Presentation - endocrine glands. Endocrine glands. Hormones are produced and secreted by separate organs - endocrine glands. Endocrine glands function presentation
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The presentation on the topic "Internal secretion glands" can be downloaded absolutely free of charge on our website. Project subject: Biology. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you keep your classmates or audience interested. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report, click on the appropriate text under the player. The presentation contains 33 slide(s).
Presentation slides
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Endocrine glands
Shadrina Yulia Vasilievna Biology teacher Highest qualification category
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Endocrine glands, or endocrine glands, are glands that do not have excretory ducts and secrete physiologically active substances (hormones) directly into the internal environment of the body - the blood. Hormones entering the blood, together with the nervous system, provide regulation and control of important functions of the body, maintaining its internal balance (homeostasis), normal growth and development
slide 3
Glands of mixed secretion
Exocrine glands
Lacrimal glands; Salivary glands; Digestive glands; sweat glands; Sebaceous glands; Milk glands.
Pituitary; hypothalamus; epiphysis; Thyroid; Parathyroid gland; Thymus - thymus Pancreas; Adrenals; Sex glands (ovaries, testes)
Pancreas; sex glands; Liver, etc.
body glands
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Hormones are substances of various classes (amino acids and their derivatives, peptides, proteins, steroids, etc.), which are usually produced and secreted by specialized glands. Some hormones have a direct regulatory effect on some organ, while others may have a programming effect, i.e. at a certain moment, they change the cells of any tissues for the entire subsequent time of their life.
Slide 7
- lower cerebral appendage, located at the base of the brain above the midbrain in the bone notch - the Turkish saddle.
pituitary gland pituitary gland
Slide 8
13 - pituitary gland 14 - adenohypophysis - anterior lobe 15 - tuberous part 16 - intermediate part 17 - distal part 19 - neurohypophysis - posterior lobe 20 - infundibulum 21 - nerve lobe 22 - pineal body
The structure of the pituitary gland
Slide 9
Anterior lobe
Growth Hormone (GH); Regulatory: ACTH (adrenocorticotropic), TSH (thyriotropic) FSH (follicle stimulating) LH (luteinizing) LTH (lactagenic).
posterior lobe
Vasopressin (ADH) Oxytocin;
Average share
Intermedin (melanocyte-stimulating)
Hormones secreted by the pituitary gland
Slide 10
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P E R E D N I A D O L I
Enhanced Function
reduced function
Ensuring body growth at a young age
At a young age, it causes gigantism, in adults - growth, an increase in body parts - acromegaly
Delays growth dwarfism; body proportions and mental development are normal
ACTH TSH FSH LH LTG
Regulate the activity of the adrenal cortex, thyroid gland, sex glands, genital organs, lactation
Strengthening the activity of the listed glands
Weakening of the activity of the listed glands
Impact on the body
slide 12
BACK LOB I MIDDLE I D O L I
Contraction of the smooth muscles of the vessels and uterus. Reabsorption of water in the kidney
Decreased excretion of fluid in the urine
Increased excretion of fluid in the urine
Distribution of pigment in the skin
Increased pigmentation
Pigmentation reduction
ADG Intermedin
slide 13
(subtubercular region) It is a formation located at the base of the brain and is responsible for the autonomous functions of the body. Located in the diencephalon. Manages the endocrine system by secreting releasing hormones. It receives information from almost all parts of the brain and uses it to control many processes.
Hypothalamus
Slide 14
Releasing hormones enter the pituitary gland through the bloodstream, where, under their influence, the formation, accumulation and release of pituitary hormones occur.
Hypothalamic-pituitary system
slide 15
Liberins Statins
Stimulates the production of anterior pituitary hormones
Hyperfunction of the anterior pituitary gland
Hypofunction of the anterior pituitary gland
Inhibit the production of anterior pituitary hormones
The effect of hormones on the body
slide 16
(pineal body) Located above the quadrigemina (an appendage of the brain)
Hormones Melatonin and others.
They inhibit the production of pituitary hormones, which inhibits puberty. Adaptation.
Slows down puberty
Accelerates puberty. Decreased adaptability.
Slide 17
It has two lobes connected by an isthmus, consisting of microscopic vesicles - follicles
Located in front of the neck, to the outside of the windpipe - the trachea, under the Adam's apple
Thyroid
Slide 18
The hormone secreted by the thyroid gland is necessary for the normal development of the body and metabolism. Iodine is required for the production of thyroxine.
T I R O X I N
Stimulates growth and development, enhances metabolism, excitation of the nervous system, heat release
At an early age - increased heat transfer, exhaustion. In adults - Graves' disease - growth of the gland (goiter), bulging eyes, increased heart rate, irritability. Increased appetite, weight loss.
At an early age - cretinism (dementia, mental retardation), dwarfism, delayed sexual development. In adults - myxedema (mucous edema), puffiness, lethargy, fatigue, drowsiness.
thyroxine
Slide 19
- pathological enlargement of the thyroid gland
Simple (endemic) Occurs when there is a lack of iodine, which is necessary for the thyroid gland to produce hormones
Types of goiter
Toxic Associated with an excess of thyroid hormones - hyperthyroidism, as in particular with Graves' disease
Symptoms - depends on the degree of enlargement of the thyroid gland. There may be thickening of the necks on the sides of the windpipe. With toxic goiter, increased fatigue, irritability, sweating, palpitations, trembling of the hands and the whole body are characteristic.
