Yellow press. What is yellow press? Fake in the pages of the yellow newspaper

Gossip, sex. Information in such publications does not act as spiritual and practical knowledge, but as an entertainment product. Thus, the founders do not set themselves any other tasks besides obtaining surplus value.

Almanac of the Voronezh Faculty of Journalism state university and the Academy of Sciences of the Regional Press “Accents. New in mass communication", issue 5-6 (68-69), 2007. V. Khorolsky. Domestic and foreign scientists about the global problems of mass media communication

origin of name

There are several versions about the origin of this concept. According to one of them, the name comes from the color of newspapers printed on cheap paper. According to another version, the occurrence is connected with the trial between the newspapers "New York World" Pulitzer and "New York Journal" Hearst because of the comic book "Yellow Kid" (Yellow Kid) in 1896. This Baby owed its color to the Sino-Japanese War of 1895, which for the first time showed the West a wave of jingoistic hysteria in Japanese society (yellow peril), which he parodied - yellow babies had Asian features. They were portrayed in an untidy form, they also showed impudent behavior.

The history of development

With the rise of popular culture came publications such as The New York Sun, The New York Herald, and The New York Tribune. Even then, sexual themes, motives for death, coverage of scandals, crimes, violence dominated the pages of the "yellow" newspapers.

These new opportunities were used by J. Pulitzer (“The New York World”) and W. Hurst (“The San Francisco Examiner”, “New York Journal”, etc.) to increase the level of popularity of the publication. The circulation of their newspapers was successfully sold out not only thanks to the prompt reporting of dramatic facts, but also the practice of creating so-called “human-interest stories” - newspaper materials that “... are more oriented towards the awakening of emotions (compassion, pathos, humor, anxiety, curiosity), than to cover true events. Pulitzer was the first, followed by Hearst, to use a special kind of sensational reporting, the main method of which was shifting the focus from the fact itself to its presentation.

In Russia

Typological features and methods used

One of the characteristics of the yellow press phenomenon is the outrageous coverage of taboo topics.
Sensationalism is an equally important feature of the "yellow" press. (Fig. 1)
thematic eclecticism. One of the main elements of the yellow press system is the dominance of the visual component over the text.

The practice includes misinformation headings of the following subtypes:

Offline headings. These subheadings are not associated with a specific text of the material, but with an extra-textual situation. This situation is more interesting than the content of the text itself. (Fig. 2)
Titles representing the thesis of the publication (one of several). Tabloid headlines differ from the meaningful headlines of the quality press in that they do not bring out the full essence of the story. They draw attention to any detail. (Fig. 2)
The title, which is a direct distortion, juggling of the facts contained in the text. (Fig. 2)

Depending on the type-forming features and features that determine the structure of the publication, they distinguish

"Intermediate" editions that gravitate toward quality newspapers but have some of the basic characteristics of "yellow" newspapers.
Boulevard publications. They contain basically all the features of the "yellow" editions. They are more banal in content when compared with high-quality ones, and more "mercantile" than "intermediate".
Actually "yellow". Newspapers that have all the main type-forming features noted above. They are distinguished by a pronounced pathos of hedonism, sensationalism and outright vulgarity (Fig. 1, Fig. 2).
Semi-pornographic and pornographic publications, which are characterized by the preservation of all the existing features of the previous types, with a bias towards the coverage of deviant sexual relations.

Notes

Links

The "yellow press" phenomenon. Evgeniy Sazonov , scientific and cultural journal RELGA, No. 7 05/23/2005

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Synonyms:

See what "Yellow Press" is in other dictionaries:

From English: Yellow press. The expression originated in the USA. In 1895, a series of funny drawings appeared in the New York newspaper The World, among the characters of which was a certain boy who commented on what was happening. This child had... Dictionary of winged words and expressions

- "YELLOW PRESS", periodicals publishing scandalous messages in pursuit of sensation. The term appeared in con. 19th century in the USA … encyclopedic Dictionary

Low-quality periodicals publishing scandalous messages, disinformation in pursuit of sensation. The term appeared in con. 19th century in the USA … Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Exist., Number of synonyms: 1 print (57) ASIS Synonym Dictionary. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary

“Yellow press” is the name given to publications that specialize in all kinds of sensations, scandals and revelations. At the same time, the central place in the value system of such media is occupied not by the reliability of the information provided, but by a flashy headline.

