Download presentation on Ethiopia. Ethiopia is a federal democratic republic of Ethiopia - a state in northeast Africa. In the past, the country was often called Abyssinia. Ethiopia. Ethiopia is located in East Africa, west of Somalia

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Ethiopia is located in East Africa, west of Somalia

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Area and Borders

Total: 1,127,127 km2; land surface area: 1,119,683 km2; water surface area: 7,444 km2 Land borders: total: 5,311 km; :n m with neighboring states: with Djibouti 337 km, with Eritrea 912 km, with Kenya 830 km, with Somalia 1,626 km, with Sudan 1,606 km.

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Population

Population - 96 million people. (2014 estimate, 14th in the world). Annual increase - 2.89% (fertility - 5.23 births per woman). The average life expectancy is 58 years for men, 63 years for women.

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head of state

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Form of government

Federal Republic, consists of 9 kilils (states), formed by ethnic division and 2 self-governing cities (Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa). The head of state is the president. Elected for a 6-year term (with the right to re-term) by the Parliament (House of People's Representatives). The head of government is appointed from the party that won the parliamentary elections. The legislative branch is a bicameral parliament: the chamber of the federation (108 members elected by the state assemblies for a 5-year term), decides on constitutional and federal-regional issues, and the house of people's representatives (547 members elected by the population for a 5-year term).

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Tribes of Ethiopia

Mursi tribe

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Surma tribe

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Arbore tribe

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hamer

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caro

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canso

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Ethiopian culture

Of all the African states, Ethiopia looks perhaps the most unusual. Her contacts with ancient civilizations, the influence of Judaism and Christianity made the culture of Ethiopia special and unique. The inhabitants of the country were able to keep it almost unchanged thanks to their desperate desire to resist external forces and destruction. No colonialists and conquerors managed to enslave the people of Ethiopia, and therefore its civilization has been preserved since ancient times.

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Stone churches of Lalibela

This ancient city is located at an altitude of more than 2500 thousand meters. Its uniqueness lies in the fact that there are thirteen churches carved from stone in Lalibela. The city bears the name of St. Lalibela from the ruling dynasty, who built these temples in the 12th century in response to the capture of his beloved Jerusalem by Muslims. The city of Lalibela is part of the Ethiopian culture, and UNESCO protects its sites along with other unique masterpieces of architecture. As in Europe, monasteries and Christian churches served here as centers of education and cultural life. Crafts and arts flourished at the temples, icon painters worked and ancient historical books were created.

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Aksum and the Chapel of the Ark

According to legend, the Queen of Sheba lived in the city of Aksum, and today it has become a place of pilgrimage for millions of believers. The reason is that in the church of the Virgin Mary of Zion, according to the Ethiopian church, there is a unique relic - the Ark of the Covenant, which kept the Tablets and the Ten Commandments. Of the obvious sights of Aksum, one can mention its steles and obelisks, whose age reaches several millennia. The largest of them was taken to Italy in 1937 and installed in Rome in one of the squares. A model of engineering achievements of the Aksumite kingdom returned to its homeland after seventy years by decision of the UN.

Ethiopia's UNESCO World Heritage Sites There are 9 names in Ethiopia (as of 2013). The total World Heritage List for 2016 includes 1,052 properties. Thus, the proportion of Ethiopian objects in the world is approximately 0.8%. Performed by the teacher of geography MBOU secondary school No. 8 Ussuriysk Nagornaya Ekaterina Vladimirovna

Ethiopia is the first Christian country and the second most populous state in Africa, one of the oldest in the world, independent from time immemorial, the country great history and endless stories.

1. Lalibela - a city in northern Ethiopia, famous for its Christian churches carved in stone. One of the holy places of the country, second only to Aksum, the center of pilgrimage for the population of the country. Unlike Aksum, almost all the inhabitants of Lalibela are Ethiopian Orthodox Christians. Lalibela was to become the New Jerusalem in response to the Muslim takeover of Jerusalem, which is why many of the city's historic buildings have the name and design of Jerusalem buildings. 1978 included in the UNESCO list

For centuries, pilgrims have made their way through mountain passes and valleys to the holy city of Lalibela. Hunger, thirst, cold accompanied them on the way, but the goal of such travel is worth it. "New Jerusalem", so called this place is not accidental. The churches of Sinai and Golgotha, the Path of Sorrow, the Mount of Olives, all this is on the territory of a very small town in northern Ethiopia. Everything around reminds of biblical stories. Thanks to this, praying mantis wanderers feel themselves in close proximity to the Holy Sepulcher. The Jordan River here dries up when there is no rain. And then a sacred cross appears, installed at its bottom, as if reminding that God never leaves his children ...

