Mobile e-business tools types examples. Problems and tendencies of e-commerce in the global information network Internet koleznikova inna valentinovna. Basic types of models for ecommerce

The basic principles when building e-commerce systems are as follows:

    The principle of legality (legitimacy). This principle implies the legality and validity of an electronic business transaction. Transactions in the electronic commerce system must be carried out on the basis of the current national legislation, taking into account the relevant international legal norms.

    The principle of globality... Electronic commerce systems should be created taking into account the needs of both the national market and the global one.

    The principle of "online".This principle assumes that e-commerce systems should be created in compliance with the mode of continuous operation, i.e. real time mode.

    Consistency principle... The regulatory and legislative framework should not be contradictory and allow different interpretations of terms and concepts in this area.

    The principle of reliability... Any information in the field of electronic commerce must be accurate and reliable.

    The principle of standardization... When designing electronic commerce systems, it is necessary to be guided by a system of uniform international standards, for example, ISO 10303 standard for computer representation and exchange of product data.

    The principle of interactivity... E-commerce systems must be able to immediately respond to any requests (requests) from network customers.

    The principle of anonymity... This principle assumes the anonymity of information in the e-commerce system (for example, information about the owner's virtual account, electronic payment card number, etc.).

    Non-discrimination principle... There should be no discrimination in access to the resources of e-commerce systems for enterprises of all sizes, organizational and legal forms, and for individuals.

    Safety principle... In the electronic trading system, information about the participants in the transaction should not become the property of unauthorized persons.

    The principle of user-friendliness of the interface.The possibilities of using network technologies and the necessary software provided by the electronic commerce system must be extremely simple, convenient and accessible to a wide range of potential users.

Models and organizational forms of business processes

Within the framework of the e-commerce systems presented above, the following models can be distinguished:

    Electronic trading platforms, which can be organized in the form of Internet auctions, tenders and electronic exchanges.

    Online Stores;

    Internet trading;

    Corporate portals

Online Auction - an electronic trading system in which the sale of goods takes place directly between people. This direction allows people experiencing certain restrictions to conclude transactions at any time convenient for them; as a result, overhead costs are reduced, which, in turn, saves the end consumer's funds.

The turnover of Internet auctions already almost exceeds the turnover of the rest of the Internet retail trade. One of the most popular online auctions (eBay) offers about 3.5 million types of goods for auction every day in more than 2,900 different categories. And if until recently all the world's largest portals included online stores, now they are acquiring their own auctions with the same haste. On the other hand, the world's largest auction houses are also moving on-line using the experience of the foremost e-commerce. For example, a joint project between Sotheby's and Amazon.com, or a similar project between the Lycos portal and the fourth largest US auction house Skinner. The popularity of auctions is so great that their varieties have already appeared. Rules for holding auctions are being formed.

All this has led to the fact that a number of analysts predict in the near future the transformation of a significant part of retail e-commerce into the form of Internet auctions.

E-Trading - electronic trading (Internet trading), having appeared a couple of years ago, it quickly gained popularity. The reason is simple - the Internet has provided clients with a convenient and prompt means of communicating with their broker. There is another reason for the success of Internet trading - the Internet has opened up the possibility of playing on American stock exchanges for almost any inhabitant of the Earth. Gradually, a circle of the largest online brokerage houses was formed in the USA, some of them arose on the wave of interest in Internet trading, and some were historically established brokerage houses that offered additional services on time. For example, E-Trade today serves more than 4.5 million clients around the world with about $ 100 billion in assets.

Consulting... The demand for consulting services on the Internet is growing. By mid-2000, the market for consulting services in this area had reached $ 1.6 billion, with e-business accounting for half of all new consulting projects in 2000. It should be noted that in this market the largest consulting companies increasingly have to compete with firms engaged in and developing information technology such as IBM and EDS.


The emergence and development of the Internet, the improvement of information technologies, systems, and the standards of their interaction have led to the creation of a new direction of modern business - electronic business, as a special form of business, implemented largely through the introduction of information technology in the production, sale and distribution of goods and services ...

There is often confusion between two concepts: e-business and e-commerce.

There are many definitions of e-business, which reflect different points of view and correspond to the training and accumulated experience of the authors of these definitions. So, according to the definition:

IBM specialists, e-business is the transformation of basic business processes using Internet technologies (based on materials from the site http: // www. ibm. com / e - bus in ess / in fo).

