Perception presentation in psychology. Perception. General Pattern Recognition Model

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PERCEPTION

Perception Perception (perception) is a mental process of reflecting objects and phenomena of reality in the aggregate of their various properties and parts with their direct impact on the senses.

The result of perception is: 1. The formation of a subjective image (a mental copy of the perceived object, space and temporal sequence of events, including the world as a whole) 2. Recognition of a previously familiar object (by comparing the actually perceived object with its ideal model, which is stored in long-term memory) Perception is a system of processes for receiving and processing information.

Classification of perception Type of perception according to the leading analyzer: - visual - auditory - tactile - olfactory - gustatory - kinesthetic

TYPES OF PERCEPTION BY THE FORM OF MENTAL ACTIVITY OF THE EXISTENCE OF MATTER BY STRUCTURE Intentional Unintentional Successive Simultaneous Perception of Space Perception of Time Perception of Movements

Properties of perception 1. Meaningfulness and generalization 2. Objectivity of perception 3. Integrity of perception 4. Structural perception 5. Selectivity of attention 6. Constancy

Disorders of perception Arise: -as a result of mental illness; - as a result of damage to the cerebral cortex. These include: -Agnosias -Hallucinations -Pseudo-hallucinations -Psychosensory disorders -Illusions

Agnosia Agnosia - occur with organic damage to some parts of the cerebral cortex. Agnosia is characterized by the fact that the patient sees, hears, etc., but against the background of a relatively intact intellect, either does not identify the object, or does not understand at all what he is dealing with. In mild cases, recognition of the perceived object occurs, but the period between its presentation and recognition increases several times compared to the norm. There are types of agnosia Visual Auditory Skin-kinesthetic

Symptoms of visual agnosia 1. Object agnosia - if the patient, correctly assessing the individual elements of the object (or its image), cannot understand its meaning as a whole. 2. Facial agnosia - if he does not distinguish between human faces (or photographs). 3 Optical-spatial agnosia - if he is poorly oriented in the spatial features of the image. 4. Letter agnosia - if he, correctly copying the letters, cannot read them. 5. Color agnosia - if he distinguishes colors, but does not know which objects are painted in a given color, that is, he cannot remember the color of familiar objects. 6. Simultaneous agnosia - the patient can perceive only individual fragments of the image, and this defect is also observed with the preservation of the visual fields.

Symptoms of auditory agnosias The auditory analyzer is divided into 2 subsystems - speech and non-speech hearing, each of which is processed by different hemispheres. Therefore, the defeat of the cortical representation of speech hearing (associated with the work of the left hemisphere) is considered not as agnosia, but as a prerequisite for speech disorders (aphasia). Auditory agnosia occurs when the right hemisphere is damaged, these include Simple object agnosia - the inability to understand the meaning and meaning of the simplest object sounds (flowing water, the ringing of keys) Amusia - the loss of the ability to recognize and reproduce previously familiar melodies. Arrhythmia is the inability to reproduce simple rhythms.

Symptoms of skin-kinesthetic agnosia When feeling with closed eyes, patients do not recognize the size and shape of the object, and also find it difficult to assess its functional purpose or do not recognize the object as a whole - tactile object agnosia. Violation of the ability to determine by touch the quality of the material from which the object is made, and the nature of its surface, although the shape of this object is described correctly by the patient - tactile agnosia of the texture of the object. There are two forms of somatoagnosia (collapse of the body schema) Disorder of recognition of body parts and their location in relation to each other, the appearance of a sensation of an increase or decrease in a part of the body, doubling a limb, separating it from the body - autopagnosia. Unawareness or underestimation of defects caused by a pathological process (for example, paresis, paralysis), or ignoring the left half of the body in case of damage to the right hemisphere of the brain - anozgnosia.

Hallucinations This is a type of perceptual disturbance, in which the images and ideas that arise and are taken outward do not have a real external stimulus (perception without an object). Because of their intensity, sensuality and the specificity of the space-time location, they become indistinguishable from reality for the patient.

Classification of hallucinations - By belonging to the analyzer: visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, gustatory - true and false - simple and complex Causes of hallucinations - mental illness, poisoning, high fever, overwork, organic diseases of the brain, etc., all of them are united by disorders in the work of the senior researcher The mechanisms of hallucinations are poorly understood, but it is believed that there are always two disturbed components in their structure - perception itself and judgment about what is perceived.