Rising to a height of 2600 m above sea level, on the slope of Mount Abuna Yosef, you can see the greatest miracle of these places. A whole complex of churches is carved out of stone right in the rock. You can't see them from the road, the domes are at ground level. It seems incredible that in XII there were engineering geniuses capable of creating such fantastic structures. Everything was calculated to the centimeter, the location of the columns, inside and out, altars, decorations. Summed up artesian water and a drainage system, many labyrinths and various sanctuaries, where even the majority of clergy still have no access.

Abuna Yosef is a mountain in Ethiopia. Its height reaches up to 4301 m above sea level. It is located in the Amhara region, near the Ethiopian highlands. A prominent landmark on this mountain is the church

The height of the buildings reaches 12 meters, and they have been standing for at least 800 years. Evidence of this grandiose construction has not yet been found. Therefore, history is "overgrown" with myths and legends. Church of Saint George in Lalibela, Ethiopia.

The beauty of these buildings is amazing. Even more amazing is the time they were made in. It took only 23-27 years for their construction. According to ancient myths, workers worked on the structures during the day, and angels came to the rescue at night. Also, they say, the Templars, who came to help fellow believers in the fight against Islam, supported the workers in the construction of the temple complex.

Apart from all the others, the Church of St. George is located. If you look at it from above, you can see a large cross, 12 meters wide. The height (or depth) is also 12 m. The only way to get to the temple is through a narrow tunnel. But the yard is very wide, believers often stop here to rest and pray.

Until recently, it was believed that there were eleven churches in total, but about five years ago, under the rubble formed in the 16th century after the Muslim raid, ministers discovered another one dedicated to the local holy martyr. The fact that this is not just some kind of large room, but the church is proved by the cross and shrines found in it.

2. Fasil-Gebbi - the fortress of the city of Gondar in the Ethiopian region of Amhara. In the XVI-XVII centuries. The fortress served as the residence of the Ethiopian Emperor Fasilidas and his successors. The old walled city is surrounded by a 900-meter wall, behind which are palaces, churches, monasteries and unique public and private buildings. The architecture of the buildings bears the imprints of Indian and Arabic styles. Later, the buildings were modified in the Baroque style, which appeared in Gondar thanks to the Jesuit missionaries. In 1979 Fassil Gebbi was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List.

Gondar was founded in 1632. In 1704 there was an earthquake that severely damaged the fortress. In the 19th century, the former residence of the kings was plundered by the Sudanese Mahdists. During the period of occupation of East Africa by Italy, an unsuccessful restoration was carried out. In 1941, the buildings were used for the high command of Mussolini's army, and the fortress was damaged during British air raids. The fortress was closed to the public for 11 years, during which UNESCO restored the monuments. The attraction reopened in 2005.

3. Aksum - a city in northern Ethiopia, bearing the name of the Aksumite kingdom, a maritime and trading power that dominated the region from about 400 BC. e. until the 10th century A.D. e. Medieval sources sometimes referred to this kingdom as "Aethiopia". The city is located at an altitude of 2130 meters above sea level. Aksum Airport is located in the vicinity of Aksum. Highly appreciating their historical value, in 1980 UNESCO included the archaeological sites of Aksum in the list of world historical heritage sites.

Steles are the main Aksumite monuments in the city. The largest number of them lie in the Northern Park of Steles. Obelisks of various sizes, the largest being the Great Stele, 33 meters high, which is believed to have fallen during construction. One of the tallest is the 24-meter Stele of King Ezana. Another stela, stolen by the Italian army, was only returned to Ethiopia in 2005, and as of July 2008 is in the process of being installed. Steles are believed to mark graves. They had cast metal discs with carved architectural forms attached to their sides. The stelae are interspersed with graves mostly from the 4th century.

The world's largest obelisk, Aksum, Ethiopia. The archaeological zone of Aksum contains 176 stelae.

Other attractions in the city include the Church of St. Mary of Zion, built in 1665, which is said to house the Ark of the Covenant (a well-known 12th-century church of the same name of the same name is located next door), an archaeological and ethnographic museum. Local legend claims that the Queen of Sheba herself lived in the city.