Gartner Group, e-business is defined as the continuous optimization of an organization's products and services, as well as industrial connections through the use of digital technology and the use of the Internet as the primary means of communication.

The Encyclopedia of Internet Business adheres to the following interpretation: e-business is any business activity that uses the capabilities of global information networks to transform internal and external relations in order to create profit

However, strange as it may seem, these definitions reflect the processes associated mainly with the use of the Internet, while the development of electronic business today has already passed this stage and stepped into a new, more extensive era of its development. Thus, the following definition of e-business can be given:

electronic business (e-business) is the implementation of business processes using opportunities information and

telecommunication technologies, systems and networks.

At the moment, we can already say that the processes of transformation of internal and external relations of enterprises, again with the aim of creating profit, is in full swing.

The internal organization of the company based on a single information network (intranet), which increases the efficiency of employee interaction and optimizes planning and management processes; external interaction (extranet) with partners, suppliers and customers are all integral parts of e-business.

The most important component of e-business is e-commerce. Electronic commerce means any form of transactions in which the interaction of the parties is carried out using the capabilities of information and telecommunication technologies of systems and networks.

E-commerce is a means of doing business on a global scale. It enables companies to interact more fully with suppliers and respond more quickly to customer requests and expectations. Companies get the opportunity to choose suppliers regardless of geographical location, as well as the opportunity to enter the global market with their goods and services.

Let us emphasize once again the difference between the two introduced concepts. E-business is the most general concept. It includes any forms of interaction between market entities using digital technologies:

Information exchange;

Marketing research;

Establishing contacts, for example, between potential customers and suppliers;

pre- and post-sales support, such as providing detailed information about products and services, documentation, answering customer questions, etc.

Sale of goods and services;

Electronic payment, including using electronic payment systems;

Product distribution, including both shipping management and tracking for physical products and direct delivery of products that may be electronically distributed;

The possibility of organizing virtual enterprises - a group of individual specialists or even independent companies to conduct joint commercial activities; implementation of business processes jointly managed by the company and its trading partners.

E-commerce is only one part of e-business, which is limited to transactions using electronic systems, for example, the sale of goods or the provision of services over the Internet.

It is customary to distinguish five areas of e-commerce:

\u003e business - business (business-to-business, B2B);

\u003e business - consumer (business-to-consumer (customer), B2C);

\u003e consumer - consumer (consumer (customer) -to- business-to-

consumer (customer), C2C)

\u003e business - administration (business-to-administration, B2A);

\u003e consumer - administration (consumer (customer) -to-

administration, C2A).

Business business

This area includes all levels of information interaction between companies. It uses special technologies and standards for electronic data interchange, such as EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) or systems based on the XML markup language (eXtensible Markup Language).

It is difficult to overestimate the benefits of such cooperation. For example, the dealer gets the opportunity to independently place orders and monitor the progress of their execution, working with the supplier's databases and thus obtaining the necessary information about the stocks of products in warehouses. Likewise, the supplier, having a connection to warehouse bases, can quickly track the partner's stocks, replenishing them in a timely manner. And similar examples can be found in any area of \u200b\u200binteraction between companies.

According to Jupiter Communications forecasts

(www. jupitercommunications. com) the total turnover of the B2B market by 2005 will amount to over $ 6 trillion (diagram 1.1).


The development of B2B in Russia also does not stand still. Already today, the total number of trading floors has exceeded one hundred, and according to a study by Brunswick Warburg ( www. bw. ru) the annual growth of the Russian B2B market is 245%.

Business consumer

Today this direction seems to be the most promising from a commercial point of view. It is based on e-retail. A large number of electronic stores operate on the Internet, offering a wide range of goods and services.

Chart 1.2 shows the growth data for e-commerce in this sector as measured by eMarketer.


The B2C sector is currently, of course, inferior in volume to the B2B sector and, although this trend will continue, it occupies a very significant share of the total volume of e-commerce.

Consumer-consumer

Recently, the consumer-consumer direction has become increasingly important. It includes the ability to interact with consumers to exchange commercial information. This can be an exchange of experience in the acquisition of a particular product, an exchange of experience of interaction with a particular company. The form of trade between individuals, which is embodied in Internet auctions, also belongs to this area.

