Mosaic... mosaic is decorative, applied and monumental art of various genres, the works of which involve the formation of an image through. Presentation on the topic "mosaic" by A. Leonardo da Vinci
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Mosaic (French mosaïque, Italian mosaico from Latin (opus) musivum - (work) dedicated to the muses) is decorative, applied and monumental art of various genres, the works of which involve the formation of an image through arrangement, typing and fixing on a surface (usually - on a plane) multi-colored stones, smalt, ceramic tiles and other materials.
Empress Theodora. Ravenna
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Ancient EastThe history of mosaics dates back to the 2nd half. 4th millennium BC e. - the time to which the buildings of the palaces and temples of the Sumerian cities of Mesopotamia are dated: Uruk, Ur, Eridu. The mosaic was made of baked clay cone sticks 8-10 cm long and 1.8 cm in diameter, which were laid on a clay mortar. The image was formed from the ends of these cones, which were painted, usually red, black and white. Geometric motifs were used: rhombus, triangle, zigzag. An early example of the inlay technique or the mosaic technique called opus sectile in antiquity, which later developed into the Florentine mosaic technique, can be considered an artifact conventionally called the “Standard of Ur” (2600-2400 BC). e.) By the 8th century. BC e. include early examples of the use of mosaic techniques made from unprocessed pebbles, which constituted one of the stages in the development of mosaic techniques and, at its end, was disparagingly called opus barbaricum by the Romans. During excavations, ornamented pebble floors of Altyn Tepe (eastern Anatolia) and the palace in Arslan-tash (Assyria) were discovered, but the richest monument is the pebble mosaics of Gordion (Anatolia)
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AntiquityThe first ancient mosaics made of untreated pebbles were found in Corinth and dated back to the end. 5th century BC e. These are contour images of people, animals, mythological creatures, decorated with geometric and floral patterns, usually made in white on black, stylistically close to red-figure vase painting. Similar examples of the 4th century. BC e. also found in Olynthos, Sikyon, and Eretria. An important step towards realism was made in the mosaics of Pella (late 4th century BC). The heyday of ancient mosaics occurred in the Hellenistic era, when the technique of pebbling appeared and colored glass became available, which made it possible to achieve picturesque realism in images and use almost unlimited color scheme. The most ancient monument where the technique of pinning or tessellation was used are considered to be the mosaics of the Sicilian city of Morgantina (3rd century BC). In Ancient Rome, the floors and walls of villas, palaces and baths were laid with mosaics. Roman mosaics were made from small cubes of very dense glass - smalt, but the use of small stones and pebbles was not uncommon. Pompeii, “Battle of Issus” - The mosaic is laid out from about one and a half million pieces, assembled into a picture using a technique known as “opus vermiculatum”, that is, the pieces were assembled one to one along winding lines.
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Early Christians and ByzantiumThe era of the Byzantine Empire can be considered the highest flowering of mosaic art. Byzantine mosaics become more refined, smaller modules of stones and delicate masonry are used, the background of the images becomes predominantly golden. RavennaMontreale
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Medieval Europe Rococo Shells of sea mollusks began to be widely used as a material for mosaics. Interiors were decorated with such mosaics. In Europe during this period, the fashion for mosaics made of beads spread. Beads were placed in wax on paper or cardboard, using cross stitch patterns. Very few such works have survived. In Germany with this material in 1750-1770. VanZelow's manufactory worked, but the secret of the technology was subsequently lost. Both flat pieces of furniture, such as tabletops, and three-dimensional objects: bottles, bird figurines were decorated. Most of the products from this manufactory are in museums in Germany. There is one table made by this manufactory in the Arkhangelskoye Museum-Reserve.
