Ekibana unconventional arts presentation torrent. The path of the flower. The art of ikebana. Show that ikebana is neither a copy nor a miniature, but the creation of an individual person and his soul. Bonsai art history

"One flower is better than a hundred, it gives a flower feel." (Kasabata Yasunari)

What do you know about ikebana? Which country is the birthplace of ikebana? What does the word “ikebana” mean in Russian?

Ikebana is the art of making a bouquet. Ikebana is home to Japan. The word "ikebana" in translation means to help flowers express themselves.

The purpose of the lesson: To compose an ikebana composition from pressed floristry

Objectives: Development of artistic taste. Fostering a respect for nature. Education of accuracy in work, hard work. Stimulating interest in Japanese art.

The story of the birth of ikebana The legend of the birth of ikebana is simple and perfect. Once, Buddhist monks gathered branches and leaves plucked by a thunderstorm and brought them to the feet of a Buddha statue with the words: "Be merciful to everyone. Help revive what the storm broke." Apparently, the Buddha graciously accepted this request-offering as it became a custom. Ikebana translates to "second life of flowers" or "resurrection of plants" and teaches the "art of dying."

Ikebana is a product of the Japanese way of life. This art form was created by a nation that for centuries has cultivated the ability to address nature as an inexhaustible treasury of beauty. The art of ikebana is dearly loved by the people precisely for its general availability, for the fact that it helps a person feel spiritually rich even in poverty ...

In ancient times, the Japanese worshiped flowers as living things. They had confidential conversations with flowers, as with loved ones. Flowers were good. Monuments were erected to favorite flowers when their life was cut short. They turned to flowers and herbs with spells, pleading for the wind and rain not to break the trees. A flower is perceived as a being, standing on a par with a person, can experience the same feelings. A flower is the only creature in the world, so beautiful as it is defenseless, gives a person joy and takes on his pain.

Ikebano is closely connected with wildlife and sometimes reveals its innermost secret, harmony. Being an excellent means of aesthetic education, the art of flower arrangement involves people in the sphere of amateur creativity, provides an excellent opportunity to create a more beautiful, intelligent and enjoyable life.

In Japanese culture, ikebana often acts as a mediator in communication between people. Ikebana is given to family and friends as a sign of good wishes. The guest is invited to admire the ikebana, created to honor him or to express joy at his arrival. Ikebana is prepared to celebrate special occasions or simply to be used as an object for friendly conversation. Good manners in Japanese society do not allow you to look someone directly in the eye - this can be considered disrespectful or intrusive curiosity. The best way to establish contact is ikebana. Ikebana is a means of communication

Today ikebana is designed to decorate real life and, of course, can be located in a wide variety of interiors.

When planning to create a composition by picking up a flower intended for ikebana, we first of all think about what needs to be removed. It is not at all necessary to use rare, hard-to-find or expensive flowers for ikebana. Any plants are good: fresh or properly dried.

A well-composed composition seems alive, it feels the breath of life and mesmerizing beauty.

Technology of work performance Starting to compose a bouquet, sketch its sketch on the website. Determine the proportions and silhouette of the future bouquet. If your house is designed in an expensive refined style, then it is better to stretch the composition vertically. Horizontal compositions are more suitable for “rustic interiors.

Selection of material Almost everything is suitable for composing a bouquet: flowers and fruits, roots and branches, bark and stones ... It is the thoughtful combination of colors and materials that will allow you to give the bouquet a particular mood, and it will suddenly remind you of an old meeting , about forgotten vows, about the coolness of summer rain.

Choosing a vase Choosing a stand is the final stage of the composition. It should be in harmony with the bouquet and not violate the colors, proportions and silhouette of the entire composition. The Japanese masters claim that the stem of the main branch should be one and a half times higher than the vase in which your composition stands.

Put any flower in any vase and you will have a certain shape.

Ikebana principle The basis of any composition is three branches or three flowers. The first branch, the longest, symbolizes the sky. Second. Average in size. A person, and the third, the smallest, is the Earth. This is the skeleton of the bouquet. Additional flowers or branches are added to the main branches as needed. They are called "assistants", with their help they strengthen the basic elements of the bouquet. THE SECRET OF A JAPANESE BOUQUET is that the length of the main branches is not only different, but also strictly defined. The size of the first depends on the size.

A vase in which a flower arrangement is assembled. The second branch is always a quarter shorter than the first, and the third branch is always a quarter shorter than the second. "Helpers" are always shorter than the branches to which they are placed. You can add any number of "helpers" to any main branch, to one of them, to two or to all three branches. The main thing. so that it is beautiful and pleasing to the eyes of the guest invited to the house ..

In IKEBAN, the angle at which the main branches are installed is also important.