Slide 20
11 - superior parathyroid gland (right and left lobes) 12 - inferior parathyroid gland (right and left lobes)
Located on the back of the thyroid gland. Dimensions (with a grain of rice), total weight - 0.1-0.13 gr.
Parathyroid gland
slide 21
Parathyroid hormones regulate the amount of calcium and phosphorus in the blood as they are used by the body. Hypofunction of the gland - a decrease in the calcium content in the blood - causes a certain amount of the hormone to enter the bloodstream. Hyperfunction - increased reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys and a similar process in the intestines
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or thymus - an organ of the immune system. It is located in the thoracic region and undergoes regression after puberty.
23 - thymus 24 - lobe (right/left) 26 - thymus lobules
Regulates immune and growth processes (hormone thymosin), produces lymphocytes that affect other lymphocytes that secrete antibodies.
Thymus
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Located on the upper poles of the kidneys and consisting of two layers: cortical and cerebral.
29 - adrenal gland 30 - anterior surface 31 - posterior surface 32 - renal surface 33 - upper edge 34 - medial edge 35 - gate 36 - central vein 37 - cortical substance 38 - medulla
- paired adrenal glands
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Outer layer (cortical)
Inner layer (brain)
corticosteroids: mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids. androgens and estrogens
epinephrine norepinephrine
Hormones secreted by the adrenal glands
Slide 25
Corticosteroids
Participate in the provision of immunity, adaptation. Regulate all types of metabolism
Decreased metabolism, body resistance to adverse factors
Addison's disease: muscle weakness, shortness of breath, loss of appetite, bronze skin tone
Androgens estrogens
Influence the formation of secondary sexual characteristics
Early puberty. Rapid cessation of growth
Late puberty
Andrenaline, norad-renaline
Increases strength and heart rate. Raises blood pressure. Enhances metabolism, especially carbohydrates
The heartbeat quickens. Blood pressure rises sharply. Hyperexcitability
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It is located in the abdominal cavity, behind the stomach. The cells that produce hormones are called islet cells.
Pancreas
Slide 27
insulin glucogan norm
Lowers blood sugar concentration - increases the synthesis of glycogen from glucose in the liver and muscles
Shock, accompanied by convulsions and loss of consciousness with a drop in blood sugar levels.
Diabetes is an increase in blood sugar. Metabolic disease.
Increases the concentration of sugar in the blood, promotes the breakdown of glycogen to glucose.
Practically not observed, since other hormones perform a similar function (adrenaline, glucocorticoids)
H O D E I S T V I E N A O R G A N I Z M
Pancreatic hormones
Slide 28
- a disease associated with a violation of the process of formation of insulin in the body
Types of diabetes
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus Occurs when the pancreas does not produce insulin
Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus The pancreas produces a certain amount of insulin, or this amount is insufficient, or insulin is not used by the body due to reduced sensitivity to this hormone
Symptoms - increased blood sugar, the appearance of sugar in the urine, weight loss, excessive thirst, feeling of hunger, profuse urination. Impotence and changes in the menstrual cycle are not uncommon.
Diabetes
Slide 29
Paired oval-shaped organs Located in the pelvic cavity on the sides of the uterus
1 - uterus; 2 - fallopian tube; 3 - ovary
Microscopic structure of the ovary
16 - ovarian cortex 17 - ovarian medulla 18 - primary follicles 19 - follicles
female gonads - ovary
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External - cortical (follicular)
internal - cerebral
Temporary gland does not produce estrogen, progesterone
Formation of secondary female sexual characteristics: Enlargement of the genital organs, Mammary glands, Hair on the pubis and in the armpits Development of the female type of the skeleton and muscles The appearance of sexual desire
early puberty
Delayed puberty, at an early age - the absence of secondary sexual characteristics
Decreased excitability, especially uterine tone during pregnancy, ensures gestation
female sex hormones
Slide 31
Paired oval-shaped organs Located in the scrotum - a skin-muscle sac, have a lobed structure
Testis and epididymis
Testicle (diagram)
1 - epididymis 2 - head of the epididymis 3 - body of the epididymis 4 - tail of the epididymis 5 - lobules of the epididymis 6 - duct of the epididymis 7 - testicle 10-11 - appendix of the testicle 26 - testicular septum 27 - lobules of the testicle 29 - convoluted seminiferous tubules 32 - efferent tubules of the testis
Male gonads - testis
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The formation of secondary male sexual characteristics: an increase in the genital organs, hair growth on the pubis, in the armpits, on the face, development of the skeleton and muscles according to the male type, breaking of the voice, etc. emergence of sexual desire
Early puberty - small stature - increased hair growth - early baldness - increased aggressiveness
Delayed puberty. At an early age - the reverse development of the genital organs and the absence of secondary sexual characteristics
The effect of male sex hormones (androgens) on the body
Slide 33
Biology. Basic outlines. – Moscow: INFRA-M; Novosibirsk: Siberian agreement, 2000. - 204 p. Biology. Allowance-tutor for applicants to universities. / ed. I.Yu. Pavlov, D.V. Vakhnenko and others - Rostov-on-Don: publishing house "Phoenix", 2001. - 608 p. 3. Biology. Human. Textbook for the 8th grade of secondary schools / ed. N.I. Sonina, M.R. Sapin. - Moscow: Drofa, 2000. - 216 p. 4. Biology in tables 6-11 grades. Reference manual / author-compiler T.A. Kozlova, V.S. Kuchmenko. - Moscow: Bustard, 2000 .- 240 p. 5. Biology. A complete course of general education secondary school: a textbook for schoolchildren and entrants. - Moscow: Exam, 2002. - 448 p. 6. Biology. A person for the 9th grade of secondary schools / edited by A.S. Batuev, I.D. Kuzmina. - Moscow: Drofa, 2002, 240 p. 7. Pocket atlas of human anatomy / ed. H. Fenish. - Minsk: "The Highest School", 2000 8. Great Encyclopedia of Folk Medicine. - Moscow: Eksmo publishing house, 2005. - 1088 p. 9. Electronic manual. New collection of abstracts and essays
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Teacher MOU secondary school No. 16, Balashov, Saratov region Kurenkova T.A.