Alexander on a 13th century mosaic, Santa Maria in Trastevere, Rome
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IslamMosaics were very widely used in the decoration of the palaces of the rulers of the East. The Palace of the Sheki Khans is an outstanding work of medieval architecture in Azerbaijan. If there were no other ancient buildings of Azerbaijan, then it would be enough to show the whole world only the Palace of the Sheki Khans. The Palace of the Sheki Khans, considered one of the valuable architectural monuments of the 18th century in Azerbaijan, was built in 1762 by Guseikhan. The palace, which at one time was part of a complex of palace buildings and served as the residence of the Sheki khans, is a two-story building. The facade of the palace consists of lifting lattice frames with a set of shebeke - small glass of different colors. The multi-colored design of the shebeke colorfully complements the paintings covering the walls of the palace. In the second half of the 18th century, the art of painting, directly related to architecture and construction, reached a high level of development in the Sheki Khanate. All significant architectural structures in the city of Sheki were richly decorated with wall painting, which was the most popular type of painting technique at that time. Evidence of this are examples of painting from the palace of the Sheki khans, which have survived to this day and have not lost their artistic expressiveness. The wall paintings were dedicated to various themes: scenes of hunting wild animals, battles, floral and geometric patterns, drawings based on the “Khamsa” (Five), the brilliant Azerbaijani poet Nizami Ganjavi, scenes from palace life, everyday sketches from peasant life, etc. d. The main colors used were blue, red, gold, and yellow. The name of the talented painter Abbas Quli is encrypted on the ceiling of the hall in the palace of the Sheki khans. It should be noted that the walls of the palace were restored more than once, and therefore here you can find paintings made by masters who lived at different times.
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Samples of mosaic walls inside the house of a rich Sart. In the vicinity of Samarkand.
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Mosaic in RussiaAncient Russian mosaicsIn Rus', mosaic appears with the adoption of Christianity, but does not become widespread due to the high cost of material imported from Constantinople (in Byzantium, a state monopoly was declared on the export of smalt). St. Sophia Cathedral (Kyiv) St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery
Mosaic of Christ Pantocrator. South gallery of Hagia Sophia, Constantinople. Second quarter of the 12th century. Transfiguration. Cathedral of the Savior on Spilled Blood. Mosaic from the Frolovs' workshop
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Mosaic in Russia of the New Age M. V. Lomonosov was involved in the revival of mosaic in Russia. However, Lomonosov's mosaic work was not continued after the death of its creator. The art of mosaic was forgotten again. Therefore, in the 1840s, when the question arose about converting the painted icons for St. Isaac's Cathedral into mosaics, the Russian government had to send graduates of the Imperial Academy of Arts to Rome to study with the masters of the Vatican Mosaic Studio. On the other hand, glass technologists were invited from Rome to St. Petersburg to organize the production of smalt. In 1851, Russian students returned to their homeland, by the same time the Italians had already organized smalt production for them here. This year is considered the date of opening of the Mosaic Workshop of the Imperial Academy of Arts. Although the workshop was organized specifically to create mosaics of Isaac, which lasted 66 years and was never completed due to revolutionary events, it also carried out other orders: mosaics for the iconostasis of the Cathedral of the Savior on Spilled Blood in St. Petersburg, the iconostasis of the Cathedral of the Savior on the Waters, ornamental mosaics of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow, mosaic portraits of members of the royal family and private orders. The workshop practiced the so-called “direct method” of typesetting, which made it possible to achieve a picturesque realism of the image, but was extremely time-consuming and , respectively, expensive.
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Therefore, the Academy tried to look for ways to resolve this issue. To do this, in 1888 she sent her employees, among whom was A. A. Frolov, to Venice, where Antonio Salviati created and successfully used another, more cost-effective method of mosaic set. With him, the mosaics were laid out in a mirror image with the front side on a temporary base, on which they were already transported to the place intended for them, where they were laid. This method was called “reverse” or “Venetian”. Since this experience was not accepted by the Academy, A. A. Frolov opened his own studio, which, already under his brother V. A. Frolov, became the most successful mosaic studio in pre-revolutionary Russia, and subsequently lays the foundations of Soviet mosaic art
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Mosaic from the times of the USSR, 1969
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Mosaic of the Huichol tribeMosaic of the Huichol tribe. Jaguar decorated with beaded mosaic. The beads are laid sideways to the base. Currently, such a type of autochthonous art as mosaic of the Ucholi tribe is developing. It is a rare type of mosaic based on the material used - in this technique, beads are used for laying. There are examples of another way of laying beads - with the hole facing up.
