See pages where the term continuous processes is mentioned. Periodicity and continuity of the production process What is the feature of continuous processes

There comes a point in the life of every recovering addict when the time for basic rehabilitation has successfully passed and need to get out of the center. It can be said that a period of uncertainty begins for a person. What's behind the perimeter? Are they waiting for me? Can I stay clean?

Some of the graduates go home boldly, confident that day after day will continue to recover and do everything possible to maintain sobriety. Someone, on the contrary, is waiting for meetings with old friends (co-users), believing that he is able to resist the temptation and burning with the desire to boast: “Look! I left the center, I'm not a drug addict now" .

So after passing basic rehabilitation course for drug or alcohol addiction in the center, where the intensity of work under the program was rich and stable, a person enters an unsafe and unpredictable environment for him. There real life set up completely differently., not like in the center, where time is scheduled literally by the minute and everything is aimed at making a person consciously change the quality of life in better side. In the center you are surrounded by those who want to live. And even if something went wrong, they will support and help you return.

It's safe in the rehabilitation center, they will not offer alcohol or drugs, and if suddenly there is a craving, they will stop and help deal with this craving. They are friendly there, they try to speak honestly about their feelings, they try not to lie, they try to be useful to you, and if you ask for help, they will definitely help you. They will help not for something, but simply because you are recovering and this help is needed like air. You will not be reproached if you made a mistake and will not be driven into a sense of guilt if you stumbled ... There are people like you who sick with addiction.

Outside the perimeter of the center is not so ... It would seem that there is more freedom in decision-making, freedom of choice and more opportunities for leisure activities, but it was not there...

The first earned money appears and temptation to use. There is an opportunity to do what you want, but also recovery in this case can fade into the background. Priorities are changing. Risk? Undoubtedly!

And if there are relatives in the family, neither a dream nor a spirit about preventive measures, then the risk is definitely growing. And like any addict, at the slightest deviation from the program, the disease begins to progress: “I don’t use drugs, what should I be afraid of. I myself know how to act, and how not! Here it is pure self-will of the addict, which does not allow even the most modest call of conscience, the quietest voice of the soul to continue steps along the path of recovery.

Therefore, to assist you in this transition from basic rehabilitation to supportive care, there are a few rules to remember.

The first is that rehabilitation center "Ark" gives the opportunity to continue working in therapeutic groups under the guidance of an experienced psychologist of the center, as well as the opportunity to attend individual consultations from the specialists of the center "Ark" both for graduates of the center and for relatives of dependent people.

Second, this is what there will be some changes in life for which you need to be prepared. For example, life and relationships in the family. Undoubtedly, everyone will be glad that your rehabilitation is over and you do not use drugs now, but here you may encounter co-dependence of relatives and the inability to build healthy relationships with each other. Most likely due to the damage you caused in the active use of loved ones old grievances will come up and you will need psychological help in solving these problems. Are you ready to turn to a support group for help or go into isolation?

To keep sober you need to continue to take care of your health. Follow the daily routine, eat well, rest. In rehabilitation, great attention was paid to these moments, since everything in the body of an addicted person is interconnected. Didn't get enough sleep, didn't eat three times a day - mood changes, apathy appears, strength goes away. The task of a recovering addict is to maintain his health. If there are chronic diseases, it would be good to go to the clinic and pass the necessary tests.

Communication with the same recovering addicts - strong support because everyone's experience of recovery is valuable resource.

But the most important thing to remember is that there is always a fork: which way to go, which direction to take the road. And even if you caught yourself thinking that life has already begun to improve after several months of basic rehabilitation and it is time to relax, please remember what caused this improvement?

Of course, your daily efforts, your daily work on the program in the rehabilitation center have given direction to these improvements. Your tears and your joy in the first steps, daily introspection, daily action for sobriety, implementation of recommendations, humility, endurance, groups. It is necessary to continue to see both impotence and uncontrollability, they will not go anywhere, even if the drug is gone.

Bring back sanity the program is capable, the main thing is not to lose the keys and access to it, and also remember that if you go astray, there is always the opportunity to return!