ENDOCRINE GLANDS.
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"has always been and will be the most curious phenomenon for man!" V.G. Belinsky
Human
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harmonies
Biologically active substances of various chemical nature, formed in the endocrine glands, regulating body functions.
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Functions of hormones.
The endocrine system regulates: - the metabolic processes of the body, - the growth and development (mental, physical, sexual) of the body, - ensures the constancy of the internal environment (homeostasis) and the normal course of all biochemical processes
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Properties of hormones
1. They act in small concentrations. 2. They have high biological activity. 3. Differ in specificity of action (some act only on certain target organs); 4. They act through the blood and lymph. 5. Regulate the metabolic processes that take place in the cell
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humoral regulation.
COORDINATION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF THE HUMAN BODY THROUGH BLOOD, LYMPH, TISSUE FLUID, WITH THE PARTICIPATION OF HORMONES.
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nervous regulation.
Regulation of the vital activity of the body with the help of the nervous system
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Endocrine system
. Glands of internal secretion.
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Find out the causes of anomalies in human development.
Target:
Problem:
What are the causes of various deviations from normal development?
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Thyroid
Located on top of the thyroid cartilage. Structure: two lobes connected by an isthmus and consisting of vesicles.
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Pancreas
Located below the stomach in the abdominal cavity Structure: islands of cells located in the abdominal cavity Hormone: insulin
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Pituitary
Located below the bridge of the brain Hormones: a) growth b) regulatory
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adrenal glands
Location: Above the top of the kidneys. Structure: The outer layer is cortical, the inner layer is medulla.
Slide 14
Health Planet program
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Thyroid
With a lack of iodine in the body, endemic goiter develops - an overgrowth of thyroid tissue.
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Thyroid
Regulates metabolism and body development. The hormone is thyroxine. With hypofunction - myxedema With hyperfunction - Graves' disease
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Basedow's disease
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adrenal glands
They mobilize the body in extreme situations and increase its performance and endurance. The main hormones are adrenaline and norepinephrine. The amount of hormones released depends on the physiological and psychological state of the body.
Slide 20
Small in mass, the adrenal glands produce 28 hormones. They regulate the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, affect the content of Na, K in the body, stimulate the activity of the cardiovascular system.
Adrenaline in extreme situations is produced in large quantities. The heart beats faster, blood vessels constrict. In a matter of seconds, he mobilizes all forces. With such doping, everyday difficulties and stresses are not terrible.
The adrenal glands produce the hormone cortisol, which relieves inflammation and pain. In extreme situations, it supplies the muscles with additional energy. With a lack of cortisol, the work of the adrenal glands is disrupted, which leads to bronze disease.
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Dwarfism.
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Yoti Amge from the Indian city of Nagpur is the smallest girl in the world, according to the Indian Book of Records. The 15-year-old schoolgirl is only 58 cm tall and weighs 5 kg.
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GIANTISM, abnormal growth of a person or animal, exceeding the norm characteristic of the species. It is caused by a violation of the activity of the endocrine glands (mainly the pituitary, thyroid and sex glands).
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Pancreas
Regulates the synthesis and breakdown of sugar in the body. The main hormone is insulin. With hypofunction - diabetes mellitus. With hyperfunction - dizziness, weakness, loss of consciousness.
Slide 25
Comparative characteristics of endocrine diseases of students of MOU secondary school No. 16
Total number of students
Students with impaired thyroid (2011)
50
0
400
250
Comparative diagram of endocrine diseases of MOU secondary school No. 16 for 2006-2007. and 2010 - 2011
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Conducting and analyzing a sociological survey of students in grades 5-11
Causes of thyroid disorders. Conclusion: it is necessary to strengthen the promotion of a healthy lifestyle.
Do not use
Slide 27
Recommendations for the prevention of thyroid disorders:
Eat right - and the medicine is not needed. Eat fish - there will be quick legs. Carrots add blood. Dinner without vegetables is a holiday without music. The thyroid gland needs vitamins. Eat lemons, apples, cottage cheese, dark bread, walnuts. Less nervous avoid worries, stressful situations. Eat seafood daily. Seaweed 220,000 micrograms, iodine per 100 grams, cod liver 800 micrograms, pollock 150 micrograms. Relax in the summer by the sea, take iodomarin, add mineral salt from the Dead Sea to the bath, go in for active sports.
Hormones (from the Greek chorus - I excite, set in motion) biologically active substances secreted by the endocrine glands and affecting the functions of tissues and organs. All hormones are organic substances (formed from protein, amino acids, fat-like substances) They are formed in the glands, they are carried throughout the body through the blood.
Functions of the pituitary gland: 1) anterior lobe - growth hormone, regulates growth 2) other hormones of the anterior pituitary gland regulate the maturation of the gonads, milk production in the mammary glands; affect the growth of the adrenal cortex, the development of the thyroid gland; 3) hormones of the posterior pituitary gland reduce the excretion of urine from the body, change metabolism, increase the contraction of small arteries, and increase blood pressure.