Symptoms of hallucinations Visual hallucinations (a person sees something simple, such as spots, zigzags, flashes of light or complex images that have objective content such as people, unknown non-existent creatures, as well as entire scenes and panoramas unfolding before his eyes, like in a movie) . Auditory hallucinations (for example, a person hears voices, speech, or just individual sounds). Sounds can be loud or quiet, episodic or constant, indistinct or clear, familiar or unfamiliar. Taste hallucinations (a person feels a non-existent taste, for example, sweetness from chewing rubber, etc.). Olfactory hallucinations (a person feels smells that do not exist in reality, for example, rotten meat, beautiful perfumes of a woman, etc.). They are often associated with delusional ideas (for example, delusions of poisoning)

Visceral hallucinations (a person feels certain objects inside his body). With these hallucinations, a person can see his own internal organs in a normal or altered form, feel their movement inside the body. Vestibular hallucinations (feeling that the position of the body in space does not correspond to reality, for example, the feeling of flying). Complex hallucinations (sensations concerning several analyzers at the same time, for example, a feeling of sweet taste from a spot sitting on a chair, etc.). Tactile (tactile) hallucinations (sensation of any touch to the skin, heat, cold, etc.). They can be localized on the surface of the skin or under it, a person can feel objects, insects, animals, ropes, heat, cold, touch, moisture or grasping.

Pseudohallucinations Pseudohallucinations are most often projected inside the patient's body, mainly in his head ("voice" sounds inside the head); Pseudo-hallucinations, first described by V. Kandinsky, have the following features: 1) independence from the will of a person; 2) obsession, violence; 3) completeness, formalization of pseudo-hallucinatory images. Even if pseudo-hallucinatory disorders are projected outside one's own body (which happens much less often), then they are devoid of the nature of objective reality inherent in true hallucinations, and are completely unrelated to the real situation. Patients with true hallucinations are sure that others are experiencing the same experiences, and patients with pseudo-hallucinations consider their experiences to be purely personal.

Psychosensory disorders These are distortions of complex perceptions, different in their structure, as a result of violations of sensory synthesis with the preservation of sensations coming from the sense organs. Psychosensory disorders can occur: - with mental illness (epilepsy, schizophrenia); - with organic lesions of the brain; - in mentally normal people, under the influence of intoxication; Psychosensory disorders are characterized by: a distorted perception of the metric, spatial (shape, size, localization) qualities of objects with their general recognition and maintaining a critical attitude towards them, as well as disorders of perception and evaluation of time.

Psychosensory disorders include: 1. Metamorphopsia - a distortion of the shape and size of surrounding objects, which may appear to be reduced, enlarged, distorted, approached or removed. 2. Derealization - a painful feeling of unreality, illusiveness, alienation to the patient of the surrounding world. (deja vu, jemavu) 3. Time estimation disorders - combined with a change in the perception of the real world. Time can (stop, slow down, speed up, stretch, etc. 4. Depersonalization - systemic distortions in the perception of one's own mental processes and one's own body.

Illusions An erroneous, false perception of objects and phenomena that really exist at the moment. Illusions can arise on the basis of a contradiction in the signs of perspective, depth, shape and size of perceived objects. Illusions are an unconscious phenomenon.

Classification of illusions: 1. Physical (mirages, refraction of objects at the border of two environments) 2. Physiological (sensation of the movement of surrounding objects after the train stops) 3. Mental (caused by mood swings, ecstasy, increased effective tone (a bush in the dark is mistaken for a lurking person)

Illusions are widespread among healthy people, due to fatigue, exhaustion, suspicion of the environment or fear. They can occur as a result of mental illness or organic damage to the m.

Conclusion Perception is a complex mental process, which involves thinking, memory, emotions, feelings, experience, interests and attitudes of the perceiver's personality. Perceptual disorders make it difficult for us to perceive the world around us in all its diversity, respond to what is happening in the world around us, adjust our behavior in accordance with changes in this world and learn about the surrounding reality

On the topic "Sensation and perception"

Introduction

The topic of this work is very relevant and interesting to study. After all, perception and sensation are very complex positive processes that form a unique picture of the world, depicted perceived and felt in colors and sounds, which can differ significantly from reality. With the help of various kinds of illusions. Recognizing the difference between the perceived world and the real world is essential to understanding organizational behavior. Not for nothing scientists: Maklakov A.G.; Nemov R.S.; Stolyarenko L.D.; Nikolaenko A.I. and others, worked on the study of perception and sensation from similarities and differences.

The purpose of writing the work is to reveal the essence of the difference between perception and sensation as cognitive processes, its components, as well as factors influencing the perception and sensations of a person. To study the theoretical material on the topic and apply it in practice. At the same time, my tasks were as follows: to show the relationship between sensation and perception, to consider perception and sensation as a cognitive process of receiving and processing information from the environment, to show what a person's perception and sensation are made of, to point out possible errors and distortions in perception and sensation. Orientation in the world always implies adequate reproduction, reflection of reality. This reproduction is the essence of the cognitive relationship to reality. The result of the cognitive relationship is knowledge. Knowledge is necessary for a person not only for orientation in the surrounding world, but also for explaining and predicting events, for planning and implementing activities and developing new knowledge. How is the process of learning carried out? What links or stages does it consist of? What form does the learning process take? These are the questions to be answered in this discussion.