4. Tiya - a city in southern Ethiopia with 3363 inhabitants (2005). It is located in the Gurage zone of the South Peoples and Nationalities region south of Addis Ababa, on the border with the Oromiya region. Near the city, 36 prehistoric steles have been preserved. Age and origin have not been reliably established. They are very similar to the Aksum stelae, which are also found in Ethiopia, but older and taller than them. These stelae have been an archaeological World Heritage Site since 1980.

The archaeological site of Tiya consists of 36 huge stone monoliths, including 32 steles with images of swords and other mysterious signs and symbols carved on their surface, most of which have not yet been deciphered. Monoliths with a height of 1 to 5 meters have a different shape - flat, cone-shaped or rounded. Who created these steles, for what purpose and at what time - has not been established. During archaeological excavations, skeletons of people who died in battle were discovered, their age varies from 18 to 30 years. Scientists suggest that the steles could have appeared in the period from the 11th to the 13th centuries, their most likely purpose is tombstones at the site of mass graves of soldiers who fell in battle.

To date, the most reliable version is the assumption that the swords carved on the monoliths mean either the number of people buried in this place, or the number of deaths at the hands of a warrior who found his last shelter here. While the mysterious monoliths of Tiya sacredly keep their secrets, but there is hope that further research will answer the questions of who, why and when built these stelae.

5. The fortified historic city of Harar Jugol - the fourth "holy city" for Muslims after Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem, is located in Ethiopia. The city of Harar-Jugol is surrounded by desert and savannah, on a plateau dissected by deep gorges. Fortified historical part The city is surrounded by walls built in the 13th - 16th centuries.

From the late 16th to the 19th century, it was known as a center for commerce and Islamic learning. During its long history, Harar Jugol was an independent emirate, then occupied by Egypt, and in 1887 became part of Ethiopia. The Harari people are famous for the development of their crafts, the main of which are weaving and basket weaving. In 2006, Harar Jugol was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.

6. Cultural landscape of Konso. The object is unique or at least exceptional for a cultural tradition or civilization that still exists or has already disappeared. The site is an outstanding example of a traditional human structure, with traditional use of land or sea, being an example of culture or human interaction with environment. Year of listing: 2011

The facility covers an area of ​​55 square kilometers in the Konso highlands of Ethiopia. Its landscape is formed by terraces supported by stone walls with fortified settlements scattered among them. It has preserved a vivid example of a living cultural tradition that has developed in this harsh and arid habitat for 21 generations (over 4000 years).

Presentation on the theme "Ethiopia" The work was done by a student of the 10th grade Sukmanova Alina

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Ethiopia, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, formerly also known as Abyssinia, is a landlocked state in East Africa. The Ethiopian highlands have been inhabited by people since ancient times, as evidenced by the remains of Australopithecus in the Omo Valley and the sites of the Olduvai culture in southern Ethiopia. The Ethiopian highlands are the alleged center of the formation of the Cushitic languages ​​and one of the most ancient centers of agriculture. Flag of Ethiopia Emblem of Ethiopia Territory area 1,127,127 km2

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Ethiopia is a federal republic, consists of 9 killils (regions or states) formed according to ethnic division and 2 self-governing cities (Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa). The head of state is the president. Elected for a 6-year term (with the right to re-term) by the Parliament (House of People's Representatives). The legislative branch is a bicameral parliament: the chamber of the federation (108 members elected by the state assemblies for a 5-year term), decides on constitutional and federal-regional issues, and the house of people's representatives (547 members elected by the population for a 5-year term).

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Ethiopia is the highest mountainous country on the African continent. A significant part of its territory is occupied by the Ethiopian Highlands, which stretches from north to south of Ethiopia. The highest part of the highlands is the northern one. Here are the highest points of the country - Ras Dashen (4620 m) and Talo (4413 m). In the east, the highlands abruptly break into the Afar depression - one of the lowest points in Africa.