Diseases of the thyroid gland Myxedema (with deficiency) Signs of the disease: - Up to 30-40% reduced metabolism, especially protein metabolism; - water accumulates under the skin, the skin becomes dry, swollen; - body temperature drops - the activity of the heart decreases; - there is sluggishness of movements; - thinking, speech slow down; - hair falls out, becomes sparse.
Comparative characteristics of the glands Signs External secretion glands Endocrine glands Presence of ducts Yes No Excreted substances Biologically active substances Hormones Where the secret is secreted On the surface of the body or into the body cavity Into the blood Amount of secretion Milligrams, liters (mg, l) Micrograms (mcg) regulation Not implemented Implemented
With a deficiency, calcium metabolism is disturbed. Bones become brittle and brittle. Teeth become susceptible to decay. Chalk-like spots appear on them. The excitability of the nervous system increases, convulsions appear. With an excess, the calcium content in the bones decreases. They become flexible and bend easily. Calcium accumulates in the blood, liver, kidneys, and brain.
SLIDE 1.
TOPIC TITLE.
SLIDE 2.
SLIDE TEXT FIRST, THEN- Hormones are specifically active substances involved in the regulation and coordination of body functions. Hormones are involved in the implementation of nervous processes, regulating the neurohormonal mechanisms of life support of the body as a whole in complex conditions of interaction between external and internal environmental factors.
SLIDE 3.
The glands have a different origin and structure, and are also located in different parts of the human body. Among the endocrine glands, the thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, pituitary gland, pineal gland, adrenal glands, endocrine part of the pancreas and sex glands are distinguished. Then an explanation of the picture.
SLIDE 4-5.
All hormones secreted by the endocrine glands have great biological activity and specificity. Each hormone acts on certain cells, tissues, organs, on the physiological processes occurring in them. (see table). Hormones in organs and tissues are rapidly destroyed. Therefore, for the long-term action of hormones, their constant release into the blood, into the tissue fluid is necessary.
SLIDE 6.
SLIDE TEXT FIRST, THEN- The pituitary gland is the most important endocrine gland, which regulates the activity of a number of other endocrine glands. Explanation of the drawing. The pituitary gland consists of two lobes: the anterior, or adenohypophysis, and the posterior, or neurohypophysis. The part of the anterior lobe that is adjacent to the posterior is considered as the intermediate part. The uppermost part of the anterior lobe, covering the funnel in the form of a ring, is called the tuberous part. The neurohypophysis includes the infundibulum and the nerve lobe.
SLIDE 7.
The adenohypophysis contains several types of cells that produce various hormones. Somatotropin (GH) stimulates ossification and growth of bones, muscles and internal organs. hyperfunction pituitary during the period of growth of the body causes an acceleration of this process (gigantism). Hypofunction - body length will be small (dwarfish growth). If the growth of the organism is completed, then the hyperproduction of growth hormone leads to a disease - acromegaly (accompanied by an increase in the hands, feet, skull, especially its facial part, etc.). Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates the production of adrenal hormones. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) is essential for the functioning of the thyroid gland. Lactotropic hormone (prolactin, LTG) stimulates the development of the mammary glands and the secretion of milk. Gonadotropic hormones (follicle-stimulating and luteinizing - FSH and LH) stimulate the production of male and female sex hormones by the gonads.
From the neurohypophysis, 2 hormones are released into the blood: oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin), which enter there from the hypothalamus. Oxytocin acts on the smooth muscles of the uterus - regulates the birth act, and also, due to the effect on the ducts of the mammary glands, stimulates the secretion of milk. Vasopressin causes blood vessels to contract and increases water reabsorption from the renal tubules, hence it is called antidiuretic hormone. Violation of the function of the neurohypophysis leads to a disease - diabetes insipidus. Patients with diabetes insipidus excrete up to 20-30 liters of urine per day.
The intermediate part of the pituitary gland produces the hormone intermedin, which regulates pigment metabolism in the integumentary tissues and retina.
SLIDE8.
Age features of the pituitary gland.
SLIDE 9.
The thyroid gland is located in the anterior region of the neck in front of the larynx and upper tracheal cartilages. The thyroid gland has two lobes and an isthmus, which is located at the level of the cricoid cartilage of the larynx. The mass of the gland in an adult is 20-30 g. Outside, the thyroid gland is covered with a connective tissue capsule, which is quite firmly fused with the larynx, so the thyroid gland has mobility (together with the larynx).
SLIDE 10.
The thyroid gland produces the hormones thyroxine (tetraiodothyronine) and triiodothyronine, which increase the overall metabolism in the body, increase nitrogen metabolism, as well as heat transfer, accelerate the consumption of proteins, fats and carbohydrates, increase the release of water and potassium from the body, regulate the activity of the adrenal glands, sexual and milk glands. In addition, hormones affect the formation of the skeleton, accelerate bone growth and ossification of the epiphyseal cartilage.
With functional underdevelopment of the gland, cretinism is observed, which is expressed in growth retardation, obesity, and mental retardation. Insufficient secretion leads to a disease called myxedema (at the same time, there is fatigue, drowsiness, dry skin, brittle nails appear, the face becomes puffy, as if swollen due to swelling of the subcutaneous tissue, swelling extends to other parts of the body). With hyperfunction of the gland, diffuse toxic goiter (Graves' disease) develops: an increase in the mass of the thyroid gland with the appearance of goiter, bulging eyes, increased heart rate (tachycardia) and increased excitability of the nervous system.