Most scientists have long distinguished two main stages of cognition: sensory and abstract. Historically and logically, the original form of knowledge is sensory knowledge. This stage of cognition is called sensual because for the cognition of objects at this level, the functioning of the sense organs, the nervous system, and the brain is necessary, due to which there is a sensation and perception of material objects. Sensations and perceptions are the primary forms of the cognitive process. It is on their basis, thanks to them, that a person contacts the world of material objects.

The concept of "feeling"

The simplest and initial element of sensory cognition and human consciousness is sensation."Nothing happens in mind, which was not previously in sensation, ”says an old saying. Sensations are a reflection of the individual properties of objects and phenomena that directly affect the senses at the moment. A characteristic feature of sensations is their momentary, immediacy. Sensations arise as soon as our senses come into contact with one or another object of the material world and there are some moments after which they are transformed into perceptions.

How does the process of sensation proceed? physiological aspect of sensations are analyzers, which consist of a receptor (eye, ear, taste buds located on the surface of the tongue, etc.), nerve pathways and the corresponding part of the brain. In order for a sensation to arise, it is necessary that one or another object, phenomenon affect the receptor with its specific property, color, temperature, surface, taste, smell, etc. The impact can be contact(you directly touch the object with your finger, hand, skin, or put it on your tongue, bring it to your nose, etc.). However, in all cases, the impact of the object irritates the special sensitive cells of the receptor. Irritation is a physiological process under its influence, a physiological process occurs in nerve cells - excitation, which is transmitted through afferent nerve fibers to the corresponding part of the brain. Only in the brain does the physiological process turn into mental, and a person feels this or that property of an object or phenomenon.

Types of sensations. Human feelings are infinitely diverse. There are several options for classifying sensations. Typically, the following criteria are used for classification:

1) by the presence or absence of direct contacts of the receptor with the stimulus that causes sensation;

2) at the location of the receptors;

3) according to the time of occurrence in the course of evolution;

4) according to the modality (kind) of the stimulus.

The most used is the systematization proposed by the English physiologist I. Sherrington, who identified three main classes of sensations:

1) exteroceptive, arising from the impact of external stimuli on receptors located on the surface of the body;

2) interoreceptive(organic), signaling what is happening in the body (feelings of hunger, thirst, pain, etc.);

3) proprioceptive, located in muscles and tendons; with their help, the brain receives information about the movement and position of various parts of the body.

I. Sherrington's scheme allows us to divide the total mass of exteroceptive sensations into distant (visual, auditory) and contact(tactile, gustatory). Olfactory sensations occupy an intermediate position in this case. The most ancient is organic (primarily pain) sensitivity, then contact (primarily tactile, that is, touch) forms appeared. And the most evolutionarily young should be considered auditory, and especially visual, receptor systems. The most significant for the functioning of the human psyche are visual (85% of all information about the outside world), auditory, tactile, organic, olfactory and taste sensations. Features of vision and hearing will be considered in detail when analyzing the mechanisms of human perception. Now we will focus on the analysis of organic and tactile sensations.

Organic sensations include, first of all, feelings of hunger, thirst, satiety, as well as complexes of pain and sexual sensations. The feeling of hunger appears when the food center of the brain, located in the hypothalamus, is excited. Electrical stimulation of this center (with the help of electrodes implanted there) causes in animals a desire for continuous food intake, and destruction - to refuse it, that is, to death from exhaustion. There is also a special center of saturation, the stimulation of which, on the contrary, leads to indefatigable hunger and to a continuous desire to absorb food (bulimia).

The system of tactile sensitivity (sensations of pressure, touch, texture and vibration) covers the entire human body. The largest accumulation of tactile cells is observed on the palm, on the fingertips and on the lips. The tactile sensations of the hands, together with the muscular-articular sensitivity, form the sense of touch, thanks to which the hands can reflect the shape and spatial position of objects. Tactile sensations, together with temperature sensations, are one of the types of skin sensitivity that provides information about the surface of bodies with which a person is in direct contact (smooth, rough, sticky, liquid, etc.), as well as information about the temperature parameters of these bodies and the entire environment. environment.

Sensitivity thresholds

Each type of sensation provides specific information. But at the same time, there are general patterns that are characteristic of all types of sensations. These include levels of sensitivity, or "thresholds of sensations", their adaptation and interaction, contrast and synthesis.

Sensitivity is the ability to recognize the magnitude and quality of the stimulus. The psychological relationship between the intensity of sensation and the strength of the stimulus is called the "sensation threshold". Simple everyday experience shows that in order for a sensation to arise, it is necessary for the irritation to reach a certain strength, a certain magnitude. This is easy to verify. Pour a spoonful of sugar into a glass and try. Not sweet? Slowly add sugar and try. At some point, you will feel that the water has become sweetish. This minimum value of the stimulus, which causes a barely noticeable sensation, is called the lower absolute threshold of sensitivity. There is also upper threshold of sensitivity: this is the greatest magnitude of the stimulus at which this sensation is still preserved. So, for example, beyond this threshold, the light is already blinding. The subsequent change in the strength and nature of the active stimulus, noticed by a person, is called the differential threshold, or "threshold of discrimination." Thanks to this threshold, we can constantly capture small changes in the parameters of the external and internal environment: the level of severity, an increase or decrease in sound intensity, vibrations, light levels, etc. For example, in order to notice a difference in weight, it is necessary to add or subtract 1/30 of the original to the original value; for auditory sensations, the threshold is 1/10, and for visual - 1/100. Between absolute sensitivity And its threshold is inversely proportional: the smaller the threshold value, the higher the sensitivity. Sensitivity thresholds are individual for each person. The value of these thresholds depends on many factors. The nature of a person's activity, his interests, motives, profession, training especially affect the increase in sensitivity.