6 responses

A persistent process is a process that is in a system call (kernel function) and cannot be interrupted by a signal.

To understand what this means, you need to understand the concept of an interruptible system call. The classic example is read() . This is a system call that can take a long time (seconds) because it may involve spinning up a hard drive or moving heads. During most of this time, the process will sleep, blocking the hardware.

While a process is sleeping in a system call, it can receive an asynchronous Unix signal (say SIGTERM), then the following happens:

• System calls complete prematurely and are configured to return -EINTR to user space.
• Signal handler completed.
• If the process is still running, it receives the return value from the system call and can repeat the same call.

An early return from a system call allows user-space code to immediately change its behavior in response to a signal. For example, completes cleanly in response to SIGINT or SIGTERM.

On the other hand, some system calls cannot be interrupted this way. If for any reason the system causes a shutdown, the process can remain in that state indefinitely.

When a process is in user mode, it can be terminated at any time (transition to kernel mode). When the kernel returns to user mode, it checks for pending signals (including those used to kill a process, such as SIGTERM and SIGKILL). This means that the process can only be killed when returning to user mode.

The reason a process cannot be killed in kernel mode is that it can potentially corrupt the kernel structures used by all other processes on the same machine (just as killing a thread can potentially corrupt the data structures used by other threads on that machine). same process).

When the kernel needs to do something that might take a long time (waiting on a pipe written by another process, or waiting for the hardware to do something, for example), it sleeps, marking itself as sleeping and calling the scheduler to switch to another process ( if there is no sleepless process, it switches to a "dummy" process which tells the processor to slow down a bit and sits in a loop loop).

If a signal is sent to a sleeping process, it must be woken up before it returns to user space and thus handles the pending signal. Here we have a distinction between two main types of sleep:

• TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE , intermittent sleep. If the task is marked with this flag, it sleeps, but can be awakened by signals. This means that the code that marks the task as sleeping is waiting for a possible signal, and after it wakes up, it will check for it and return from the system call. After the signal has been processed, the system call can be automatically restarted (and I won't go into details on how this works).
• TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE , uninterrupted sleep. If a task is marked with this flag, it does not expect to be woken up by anything other than what it expects, either because it cannot be restarted or because programs expect the system call to be atomic. This can also be used for sleeps that are known to be very short.

TASK_KILLABLE (mentioned in the LWN article linked to by ddaa's answer) is a new option.

This answers your first question. As for your second question: you can't avoid aimless sleep, that's a common thing (this happens, for example, every time a process reads/writes from/to disk); however, they should only last a fraction of a second. If they last much longer, it usually means a hardware problem (or a device driver problem, which is analogous to the kernel) where the device driver is expecting the hardware to do something that will never happen. It can also mean that you are using NFS and the NFS server is not available (it is waiting for the server to be restored, you can also use the "intr" option to avoid the problem).

Finally, the reason you can't restore is the same reason that the kernel waits until it returns to user mode to deliver a signal or kill the process: it would potentially corrupt kernel data structures (waiting code in intermittent sleep could get an error which tells it to return to user space, where the process can be killed, waiting in uninterrupted sleep wait code does not expect any error).

Non-interruptible processes USUALLY wait for I/O after a page fault.

Consider this:

• The thread is trying to access a page that is not in the kernel (an executable that is loaded on demand, an anonymous memory page that has been paged out, or an "mmap()" file that is loaded on demand, which is pretty much the same)
• The kernel is now (trying to) load it into
• The process cannot continue until the page is available.

The process/task cannot be interrupted in this state because it cannot handle any signals; if it did, another page fault would occur and it would go back to where it was.

When I say "process" I really mean "task", which under Linux (2.6) roughly translates to "thread", which may or may not have a separate "thread group" entry in /proc

In some cases, it can wait a long time. A typical example of this would be if the executable or mmap"d file is on a network filesystem where the server has failed. If the I/O fails, the task will continue. If it eventually fails, the task will typically will receive SIGBUS or something else.