SLIDE 11.
Age features of the thyroid gland.
SLIDE 12.
Parathyroid glands, rounded, in the amount of four pieces are located on the back surface of the lobes of the thyroid gland, two on each lobe. The total mass of these glands in an adult is about 0.15 g.
The parathyroid glands regulate the exchange of calcium and phosphorus. The gland produces parathyroid hormone (parathyroid hormone - PTH 2), which has two fractions: one of them regulates the excretion of phosphorus by the kidneys, the other regulates the deposition of calcium in tissues, which leads to an increase in the concentration of calcium and phosphorus in the blood. Removal of the parathyroid glands causes severe convulsions and death.
In humans, with a reduced function of the parathyroid glands, the calcium content in the blood decreases and the amount of potassium increases, which causes increased excitability, convulsions appear. With a lack of calcium in the blood, it is removed (washed out) from the bones, as a result of which the bones become flexible, softening of the bones occurs. With hyperfunction of the parathyroid glands, calcium is deposited in the walls of blood vessels, in the kidneys.
SLIDE 13.
Age features of the parathyroid gland.
SLIDE 14.
The endocrine part of the pancreas (pancreatic islets, islets of Langerhans) is formed by groups of cells, cell clusters rich in blood capillaries. The total number of islets ranges from 1-2 million, and the diameter of each is 100-300 microns. The pancreatic islets are dominated by the so-called beta (β) cells (60-80%), which secrete the hormone insulin. Along with these cells in the pancreatic islets, there are alpha (α) cells (10-30%) that produce glucagon. In the pancreas, lipocaine is also formed, which promotes the oxidation of fats in the liver, vagotonin, which increases the activity of the vagus nerves and increases the tone of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic part of the nervous system, and centropnein, which stimulates the nerve cells of the respiratory center and expands the bronchi.
The hormone insulin enhances the transition of glucose from the blood to the liver cells, to the muscle fibers of the skeletal muscles, to the cells of the cardiac myocardium and smooth muscles. In these organs, under the influence of insulin, glycogen is synthesized from glucose. Insulin also promotes the entry of glucose into fat cells, where fats are synthesized from it.
Glucagon works differently than insulin. Glucagon breaks down glycogen in the liver and increases blood sugar levels, as well as enhances the breakdown of fat in adipose tissue.
SLIDE 15.
Everything on the slide.
SLIDE 16.
The adrenal medulla produces two hormones - adrenaline and norepinephrine. Both hormones have diverse physiological effects. They increase the contractility and excitability of the heart, narrow the blood vessels of the skin, increase blood pressure. Adrenal medulla hormones are mediators of the sympathetic nervous system. The adrenal cortex is a vital formation. Currently, more than 30 hormones secreted by the cortex have been identified. Hormones of the adrenal cortex regulate the concentration of sodium, potassium and chlorine in the blood and tissues (aldosterone), carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism (glucocorticoids). The latter also play an important role in the stress and inflammatory reactions of the body. Sex hormones are also produced in the cortex.
SLIDE 17.
Everything on the slide.
SLIDE 18.
The thymus gland is located in the chest cavity, behind the manubrium of the sternum. It distinguishes two lobes connected by a layer of connective tissue. The substance of the gland consists of small lobules, in which the cortical and medulla layers are distinguished. The cortex contains a large number of lymphocytes. There are fewer lymphocytes in the medulla, but there are so-called Hassall bodies, consisting of flat epithelial cells; these little bodies are credited with a secretory role.
The activity of the thymus gland is manifested mainly in childhood. Iron reaches its greatest development by the age of 11-15, its weight at this time is about 35 g. The weight of the gland in a newborn is 10-15 g. From the time of puberty, the substance of the gland is gradually replaced by adipose tissue. In an adult, in place of the thymus gland, there is fatty tissue, in which there are small areas of glandular tissue. The function of the thymus gland is little studied, its hormone has not been isolated. It is believed that in childhood before puberty, the thymus gland inhibits the maturation of the gonads.
SLIDE 19.
Sex glands - testicles in men and ovaries in women - are organs in which sex cells develop, and at the same time endocrine glands. The intrasecretory function of these glands is to secrete sex hormones that enter the bloodstream. Sex hormones affect various functions. In particular, the puberty of the body is associated with the development of the gonads and the release of sex hormones. Under puberty understand the development of primary and the appearance of secondary sexual characteristics; it occurs at the age of 12 - 18 years.
The testicles are the male's primary sex organs, located in the testicles.
SLIDE 20-21.
Everything on the slide
SLIDE 22.
The ovaries are the primary reproductive organs of a woman, located in the lower part of the abdominal cavity on the sides of the uterus. They produce eggs for reproduction, but also other systems - the ovarian follicles and the corpus luteum - that have endocrine functions related to the body's reproductive activity.
Preview:
"endocrine glands"
Biology lesson in 8th grade.
From work experience
biology teachers
MOU NSOSH № 1
Gubaidullina S. A.
Annotation:
Lesson materials can be used in a thematic or general lesson, in biology, chemistry.
The purpose of the lesson: to form in students the concept of humoral regulation of the body's activity. Continue to form the concept of the regulation of the body with the help of the nervous system. Expand knowledge about the structure and functions of the cell.