The amount of difference between the signal, at which the accuracy and speed of discrimination reach a maximum, is called operational threshold sensations. The operational threshold is 10–15 times higher than the differential one.

Researchers also distinguish temporal, spatiotemporal and latent thresholds. Time threshold is a measure of the duration of exposure to a stimulus necessary for a sensation to occur. Spatial Threshold- the size of a barely perceptible stimulus. Latent threshold- the reaction period, the period of time from the moment the signal is given to the moment the sensation occurs.

Feeling properties. The sense organs are able to change their characteristics, adapting to changing conditions. This ability is called sensation adaptation. For example, when switching from light to dark and back, the sensitivity of the eye to various stimuli changes tenfold ... Full visual adaptation may take up to 40 minutes, while the sensation of color may disappear or reappear: when adapting to darkness, color vision disappears, everything is perceived in black and white; when adapting to light, a person first begins to perceive bright blue colors, and then orange-red. The sensitivity changes in this case by several orders of magnitude. Staying in absolute darkness increases the sensitivity to light in 40 minutes by 20,000 times.

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The speed and completeness of adaptation of various sensory systems are not the same: high adaptability is noted in the sense of smell, in tactile sensations (a person quickly ceases to notice the pressure of clothing on the body), and visual and auditory adaptation occurs much more slowly. The least degree. pain sensations differ in adaptation: pain is a signal of dangerous disturbances in the functioning of the body, and it is clear that a quick adaptation of pain sensations could threaten him with death.

Analyzer systems interact quite actively due to connections between the corresponding centers of the cerebral cortex. The general pattern of this interaction is that a steady weakening of some stimuli increases the sensitivity of other sensory systems, and, on the contrary, strong extraneous stimuli reduce the sensitivity of analyzers operating in parallel. An increase in sensitivity as a result of the interaction of sensations or the appearance of other stimuli is called sensitization. Sometimes, under the influence of one stimulus, sensations characteristic of another stimulus may occur. This phenomenon is associated with synesthesia. Synesthesia (from the Greek synaisthesin - a joint feeling, a one-time sensation) is a mental state in which the action of a stimulus on the corresponding sense organ, in addition to the will of the subject, causes not only a sensation specific to this sense organ, but also at the same time an additional sensation or representation characteristic of another sense organ. The most common manifestation of synesthesia is the so-called color sound, in which the sound, along with the auditory sensation, also causes a color sensation. A whole trend in musical culture, color music, is based on the phenomenon of synesthesia. A common phenomenon is also the influence of color combinations on temperature sensitivity. So, for example, yellow-orange color evokes a feeling of warmth, and blue-green - cold. Accounting for this feature affects the color design of interiors.

For normal mental activity, in order for a person to feel healthy and vigorous, a full flow of sensations is necessary. A large deficit, sensations, the phenomenon of sensory hunger is called sensory deprivation. In the case of sensory deprivation, various abnormal phenomena occur in the human psyche - from a complete shutdown of the brain, falling into oblivion, into sleep, to various types of hallucinations.

The phenomenon of sensory deprivation can be partially or completely weakened through the mechanism of compensation for sensations: with the loss of individual sense organs, the preserved organs partially take over the functions of the lost ones. In the blind, for example, hearing, touch, and smell become more acute. The psyche always functions as an integral system.

The concept of "perception"

Feeling is the primary source of information. Thanks to sensations, we cognize the individual qualities and properties of objects and phenomena. However, in a real mental process it is very difficult to single out sensations in themselves, so to speak, in their pure form. They are always experienced as the properties of one or another integral object or phenomenon: sweet sugar, fragrant rose, cold ice, etc. Feelings are part of the structure of a more complex psychological process - perception.

Perception is a holistic reflection of objects and phenomena of the objective world with their direct impact at the moment on the senses.

Feelings and perceptions are inextricably linked with each other. Perceptions are the result of the activity of the system of analyzers.

types of perceptions. In accordance with which analyzer dominates, visual, auditory, tactile, kinesthetic, olfactory and gustatory perceptions are distinguished. From the point of view of a person's orientation in the surrounding world, motor (kinesthetic) perceptions are of particular importance: visual perception is associated with the movement of the eyes; in taste - the movement of the tongue, etc. is of great importance. We are able to perceive the movement of objects around us due to the fact that the movement usually occurs against some background, this allows the retina to consistently reproduce the ongoing changes in the position of moving bodies in relation to those elements in front of which or behind which the object moves. Interestingly, in the dark, a still luminous point seems to be moving (autokinetic effect).