The auction form of online trading is a fairly young but promising area of \u200b\u200be-commerce, the turnover of which is now approaching the turnover of the rest of the retail trade via the Internet. There are millions of users making purchases at online auctions today. On one of the most popular online auctions eBay ( www. ebay. com) in 2001, about 3.5 million types of goods were put up for auction every day in more than 2,900 different categories.

Business Administration

Interaction between business and administration includes business relationships of commercial structures with government organizations, ranging from local authorities to international organizations.

For example, recently, there has been a desire of the governments of developed countries and the leadership of international organizations to actively use the Internet for procurement of goods and services by publishing announcements and the results of transactions. Often, commercial structures also have the opportunity to submit their proposals electronically.

Consumer-administration

This area is the least developed, but it has a very high potential that can be used to organize interaction between the government and the consumer, especially in the social and tax spheres.

The main form of e-commerce today is the organization of trade and services via the Internet.

At the same time, all stages of the transaction process are transferred to a new base: product search (advertising), ordering, invoicing, payments, delivery and after-sales service.

The advantages of e-commerce compared to traditional types of business activity are quite significant:

The use of electronic forms of communication can significantly reduce the costs of organizing and maintaining the entire business infrastructure. There is no need for trading floors, the functions of which are performed by online stores.

The time for registration and order execution is reduced.

It becomes possible to continuously monitor orders, as well as pre- and after-sales service.

Personalization of customer service is possible.

The sales market for goods and services for the seller and the choice for the buyer are expanding.

Fundamentally new marketing opportunities are emerging.

New lines of business are being created.

Introduction

At present, the Internet is rapidly expanding, covering an increasing number of participants in international information exchange. In the process of expanding the network, there are general patterns associated with the development of scientific and technological progress, which, in particular, causes the emergence of new problems of legal regulation of relations associated with it.

The emergence of the Internet has influenced both the system of civil law relations within individual states and foreign economic relations between countries. Of particular importance is the observance by the participants of information exchange in the network of the basic and special principles of international law, which are fixed in the Declaration on the Principles of International Law and relate to friendly relations and cooperation between states in accordance with the UN Charter. The need to comply with these principles by Russian participants in information exchange on the Internet is due to clause 4 of Art. 15 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, according to which generally accepted norms of international law are also part of the legal system of the Russian Federation.

e-business commerce

Concept. Types of e-business

E-business is the transformation of the main business processes of a company through the introduction of Internet technologies, aimed at increasing the efficiency of activities. Electronic business is any business activity that uses the capabilities of global information networks to transform internal and external communications of a company. From a technical point of view, the Internet is a worldwide interconnection of computer networks, which can connect computers within an enterprise, which is called an intranet, or an interconnection of local networks of various enterprises, which is called an extranet.

An e-business is any transaction made over a network, upon completion of which the ownership of goods or services is transferred. Transaction is a bank operation to transfer funds for any purpose.

Application area of \u200b\u200be-business: 1) online financial transactions. These include operations with a banking product, operations with an insurance product, interactive investment, speculative operations with currencies and securities. 2) e-commerce markets. These include trade through visual stores, trade in information products, trade in tourism products. 3) mobile trading markets. These are trade through vending machines and markets for trade services.

Within the framework of business, the Internet is used as inexpensive communications, to reduce in-house technological costs and as a convenient tool for developing proprietary information systems.

Information exchange is interaction between banks, trading partners, suppliers, where information is a commodity.

Online commerce is a part of e-business, during which communication and exchange occurs electronically.

Types of electronic business: 1) electronic auctions; 2) electronic banks; 3) electronic commerce; 4) electronic research and development work; 5) electronic signs; 6) e-learning; 7) email; 8) email marketing.

Electronic banks allow customers to access their accounts and carry out various financial transactions through a simple website.

The degree of preparation of the state for e-business is determined by the level of inventory, the level of development of communications, the quality of training of specialists, the readiness of financial institutions for e-business, and the government's attention to this industry.