AiF.ru tells about the history of the origin of the term " yellow press».

"Yellow Baby" Photo: Public Domain

comic book hero

According to one version, the term "yellow press" appeared as a result of competition in which they agreed Chief Editor"New York World" Joseph Pulitzer and New York Journal Editor-in-Chief William Randolph Hearst.

In 1896, Pulitzer decided to publish a comic strip about a poor kid from the New York slums in his newspaper. The author of "Yellow Baby" was graphic artist Richard Felton Outcot. To liven up the black-and-white pages of the publication, he decided to paint the character's clothes yellow. Readers clearly liked this idea, since the circulation of the newspaper immediately increased significantly. Envying the success of a competitor, Hirst lured Outcoat to his publication, promising more money. As a result, a real media war began between the two publications: the two editors-in-chief used all print opportunities to present the competitor's newspaper in a bad light. All the inhabitants of the Big Apple knew about this confrontation. And one day New York Press editor Erwin Wardman in one of his articles, he called competing publications "yellow press", recalling to Pulitzer and Hearst the comic book hero who quarreled them.

Bond paper

According to another version, the yellow press got its name because of the poor quality of the paper on which the first cheap tabloid newspapers (“penny press”) were printed in the United States in the 1830s. The pages of such publications turned yellow as quickly as the sensations they told were exposed.

The theory of modern journalism understands the “yellow press” as cheaper printed publications that specialize mainly in covering sensations, scandals, and rumors. These are newspapers that do not hesitate to pay close attention to personal life with the help of voice recorders and cameras in the first place. famous people, including on its not the most pleasant side.

The latter circumstance often levels out the difference between the usual, "yellow" and "tabloid" press in the perception of readers. In the struggle for circulation and money, the "tabloid" press does not shun even beautiful lies and gross distortion of facts. Emphasizes not the integrity of the text, but the protrusion of outrageous details, even individual words. The yellow press doesn't do that. But in most cases only a specialist is able to catch the difference, which the average reader, as a rule, is not.

Two "New York" fought

About who exactly and why introduced the stable expression "", there is no exact data. But there are two main versions. The first one is economic. It lies in the fact that, having decided to sell newspapers that radically differ not only in content and price, but also in form and color, the publishers chose cheaper yellow paper for them. The second option looks more scandalous and is called "Yellow Baby". This was the name of a parody comic book released in 1896 in the United States dedicated to the Sino-Japanese War.

The dirty and untidy yellow kid depicted in the comic, translated into English as Yellow Kid, not only very much resembled, but was also similar to him by name. After all, "Japanese" and "yellow" sound the same - Yellow. The comic was the subject of public controversy between two North American media tycoons and major newspaper publishers. Joseph Pulitzer, who led the New York World, and William Randolph Hearst of the New York Journal American entered the dispute over the "Yellow Kid".

Sex on the front page

By the way, it is Joseph Pulitzer, much better known as the founder of the award of the same name, and William Hirst are considered the "parents" of newspapers marked "yellow press". The publications belonging to them were the first in the world to focus on the publication of materials, the headlines, photos and texts of which tried to evoke extraordinary emotions in people. Including, for example, curiosity, humor, envy, anger, anxiety, fear, hatred. Thus, this prompted to follow the continuation of the story and new similar materials, pay money for an exciting reading and increase circulation.

Thanks to Pulitzer and Hurst, the newspapers began to cover in detail, with numerous illustrations, not only some really important events for the world, country and society. The topics of sex, crime, death, sensational and mysterious words, events and phenomena, previously closed to readers, appeared on the front pages of publications. And it has become quite common and normal for journalists to add a fair amount of outrageousness, cynicism and vulgarity to the published materials.

"Yellow" Russia

Newspapers and magazines that could have won the approval of the Americans Pulitzer and Hearst appeared in the USSR and Russia only after the announcement of a course towards the so-called glasnost, freedom of speech and the elimination of censorship. More precisely, their publication and distribution has just resumed. After all, the first frankly “yellow” newspaper existed in Russia even before 1917. It bore a name that fully corresponded both to the form of such a press, and to its content and price - "Kopeyka".