The perception of visible movement is determined by data on the spatial position of objects, that is, it is associated with visual perception of the degree of remoteness of an object and an assessment of the direction in which this or that object is located.

The perception of space is based on the perception of the size and shape of objects through the synthesis of visual, muscular and tactile sensations, as well as on the perception of the volume and distance of objects, which is provided by binocular vision.

The difficulty in explaining how we perceive the passage of time is that the perception of time has no obvious physical stimulus. Of course, physical time, that is, the duration of objective processes, can be easily measured, but duration itself is not a stimulus in the usual sense of the word, that is, there is no object whose energy would act on a certain time receptor (as light or sound waves do). ). So far, no mechanism has been discovered that directly or indirectly converts physical time intervals into the corresponding sensory signals.

Time-related physiological processes remain the most popular candidates for this mechanism. Such "biological clock" was called the heart rate and metabolism (that is, metabolic processes) of the body. It has been established quite accurately that the perception of time is changed by some medications that primarily affect the rhythm of our body. Quinine and alcohol make time pass more slowly. Caffeine seems to speed it up, similar to a fever. On the other hand, marijuana and hashish have, although strong, but inconsistent effects on the perception of time, they can lead to both acceleration and deceleration of subjective time. All effects that speed up the processes in the body speed up the passage of time for us, and physiological depressants slow it down.

There is a tendency to overestimate time spans of less than one second and underestimate intervals of more than one second. If you mark the beginning and end of a time segment with two clicks, and leave a pause between them (incomplete interval), then it will be perceived as shorter than an equal segment filled with a series of clicks.

Curiously, it seems to be shorter in time to say a meaningful sentence than a set of meaningless syllables pronounced for the same amount of time. Filled with intense activity, the time interval seems to be longer; systematically re-evaluate (in duration) intervals that are not filled with significant events for a person.

We are aware of duration (as well as space) only when there is a time interval between the moment the need awakens and the moment it is satisfied, that is, when we perceive time as an obstacle (we are waiting for something or someone). Otherwise, we do not pay attention to our experience of time. From this follows the basic law of time perception, formulated by Wundt: "Whenever we turn our attention to the passage of time, it seems longer." A minute will never seem so long to us as when we follow the clock hand passing 60 divisions.

There are large individual differences in the ability to estimate time. Experiments have shown that the same time can pass for a ten-year-old child five times faster than for a sixty-year-old person. In the same subject, the perception of time varies greatly depending on the mental and physical state. When depressed or frustrated, time passes slowly. Time, saturated in the past with experiences, activities, is remembered as longer, and a long period of life, filled with uninteresting events, is remembered as quickly past. The length of time less than 5 minutes usually appears to be larger than its size when recalled, and longer intervals are remembered as reduced. Our ability to judge the duration of time allows us to form a time dimension - the axis of time, on which we more or less accurately place events. The current moment (now) marks a special point on this axis, the events of the past are placed before, the events of the expected future - after this point. This general perception of the relationship between the present and the future is called "time perspective".

The basic mechanisms of perception of space and time are apparently innate. In the process of vital activity under certain conditions, they seem to build on the parameters of these conditions, but the general structural elements of such a superstructure easily disintegrate in qualitatively new conditions. Experiments with total sensory isolation provided stunning data. People were immersed in a vessel of water at a comfortable temperature without seeing or hearing anything, and the coating on their hands prevented them from receiving tactile sensations. The subjects soon found that the structure of their perceptual field began to change, hallucinations and self-suggested perceptions of time became more and more frequent. When the period of isolation ended, there was usually a loss of the ability to navigate the world around. These people turned out to be unable to distinguish between the shapes of objects (ball and pyramid), and sometimes even perceived these shapes in an altered form (they called the trapezoid a square). They saw color change where it didn't, and so on.

With a sharp physical or emotional overwork, sometimes there is an increase in susceptibility to ordinary external stimuli. Daylight suddenly blinds, the color of surrounding objects becomes unusually bright. The sounds are deafening, the slamming of the door sounds like a shot, the clatter of dishes becomes unbearable. Odors are perceived acutely, causing severe irritation. Tissues touching the body appear rough and rough. These changes in perception are called hyperesthesia. The opposite state is hypoesthesia, which is expressed in a decrease in susceptibility to external stimuli and is associated with mobile or motionless, unchanging content (stable hallucinations) and constantly changing in the form of various events that play out, as on stage or in a movie (scene-like hallucinations). There are single images (single hallucinations), parts of objects, bodies (one eye, half of the face, ear), crowds of people, flocks of animals, insects, fantastic creatures. The content of visual hallucinations has a very strong emotional impact: it can frighten, cause horror, or, on the contrary, interest, admiration, even admiration.