In order to install the branches in the desired way, use a special holder. The holder must be heavy and stable enough. It is placed on the bottom of the vessel and then covered with a flower or leaves.

Now show your imagination and feel free to get to work.








Ikenobo is one of the earliest emerging schools in the open space of the nationwide mastery of arrangement. Ikenobo was founded in the middle of the 15th century by Ikenobo Senkei, a clergyman of the Rokkakudo Buddhist temple in Kyoto and an ideologist of the flower movement, who won respect for eloquent and thoughtful statements about the art of ikebana, comparing it to comprehending the essence of things.




The key difference between his school is a pronounced departure from tradition, the use of not only flowers and plants in ikebana, but also stones, fabric, metal, plastic and other types of inanimate material. the use in ikebana not only of flowers and plants, but also of stones, fabric, metal, plastic and other types of inanimate material.




Ikenobo Senkei wrote about the art of ikebana: “I spent many leisurely hours in solitude, taking pleasure in picking up the branches of old withered trees and placing them in a broken jug. As I sat peering at them, various thoughts crossed my mind.


We make so much effort to build a garden of stones or a fountain in the yard, forgetting that the art of ikebana makes it possible to see endless mountains and rivers in one drop of water or in a small branch in the shortest time. Truly this miraculous art ...





In Japanese bonsaimeans not only a dwarf plant, but also the culture of its breeding on a tray or in a shallow pot, dish, tray, and like many other things, came to Japan from China. The first images of miniature landscapes date from the time of the Han dynasty - 200 BC. Actually, Chinese monks brought bonsai - along with Buddhism, and as in China, this occupation became the privilege of the rich. The Japanese adopted from the Chinese their methods of making bonsai using bamboo sticks, twine, and iron rings. Over time, the popularity of bonsai grew: Japan created its own methods and styles, and the cultivation of bonsai has become an integral part of Japanese culture. This art was influenced by many philosophical movements, but in the land of the Rising Sun it has always been associated with everyday life. And only in our time - in the 20th century - the centuries-old Japanese tradition of bonsai began to penetrate the West. The first bonsai exhibitions were held at the beginning of the last century in England and France, at the same time the first books on this topic appeared. However, for a long time in the West, bonsai remained a pleasant pastime for the elite. And only in the last few years has its popularity reached ordinary gardeners and florists.

Thus, at present, bonsai can be made by hand, since many shopping centers have a variety of trees on sale - bonsai or plants of the same name, and popular gardening newspapers and books have begun to pay more and more attention to this issue. It does not take many years and money to create a bonsai, especially if you use the source material purchased from horticultural centers. After two or three growing seasons, you can become the owner of your own bonsai. It does not require more maintenance than any other houseplant: you only need daily watering and replanting, carried out every year or every two years. Pruning alone will take extra time and attention, but the effort will pay off.

The history of the art of bonsai.

Bonsai(Japanese "grown in a tray") - the art of growing an exact copy of a real (sometimes dwarf) tree in miniature. The word "bonsai" comes from the Chinese "pen-tsai".

The history of the art of bonsai, this unique field of plant growing, goes back many centuries. One of the earliest mentions of bonsai is found in the Kamakura period (1192-1333), which depicts naturally-shaped dwarf trees. True, in those days, the hieroglyphs denoting the word "bonsai" were pronounced as "hatiue", and the very principles and methods of that ancient art were very different from modern concepts. The art of hatiue involved the transplanting of low-growing plants from natural habitats into flower dishes to decorate gardens and dwellings. The followers of “hatiue” did not artificially create compositions of a certain given form and symbolism.

The first sources found say that the bonsai style originated in China and dates back to the Tang Dynasty (VIII-X centuries). Among the wall paintings, an image of penzai was found - a plant taken from nature and transplanted into a pot.

One of the legends says that a certain emperor ordered to create a miniature empire with all the trees, cities, rivers and mountains. For this purpose, miniature trees were created and it is believed that the art was brought to Japan in the 6th century by Buddhist monks. And it was used to decorate a niche at home, respectively, the height of the trees was about half a meter. After some time, in connection with the development of the technique of admiring bonsai, they begin to use it during the tea ceremony. At this time, the art is called hachi-no-ki - "potted tree". Since the 18th century, the Japanese have finally turned this technique into a work of art. And created many varieties of bonsai styles. In the Tokugawa era, park design received a new impetus: the cultivation of azaleas and maples became a pastime for the wealthy.

This art was also developed by Buddhists, who believed that a person who grows bonsai is equated with God, because in their vision the world looks like a Buddha's garden, where he is a gardener. Nowadays, ordinary trees are used for bonsai, they become small thanks to constant pruning and various other methods. At the same time, the ratio of the size of the root system, limited by the volume of the bowl, and the ground part of the bonsai corresponds to the proportions of an adult tree in nature.