As for the present, Yevgeny Dodolev, sensational for the then socialist country, served as a kind of signal for the beginning of the information “yellowness” of domestic journalism. In 1986, he published in the Moskovsky Komsomolets newspaper two texts dedicated to prostitutes in the capital: Night Hunters and White Dance. And after some time, truly “yellow” publications began to lie freely on the newspaper counters and showcases of Soyuzpechat - Express Newspaper, Top Secret, Life, AIDS Info, Megapolis Express and many others.

Newspaper duck in the yellow press

What does the yellow press print?

New day (or new day) -

Every now and then newspaper ducks ...

Yellow press

The tabloid, vulgar, low-class, greedy for cheap sensational media are called the yellow press. But why is this kind of newspapers and magazines called the yellow press? Why not blue or, for example, green?

So, where did the expression "yellow press" come from?

As you know, no one likes the “yellow press”, but a lot of people read it. The irresistible desire to look into the neighbor's keyhole - the largest American newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst, who is directly related to the emergence of the term "yellow press", was very well aware of this property of human nature. It all started with the fact that in 1896 the New York World newspaper, headed by J. Pulitzer, published the first comic book in history, authored by graphic artist Richard Felton Outcot. The hero of frivolous pictorial stories, a poor kid from the New York slums, was dressed in burlap, which Outcot had thought of coloring yellow to brighten up dull black-and-white pages. The spot turned out to be incredibly enticing: the circulation of the newspaper soared to a million copies. Envying the success of a competitor, the owner of the New York Journal newspaper, William Randolph Hearst, lured the comic book author, along with his yellow guy, to his publication, promising the draftsman huge fees. A wounded Pulitzer was forced to find a replacement for Outcot, and another artist began to churn out stories about the poor for the New York World. A long dispute ensued between the two newspapers, each of the publishers trying to defend the right of superiority to the tomboy in yellow and to the publication of comics in general. But the yellow spot no longer gave anyone peace. Nevertheless, both publications printed comics with a boy in a yellow coat, competing also in the prompt presentation of all kinds of sensations. One outside observer, journalist Erwin Wardman of the New York Press, dubbed the rival newspapers "yellow press" in an article.

The phenomenon of "yellow press"

The term "yellow press" appeared, as you know, in the USA, when the largest newspaper business monopolists J. Pulitzer and W.R. Hurst. This expression was given life by the comic strip about the "Yellow Baby", the legal proceedings around which arose between the Pulitzer "New York World" and Hearst's "New York Journal". In 1896, E. Wardman, editor of the New York Press, called competing publications "yellow." Thus, the term "yellow press" originally meant periodicals that printed comics with a specific hero. Later he acquired a different, more deep meaning, preserved to this day. Many researchers trace the history of the "yellow" press from the end of the 19th century, forgetting that there were newspapers earlier that contributed to the formation of this type of press.

After 1830, with the growth of urbanization, journalism began to pay attention to the demands of immigrants and the working class. The "cent press" ("penny-press"), the predecessor of the "yellow" appeared. The publishing business began to increasingly take shape in the image and likeness of a commercial enterprise. The formation of "cent" newspapers has become a significant socio-cultural phenomenon associated with the processes of the emergence of mass culture. First successful projects publications of The New York Sun, The New York Herald and The New York Tribune became in line with the "yellow" theme. Sexual themes, motives for death, coverage of scandals, crimes, violence already dominated the pages of the "yellow" newspapers. These new trends were most fully embodied in their publications by J. Pulitzer (The New York World) and W. Hurst (The San Francisco Examiner, New York Journal, etc.). Their newspapers quickly achieved wide popularity not only due to the prompt reporting of dramatic facts, but also the practice of creating “human-interest stories” - newspaper materials that “... are more oriented towards the awakening of emotions (compassion, pathos, humor, anxiety, curiosity), than to cover true events. Pulitzer (and then Hurst) introduced a special kind of sensational reporting, the main method of which was to shift the focus from the fact itself to its presentation. This coincided with the development of the mainstream fiction paradigm, in particular the adventure and detective novels, which proclaimed entertainment as the main genre dominant.