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The entire territory of Ethiopia is located in the subequatorial and equatorial climatic zones. But the fact that most of the country is located on the Ethiopian highlands explains Ethiopia's milder and wetter climate. The temperature here is + 25 ... + 30 ° C all year round and there is a sufficient amount of precipitation. The complete opposite is the eastern regions of Ethiopia - there is a hot and dry desert climate. In general, Ethiopia is not characterized by temperature fluctuations throughout the year. But the difference between night and day temperatures is significant: it is about 15 degrees. Usually in Ethiopia there is practically no day when the sun does not shine, and one of the tourist mottos is: “Ethiopia is a country of 13 months of the sun” (according to the Ethiopian calendar, the year is divided into 13 months). Gambela Lalibela G l

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Flora of Ethiopia. Vegetation depends on the height above sea level - therefore, both flora characteristic of desert regions and alpine flora are found here. There are savannas and forest avannas, tropical rainforests. Ethiopian fauna. Among the representatives of the animal world (quite rich, despite the extermination) can be called a giraffe, leopard, hippopotamus, lion, elephant, antelope, rhinoceros, lynx, jackal, hyena, monkeys. A large number of birds live here, including an eagle, a falcon, a vulture, an ostrich, a heron, a partridge, a teal. Of the insects, locusts and tsetse flies stand out especially.

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Most of the rivers in western Ethiopia belong to the Nile basin. The largest among them is Abbay or the Blue Nile. The largest lake in Ethiopia, Tana, is also located here. In the east, the rivers are less full-flowing, which is associated with a more arid climate. The largest river is the Jubba. Ethiopia is characterized by the presence of small lakes in the Great Rift Zone. About Lake Ethiopia - Tana Blue Nile Falls Jubba River

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The most important minerals of Ethiopia - natural gas, gold, platinum, polymetallic and rare elements of ores, potash and rock salts, etc. Gold ores are the main mineral that plays the greatest role in the economy of Ethiopia. About 80 deposits and ore occurrences of native gold are known. Most of the primary deposits are in the provinces: Tigray and Eritrea, Wallega and Gojjam. Deposits of platinum ores are associated with the weathering crust on the massif of dunites of the Upper Proterozoic age (the Yubdo deposit in the Wallega province). Beryllium, tantalum and niobium ores are found in the provinces of Wallega and Sidamo, beryllium - in the province of Harerge. The reserves of ores of rare metals have not been calculated, however, a preliminary geological assessment allows us to consider the territory of Ethiopia as a large rare-metal province.

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Population - 96 million people. (2014 estimate, 14th in the world) Annual increase - 2.89% (5.23 births per woman). The average population density is about 70 people. per 1 sq. km. (Urban population - 17%) The infant mortality rate until recently was 200 per 1000 births. The literacy rate of the adult population among women is 23%, among men - 45%. The average life expectancy is 58 years for men, 63 years for women.

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Ethnic composition (according to the 1994 census): O Romo - 32.1%; And mhara - 30.1%; T play - 6.2%; Omali - 5.9%; Gurage - 4.3%; With idamo - 3.5%; In olaite - 2.4%; others (O metho, D asanech, etc.) - 15.4%; Oromo Tigray Somalia A mhara The official language is Amharic (Amharic). Somali, Arabic and English are widely spoken, as well as 70 languages ​​and dialects of the Semitic-Hamitic and Cushitic language groups.

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Ethiopia is the only traditionally Christian African country. Religions: Eastern Christianity (Ethiopian Church) - 50.6%; X Christians - Protestants - 10.2%; Muslims - 32.8%; And native cults - 4.6%; Others - 1.8%;

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Addis Ababa Amh. አዲስ አበባ - new flower) is the capital of Ethiopia and the African Union. Population 3,039,002 inhabitants (2012). It is the world's largest city located in a landlocked country. Addis Ababa is often referred to as the "Capital of Africa" ​​or the "Paris of Africa" ​​due to its historical, political and diplomatic importance to the continent. The city is inhabited by people of many nationalities from different regions of Ethiopia: Amhara, Oromo, Tigray, Somali and many others. The confessional composition of the population is also rich; Miaphysites, Muslims, Jews, Orthodox Christians, Protestants and adherents of traditional African beliefs live here. One of the highest mountain capitals in the world.

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Ethiopia is an underdeveloped agrarian country where subsistence agriculture still plays a major role in the economy. Agriculture in Ethiopia is subsistence and employs 85% of the population. There are more favorable conditions for agriculture than in other countries of the region. Mining industry Minerals in Ethiopia are developed little. Gold deposits are being developed, production is about 1 ton per year. Iron ore and coal have been found, but they are not being developed yet. Manufacturing industry The manufacturing industry is poorly developed. There are enterprises in the food industry, for the production of drinks, medicines, soap, etc. After the 1974 revolution, many large industrial enterprises were nationalized, after 1990 the state limited its role in the economy and seeks to attract foreign investment, on which the development of the manufacturing industry depends. In addition to wholesale and retail, transport and communications, the service sector consists almost entirely of tourism.