Illusions, that is, erroneous perceptions of real things or phenomena, should be distinguished from hallucinations. The obligatory presence of a genuine object, although perceived erroneously, is the main feature of illusions, usually divided into affective, verbal (verbal) and pareidolic.

affective(affect - short-term, strong emotional arousal) illusions most often due to fear or anxious depressed mood. In this state, even clothes hanging on a hanger can seem like a robber, and a random passerby can seem like a rapist and murderer.

Verbal illusions consist in a false perception of the content of the actual conversations of others; it seems to a person that these conversations contain allusions to some of his unseemly acts, bullying, hidden threats against him.

properties of perception. In psychology, there are five main properties or qualities of perception: integrity, constancy, meaningfulness, selectivity and apperception.

Continuation
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Integrity of perception- a property of perception, consisting in the fact that any object, and even more so a spatial objective situation, is perceived as a stable systemic whole, even if some parts of this whole cannot be observed at the moment (for example, the back side of a thing). In perception, the images of sensations are, as it were, completed, acquiring the definiteness of the object. This is possible because the image that is formed in the process of reflecting reality has a high redundancy. This means that some collection of the image contains information not only about itself, but also about other components, as well as about the image as a whole. Thus, an observer who, according to the conditions of perception, could observe the head and shoulders of a passerby, perceives the position of his arms and torso. The degree of distinctness of this perception depends on the anticipation of the parts of the object that are absent in direct perception at the given moment.

Constancy of perception- stability, constancy of images of perception, manifested in the relative independence of the perceived characteristics of objects from the parameters of irritation of the receptor surfaces of the sense organs. Thus, the constancy of the apparent size of objects is expressed in the fact that they are perceived to be approximately equal in size when the distance from the observer changes. Similarly, the perceived shape of an object does not change with the angle of view from which it is viewed by the observer, and the apparent color of a surface is relatively invariant with respect to the spectral composition of the light, although it changes the chromatic characteristics of the light reflected by this surface. Constancy of perception is largely a manifestation of the influence of past experience. We know the wheels are round and the paper is white, and that's why we see them that way. Hence the law of constancy of perception: a person considers familiar objects around him as unchanged.

Meaningfulness of perception. A special role in perception is played by the meaningfulness of information for the person who perceives it. Man, as a rational being, tries to give meaning to everything. He usually perceives only what he understands. If a person suddenly hears that the walls are talking, then in most cases he will not believe that the walls can really talk, and will look for some reasonable explanation for this: the presence of a hidden person, a tape recorder, etc., or even decide that he lost his mind. Experiments have established that meaningful words are recognized much faster and more accurately than a meaningless set of letters when they are visually presented.

Associated with meaning selective perception, which manifests itself in the preferential selection of some objects in comparison with others.

The dependence of perception on past experience, on the general state of a person’s mental activity and on his individual abilities is called apperception. Distinguish between stable apperception - the dependence of perception on stable personality traits (worldview, beliefs, level of spirituality, etc.) and temporary apperception, in which situationally arising mental states (emotions, attitude, etc.) turn out to be

Conclusion

Living and acting, resolving in the course of his life the practical tasks that confront him, a person perceives the environment. Perceiving, a person not only sees, but also looks, not only hears, but also listens, and sometimes he not only looks, but examines or peers, not only listens, but also listens. Perception is a form of knowledge of reality. But how to explain the fact that we all perceive the same thing? One might think that from birth, culture takes over the regulation of brain activity in such a way that the brain learns to make the same calculations that are characteristic of all members of a given group. Differences in the perception of the world, life, death and so on in different cultures would seem to confirm this. Pribram is of the opinion (Godefroy J) that this approach should fundamentally change our understanding of reality. This does not mean that old models will be discarded. They are likely to enter into a broader and richer vision of the world, which will allow us to explain the Universe, of which we ourselves are a part.

Thus, our perception of the environment is the result of the interpretation of signals picked up by antennas tuned to the outside world. These antennae are our receptors; eyes, ears, nose, mouth and skin. We are also sensitive to signals from our inner world, to mental images and to memories stored in memory on a more or less conscious level.

As a student of what I have learned, it will be useful for me to understand how well sensation works and how well perception will perceive this information.

Bibliography

1. Maklakov A.G. General psychology M. - 2001

2. Radugin A.A. Psychology M - 2001

Perception is a direct, sensual reflection of objects and phenomena in a holistic form as a result of awareness of their identifying perceptions. Perception is direct,
sensory reflection of objects and
phenomena in a holistic form as a result
awareness of their identity
signs.

Classification of the main types of perception

Individual differences in perception

Perceptual Properties

Objectivity - expressed in relation to information,
received from the outside world, to this world.
Integrity
- makes it possible to perceive
complete image of the subject. For perception
essential unity of the whole and the parts.
Constancy - makes it possible to perceive
the objects around us in relative terms
constancy of size, shape, color, etc.
Structurality - makes it possible to perceive not
the sum of sensations, and abstracted from them
generalized structure.
Consciousness - makes it possible to understand
item that displays.
Selectivity - the ability to single out one
objects compared to others.