To attract the attention of readers in the newspapers of Pulitzer and Hearst, large headlines appeared that deliberately misled the reader, and color illustrations. For easier understanding by the mass audience, the publications used a large number of photographs, diagrams and cartoons. Hurst required his employees to present all the news in a sensational spirit. When there was no sensation, it was simply invented.

In the image and likeness of the American "yellow" journalism developed in the UK. From the very beginning of the publication of the first entertaining newspaper, Tit-Bits, in 1881, the editorial policy of many publications was based on mass taste orientation. The ideologues of the English "yellow" press, the Harmsworth brothers, were especially successful in this, starting their activity in 1888 with the publication of "yellow" magazines, and then the newspapers "Evening News", "Daily Mail" and "Daily Mirror". In the visualization process, the British went further than the Americans. In the newspapers listed, illustrations began to appear, not only accompanying, but completely replacing the text.

Many researchers believe that America and England are the birthplace of the "yellow" press. This is not entirely true, since similar processes of the formation of mass journalism took place in pre-revolutionary Russia. The second half of the 19th century became a period favorable for the emergence of a new type of publication, designed not to replace the established type of quality newspaper, but to occupy its own niche in the field of Russian press. In the materials of such "yellow" newspapers as "Petersburg leaflet" (1864), "Petersburg newspaper" (1867), "Moskovsky leaf" (1881) and "Kopeck newspaper" (1908) for the first time in Russian practice there are conscious attempts to embellish reality in order to attract an audience. The free presentation by reporters of the actual facts turned the report into a fictionalized interpretation of the event. The printing performance of the numbers was rather primitive. However, due to the low price, high information saturation, sensationalism, the presence of illustrations, intelligible form and catchy innovative ways of presenting materials, the ability to adapt to the needs of the mass reader, the Russian "yellow" press quickly gained popularity. The emergence of a new type of newspaper was a significant step in the development of the content and form of journalism. Publications like Petersburg Leaflet and Moskovsky Leaflet were not afraid to experiment, therefore they brought a fresh stream to the printing business, laid the foundations for the laws by which modern media live, and brought the newspaper closer to the average reader. However, the coming to power of the Bolsheviks in 1917 did not allow the Russian "yellow" press to fully develop.

By the beginning of World War II, the rapid development of the "yellow" press had slowed down in almost all countries where it existed. The reason was the changes that took place in society, in the internal and foreign policy European states. The situation changed in the 50s and 60s of the 20th century, when the ideas of the sexual revolution became widespread. On this wave, in 1953, a new round of development of the "yellow" press begins. Playboy magazine appears (publisher X. Hefner) - popular edition completely devoted to the topic of sex. Acquaintance with the studies of human sexual behavior by sociologists C. Reich and A. Kinzie, as well as with the developments of W. Hirst, helped Hefner create theoretical basis for a publication in which intimate topics are put on the same level as speeches by major political and public figures. Since that time, hypertrophied attention to the coverage of sexual topics has become characteristic of most of the "yellow" publications.

characteristic feature"yellow" press is the specificity of its interaction with the audience. A quality press positions itself in relation to its reader as a publication that encourages contemplation and comprehension of the essential processes taking place in modern reality. The mass press is guided by the description of the most topical social and everyday problems, accessible to the understanding of the mass audience. The "yellow" press focuses primarily on the reader, who needs to be given entertaining information without inviting them to contemplate. The relationship between the addressee and the addressee in the "yellow" press is non-parity: the author does not identify himself with the reader, he offers him a game based on his own ideas about what this reader needs. At the same time, the level of the author's idea of the audience is low. The reliance here is not on intellectual trust in the audience, but on its readiness to assimilate any proposed text. An excursion into the history of the formation of the "yellow" press as a type of publication and the study of the texts of this type of press made it possible to identify the most characteristic typological features of the "yellow" press.

1. One of the characteristics of the phenomenon under consideration is shocking coverage of taboo topics. It consists in the rejection of the inviolability of any, even the most hidden from public discussion, spheres of human existence. The “yellow” press is especially interested in three types of taboo information.

