all levels and by various methods.

March 1921 - Tenth Congress of the RCP (b) - resolution "On the unity of the party"

June-August 1922 - Trial of the Socialist-Revolutionaries

June 1923 - secret resolution "On measures to combat the Mensheviks"

The political opposition outside the RCP(b) ceased to exist. The country has a one-party political system.

Slide 20

RCP(b) in the structure state power.

Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP(b) Central Committee of the RCP(b) SNK (Council of People's Commissars)

The Bolshevik Party is the main link in the state structure

slide 21

Education of the USSR.

Prerequisites for the formation of the USSR

After the collapse of the Russian Empire, no national territory showed mature nationalism that would lead to the formation of an independent state (except for Finland and Poland)

In most national territories, power belonged to the national communist parties that were part of the RCP (b)

For centuries, the economic interconnection and interdependence of national regions

The idea of ​​belonging to a single great state lived in the minds and moods of the peoples who inhabited the former Russian Empire.

slide 22

slide 23

December 30, 1922 - I Congress of Soviets of the USSR - Declaration on the formation of the USSR (RSFSR, Ukraine, Belarus, Transcaucasian Federation).

Powers of the center

Powers of the republics

International representation 2. Defense 3. Border revision 4. National security 5. Foreign trade 6. Transport 7. Budget 8. Communications 9. Money circulation

1. Internal affairs 2. Agriculture 3. Education 4. Justice 5. Social security 6. Health care

• Transition to the New Economic Policy
• Controversy of the NEP
• NEP and political repression

• Socio-economic situation:
• - decline in industrial production (14% of the pre-war level)
• - the level of agricultural production was halved compared to the pre-war level
• - famine in the Volga region in 1921 (5 million died)
• - epidemics of typhus, cholera, smallpox (283 thousand people died in the Red Army)
• - homeless children (7 million)
• Political position
• -Speaks of the peasants against the surplus appraisal
• - The uprising of the sailors of Kronstadt (March 1921), the slogan: "For advice without communists"

New economic policy X c Congress of the RCP (b), March 1921. - heading for the NEP

Politics of "War Communism"

Food tax (tax in kind)

Lease of land, use of hired labor

Private trade allowed (fairs, trade exchanges)

Private property allowed (small and medium)

Introduction of cost accounting at large state-owned enterprises

Law on Concessions (attracting foreign capital)

Labor exchanges

Monetary reform (golden chervonets, People's Commissar for Finance G.Ya. Sokolnikov)

• In agriculture by 1925-1927. 1913 level reached
• By the end of the 1920s, the level of 1913 was reached mainly in the development of industrial production.
• Implementation of the GOELRO plan (State Commission for Electrification of Russia, G.M. Krzhizhanovsky) - construction of hydroelectric power plants

• Allowing the development of market relations, the state simultaneously hampered their growth (forced price regulation, development of heavy industry)
• Autumn 1923 Industrial goods crisis
• Urban and rural bourgeoisie - class opponents of the Bolsheviks, prohibitions on expanding the farms of wealthy peasants
• Distrust of entrepreneurs (domestic and foreign) to the Soviet government
• Increasing inequality in incomes of various segments of the population

• Trials of the leaders of the possible opposition (1921-1923, Mensheviks, Socialist-Revolutionaries)
• Repressions against the intelligentsia, expulsion from the country. (150 people)
• Defeat of the Russian Orthodox Church
• The struggle within the CPSU (b) (L.D. Trotsky 1923, 1925 - 1926 - N.I. Bukharin, I.V. Stalin against G.E. Zinoviev and L.B. Kamenev, 1927 - 1928 d.- N.I. Bukharin against I.V. Stalin)

• Zagladin paragraph 14
• Levandovsky 10-11 class paragraph 40-41

• 1. What are the economic reasons for the introduction of the NEP?
• 2. Against whom were the political repressions of the communists directed before 1923?
• 3. Name the features of the NEP

• 1. What are the political reasons for the introduction of the NEP?
• 2. Name the names of the party leaders who participated in the intra-party struggle in the period from 1923. by 1928?
• 3. Compare the policy of "war communism" and the NEP.

• Formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
• The international position of the USSR after the Civil War.
• The European Policy of the USSR in the 1920s. Genoa and Rapallo.

• What was the position of the "national outskirts" in the Russian Empire?
• How did the Bolshevik leadership propose to solve the national question from the first days of Soviet power?
• Proclamation of the Ukrainian SSR, Byelorussian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR, Armenian SSR, Georgian SSR (ZSFSR)

• Political: Soviet power, control of their RCP(b)
• Military: unification armed forces during the Civil War of the RSFSR, the Ukrainian SSR, the Byelorussian SSR.
• Economic: nationalization, the policy of "war communism"
• Diplomatic: in February 1922, a unified leadership of foreign affairs

• Autonomy - self-government, the right to independently resolve internal issues by any part of the state (plan of "autonomization", I.V. Stalin, F.E. Dzerzhinsky)
• A federation is a union state made up of state formations having legal and political independence (V.I. Lenin).

• December 30, 1922 The First Congress of Soviets of the USSR - the creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
• The supreme body of power is the All-Union Congress of Soviets (Council of the Union and the Council of Nationalities), the Council of People's Commissars

sars of the USSR.

1925 - VKP(b)

Working with the map

1924 - Uzbek SSR, Turkmen SSR, 1929 - Tajik USSR, 1936. - Kazakh SSR, Azerbaijan SSR, Georgian SSR, Armenian SSR

• Support for the national liberation movement in the East
• 1920-1921 Signing of peace treaties with Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, Mongolia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia.
• October 28, 1921 - the government of the RSFSR a note from the USA, England, France, Italy, Japan on their readiness to recognize the debts of tsarist Russia and compensation for the nationalized property of foreigners

• Conference in Genoa (April 1922)
• Rapallo, Soviet-German agreement on economic and military-technical cooperation.
• 1921-1925 – diplomatic recognition and establishment of trade and economic relations (except for the USA)

• Georgy Vasilievich Chicherin (1872 - 1936), People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs in 1918-1930.

• 1919 creation of the Communist International - the international party of the proletarian revolution.

• What are the prerequisites for the formation of the USSR?
• What are the two options for creating a single state?
• When was the USSR formed?
• Name the years of the "recognition strip" of the USSR

• Textbook Zagladin paragraph 15.16 (table)
• Lewandowski's textbook grade 10-11 paragraph 43, 50.42 (table)
• Lewandowski's textbook grade 11 paragraphs 18-19.21 (table)

Directions

culture

Representatives

Achievements

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