Tasks:
To reveal the structural features of the endocrine glands in connection with the function performed. To reveal the role of biologically active substances of hormones. Continue exploring the regional component.
To develop the ability to work with a textbook, scientific literature, tables, dummies.
To cultivate a culture of communication, the ability to evaluate the results of one's work.
Equipment: Illustrations on the topic. Tables with the names of the teams on the tables.
Presentation slides.
Cards with the names of the glands of internal, mixed and external secretion to complete the task at the blackboard.
Cards - tasks for teams. Books for work with task cards. List of questions for independent work.
During the classes
1. Organizational moment. 1 minute.
Students enter the classroom and take their places according to the space allocated.
Each team has 13 people.
Teams and their captains are introduced.
2. Actualization of basic knowledge.
Guys, what did we study in the last lesson? We got acquainted with the role of endocrine regulation. We learned which glands belong to the glands of external, internal and mixed secretion. We learned the features of such a division of the glands, as well as the properties of hormones.
Today you will continue to study the glands of our body. But get acquainted in more detail with the endocrine glands.
Before you guys, the task is to find out which glands regulate the growth and development of the body, how they affect the metabolism, which hormones maintain the constancy of the internal environment of the body.
But before we get acquainted with the endocrine glands and the hormones they produce, let's remember what biologically active substances you are familiar with.
(Vitamins, hormones, enzymes).
Let's remember some of these biologically active substances.
Some of the students receive cards - tasks for individual work.
Card #1
1. Describe the salivary glands according to the plan:
location in the body
structure
meaning
released biologically active substances
2. How are the glands of external secretion connected with the nervous system?
Card #2
1. Describe the sweat glands according to the plan:
location in the body
structure
meaning
excreted substances
2. What is the importance of hormones?
Card #3
1. Describe the pancreas according to the plan:
location in the body
structure
meaning
excreted substances
2. What is the difference between the glands of external secretion and the glands of internal secretion?
Card number 4
1. Describe the sebaceous glands according to the plan:
location in the body
structure
meaning
excreted substances
2. What glands are glands of mixed secretion?
front poll.
Give a description of the biologically active substance, vitamin D according to the plan:
a) classification
b) place of education
c) role in the body
What is the significance of this vitamin for our region?
Describe the structure and function of the pancreas.
Give a description of the biologically active substance, pepsin enzyme according to the plan:
a) classification
b) place of education
c) function in the body.
Work at the board with cards.
Sort the glands into groups and explain the principle of their distribution.
Pituitary gland, pancreas, sebaceous glands, pineal gland, thyroid gland, sex glands, sweat glands, adrenal glands, salivary glands.
Teacher: "Among these cards are the names of the endocrine glands"
So, the topic of our lesson"Endocrine glands".
Open notebooks and write down the topic of the lesson: "Glands of internal secretion"
(The title of the lesson topic appears on the projector screen.)
The science that studies the endocrine glands is called Endocrinology.
(Greek - endos-inside, crino-I highlight, logos-teaching). A slide appears with the decoding of the word
endocrinology.
Endocrine glands do not have excretory ducts and secrete the hormones or hormones they produce into the blood or lymph.
And we will begin our acquaintance with the endocrine glands from a tiny gland, from the pituitary gland.
PITUITARY is the most important gland of internal secretion, which regulates the activity of a number of endocrine glands. Brain appendage. It is located in the pituitary fossa of the Turkish saddle of the sphenoid bone, i.e. on the lower surface of the brain. Below the bridge. The infundibulum connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus.
The mass of the pituitary gland is 0.5-0.7 g. Being anatomically single, the pituitary gland is divided into three lobes: anterior, intermediate and posterior. As the teacher explains, the students complete the diagram.
(An image of the brain appears on the projector screen.)
The pituitary gland produces several hormones.
A slide showing the pituitary gland appears on the projector screen.
The hormone somatotropin of the anterior pituitary affects the growth of bones, muscles, organs.
What is this function? (growth)
Think, guys, which cell organoid is affected by the pituitary hormone somatotropin?
(Penetrating into cells, this hormone enhances the production of proteins in ribosomes, as a result of which cells grow and divide).
If insufficient growth hormone is produced in childhood, then the child develops pituitary dwarfism. The growth of an adult pituitary dwarf does not exceed 120 cm, but the body is proportional.
With an excess of somatotropin hormone, the growth of an adult is more than 2m 40cm, i.e. gigantism develops.
Acromegaly disease occurs with an excess of growth hormone when the growth processes are over and separate organs grow: for example, the nose, mouth, ears, limbs, tongue.