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The Ethiopian birr has been the currency of Ethiopia since 1976. Currently, banknotes are in circulation in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 50 and 100 birr.

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Foreign trade Export - 1.6 billion dollars - coffee, gold, leather products, livestock, oilseeds. Main buyers: Germany 11.8% Saudi Arabia 8.7% Netherlands 8.6% USA 8.1% Switzerland 7.7% Italy 6.1% China 6% Sudan 5.5% Japan 4.4% Import - 7 .2 billion dollars - food, oil products, manufactured goods, vehicles. Main suppliers: China 16.3% Saudi Arabia 12% India 8.7% Italy 6% Japan 4.9% USA 4.5%

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Transport in Ethiopia Ethiopia has an extremely low level of transport infrastructure development. Most of the roads are unpaved and suitable for use only during the dry season. There is a small provision of the railway network: the country has only one railway line connecting Addis Ababa with the port of Djibouti. Air transport has become more widespread: there are about 80 airports in Ethiopia, to which the national airline, Ethiopian Airlines, flies. With the development of transport infrastructure, the Ethiopian government is actively cooperating with European countries: Sweden, France, Russia and many others.

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The multi-layered culture of Ethiopia is based on biblical civilization, influenced by contacts with the ancient cultures of the Middle East. At the same time, it is a very isolated culture. Religions largely determined Ethiopian culture, but none of the world religions - Judaism, Christianity, Islam - was accepted in its pure, unchanged form. The main educational and cultural centers for centuries were monasteries, like monasteries in Europe. Crafts and arts flourished here, utensils, icons and ancient manuscripts were preserved. About UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Ethiopia: Fasil Gebbi Fort (Gondar District)

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Ethiopian cuisine usually consists of savory vegetables and meat dishes, which are superimposed on injeru - a large round sour cake with a diameter of about 50 cm, made from teff flour. Instead of spoons and forks, pieces of injera are used, which are torn off from the whole injera while eating. Ethiopian cuisine practically does not use pork in its dishes, and this is typical not only for Muslims who are forbidden to eat pork meat, but also for Ethiopian Christians who adhere to the food prohibitions of the Old Testament. In addition, the Ethiopian Orthodox Church prescribes several fasts, including on Wednesdays and Fridays, so the Ethiopian cuisine is replete with a large number of vegetarian dishes. Therefore, Ethiopian restaurants are popular among vegetarians from other countries.

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The last slide of the presentation: Presentation on the topic "Ethiopia" The work was done by a 10th grade student Sukmanova A

Thank you for your attention Sources: www.google.ru ru.wikipedia.org economic-basic.ru www.mir-geo.ru ru-world.net www.mining-enc.ru

Presentation on geography on the topic "Ethiopia". Pupils 7 "B" class MOU-SOSH No. 1 Nagovitsyna A. Borodulina V. Stavilo A.

Ethiopia Ethiopia is the third most populous country in Africa, the oldest Christian country in Africa, and one of the oldest in the world, after Armenia. Unlike other African countries, it has never been colonized. In the past, the country was often called Abyssinia. Ethiopia consists of several former semi-independent region-states, the largest of which were Amhara, Gojjam, Shoa and Tigre. The capital of Ethiopia is Addis Ababa.

Animals of Ethiopia ... Animals of the Ethiopian region: 1 - a lion and a lioness; 2 - fennec fox; 3 - leopard; 4 - two-horned rhinoceros; 5 - African elephant; 6 - hippopotamus; 7 - zebra; 8 - giraffe; 9 - daman; 10 - Beyza antelope; 11 - eland antelope; 12 - kaffir buffalo; 13 - warthog; 14 - kudu antelope; 15 - okapi; 16 - wildebeest; gorilla; 18 - aardvark; 19 - mandrill; 20 - spotted hyena; 21 - hairy frog; 22 - monkey; 23 - African ostrich; 24 - secretary; 25- chameleon; 26 - Nile crocodile; 27 - marabou.