The federal target program "Electronic Russia" was launched in 2002. and it is expected to be completed in 2010. The program provides for the creation of a single digital space that includes the power structure of ordinary citizens and economic structures. This program is a complex of various activities, from technical to legal, aimed at the introduction and dissemination of information and communication technologies in the most important areas of social life. The main goal of the program is to build an economy focused on the consumption and export of information products and services, which will reduce Russia's lag in the use of new technologies (see www.e-rus.ru). It is planned to change the educational process, providing conditions for young professionals.

12 principles of e-business:

1. Using consumers as a source of information (this principle assumes that information is collected and services are provided that have value for the buyer);

2. Creation of your own market, using the advantages of other markets (It is assumed the introduction of goods and capture of market share at the expense of existing goods)

3. Evaluation of each customer as a separate market element (The essence of this principle is to consider and meet the unique needs of consumers);

4. Creation of a society of values \u200b\u200b(use of such information exchange technologies as forums, chat rooms.)

5. Replacing an unfriendly interface with a training one (creating an interface that will serve as a connecting link for communication);

6. Ensuring the integrity and consistency of actions (there is a holistic, consistent and directed activity to meet the needs of consumers).

7. Provision of the maximum amount of information (is to provide the consumer with maximum information).

8. Taking advantage of information collaboration

9. Considering your assets as your liabilities (you need to invest physical and intangible assets in digital assets that will help strengthen the brand).

10. Destruction of the traditional value chain (you need to revise the links of adding value, if they do not add value, you need to get rid of them).

11. Management of innovations as a portfolio of alternatives (since investments in DL are associated with high risk, they should be considered as a portfolio of investments)

12. Attraction of creative individuals (production of EL events among young people to attract individuals).

6. The principle of “using the consumer as a source of information”. E-business opportunities for enterprises. Examples.

This principle provides for the systematic collection of information and the provision of services that are of certain value to the consumer. Includes a rational interface of information resources and the creation of navigation and customization tools. Examples:

a) Federal Express, a mail transport company, allows its customers to set delivery times and generate invoices on their own equipment. Such services are very consumer-friendly and offer the benefits of more accurate information entry and cost savings in customer service.

b) Firefly, an online music store, allows visitors to receive recommendations based on the preferences of other visitors who have similar interests. The quality of the recommendations received depends on the completeness of the formulated preferences and at the same time the company's database is replenished. The strategy is to literally use the information provided by its consumers. This provides a wealth of information about music preference profiles and forms one of the richest and most valuable music preference marketing bases.

7. The principle of “evaluating each customer as a separate market element”. Business value, examples of e-business use by businesses.

Provides for consistently meeting the unique needs of consumers. To this end, e-commerce technologies collect consumer information and use it to fulfill customized offers. Examples:

a) Dell Computers, a leading provider of office personal computers, has built its website to meet the needs of corporate customers. He made available on-line customization of his shell and ordering. Dell also set up links to the web resources of his suppliers. By collecting data on market behavior and prospects, Dell has been able to quickly respond to changing consumption curves and better manage its brand. Moreover, the loyalty of its customers has grown.

8. The principle of "creating a society of values". Business value, examples of e-business use by businesses.

Consists of taking advantage of the common activities of the company's clients and partners. For this purpose, such information exchange and interaction technologies are used as forums, chats, games, etc. Examples:

a) America Online provides its users with the opportunity to participate in forums and organize their own virtual chat centers. AOL provides these services 24x7. Millions of people pay for access to such social centers, making AOL the dominant Internet service provider. AOL has also become an attractive advertising channel, generating a substantial portion of its revenue.

b) The publishing house "Peter" became the organizer of the virtual club of amateurs of the book "Professional". The club organizes thematic meetings, provides professional assistance in the selection of the necessary literature, publishes a quarterly magazine and guarantees its members a fixed discount on all purchased literature.

9. The principle of "breaking the traditional value chain". Business value, examples of e-business implementation by enterprises.