(A table “Endocrine glands and their hormones” appears on the projector screen)
ENDOCRINE GLANDS AND THEIR HORMONES
glands | Structure, location | Functions |
Pituitary Thyroid Parathyroid gland Thymus gland (thymus) | A. Anterior lobe B. Intermediate share. B. Posterior lobe It is located above the thyroid cartilage, on the anterior surface of the larynx at the level of the 5-6th cervical vertebra. Consists of right and left lobe, isthmus. Domed structure. Located in the chest. Consists of right and left lobes. | Regulation of sexual functions The glands, the activity of the adrenal cortex, the thyroid gland, secrete growth hormone somatotropin. Somatotropin accelerates the growth of muscles and bones. Stimulates protein synthesis. Influences the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats. Thyrotropin stimulates the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones. Corticotropin stimulates the synthesis and secretion of adrenal hormones. Prolactin-affects the growth of breast tissue, milk production. luteinizing hormone- Stimulates the synthesis of sex hormones. Melanostimulating hormone - melanin synthesis, skin pigmentation. Antidiuretic hormone regulates the reabsorption of water from primary urine. Vasopressin is a vasoconstrictor (increase in blood pressure). Thyroxine - ensuring growth, mental and physical development; stimulation of energy metabolism, protein synthesis, oxidation of fats and carbohydrates, oxygen uptake and metabolism of all cells; activation of the sodium pump. Thyrocalcitonin - regulation of calcium and phosphorus metabolism, lowering the level of calcium in the blood. Parathormone - affects the exchange of calcium and phosphorus. Produces the hormones thymosin and thymopoietin. Affects the growth of the body. Produces lymphocytes that perform a protective function. |
The hormone thyrotropin regulates the activity of the thyroid gland. A corticotropin activity of the adrenal cortex. Lutenizing - stimulates the production of sex hormones. Follicle-stimulating hormone affects the growth of follicles in women and the formation of gametes in men.
Prolactin affects lactation and growth of breast tissue.
Guys, what is this function? (Regulatory).
THYROID.
Now let's get acquainted with the thyroid gland.
It is located above the thyroid cartilage on the anterior surface of the larynx at the level of 5-6 cervical vertebrae.
The image of the thyroid gland on the projector screen: external and internal structure.
This gland consists of the right and left lobe, the isthmus. Gray iron. The mass of the gland of an adult is 20-30 g. Outside, the gland is covered with a fibrous capsule, from which the septa of the trabecula extend into the gland, which, branching, divide it into lobules. The parenchyma of the gland consists of vesicles - follicles. Bubbles capture iodine. Under the influence of thyroid-stimulating hormone of the pituitary gland, the synthesis of the hormone, the absorption of iodine by cells and iodization are enhanced. This function is performed by thyrocyte cells. There are other, larger cells in the walls of the follicles. They produce the hormone thyrocalciotonin, which is involved in the regulation of calcium and phosphorus metabolism. It inhibits the absorption of calcium from the bones and reduces the amount of calcium in the blood.
Iodine is necessary for the successful formation of thyroid hormones. With its deficiency or absence, the thyroid tissue grows. This disease is called Graves' disease or goiter.
An image of a patient with a goiter appears on the projector screen.
The disease is accompanied by elevated body temperature.
What do you think, if the body temperature is elevated, then metabolic processes in the cell proceed intensively or sluggishly? (metabolic processes proceed intensively, substances are oxidized quickly). The work of the heart is intensified. Patients are thin. The eyes are "bulging". In addition, they have increased excitability.
First of all, this disease is observed in regions with a lack of iodine in the soil.
Therefore, in our region it is necessary to use table salt, in which a small percentage of potassium iodide is mixed. And also eat seafood rich in iodine.
On the screen of the projector there is a slide "Daily rations of iodine", "Loss of iodine in food products during processing", "Foods rich in iodine".
Myxedema disease is expressed, on the contrary, in a decrease in metabolism, excitability of the nervous system, and swelling. Edema is associated with slowing down of the heart, which leads to swelling of the legs.
With a lack of iodine in the body in childhood, growth is disturbed (body proportionality). The child lags behind in physical and mental development.
Cretinism develops.
The slide “Sick with cretinism” is shown on the projector screen.
THYMUS.
It is located in the anterior mediastinum above the heart.
(illustration of thymus topography). It consists of the right and left lobes. Weight 35-40 g. The secret of this gland affects the growth of the body. In addition, it produces lymphocytes, which perform a protective function. It secretes the hormones thymosin and thymopoietin.
Now let's turn to literature. Listen to a short excerpt from the story
I.S. Turgenev "Living relics".
The teacher reads an excerpt from the story. A slide appears with the text of an excerpt from the story.
What kind of disease is mentioned in the work, you will learn by examining other glands
internal secretion.
You have to study the adrenal glands and the pineal gland, using the text of the textbook, additional literature and dummies on your own.
Team captains, take instruction cards with tasks.
Task for team number 1
Prepare a report on the adrenal glands. Tell about
where these glands are located, what structure they have,
what hormones secrete, what do these hormones affect
hormones.
What diseases are associated with dysfunction of the adrenal glands?
nicknames?
List of literature for familiarization with the adrenal glands:
1. Batuev's reference book p. 12 (about the hormone adrenaline).
2. Ready homework in biology page 24 table and
p.26 table (about adrenal hormones).
3. Textbook of biology p. 304 from the words: During puberty-
activity...
page 305 "Adrenal Hormones"
4. A.I. Nikishov. Biology in tables.
p.50 table (on the structure and location of the adrenal glands).
When answering, use a model or a table.
Task for team number 2
Prepare a message about the parathyroid glands
Tell about the location of the glands, their structure, functions,
what hormones are released.
Use the bibliography:
1. Exam tickets in biology p. 206 from the words: Para-
thyroid glands - paired formations, closely adjacent
to...
(about the location and hormones of the thyroid gland).
2.G.L.Bilich *Cytology *Histology *Human Anatomy
p.436 "Parathyroid glands" (about the location of the glands and
hormones)
3. N.A. Fomin "Human Physiology" p. 110 last paragraph,
From the words: ... on the posterolateral surface of the thyroid gland
the parathyroid glands are...
4.p. 182 No. 11 and No. 12 - drawing of the parathyroid gland.
"Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy".
Example command responses.