Climate The climate of Ethiopia is largely dependent on altitude. In the tropical zone, located below 1830 m above sea level, the average annual temperature is about +27°C, and the average annual rainfall is about 610 mm. In the subtropical zone (1,830 - 2,440 m above sea level), the average annual temperature is about +22°C, and the precipitation rate is from 510 to 1,530 mm. Above 2,440 m above sea level lies a temperate zone with an average annual temperature of about +16°C and an average rainfall of 1,270 to 1,780 mm. The rainy season usually lasts from mid-June to September, sometimes in February or March there is a short rainy season.

Language Amharic (Amarinya) - state, tiger, galla, English, Arabic, about 70 different local languages ​​are used. The entire population is divided into two main language groups - the Semites, who live in the northern and central regions of the country, and the Cushites, who live mostly in southern and eastern Ethiopia.

Population. The peoples of E. speak predominantly. in Semitic and Cushitic languages. a single Semitic-Hamitic language family: Amhara, Gurage, Argobba, Harari, Ti-grai, Tigre and part of the Beni-Amer tribes - in Semitic languages, Galla (Gallas), Somalis, Danakils, Sakho, Agau, Sidamo, Beja, a number Beni-Amer tribes - in Cushite languages. The most numerous the people of E. are the Amhara, inhabiting Ch. arr. center, and partly sowing. E. (prov. Shoa, Gojjam, Begemder). In addition, the Amhara live in Prov. Vollo, Arussi, Kaffa, Vol-leg, Harar, Sidamo. Amharic. is state; half of us speak it. countries, teaching in schools and legal proceedings are being carried out, an Ethiopian lit-pa is being created. Of the other peoples, the most numerous are the Gauls (5-6 million people), followed by the Somalis. By relpg. accessories more than 1/2 us. E. - Christians of the Monophysite persuasion; most of the rest of us. - Muslims. Among the inhabitants of Yu and 3, various pre-Christian and pre-Islamic beliefs are still preserved. The most densely populated are the central plateaus, parts of E., where the density varies from 10 to 50 people. per 1 km2. Lives in the village approx. 90% of us. Among the mountains inhabitants are Greeks, Armenians, Arabs, Indians.

Economy. General characteristics of the economy. E. - agr. the country. In with. x-ve is dominated by feud, relations intertwined in a number of districts with the remnants of the tribal system and developing capitalist. relationships. Before the 2nd World War in the economy of Estonia, it means that the positions belonged to the Italian. monopolies, which retained them after the war, especially in Eritrea. At the same time, the penetration into the country of the English, and especially the Amer. capital, intensified the activity of the Western-German firms. At the same time, a state government was established in E. monopoly on the extraction of gold, salt, on the production and sale of tab. products. State-in together with a private Ethiopian, m foreign. capital participates in a number of prospects processing. prom. Along with this, it creates favorable conditions for foreign investments, while limiting the export of capital and profits from the country. In 1962, a second 5-year program for the development of the country for 1963-67 was drawn up. Approx. 2 billion Ethiopian dollars attention is paid to x-woo and processing. prom. It is planned to carry out agrarian reforms. As one of the most important objects of the program, it is envisaged to build an oil refinery with the help of the USSR. plant in Assab with a capacity of up to 500 thousand tons of crude oil per year.

Agriculture... Agriculture gives St. 70% national income. Most of the land belongs to the feudal lords, the church and the royal house. The overwhelming majority of peasants are landless and have little land. In a number of provinces communal landownership has still been preserved. In the north of the country, a shifting system of agriculture is practiced, in other districts - slash-and-burn. The yield is low. In order to increase the level of development with. x-va production creates experimental plots, exemplary field farmers. and livestock breeder. farms, demonstration coffee plantations, orchards. However, ch. a brake on the development of x-va continue to be a feud, relations. The government carried out certain measures aimed at weakening the feuds, the duties of the peasants.

Vegetation. The plains and plateaus are dominated by savannah vegetation. Forests rising high into the mountains occupy rock valleys (galsray forests) and mountain slopes (tree-like junipers). On arid B - sparse semi-desert and desert vegetation. On the Abyssinian Highlands - altitudinal zonality of vegetation: savannas, tropical. forests, light forests, alpine vegetation of the tropics and mountain meadows.

Minerals ... Ethiopia is rich in various minerals (gold, platinum, manganese ...), but the bowels of the earth are still poorly understood. The country has developed mainly textile and food industry, leather processing, there are small steel and other factories.

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