Is it possible that a program could be written to initiate a process that goes into the TASK_UNINTERUPTIBLE state whenever the system is not in an idle state, thereby forcing data collection while waiting to be transferred after the super user exits? This would be a golden moment for hackers to get information, revert to a zombie state, and pass the information through the network at idle. Some might argue that this is one way to create a Blackdoor for the powers that be, to enter and exit any system at will. I strongly believe this loophole can be sealed for good by eliminating the TASK_UNINTERUPTIBLE state.

We have already talked about what and how to investigate and test, but let's look at the testing problem from the other side. Namely, why one-time unsystematic tests do not make any sense and how research should be carried out in order to obtain relevant and objective information.

This topic was prompted by Oleg Levchuk's speech at the Yandex Design School. His short but emotional speech about hygiene and empathy as fundamental principles testing reveals problems that many have never even thought about.

(Don't be afraid of the timing: Oleg's performance lasts only 10 minutes. Watch from 3:01:00)

Research is often perceived as external process- an obligatory stage in the design and development of a product or website, which can be quickly passed, and based on the results, draw a presentation, show it to the director and forget. Sometimes - to draw some thoughtful conclusions, which almost always confirm their own theories, guesses and decisions.

It is not right! Because testing is a continuous internal process. Developers software have known this for a long time. Therefore, QA occupies the same important part in the development process as writing code itself.

How the testing process works in software companies

At each stage of program development, engineers work with the product, whose only task is to find bugs and shortcomings and report them to programmers.

Regardless of what stage the project is at - architecture development or final release. Regardless of who wrote the code - junior or team leader. Everything is checked and tested all the time. Each iteration and version of the product.

This process is organically built into the development system and is taken for granted. Software developers understand and realize that without constant testing it is simply impossible to make a working product.

As soon as stable functionality and a shell appear, beta versions of the product are provided for testing by real users. Data - from technical data to feedback - is collected and analyzed. As a result, improvements and changes are made to the product. And this is also a normal process.

Now let's move on to the website development industry.

If we discard the coordination of design and functionality with the client, the developers check before the release whether everything is done correctly and works correctly, according to checklists. This is at best.

More often - conclusions are made on the principle of peer review by the person who is responsible for a piece of work. The manager "by eye" evaluates the compliance of the final result with the client's expectations, and everyone is very unhappy when something needs to be improved or corrected. Doesn't it remind you of anything?

Testing the site with the involvement of real users, if it is carried out, then at the final stage, when you can make cosmetic changes, but it is most often impossible to change something large-scale.

Needless to say, mistakes made at the stage of designing information architecture or planning user interaction with the site can actually bury the project even before the official launch?

The continuous testing process built into the development system is still the exception rather than the rule in site building. And this is not correct.

Testing as an ongoing process

Look at the charts. This is the frequency with which users request goods and services from Yandex during the year.

Do you think if you ask the same set of questions to the same audience at points 1 and 2, will the answers be different?

Even the target and potentially motivated audience does not need air conditioners under New Year or tours to Thailand in the summer heat. And the answers to the same questions asked with an interval of 3-6 months can be very different.

This is just one of the examples. But even it shows how important it is to conduct testing regularly and on an ongoing basis. Even when the site is already ready and launched, constant testing is necessary in order to make changes and improvements in time in accordance with the expectations of users.

It must be understood that research results become outdated. Sometimes even while you are analyzing and collating the data. Testing at different time points and for different audience sections is the only way to get comprehensive, relatively relevant and reliable information.

Hygiene and empathy

Oleg Levchuk (have you forgotten about the video yet?) aptly compared testing with brushing your teeth. Only if you do this regularly, you can achieve a stable result - the absence of holes in the teeth and errors on the sites.

Hygiene has another benefit: the more you test, the better you understand both the product and the audience. This changes thinking for the better and gives a more complete and deeper understanding of where and how to move on.

Empathy arises - that state when you feel your audience, are not afraid of it and are ready to entrust your ideas to it, so that on the basis of research, and not conjecture, you can draw objective conclusions.

Testing is a constant and continuous internal process.

Only repeated studies provide complete and reliable information about the interaction between the audience and the product or site.

Regular research gives a deep understanding of the real needs of the audience.