First, it is an interest in intimate relationships. The studied type of publications exploits this topic in a special way, absolutizing its sensational and biological-naturalistic component, sometimes referring to the coverage of this thematic layer only from one side - pornographic. The publication of nudity and hypertrophied attention to the genitals aims to attract the attention of an unpretentious, but, nevertheless, mass reader. The core of the illustrative material in the "yellow" newspapers of Russia and the West today is either images of fashion models (the pioneers of the use of such images were the American magazine "Playboy" and the English newspaper "The Sun"), or photos of readers sent to various "candid" contests. Even brighter this technique demonstrate a variety of textual materials of the "yellow" press, in which the role of sexual relations in culture is exaggerated, and private interest is presented as a general trend due to the biological laws of existence (a separate term has appeared for this practice - "sexploitation": from the combination of two words "sex" - sex, gender and "exploitation" - exploitation). The "yellow" press ignores the main postulate of culture in relation to the coverage of the topic of intimate relationships, namely the existence of sufficiently good reasons for breaking taboos.

Secondly, the "yellow" press shows excessive interest in the personal lives of people who find themselves in the center of public attention. A more detailed consideration of this area is typical for any type of printing. In quality press, this technique is widely used to reveal the character of the hero, material or for journalistic investigation. It should be noted that if the quality press limits the depth of penetration into private life by ethical boundaries, then the “yellow” boldly violates these boundaries. In such a case, there is often a conflict between the public's right to information and the individual's right to privacy and security.

We have identified two levels of interference of the "yellow" press in private life: "soft" and "hard". Examples of "soft" interference are reports of various official and semi-official events in the life of celebrities (weddings, divorces, births, etc.). We call this practice “soft” because information about such events is not closed or intimate, although often only a limited circle of participants knows about them. The “hard” type of intervention in private life is a deep penetration into the sphere of informal, intimate relationships, into the sphere of health.

Thirdly, there is an unhealthy interest in the topic of death in the "yellow" press, especially when it is associated with abnormal or emergency circumstances. A lot of sensational materials on this topic are given to the "yellow" publications by the sphere of crime. In these materials, there is clearly a desire not to understand the reasons for what happened, but to scare the reader, because Special attention is given to the description of naturalistic details. The "yellow" press uses the method of combining the incongruous. In one issue, on the same pages, humorous and criminal materials converge and, moreover, in one material - tragic and comic features. Hence, a distinctive feature of almost all publications on the topic of death is a frivolous or even cynical attitude towards the tragedy.

2. Sensationalism is an equally important feature of the "yellow" press. It manifests itself in a preliminary setting for the existence of an out of the ordinary event that disrupts the emotional balance of the reader in the direction of both positive and negative emotions. The search for real sensations and scandals is an integral task of any kind of press, including the elite. The coverage of real sensations in the "yellow" press is practically no different from the practice of their coverage in the quality press. The difference is only in the goals. First, mass media use sensationalism more often and, as a rule, only to attract attention. Secondly, the specificity of the type of press we are studying is manifested in the emphasis on emotional, and not other impact. "Yellow" publications almost never call the reader to contemplation, but always to empathy. The peculiarity of this type of press turning to sensational information is that the “yellow” publications mainly cover real sensations that cause (or seek to cause) the audience to a large extent anxious and angry emotions and to a much lesser extent positive ones. Third, the tabloid sensationalism is often misrepresented. Sooner or later, the desire of mass media to write about sensationalism comes into conflict with the limited availability of "exciting facts" in reality. In the process of finding a solution to this problem, the "yellow" press came to the practice of referring not only and not so much to real, but to false sensations (reports of stunning facts that did not take place in reality), which have a misinformation basis, illegally a high degree subjectivity, monomerism. It is also characteristic to turn to quasi-sensations (reports of sensations received in the course of a certain processing of the facts of reality), the characteristic features of which are subjectivity, “mono-dimensionality”, a shift in the semantic emphasis to a secondary detail (details), the inadequacy of the significance of the event and its emotional presentation. Based on this, we can conclude that “yellow” journalism does not reflect reality, but reacts to it, and even allows for staging. Artificial sensations are a kind of journalistic analogue of mass literature. In the "yellow" press there is no balance of informational interests, there is a bias towards sensational information to the detriment of serious information. And hence the paradoxical consequence is the lack of information, on the one hand, and its redundancy, on the other. The insufficiency lies in referring to the same type of materials and ignoring a fairly wide range of economic, political and other problems. Because of this, a person does not receive complete, complete knowledge. Due to the high importance and uniqueness attributed to sensations, almost all the attention of the public is concentrated on them, which does not remain on the real important events. Redundancy is an increased reference to similar topics, which simply clutters up the information space, creates additional flows of informational noise.