Mosaic of the Huichol tribe. Jaguar decorated with beaded mosaic. The beads are laid sideways to the base.
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Technique Laying methods: With direct installation, mosaic elements are pressed into the ground. When setting in reverse, the mosaic is assembled on cardboard or fabric, then transferred to a primed surface. Laying mosaics: the technique is similar to laying tiles, glue and grout for mosaic joints are available in every construction supermarket. The base is examined for strength, all defects are identified - cracks, cavities , gravel pockets, rebar or other foreign objects not included in the design, as well as problem areas such as oil stains, loose or insufficiently strong foundations, voids. The base must be strong, load-bearing, dry, and also level and free from adhesion-reducing agents (for example, additives that reduce adhesion and facilitate the dismantling of formwork), without traces of laitance, dust, dirt, paint residues, worn rubber, etc. If necessary, carry out mechanical cleaning of the base, for example, by sandblasting. Before laying the mosaic, the surface must be visually smooth, without sagging, pits and cracks, as well as dry and primed.
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Olynthos, Bellerophon and Chimera (432-348 BC) Mosaic at the TEM plant in Penza
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Laying mosaics on paper Laying begins with applying glue to the prepared surface, after which it is evenly distributed over the entire surface. In most cases, it is recommended to use latex-based adhesives. The mosaic is glued with the back side facing the paper. Laying must be neat, so the distance between the sheets must correspond to the distance between the tiles; excessive pressure is unacceptable. Upon completion of installation, the sheets must be secured with light blows from a pad with a rubber base. After a day, the paper can be removed - moistened with a damp sponge, it comes off. Before grouting the joints, the mosaic surface must be cleaned of any remaining paper and glue, after which the grouting can be done using a rubber float. To grout joints, it is advisable to use a composition recommended by the mosaic manufacturer. When the grouting is complete, you can clean the mosaic and polish the mosaic surface. Installing mosaics on mesh Unlike mosaics on paper sheets, mosaics glued to mesh are glued face up. The characteristic feature of its installation technology is that after the glue has dried, you can immediately begin grouting the joints.
The symbol of the soul - a bird - on a Byzantine mosaic of a 6th century Orthodox church. Chersonesos
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Metro station "Mayakovskaya", St. Petersburg
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Materials Traditional smalt and natural stone, as well as glass mixtures, ceramics, porcelain stoneware, and metal are used as mosaic materials. The classic design of smalt mosaics still remains the most sophisticated design option for decorative panels for the elite. Clear leaders of modern mosaic materials - glass mixtures and ceramics - help to realize any creative idea of the customer.
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Mosaic technology.
Head: Kupriyanova A.P. - master of the GBU KO POO "KITiS"
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Research topic: MOSAIC TECHNOLOGY
The purpose of the study is to study the technology of mosaic work. The relevance of the research topic is due, firstly, to the recent increase in large-scale production of mosaics, and secondly, to the interest of ordinary people in interior decoration. Objectives: Theoretical study of the issue: - history of the development of mosaics; - main directions in modern mosaic; - modern materials and tools; - various methods in mosaic laying technology. 2. Practical use of acquired knowledge. The practical significance of the study lies in the fact that the acquired theoretical knowledge, as well as practical skills and abilities will be used in the professional activities of a master of finishing construction works.
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A mosaic is a design made up of small pieces or various materials.
The origin of the word “mosaic” itself is shrouded in mystery. According to one version, it comes from the Latin musivum and is translated as “dedicated to the muses.” According to another, it is just an opus musivum, that is, a type of masonry of a wall or floor made of small stones. Mosaic is the process of connecting pieces of different materials, shapes and sizes, when delightful compositions appear as if from nothing.
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On the territory of Russia, mosaic art arose much later, in the 10th century, and was associated with the adoption of Christianity. The most famous and amazing works of art are the mosaic panels in the St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv and St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery. The mosaic is luxurious and elegant, made of smalt - small modules of colored glass. Reflecting sunlight well, smalt gives off color tints, like the shimmer of precious stones.