Examples of features of the perception process:

The same figure is perceived
differently depending on which
system of concepts, it is comprehended
When considering a vertical row of images
the figure in the center is interpreted as the number 13
When considering a horizontal row - like the letter B.

The tendency of consciousness to comprehend
object is so large that we
"see" even non-existent faces
triangles.

Sensitivity to the properties of phenomena
depends on adjacent contrast
impacts.
The inner squares give the impression of a different
gray intensity. In reality they are the same.

Just by categorizing
perceived object, we recognize
his signs.
What do you see in this picture?
Signs of a dog in detail
only discover that
here is a dog

What is shown here?
These disparate spots will unite into a single visual image,
if you understand the meaning of the image by flipping it 180 °

Integrity of perception - reflections
object as a sustainable
system integrity
The tendency of consciousness towards the integrity of the object is so great that we even
"see" the edges of the rectangle

The integrity of perception is violated if
individual elements of the object are excessively
scattered.
When a newspaper photo is enlarged ten times, the halftone dots
typographic cliches do not merge into a coherent image
Can you see the eye and eyebrow in this picture?

Selective perception -
preferential selection of an object from
background.
The image highlights the figure in the center,
not four segments at the edges

Who do you see in this picture?
This will depend on the direction
your perception - from what you
singled out as the basis for
decision: either young or
old woman

And this flat object can become
voluminous
Once you know what's in front of you
pyramid image

Constancy of perception -
independence of reflection of objective
qualities of items from modified
conditions for their perception.
the secret of this Ames room is
what we involuntarily evaluate
dog and boy sizes
compared to window sizes.
Actually a dog
much more

Visual illusions are caused
our subconscious generalizations
and physiological factors.
There may be other reasons for visual
illusions.

Illusion of irradiation
The bright figure seems close

Aftereffect illusion
Look for 30 seconds at the top point and look at the bottom.
The left circle will appear smaller than the right

General Pattern Recognition Model

Basic concepts

Apperception
- dependence of perception on past experience, stock of knowledge and
general orientation of the individual.
Audiovisual perception is the simultaneous perception of hearing and sight.
Perception is a form of holistic mental reflection of objects or
phenomena with their direct impact on the senses.
Selectivity - the quality of perception, determined by the direction or
personality experience.
Illusions of perception - a distorted reflection of reality, wearing
sustainable character.
The constancy of perception is the relative constancy of the images of objects, in
in particular their shape, color, size when the conditions of perception change.
Observation is a personality trait that manifests itself as an ability
notice in the perceived little-known, but significant details.
Touch is a type of perception that develops on the basis of tactile and
motor sensations.
Perceptual actions are the main structural units of the process
perception, including the detection of the object of perception and its correlation with
memory images.
Perceptual system - a set of analyzers that provide this
act of perception.
Objectivity of perception - the assignment of information received from the external
world, to the objects of this world.
Sensory is a concept that generalizes sensations and perceptions.
The integrity of perception is a feature of perception, which consists in
reflection of objects in the aggregate of their properties with direct
impact on the senses; c. in. formed in subject activity
person.

Recommendations for teachers and parents on the development of optical-spatial perception in primary school students with optical dysgraphia.

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Creative work "Development of the abilities of active perception of color in children at the lessons of fine arts"

The impact of color on the state of the child, the perception of color by children....

Work program for the development of auditory perception and the formation of pronunciation II type 2 branch 7 class. Calendar-thematic planning for the development of auditory perception and the formation of pronunciation II type 2nd branch 7th grade.

Work program for the development of auditory perception and the formation of pronunciation II type 2 branch 4 class. Calendar-thematic planning for the development of auditory perception and the formation of pronunciation II type 2 branch 4 grade.

Lesson on the development of auditory perception and the formation of pronunciation in the 5th grade of the II department. Topics of the lesson: FP Sounds sh-zh. Differentiation. Stunning of voiced consonants at the end of a word. RSV text "About the hare". Perception of phrases and questions to the text.

Work program for the development of auditory perception and the formation of pronunciation II type 2 branch 10th grade. Calendar-thematic planning for the development of auditory perception and the formation of pronunciation II type 2nd branch 10th grade.

The work program for the development of auditory perception and the formation of pronunciation (hereinafter referred to as RSV and FP) in the 10th grade of students with disabilities (hard of hearing and late deaf) (hereinafter ...

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Constancy - the independence of the image from the conditions of perception, manifested in its immutability: the shape, color and size are perceived as constant, despite the fact that the signals coming from these objects to the senses are constantly changing. Gregory R. The world remains stable even though our eyes move.