One-time tests can confirm or disprove an idea or solution, but do not provide reliable information in the medium and long term.

Hygiene and empathy are the two principles around which effective research is built. The regularity of tests and understanding of the audience are factors without which it is impossible to create a truly in-demand website or product.

Do you want to add something? Welcome to the comments. Do not agree? Express your opinion - we will be happy to discuss your point of view.

Continuous processes occurring in continuous devices are characterized by non-stop loading of the device with raw materials and continuous production. These processes, which allow for maximum mechanization, are increasingly being introduced into the practice of large pharmaceutical manufacturing enterprises. An example of a continuous process is the drying of extracts on roller or spray dryers. Continuous processes allow full mechanization and automation of production, which reduces the use of manual labor to a minimum.

Continuous technological processes, as a rule, are characterized by the fact that the raw materials and the finished product are in a liquid, gaseous or granular state. Therefore, the transportation of raw materials and products at all stages of its production is carried out continuously. The most characteristic production with a continuous technological process is a chemical plant, where natural gas is processed in special apparatuses, which moves continuously from the beginning to the end of the technological process.

Continuous technological processes are distinguished by the fact that, as a rule, raw materials and semi-finished products are fed for processing continuously for a sufficiently long time, often they come from one stage to another without intermediate storage with a delay only for the time of transportation

Continuous technological processes are applied in isolation for each of the operations. Since the processing methods themselves are inherently continuous, the possibility of using continuous technological processes is determined by the possibility of replacing workpieces without interrupting the processing process. Thus, the possibility of building continuous technological processes depends primarily on the nature of the blanks and the type of tool. The pipe welding mill of spiral pipe welding is a machine with a continuous technological process, since the welding of seams and the helical movement of the material being processed from.

Continuous technological processes of chemical and petrochemical industries involve the use of air coolers at constant temperature and pressure parameters of cooled or condensed streams. To ensure stable cooling parameters, control systems, humidification, combined cooling schemes, etc. are used. However, parameters such as ambient air temperature ti, fan volumetric performance VB and cooling air velocity uuz change during different periods of operation. The change in t is due to annual, seasonal and daily temperature fluctuations. During long-term operation, the value of UEC changes in the direction of decrease as the aerodynamic resistance of the heat exchange sections increases.

A continuous technological process is a process in which processed materials or products are transferred in a continuous flow from one technological apparatus (machine) to another. Continuous processes, as a rule, are performed on various technological devices, and discontinuous processes are performed on technological machines.

The introduction of continuous technological processes makes it possible to solve a complex of problems and, above all, to increase the level of mechanization and automation of production and, on this basis, reduce the labor intensity of production, and qualitatively change the social working conditions.

For a continuous technological process introduced in the textile and light industry, DC motors are often required, for example: they are installed in finishing production units in groups of 10 - 15 pcs.

For continuous technological processes, the requirements for the volume and reliability of the alarm and protection systems are determined by the automation project.

The introduction of a continuous technological process for the production of high-density polyethylene with a capacity of 80 - 100 thousand tons / year compared to 30 - 40 thousand tons / year allows to reduce specific capital costs by 25%, the cost of the product by 35% and increase labor productivity by 15 times .

However, a continuous technological process is more likely to change the mode. The installation mode can be changed non-drastically, but for the convenience of planning, a certain small number (usually from two to six and, in any case, not more than ten) are allocated, which are taken into account.

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3. Continuous production process. The continuous production process involves the mechanization of the workflow as a whole and is the most complex form production technology. The continuous process of production has neither beginning nor end, the human operator is not part of the production as such, since all the work is done by machines. Operators control the process, control its parameters, repair equipment. Continuous production technology is used, for example, in chemical and oil refineries, nuclear power plants.

Differences in production technologies are determined by their technical complexity, or the degree of involvement in manufacturing process machinery and equipment in order to exclude people from it. Employees involved in complex technologies are primarily concerned with monitoring the operation of equipment.