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MATERIALS FOR MAKING MOSAICS Glass mosaic Smalt. Ceramic mosaic 4. Tiles 5. Metal 6. Jewelry
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Student works made of stone, ceramics, tiles
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Factory. At the factory, all mosaic tiles are glued onto a thick paper or mesh base - a matrix. Such sheets (usually 322x322 mm) mosaic goes on sale. The matrix simply needs to be applied to a surface coated with glue, and then the paper base is removed with a damp cloth. Matrix. To begin with, a computer design is made in a given number of mosaic colors. Then, through a special program, the drawing is printed in the form of a numbered grid, where each color is assigned its own number. Each sheet is assigned a row and column number in the overall drawing. As a rule, the matrix is made to fit the size of a sheet of A4 paper. Artistic. The sketch is made on a computer, a grid is drawn over the sketch, and the sketch is printed in numbered sheets, each of which is a grid cell. Each of the fragments is placed manually by the master, then, according to the drawing, the mosaic puzzles are attached one by one to the base of the future painting. The mosaic panel is assembled in the artist’s workshop and attached to fiberglass mesh or adhesive paper
MOSAIC TECHNOLOGY
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Panel technology.
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Stage 1 – preparatory. The choice of base, in this case, is a sheet of chipboard, a surface that has been leveled and thoroughly sanded, a design has been prepared on the computer, a frieze (edging) of the design has been made on the base, and the tiles have been sorted by color, size, tone. Stage 2 – laying out a mosaic from pieces of tiles. At the same time, the texture of the facing products, size, shape and color, and type of installation (straight or diagonal rows) were constantly monitored. To do this, the tiles were sawed, adjusted to the required size, and polished. Stage 3 – grouting, jointing. Quality checking. Correction of defective places.
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Advantages of mosaic 1.Minimum starting capital. 2. Manufactured from available materials. 3. Minimum costs to maintain the business in the future. 4. No need to purchase expensive equipment. 5. Production can be carried out in any premises. 6. Mobility of production - if necessary, the product can be moved. Mosaic classes develop creative thinking, imagination, hard work, cognitive activity, independence, attention, observation
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mosaic
The mosaic was first discovered in excavations in Ancient Greece and Rome. It is a well-known fact that in those days, noble nobles incredibly valued it and decorated their homes. The original Venetian mosaic, distinguished by its small elements and having a variety of effects, was suitable for both interior decoration and facade cladding. Venetian mosaics were considered unique because craftsmen from Venice developed their own method of making glass, from which the mosaic is made. And today this magnificent material finds its place in luxurious designs. Today's masters, using modern technology, give the material frost resistance, strength and durability, regenerating the Venetian mosaic. This material can be used to decorate the surfaces of fireplaces, cover floors and walls in kitchens and indoor swimming pools, and be used when updating the facades of buildings. Venetian mosaic
The history of stained glass dates back to the 1st century BC; at least, the found glass mosaic particles date back to this time. After which, this type of art developed, new varieties and styles appeared. Its main use, like mosaics, was in architecture, decorating the windows of temples, churches, and then other buildings. The main difference between these two directions of monumental painting is the material used. Thus, for stained glass, colored glass plates are used, transparent in properties, and in mosaics, muted, which have reflective characteristics. To create a stained glass mosaic, you will need a muffle furnace, into which you then place a slab with a glass pattern laid out on it. They can come in various sizes and shapes, with geometric and patterned images. Stained glass mosaic
Mosaic is one of the most ancient arts. It was known back in Ancient Rome during the Hellenistic era and was called “opus musivum”, which literally means “putting together pieces.” A wide variety of subjects were created from mosaics - from simple ornaments to complex paintings. Decorative mosaics were used to decorate the walls, floors, roofs, and domes of churches. Today, decorative mosaics are no less popular than in ancient times; they can perfectly complement any interior of any style. It is used in private homes, public institutions, apartments, landscape elements, architecture, saunas and swimming pools. It can be made from almost any material (metal, marble, etc.). Decorative mosaic