ADRENAL. The adrenal glands are located at the tops of the kidneys at the level of 11-12 thoracic vertebrae, with the right one being higher than the left one. The mass of one adrenal gland of an adult is 8-13 g. The adrenal gland consists of a cortex and a medulla.
The cortisol hormone is produced in the cortical layer, which affects the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats. The cortical hormone aldosterone affects the exchange of electrolytes and water. With an excess of hormones in this layer, early puberty is observed with a rapid cessation of growth. With insufficient production of hormones, bronze disease develops, accompanied by a bronze skin tone, weakness and weight loss.
The adrenal medulla produces the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine.
Adrenaline increases the frequency and strength of heart contractions, arteriole tone, blood pressure, stimulates the contraction of smooth muscles, i.e. adrenaline affects the work of all internal organs. It slows down digestion during stress. Acting on the liver and skeletal muscles, it stimulates the breakdown of glycogen. Affects the breakdown of lipids in adipose tissue.
Norepinephrine, acting on arterioles, increases the tone of arterioles and blood pressure.
The amount of these hormones is controlled by the nervous system.
In a stressful situation, intense physical and mental work, the production of the hormone adrenaline increases and the activity of the sympathetic department of the nervous system increases.
PARATHYROID GLAND
Two pairs of small glands are located on the back surface of the lobes of the thyroid gland. The glands are formed by parathyroid cells. They produce parathormone, which regulates the level of calcium and phosphorus mediated in the blood. Thus, influencing the excitability of the nervous and muscular systems.
After the removal of the parathyroid glands, the level of calcium in the blood decreases, and the level of phosphorus increases. The hormone acts on the bones, causing an increase in the function of osteoclasts, which produce demineralization of bone tissue, the release of calcium into the blood, thereby maintaining a certain level of calcium in the blood. Excess phosphorus, also released from the bone, is removed by the kidneys.
Guys, which hormone is an antagonist, i.e. opposite action for parathyroid hormone?
(thyrocalcitonin produced by the thyroid gland).
Now you probably guessed what disease is described in the story of I.S. Turgenev?
bronze disease.
3. Fixing a new topic.
Now solve the biological problems.
Task number 1.
According to the behavior of patients, determine in whom the thyroid gland produces little hormone, in whom it is an excess.
A. The patient is excitable, suffers from insomnia, fussy, emotionally unbalanced.
(answer: Basedow's disease caused by hyperthyroidism)
B. The patient is lethargic, drowsy, indifferent to the environment, gets tired quickly.
(Answer: Myxedema (mucous edema) caused by hypofunction of the thyroid gland).
Teams receive one more task with a task card
Now try to draw conclusions about the work and significance of the endocrine glands.
1. The action of hormones on organs
2. Action of hormones on target cells
3. Hormone activity
4. The role of hormones in homeostasis
Sample student responses:
1. The action of hormones is distant in nature, the organs on which hormones act are located far from the gland.
2. The action of hormones is strictly specific. Some hormones act only on certain target cells.
3. Hormones have high biological activity.
4. Hormones are involved in maintaining the constancy of the internal environment of the body.
What are the main functions of hormones?
The three main functions of hormones are:
! ! !
provision provision provision
growth and dis-adaptation of homeostasis
orga-organism
nism to constantly
changing
environmental conditions
Summarizing.
Consult and grade the lesson for the members of your teams.
Comment on your opinion.
Students work in teams and share their opinions.
5. Homework: paragraph 59 of the textbook. Related messages (optional).
Orally answer the questions to paragraph 59.
Preview:
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Slides captions:
Endocrine glands
What organs are called glands?
Glands are organs that produce various substances. Substances secreted by the gland - - the secret of the gland
Glands of external secretion (exocrine) of internal secretion (endocrine) of mixed secretion
Exocrine glands (exocrine) They have special ducts for removing secretions to the surface of the body or into hollow organs.
Secretion secretion Insufficient - hypo function of the gland Excessive - hyper function of the gland
Gland Hormone Influence Hypofunction Hyperfunction
Endocrine glands (endocrine) do not have ducts, they secrete a secret into the blood. Secreted substances are hormones. Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Adrenal glands
The pituitary gland controls the work of all endocrine glands, regulates the growth and development of the body. The main hormone is growth hormone. With hypofunction - dwarfism. With hyperfunction - gigantism.
Pituitary gland With hyperfunction of the pituitary gland in an adult, there is an overgrowth of tissues of individual organs (liver, heart, fingers, nose, ears, lower jaw). Acromegaly occurs.
Thyroid gland Regulates metabolism and body development. The hormone is thyroxine. With hypofunction - myxedema With hyperfunction - Graves' disease
Thyroid Gland With a lack of iodine in the body, endemic goiter develops - an overgrowth of thyroid tissue.
Adrenal glands Mobilize the body in extreme situations and increase its performance and endurance. The main hormones are adrenaline and norepinephrine. The amount of hormones released depends on the physiological and psychological state of the body.
Glands of mixed secretion Work simultaneously as exocrine and endocrine glands. Pancreas Sex glands: Testes (♂) Ovaries (♀)
Pancreas Regulates the synthesis and breakdown of sugar in the body. The main hormone is insulin. With hypofunction - diabetes mellitus. With hyperfunction - dizziness, weakness, loss of consciousness.
Sex glands Determine the formation of the body according to the female or male type, regulate the development of secondary sexual characteristics. Ovaries Hormone - estrogen Testes Hormone - testosterone
… Thus, the work of the endocrine system is an important and necessary mechanism for the regulation of all processes in the body…
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