3. The next typological feature of the "yellow" press is thematic eclecticism. Unlike the "yellow" newspapers, high-quality newspapers follow a hierarchy of topics, which determines the order in which they are covered, depending on the informational value. It is not allowed to make purely entertaining information on the front pages. In the "yellow" press, topics are distributed depending on the possibility of attracting reader attention. Because of this, in such publications, either “zero” information journalism flourishes (aimed only at attracting and entertaining), or a mosaic mixture of a wide variety of topics from various spheres of human existence (a mixture of really important and obviously redundant). One of the reasons for eclecticism, in our opinion, is the excessive desire of the "yellow" media for exclusivity of materials.

The content of the mass press was also affected by the trend towards specialization. But this specialization has taken a special form. It can be described as "specialization in non-standard". There is no specific area that the "yellow" press constantly refers to. She is interested in the widest range of events of different levels under one condition - non-standard information. We have identified two ways of manifestation of eclecticism in the "yellow" media:

a) Leveling. Its meaning is to achieve equivalence between important and insignificant events. The dispersion of the flow of messages is actually only visible, the selection of events about which they decide to give information is made by a certain social structure. In fact, the mass media themselves determine the "significance" of the facts.

b) Excess. In this way of displaying thematic eclecticism, there is a more violent clash between serious and entertaining material. This leads to the emergence of a special situation when materials with a low level of social significance displace important information materials into the background and even the third plan. Serious topics reflected in such newspapers as "KP", "Life", "The Sun", etc., written at a fairly high level, often give way to entertainment ones. The consumer of information develops such a picture of reality in which it is impossible to distinguish between the important and the secondary, which becomes one of the causes of cognitive dissonance.

4. One of the core elements of the yellow press system is the prevalence of the visual component over the text. Visualization is a common trend in all the world's media, but in high-quality publications, an illustrative series organically complements text materials. In the "yellow" press, there is an expansion of "bright" design elements: colors, illustrations, headings. It was the “yellow” publications that were the first in the history of journalism to experiment with these aspects and, above all, with color, which is designed to perform two functions: firstly, to signal the importance of specific newspaper materials designed to sell the issue, and, secondly, to visually highlight the newspaper itself. newspaper among their own kind. This is a very important point, since the "yellow" editions are distributed mainly through the network retail. In addition to the standard black and white (reverse) headers, there are mostly yellow, orange, red and blue ones. Among the colors of the stripes are orange, yellow and blue substrates. This color scheme is typical for almost all the publications we have reviewed. The use of these particular colors is not accidental, since, according to psychologists, these tones are the most attractive of the entire color spectrum. As for illustrations, in the "yellow" editions they occupy a dominant position, since without them it is also impossible to fulfill the main task - to attract the attention of the audience. Often illustrations in the studied newspapers take up to half a page or more. This feature demonstrates the embodiment of the most important psychological effects of any mass communication - emotional and aesthetic. But the peculiarity of the "yellow" press is that the emotional component comes to the fore, often to the detriment of the aesthetic. That is, exclusive or sensational images occupy large areas, even if the quality is poor. At the forefront of the mass press is "press photography", in other words, a reportage illustration, closely related to a specific fact, not exceeding the level of a private event, and therefore excluding a variant interpretation. The "yellow" photo has an applied value, as well as the second most popular visual component - information graphics. The main reason for the active use of charts, tables, maps lies in the desire of the "yellow" press to simplify the material as much as possible. "Yellow" newspapers try to replace the text with informational graphics in order to make the newspaper as simple and comfortable as possible for consumption. And here the mass press is evolving towards an ideally simple and visual newspaper material - comics. For most of the "yellow" newspapers, the "comic book" presentation of materials has already become familiar. It manifests itself in the combination of three elements - information content, accessibility and entertainment - important features"infotainment".