Designers are professionals with a non-standard type of thinking. The likelihood is great that the very first designer on our planet was a person with an extraordinary imagination, a little stingy by nature, and thus original gizmos created by dreamers appeared. In Rus', the laurels of primacy are held by Mikhailo Lomonosov. He can hardly be called a designer, but he figured out how to make pieces of smalt colored, and at the same time showed what the material was capable of - he laid out a huge panel with the image of Peter the Great. The Florentine master Luca de la Robia was the first to come up with the idea of painting majolica ceramic plates in greenish and violet shades in order to use them when laying out patterns on the floors of rich houses. The historical episodes listed above were flashing beacons when design thought stepped into the world of people. Designer mosaic
It’s not for nothing that mosaics are called eternal painting. In fact, it is a colorful painting method that will not fade over the years and does not require special storage conditions. And like any type of fine art, mosaic is divided into directions, combined into several general styles. These are the classic and European varieties. Let's take a closer look at the classic version. After the collapse of the Roman Empire, Byzantium preserved the principle and spirit of Roman technology, and developed their semantic consonance. Art was transferred from a utilitarian category to a cult category. First of all, Byzantine mosaics are monumental canvases (niches, walls and domes that form the space of the temple). Classic mosaic
Mosaic is a very painstaking work. To achieve a beautiful, neat, pleasing result, you need to put in maximum effort and patience. Mosaic does not tolerate inaccuracy. Here, every element knows exactly its place! The expressiveness and clarity of the image depends on this. Simple mosaic Mosaic covering can be made from a variety of materials: marble, glass, ceramics, metal, wood
The human demand for materials of natural origin, such as mosaic tiles, has remained unchanged for centuries. No matter how great the achievements of modern man in the field of technology, no matter how his tastes and preferences change, one thing remains unchanged - the demand for materials of natural origin. Pieces of natural stone, glass or ceramic chips are of no value in themselves, but if they fall into the hands of a real master, they can turn into a beautiful work of art called mosaic. Facing mosaic
This type of creativity, like glass mosaic, has existed for a long time. Mosaics have been popular since ancient times. But even today this topic has not lost its relevance. Transparent glass mosaic is a wonderful finishing material that allows you to create amazingly beautiful interiors. More often it is used for premises related to water - swimming pools, bathrooms, baths. Many manufacturers have a range of transparent mosaics in different colors. When using this material, it is necessary to take into account some specific features of its installation. After all, the implementation of a design idea consists of four components: transparent mosaic
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Mosaic is a decorative, applied and monumental art of various genres, the works of which involve the formation of an image by arranging, setting and fixing on the surface (usually on a plane) multi-colored stones, smalt, ceramic tiles and other materials.
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The history of mosaics dates back to the 2nd half. 4th millennium BC e. - the time to which the construction of palaces and temples of the Sumerian cities of Mesopotamia is dated: Uruk, Ur, Eridu. The mosaic was made from baked clay cone sticks 8-10 cm long and 1.8 cm in diameter, which were laid on a clay solution. The image was formed from the ends of these cones, which were painted, usually red, black and white. Geometric motifs were used: rhombus, triangle, zigzag.
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By the 8th century. BC e. include early examples of the use of mosaic techniques made from unprocessed pebbles, which constituted one of the stages in the development of mosaic techniques and, at its end, was disparagingly called opus barbaricum by the Romans. Excavations revealed the ornamented pebble floors of Altyn Tepe (eastern Anatolia) and the palace in Arslan-tash (Assyria), but the richest monument is the pebble mosaics of Gordion (Anatolia).
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Antiquity The first antique mosaics made of untreated pebbles were found in Corinth and dated back to the end. 5th century BC e. These are contour images of people, animals, mythological creatures, decorated with geometric and floral patterns, usually made in white on black, stylistically close to red-figure vase painting. Similar examples of the 4th century. BC e. also found in Olynthos, Sikyon, and Eretria. An important step towards realism was made in the mosaics of Pella (late 4th century BC)
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In Ancient Rome, mosaics were used to cover the floors and walls of villas, palaces and baths. Roman mosaics were made from small cubes of very dense glass - smalt, but the use of small stones and pebbles was not uncommon.