Bonsai styles.

Formal straight style

Straight trunk that gets thicker closer to the roots.

Informal straight style.

The branches or trunk may be slightly bent, but the top of the trunk is always in a straight line perpendicular to the ground.

Double barrel.

A composition of two trunks, which can be different in size and form one crown.

Slanted style.

Straight trunk growing at an angle to the ground.

Simulates the growth of trees near water or on mountains. In a full cascade, the top of the tree grows beyond the pot boundary and sinks well below the potting soil.

Semi-cascading style.

The top of the tree remains at the level of the pot soil.

The appearance of trees is imitated, in which part of the trunk is flooded or covered with earth. The branches of such a plant grow, resembling individual trees.

Literary style.

A straight trunk with a minimum of branches.

Root on stone.

The trunk is on the stone, and the roots twine around it.

Growing on stone.

The roots of the tree grow in crevices of the stone, used to illustrate the tree's endurance (due to limited root space).

Broom style.

A straight trunk, and branches spread around it by about? the height of the tree, which forms the shape of a ball.

Group style.

The bowl contains a group of trees, usually odd (the mental characteristics of the Japanese), but never equal to four (the word "four", in Japanese, is consonant with the word "death"). Often trees of the same species are in the pot. The beauty of the composition lies in the combination of the heights and ages of these trees.

Carnivorous style.

A tree falling into a swamp is imitated. It has the shape of a raft and is formed due to a trunk lying on the ground from which trees of various lengths grow.

Types of bonsai.

According to plant types, modern bonsai is subdivided as follows:

Bonsai trees:

Evergreen trees:

japanese spruce, Japanese red pine, Japanese black pine, Japanese hemlock, five-leaf pine, Chinese juniper, cryptomeria, Japanese cypress;

Deciduous trees (fruit trees):

apple tree, cherry, Japanese plum, Indian rhododendron, Japanese rhododendron, privet, Indian lilac, camellia sazanqua, wild azalea, rose, Japanese quince, wisteria, Chinese quince, Japanese chestnut, pear, akebia five-leafed, Siebold's holly, persimmon, oriental, pomegranate pyracantha and others;

Deciduous trees:

wild grapes, palm-shaped maple, winged euonymus, Siebold's euonymus, Japanese barberry, wax tree, Japanese mountain ash, toothed beech, Japanese hornbeam, elm, willow, juniper tamarix, cycad.

Bonsai herbaceous plants:

Bonsai of field herbs:

calamus, gentian, lingonberry, saxifrage, caustic buttercup, orchids, miscanthus sugar;

Bonsai bamboo: tropical bamboo, low bamboo, black bamboo, low bamboo;

Moss bonsai: Chinese miscanthus, gray-haired moss, cuckoo flax, dwarf grapes.

According to the accepted size, bonsai can be divided into 4 groups:

Miniature bonsai - height from 5 to 15 cm, the most rare species, because very difficult to create and maintain.

Small bonsai - height from 15 to 39 cm, very common.

Medium bonsai - height 54 cm with a fluctuation tolerance of plus or minus 12 cm, the most common type, because it is in this size that all the grace and beauty of the plant and composition is most fully revealed.

Large bonsai - height from 66 cm to 1 m, the least successful species due to its rather significant size.

Features of growing bonsai.

For the formation of a certain shape of the branches and trunk of a bonsai, it is usually impossible to do without the use of wire. It does not matter at all whether you put wire on the branches or change their direction with the help of tensioning devices, any technique of working with wire is very important for the formation of bonsai. Wire-laying is the most time-consuming technique for forming bonsai, especially in conifers. Here it is necessary to fix with wire all branches without exception to the very top of the shoots. In deciduous trees, the shape can often be perfectly adjusted only by pruning the branches, and the need to apply wire to the branches is relatively rare. In trees with smooth bark, such as beech, elm, maple, linden, the wire should remain on the plants only for a short time, since the ugly marks from the wire ingrown into the trunk remain visible for decades.

Juniper and pine trees are quite different, as these trees have rough bark and wire marks grow relatively quickly. However, even in such trees, the superimposed wire should not be allowed to grow into the bark, since otherwise spiral scars on the trunk will form here too. Wire is best done in winter or early spring when bonsai pruning is also done. Deciduous trees still have no leaves at this time of year and all branches are easily accessible. With the beginning of sap flow and the growth of young shoots in the spring, the branches quickly become thicker, therefore, the wire must be applied very weakly and subsequently regularly checked so that it does not cut into the bark or does not grow into the wood.