It was the “yellow” press that made heading complexes as a special design element at the end of the 19th century. She was also the first to turn to the exploitation of such a feature of heading complexes as a function of the material significance signal. Informative headlines are used with equal success in the "yellow" and in the quality press. However, due to the specifics of mass newspapers, their informative headlines have certain differences. The most noticeable is the design. In the yellow press, headlines have long been used as a full-fledged variety of illustrations. The headlines of the "yellow" press constantly balance on the verge of truth and lies. The desire for attractiveness for the reader is achieved by ignoring the adequacy of the title of the text component. The practice includes misinformation headings of the following subtypes:

a) Off-text headings. They are not associated with a specific text of the material, but rather with an extra-textual situation that is more interesting than the content of the text.

b) Headings representing one of the abstracts of the publication. Unlike meaningful headlines in quality press, tabloid headlines try not to give away the essence of the story, but only draw attention to some detail.

c) The title, which is a direct distortion, juggling of the facts contained in the text.

You can not thoughtlessly criticize the desire of the "yellow" newspapers for a dynamic, and sometimes aggressive type of layout, since there is no doubt that any newspaper should have an individual graphic face. However, for mass publications, this face turns out to be individual in a single case and standardized - with a general consideration of the type of press being studied. Almost all "yellow" newspapers use large illustrations, serious photo manipulation, infographics, large headlines (often not reflecting the topics of the materials), small texts, and the same color scheme. Thus, in striving for individuality, mass newspapers are actually getting closer and closer, leaning towards a universal model that is most beneficial in the process of attracting the reader's attention, but the "yellow" press is more likely to focus on the advertising of the text. In everyday practice, the mass press seeks to manipulate not opinion, but desire - the desire of the consumer to buy a newspaper, to get acquainted with specific material.

All history XIX century is inextricably linked with the development of capitalist (market) relations. At a certain stage, these relations penetrated into the media sphere. In the "yellow" text, the features of the product are more and more clearly visible. In the "yellow" press, there is a tendency to compose texts aimed at satisfying the unassuming needs of the widest possible audience, and, as you know, the manufacturer always focuses the product on mass sales in order to maximize profits. The consequence of this is the desire to sell the text (or the newspaper as a collection of texts) for the maximum price, regardless of the real value. The quality of the content of the text fades into the background. The “packaging” of the product comes first - its visual design, which attracts the reader's attention. The "yellow" newspapers are the first to use color, illustrative accompaniment, large heading complexes. One of the reasons for the emergence of the "yellow" press can be called the further expansion of the functions of journalism. Along with the epistemological function, axiological, creative, creative, aesthetic, recreational and hedonistic functions begin to play an increasingly important role. The appearance of the last two is largely associated with the beginning of the functioning of the "yellow" press. The creative function is realized through providing the audience with entertaining and banalized materials that allow the reader to relax, distract from personal problems and work. The hedonistic function is realized by fulfilling the "order" of the reader, by the individual's awareness of involvement in the communication process. These functions are performed by any kind of press, however, in the field of "yellow" journalism, the satisfaction of recreational and hedonistic needs is a constitutive sign of this type. Thus, the third - the main - reason for the emergence of the "yellow" press is explained by the peculiarities of the evolution of mass consciousness in industrial and post-industrial society.

Depending on the presence of type-forming features and features that determine the structure of the publication, in the array of the "yellow" press, certain types of publications can be distinguished as the quality of the analysis of reality decreases. It:

1. "Intermediate" editions, which gravitate towards quality newspapers, but have some of the main features of the "yellow" ones.

2. Boulevard publications, which contain basically all the features of the "yellow" publications. They are more banal in content when compared with high-quality ones, and more "mercantile" than "intermediate".

3. Actually "yellow". Newspapers that have all the main type-forming features noted above. They are distinguished by a pronounced pathos of hedonism, sensationalism and outright vulgarity.

4. Semi-pornographic and pornographic publications (they are characterized by the preservation of all the existing features of previous modifications, but with a bias towards covering deviant sexual relations).

What is yellow press?