It consists in revising all links in the value chain (stages of production and distribution of goods and services) and withdrawal or redefinition of its ineffective elements. E-commerce technologies are used to redefine the buying, selling, manufacturing, and relationships between them. Examples:

a) By hosting the virtual bookstore on the Internet, Amazon.com ignored the traditional value chain. Its customers got access to information that is individually configured for searching, viewing, ordering and paying on-line. Most of the books are shipped directly from publishers (distributors). Amazon offers 2.5 million books with up to 40% price reductions from traditional stores due to zero inventory costs and low transaction costs.

b) Virtual Fuel Company was founded by a fuel supplier for residential premises. The fact that the company was not satisfied with the share of direct sales to end consumers, which accounted for 4% of total sales and brought 70% of the company's revenue. Therefore, it was decided to cancel physical channels. direct sales while maintaining the same level of indirect sales. Physical channels have been replaced by direct Internet communication with customers. Customers are now able to place orders on the Web, and the company is developing the possibility of using sensors in the fuel tanks of consumers to remotely inform the company about the need to refill. Upon receipt of such a message, Virtual Fuel Company contacts the local transportation company and delivers fuel directly to the consumer, thus the Internet and direct contact with consumers have expanded the company's direct sales.


10. The principle of “replacing an unfriendly interface with a training one”. Business value, examples of e-business use by businesses.

Provides for the creation of a high-quality user interface, which is a connecting link for interpersonal communication. Such an interface allows for fast and efficient execution of operations at a customer-defined level. All transactions carried out are recorded, providing a rich data warehouse with which the company enriches its knowledge.

The technologies used inform users about the essence of transactions, collect information about their needs and requests, as well as about the reaction to ongoing processes. (To what extent expectations coincide with reality) Examples:

a) An online store that offers office paper and supplies for office equipment has provided a new free service - forecasting the consumption of its products. The service is offered to potential customers in two ways. In the first case, the store manager comes to the customer's office and determines the model cost of paper and cartridges. In the second, the client fills out a questionnaire on his own, available on the website www.boomservice.ru, and the next day buys a procurement plan for consumables for any period. The use of the service does not formally oblige consumers to become buyers of the Bumservice online store, but all service customers are entitled to discounts and free consultations. In addition, the store undertakes to remind in advance about the need to make the next purchase.

11. The principle of "ensuring the integrity and consistency of actions." Business value, examples of e-business use by businesses.

The focus is on ensuring the integrity, consistency and continuity of activities aimed at meeting customer needs and solving their problems.

The Web-Money Transfer system allows you to make secure payments for goods and services on the Internet in real time, as well as any money transfers through the network channels. The WM unit is tied to the US dollar and is a transactional means of working in the system. The issue of WM is carried out by International Metal Trading Bank, which makes a 100% reservation of WM in US dollars.

An interesting feature of WM is the equality of all users of the system - both shops and customers. A secure payment is provided (with the final transfer of money only after the buyer receives the goods).

The identification procedure in the system makes it possible to unambiguously define and record the operations performed. A special set of security measures completely excludes unauthorized access to funds and personal information. The confidential messaging service allows you to conduct secure correspondence with other participants, discuss the details of agreements, comment on transactions.

12. The principle of "providing the maximum amount of information." Business value, examples of e-business use by businesses.

Is to provide valuable and comprehensive information. Open and branched systems are used for cheap and large-scale dissemination of information, of which the Internet is the best example.

Visual Properties has developed the Apartments Plus website for the sale and rental of real estate throughout the United States. Site visitors make a free search according to certain criteria, take part in virtual tours of selected objects, complete application forms, etc. The company's profit is formed by posting information about objects, advertising, interaction with local companies, which provide transportation and insurance of property, placing their links on other sites.

An Internet store selling laptop computers, in addition to the standard search system and filter, allows visitors to view the model that interests them in detail.

The proposed service also takes into account such a feature of the Russian and Ukrainian Internet as the low bandwidth of a significant part of the connection channels. A phased download of high quality photos has been implemented, which allows users to familiarize themselves with the product information before the image is fully loaded.

13. The principle of "attracting creative people." Business value, examples of e-business use by businesses.

It assumes an aggressive popularization of EL events among young people, since they more adequately perceive the innovations of e-mail. Commerce. Company employees and consumers of its products must work together in a friendly environment.

In a joint venture between McDonald’s and America Online, the McDonald’s Web site shifted focus from advertisements for adults to entertainment for children. Involving children in virtual tours, interactive games and fabulous performances provided a great base for studying consumer behavior. McDonald’s was able to use children's reactions to develop a marketing strategy and improve its Web page, which became not only an information space for advertising outlets, but also a tool to strengthen the brand of games and fairy tales.


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