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Why does the world stay stable when our eyes move? According to the afferent theory, motion signals coming from the retina are inhibited by signals coming from the eye muscles (afferent). According to the efferent theory, retinal movement signals are inhibited by command signals that control the eye movements themselves, signals (efferent), which in turn are regulated by the internal closed system of the brain.

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Objectivity - an object is perceived as a separate physical body isolated in space and time. Vase Ruby. In this picture, the background can be either black or white. It depends on what a person perceives - a vase or two profiles. The figure and the background are interchangeable: the figure can turn into a background, and the background into a figure.

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Rules for grouping parts into a holistic image: The rule of common fate: a set of elements moving at the same speed and along the same trajectory is perceived as a whole. Similarity Rule: The more parts of a picture are similar to each other in some perceived quality, the more likely they are to be perceived as being located together. Proximity rule: in any field containing several objects, those that are closest to each other can be visually perceived as a single object.

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Generalization - the relation of each image to a certain class of objects that has a name. Classification ensures the reliability of the correct recognition of an object, regardless of its individual characteristics and distortions that do not take the object out of the class. This property allows not only to perceive objects, but also to predict some properties that are not directly perceived. See J. Brunner. Perception as a process of categorization. Perceptual readiness.

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Perception as a process of categorization. Stages of the Categorization Process Primary Categorization Finding Features Confirmatory Checking Completing the Checking Perception is a decision making process based on the use of distinguishing features. The properties of incentives make it possible to attribute them to the appropriate category. Categories differ in their readiness. Perceptual readiness minimizes the surprise of the environment and maximizes success in object recognition.

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All considered properties of perception are not innate and are formed during a person's life. Visual acuity in an infant reaches the same level as in an adult only by the end of the first year of life. From the age of 4 months, the child distinguishes colors: blue, green, yellow and red, but prefers blue and red. Gibson and Walk, using the “visual cliff”, showed that the child has depth perception already from early childhood. The constancy of perception reaches the level of perception of an adult only by the age of 10. In a 2-3 year old child, the perceived value decreases with the distance of objects.

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Active eye movement Experiments of Held and Hein on kittens: visual stimulation alone is not sufficient for the development of perception, active movement is necessary; study of eye movements during visual perception: a person examines an object not along a random trajectory, but, as it were, sequentially probes with his gaze the most significant elements of the figure;

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Perception under conditions of sensory deficiency Observations of the perception of astronauts (under zero gravity conditions). change in the perception of the position of one's own body in space; significant errors in visual distance estimation; An increase in the resolution of vision and hearing in conditions of information deficiency can be explained not only by an increase in sensitivity, but also by the fact that the degree of availability of various hypotheses changes due to a violation of the ratio of the flow of information from the center and the periphery towards the center. ? Illusions and hallucinations.

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Structuredness of the received information A person lives in the world of things and phenomena limited in space and time and being interconnected in certain ways. Once in conditions where there is no habitual dissection and organization in the field of perception, a person cannot not only adequately and for a long time perceive such a surrounding world, but also experiences violations of other mental functions. ? Give examples

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Perception is the process of forming, with the help of active actions, a subjective image of an integral object that directly affects the analyzers. Unlike sensations, which reflect only individual properties of objects, in the image of perception, the entire object is represented as a unit of interaction, in the aggregate of its invariant properties. The image of perception acts as a result of the synthesis of sensations, the possibility of which, according to A.N. Leontiev, arose in phylogenesis in connection with the transition of living beings from a homogeneous, objectively unformed environment to an environment, objectively formalized. Depending on the biological significance in the perceived object, either one or the other quality may turn out to be the leading one, which determines the information from which analyzer will be recognized as a priority. In accordance with this, visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory and olfactory perceptions are distinguished. At the same time, motor or kinesthetic sensations play a particularly important role in all types of perception, which regulate the real relationship of the subject with the object on the basis of feedback. In particular, in visual perception, along with visual sensations proper (colors, light), kinesthetic sensations accompanying eye movements (accommodation, convergence and divergence, tracking) are also integrated. Perception is the process of forming, with the help of active actions, a subjective image of an integral object that directly affects the analyzers. Unlike sensations, which reflect only individual properties of objects, in the image of perception, the entire object is represented as a unit of interaction, in the aggregate of its invariant properties. The image of perception acts as a result of the synthesis of sensations, the possibility of which, according to A.N. Leontiev, arose in phylogenesis in connection with the transition of living beings from a homogeneous, objectively unformed environment to an environment, objectively formalized. Depending on the biological significance in the perceived object, either one or the other quality may turn out to be the leading one, which determines the information from which analyzer will be recognized as a priority. In accordance with this, visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory and olfactory perceptions are distinguished. At the same time, motor or kinesthetic sensations play a particularly important role in all types of perception, which regulate the real relationship of the subject with the object on the basis of feedback. In particular, in visual perception, along with visual sensations proper (colors, light), kinesthetic sensations accompanying eye movements (accommodation, convergence and divergence, tracking) are also integrated.

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