Yellow press (tabloid, tabloid) is a colloquial term meaning commercial media that is affordable and specializes in rumors, sensations (often imaginary), scandals, gossip, sex. Information in such publications does not act as spiritual and practical knowledge, but as an entertainment product. Thus, the founders do not set themselves any other tasks besides obtaining surplus value.
In Russia, before perestroika, all printed publications were subject to censorship, and the editor-in-chief could forfeit his position if he let incorrect material into the issue. During Perestroika, glasnost (later freedom of speech) was announced, after which some newspapers began to print articles based on fiction in order to increase the saleability of circulation and use the methods of the yellow press.
The first representatives of the direction appeared in the 90s of the XX century, the tabloid Express newspaper, the weekly Megapolis Express. Nowadays, a number of publications are referred to as a typical yellow press, in particular, the newspapers Your Day (former Life), Komsomolskaya Pravda, etc. In 2009, the Public Collegium for Press Complaints, which included well-known journalists Eduard Sagalaev, Nikolai Svanidze, Daniil Dondurei , Aleksey Kara-Murza, Mikhail Nenashev, Georgy Satarov, recognized the Izvestia newspaper as yellow, which, according to members of the board, has now moved from a respectable, high-quality publication to the category of tabloid newspapers.
One of the characteristics of the yellow press phenomenon is the outrageous coverage of taboo topics.
Sensationalism is an equally important feature of the yellow press. One of the main elements of the yellow press system is the dominance of the visual component over the text.
The practice includes misinformation headings of the following subtypes:

Offline headings. These subheadings are not associated with a specific text of the material, but with an extra-textual situation. This situation is more interesting than the content of the text itself.
Titles representing the thesis of the publication (one of several) . Tabloid headlines differ from the meaningful headlines of the quality press in that they do not bring out the full essence of the story. They draw attention to any detail.
The title, which is a direct distortion, juggling of the facts contained in the text.
Depending on the type-forming features and features that determine the structure of the publication, they distinguish

Intermediate editions that gravitate towards quality newspapers but have some of the basic characteristics of yellow newspapers.
Boulevard publications. They contain basically all the features of the yellow editions. They are more banal in content, when compared with high-quality ones, and more mercantile than intermediate ones.
Actually yellow. Newspapers that have all the main type-forming features noted above. They are distinguished by a pronounced pathos of hedonism, sensationalism and outright vulgarity.
Semi-pornographic and pornographic publications, which are characterized by the preservation of all the existing features of the previous types, with a bias towards the coverage of deviant sexual relations.
Newspapers Your day, Life
gossip newspapers
As they say, archaic exhaustive answers :-). Where did the term "yellow" come from? I heard a version that once two American newspapers were suing. They published the same adventures (probably unlikely) of some boy in a yellow shirt. Sued for the priority of publication, of course.
Probably both newspapers were tabloid, and here they were also called yellow.
The one that is recognized as such.
Yellow press designation of printed press publications that are affordable and specialize in rumors, sensations (often imaginary), scandals, gossip, shocking coverage of taboo topics.1 Information in such publications does not act as spiritual and practical knowledge, but as an entertainment product . The founders of such publications do not set themselves any other tasks besides obtaining surplus value. Pervasive hedonism has turned the yellow media, and their influence is ubiquitous, into a provider of infotainment (and its integral part of politainment). And hence the numerous deviations from the canon of truth, seriousness, responsibility in the world mass media. Infotainment is pleasant information or informational pleasure.
As you know, in the era of the yellow 1890s, in a dispute with Victorian hypocrisy, a metaphor was born in England, denoting a) the painful worldview of the decadents and aesthetes, b) the extravagance of the style of journalism of the Impressionists, writers like Oscar Wilde, c) the hedonistic dandy attitudes of the symbolists and modernists, professing anti-bourgeois values, d) a thirst for novelty, penetrating the era of the end of the century of the end of the world (O. Wilde). AT modern science about the media, there are other shades of the meaning of this word: a) belonging to a certain type of journalistic creativity, b) a specific discourse focused on entertainment, c) a special style that contributes to the market attractiveness of an information product. With regard to foreign journalistic practice, in the United States, yellow press was and is more often understood as sensational, unreliable, obscene or vulgar messages, which often combine noisy headlines and illustrations (R. Terry-Elmore), and yellow journalism is the processing of news in sensational manner (R. Izard, X. Kultberson, D. Lambert) 3non-authoritative source?.
Chinese newspapers 🙂

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