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The era of the Byzantine Empire can be considered the highest flowering of mosaic art. Byzantine mosaics become more refined, smaller modules of stones and delicate masonry are used, the background of the images becomes predominantly golden.
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In Rus', mosaics appeared with the adoption of Christianity, but did not become widespread due to the high cost of material imported from Constantinople (in Byzantium, a state monopoly was declared on the export of smalt).
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The revival of mosaics in Russia was carried out by M. V. Lomonosov. However, Lomonosov's mosaic work was not continued after the death of its creator. The art of mosaic was forgotten again. Therefore, in the 1840s, when the question arose about converting the painted icons for St. Isaac's Cathedral into mosaics, the Russian government had to send graduates of the Imperial Academy of Arts to Rome to study with the masters of the Vatican Mosaic Studio. On the other hand, glass technologists were invited from Rome to St. Petersburg to organize the production of smalt. In 1851, Russian students returned to their homeland, by the same time the Italians had already organized smalt production for them. This year is considered the opening date of the Mosaic Workshop of the Imperial Academy of Arts. Although the workshop was organized specifically for the creation of Isaac's mosaics, which lasted 66 years and was never completed due to revolutionary events, it also carried out other orders: mosaics for the iconostasis of the Cathedral of the Savior on Spilled Blood in St. Petersburg, the iconostasis of the Cathedral of the Savior on the Waters, ornamental mosaics Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow, mosaic portraits of members of the royal family and private orders. The workshop practiced the so-called “direct method” of typesetting, which made it possible to achieve a picturesque realism of the image, but was extremely time-consuming and, accordingly, expensive.
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Laying When laying directly, the mosaic elements are pressed into the ground. When setting in reverse, the mosaic is assembled on cardboard or fabric, then transferred to a primed surface. Laying mosaics: The technique is similar to laying tiles; glue and grout for mosaic joints are available in every hardware supermarket. The base is examined for strength, all defects are identified - cracks, cavities, gravel nests, reinforcement or other foreign objects not included in the project, as well as problem areas, for example, oil stains, loose or insufficiently strong base, voids. The base must be strong, load-bearing, dry, and also level and free of adhesion-reducing agents (for example, additives that reduce adhesion and facilitate the dismantling of formwork), without traces of laitance, dust, dirt, paint residues, worn rubber, etc. If necessary, carry out mechanical cleaning of the base, for example by sandblasting. Before laying the mosaic, the surface must be visually smooth, without sagging, pits and cracks, as well as dry and primed.
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Laying mosaics on paper Laying begins by applying glue to the prepared surface, after which it is evenly distributed over the entire surface. In most cases, it is recommended to use latex-based adhesives. Mosaic, glued with the opposite side to the paper. Laying must be neat, so the distance between the sheets must correspond to the distance between the tiles; excessive pressure is unacceptable. Upon completion of installation, the sheets must be secured with light blows from a pad with a rubber base. After a day, the paper can be removed - moistened with a damp sponge, it comes off. Before grouting the joints, the mosaic surface must be cleaned of any remaining paper and glue, after which the grouting can be done using a rubber float. To grout joints, it is advisable to use a composition recommended by the mosaic manufacturer. Once the grouting is complete, you can clean the mosaic and polish the mosaic surface.
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Laying mosaics on a mesh Unlike mosaics on paper sheets, mosaics glued to a mesh are glued face up. The characteristic feature of its installation technology is that after the glue has dried, you can immediately begin grouting the joints.
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Traditional smalt and natural stone, as well as glass mixtures, ceramics, porcelain stoneware, and metal are used as mosaic materials. The classic design of smalt mosaics still remains the most sophisticated design option for decorative panels for the elite
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Smalt A traditional material for creating mosaic panels, which is pieces of a homogeneous opaque mixture of glass and metal oxides.
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Smalt has both a number of positive properties (man-made material, palette - several thousand colors, richness and uniqueness of mosaic shades, glow effect, durability), and features that limit the scope of its application, such as: uneven surface, chipped edges high labor intensity high cost material
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