After about three months, the desired shape is usually stabilized and the wire can be removed. It is carefully bitten off with wire cutters, and not untwisted, as this can easily break off the branches. Correct wire placement requires skill and dexterity. Therefore, before proceeding to wire the fragile bonsai branches, you can practice applying the wire to the branches of trees from a garden or forest. The wire used is copper-plated aluminum bonsai wire of various thicknesses, from 0.7 to 7 mm, sold in specialized stores. There is a basic rule of thumb to determine the correct wire thickness: wire thickness \u003d 1/3 of the thickness of the branch it fixes. Thus, with a branch thickness of 1 cm, a wire with a thickness of about 3 mm should be used. Iron wire or wire used in floristry is not suitable for the formation of bonsai, because it is not flexible enough and rusts. When the bonsai is first formed from the original plant, the wire is applied entirely to all branches, including their thinnest parts.

In this case, no one branch should intersect with another. Finally, each branch is individually given the desired direction and shape. Bonsai wire is not done to decorate the tree, but only to improve and change its shape. Bonsai with wire applied to the trunk and branches should not be displayed or displayed at exhibitions. Wire staples are used where it is no longer possible to achieve the desired result using wire overlay, for example when changing the direction of growth of thick branches and trunks. In multi-stemmed bonsai, wire staples can be used to correct or adjust the growth direction and shape of individual stems. This work requires a certain amount of force. In this case, it is necessary to regularly check whether the wire has grown into the wood, and from time to time rearrange the brackets.

In order not to damage the bark of the tree with wire braces, pieces of leather are placed under them. Changing the direction of growth of branches with the help of tension wire devices is appropriate where it is no longer possible to overlay wire on too thick and powerful branches. Pulling the branches down, of course, is not such a laborious process as laying a wire. The disadvantage of wire tensioning devices is that this method allows you to change the direction of growth of the branch in only one specific direction. This bonsai shaping technique is used primarily where branches grow upward and need to be pulled downward.

Vegetation features.

During the period of intensive growth, it is imperative to prune new shoots in accordance with the crown. Do not transplant during flowering! Transplanted annually at the end of winter, completely replacing the land. If you use an old bowl, then you must thoroughly wash it. If you need a new one, then it should be 2-3 cm larger than the previous one in diameter. When transplanting, they are usually washed with warm water and the roots are cut (shortened) and placed horizontally in a well-washed pot. Sometimes the crown is trimmed at the same time to reduce transpiration and moisture loss. If necessary, the plant is fixed in a bowl. After 20-30 days, fertilizing is carried out with mineral fertilizer with microelements for bonsai in an amount of 5-10 g (depending on the species) per bucket of water in order to promote the resumption of active vegetation. Remove dry, as well as frail or overgrown leaves and branches.

Transfer.

The main point of replanting is to replace some of the old soil with a new one. Remove thickened roots. Therefore, the container in which the plant lives is not changed, except for the desire to change the container to another. The plant is pulled out of the container, some of the roots are freed from the ground by 1-2 cm, new drainage and soil are placed, the plant is laid in place, and watered. It is good to lay moss on top of the soil, and spray it from time to time. Deciduous trees are transplanted every 1-2 years, conifers in 2-3 years, in spring

Temperature.

The temperature limits are different for different plant species. Typically, the temperature should be 10-18 ° C. Follow the rule: in high light, an increase in temperature has a beneficial effect on growth, and in low light, the temperature is reduced.

Lighting.

Plants are placed away from direct heat sources, not in drafts that lead to foliage falling off, and not in the sun, since when it hits the plant through glass, it causes burns. If the bonsai is located near a light source (even if it is an ultraviolet lamp that emits light similar to sunlight), it is best to periodically rotate the plant in a circle so that it is evenly lit.

Watering and feeding.

Water abundantly, but only when the soil surface dries up. For irrigation, use a watering can with a sieve attachment, which, if necessary, can be "watered" both the aboveground part and the soil. In summer, if the soil is too dry, you can repeat the watering during the day. Do not use cold water.

Diseases and pests.

Indoor bonsai are regularly examined and, if necessary, urgently take action. Pay particular attention to the lower part of the leaves. Spider mites settle on the leaves - the leaves dry out and fall off. Colonies of leaf aphids often sit on the underside of leaves and shoots. Bonsai are affected by scale insects, thrips, worms, whiteflies. Removing insects by hand is sometimes effective; use the appropriate drugs more often, but be careful not to overdo the doses. If you use aerosol, spraying should be carried out from a distance of 40 cm. Various fungal infections (Pythium, Rhizoctonia, Phytophtora) can cause lodging and rotting of plants. There are also diseases such as gray rot, downy mildew or powdery mildew. In such cases, fungicide treatment is carried out. bonsai tree transplant.

 

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