Mass production technologies are characterized by high degrees of formalization and centralization, while continuous production processes are low. Unlike small-scale and continuous production, standardized mass production requires centralized decision-making and well-defined rules and procedures. As the complexity of technology increases, the importance administration and increasing the role of support staff. The less homogeneous the production process, the more careful the control must be. High difficulty technical equipment causes an increase in the value of auxiliary labor, therefore, mass production is characterized by a high ratio of auxiliary and direct labor. Mass production is characterized by the highest rate of control of first-line managers. In small-scale and continuous production, there are fewer subordinates per front-line manager, since they require closer supervision. In general, firms with small-scale and continuous production have an organic structure, while companies with mass production have a mechanistic structure. The interrelationships of structures and technologies have a direct impact on the performance of the organization.

FLEXIBLE PRODUCTION. The most modern technology production, the so-called flexible production, is based on the use of workflow components (robots, machines, product development and engineering analysis) for automation and integration computer technology. Reading the bar codes of components allows the equipment to instantly switch to new settings as various parts pass along the automated assembly line. Flexible production is characterized by the highest degree of complexity. In structures associated with flexible technology, there is a trend towards the emergence of new rules, decentralization and a decrease in the share of administrators in total strength employees, personal horizontal communications and a team-oriented organic approach.

SERVICE TECHNOLOGIES. The importance of service organizations is constantly increasing. Service technologies have the following specifics:

1. The intangibility of the release. The performance of a service company is intangible. Services are intangible and, unlike wealth, are not stored, they are either consumed at the time of rendering, or irretrievably lost.

2. Direct contact with consumers. The provision and receipt of services involves direct interaction between the employee of the company and the client. Provision and consumption of services occur simultaneously. AT manufacturing firm technical workers are separated from customers and do not enter into direct contacts.

Service industry organizations include consulting firms, law firms, brokerage houses, airlines, hotels, advertising agencies, public relations firms, amusement parks and educational organizations. Subdivisions of large corporations and manufacturing firms are also involved in the provision of services. The structure and goals of each of the departments of the company must be consistent with technology engineering production, but service delivery technologies. Thus, service technologies are used not only in service organizations, but also in the departments of manufacturing companies serving the main production.

One of the distinguishing features of service technology that directly affects the structure of the organization is the need for close interactions between the employee and the consumer. Service firms tend to have an organic structure, decentralized decision-making, and largely informal working relationships. They are characterized by a high degree of horizontal communication, as customer service and problem solving require the sharing of information and resources. Service points are dispersed, therefore, each business unit is relatively small and located in close proximity to the main consumers. For example, big banks, hotels, cafes fast food and medical centers have branches in different regions.

As a rule, service firms strive for organicity and decentralization, but some of them have rigid rules and procedures for customer service. The standardization of services makes it possible to achieve a high efficiency of a mechanistic centralized structure.

V. INTERDEPENDENCE OF DEPARTMENTS.

The structure of the organization is largely determined by the interdependence of its departments, which refers to the degree of their subordination to each other in the sense of the resources or materials necessary to complete the tasks. Weak interdependence means that departments perform work tasks autonomously and do not have a strong need to coordinate or share materials. With strong interdependence, departments must constantly exchange information and resources. Figure 6 shows various forms interdependencies.

CARTEL INTERDEPENDENCE. Cartel interdependence implies that, being part of an organization and contributing to the production of a joint product, each of the departments (divisions) has relative independence, since they perform non-overlapping tasks. An example is the activities of regional branches of banks that draw financial resources from a common source, but not interacting with each other.

SEQUENTIAL INTERDEPENDENCE. With sequential interdependence, the result of the work of one department (division) becomes the starting point for another. An example of sequential dependency is assembly line technology in the automotive industry. This interdependence is closer than that of a cartel, as departments exchange data with each other and are essentially dependent on each other.

Addiction Form

Elements of adequate coordination

1. Cartel (bank)   It might be useful to read: What is needed to open a sole proprietorship; Dry cleaning activities Okvad laundry and dry cleaning; Is a special assessment of working conditions necessary?; Factor analysis of the payroll; Fill out an application for opening a sole proprietorship; How to open a sports bar with minimal investment; Perfect competition: features and distribution; Information to be included in the sample;