The last mine action ships of the maritime zone of the Soviet Union. Experienced mine engineer minesweeper mit (ussr) ussr sea minesweepers

The appearance of what seemed at first universal means of dealing with mines ahead of the ship's course required the creation of very expensive anti-mine ships of a new class - minesweepers-mine seekers and their latest anti-mine weapons, the basis of which is reusable self-propelled underwater vehicles (PA). In addition, this led to the creation and introduction of special channels into the bottom mines, causing mines to detonate from the physical fields of the underwater vehicle and its destruction, which turns out to be economically profitable, given the higher cost of the PA in comparison with the bottom mine and the incomparable numerical ratio of bottom mines and PA ...

In addition, by the beginning of the 1980s, the combat capabilities of the mine had increased manifold, including the depth of setting, the multichannel and repetitive action of the fuses, the difficulty of detection (dielectric materials of the hulls, silting, etc.), and the secrecy of setting (submarines, aircraft). Particularly dangerous in this regard was the anchor mine adopted by the United States in 1976 with a depth of 500-1000 m, posing a serious danger to submarines.

Layout of a mine (container with a torpedo) Mark 60 CAPTOR

Therefore, in the late 1970s - early 1980s, there was an urgent need to create a new generation of mine-sweeping ships with the widest use of automation and remote control, with improved living conditions and increased safety of navigation. More attention began to be paid to environmental protection issues.

The first studies to create a new sea minesweeper were carried out in the 1970s. The design of the ship began by the Western Design Bureau (chief designers N.P. Pegov and V.S.Sergeev) in 1972, then, according to one of the options, the installation of a helicopter-minesweeper on the ship was being worked out. However, even without this, the ship's displacement increased to 1150 tons, and the power plant remained the same according to the 266M project. At the same time, a trolling power plant and a bow thruster are additionally installed.

Sea minesweeper - project 12660

The ship's armament includes a new anti-mine complex for searching for bottom, bottom and anchor mines along the course, as well as contact and non-contact trawls. The most advanced mine-sweeping armament was installed on the minesweeper: a complex for the destruction of mines with a self-propelled homing anti-mine projectile-torpedo “Cobra” and a self-propelled anti-mine projectile - a torpedo for cutting minrepes “Gyurza” for target designation of the ship (both projectiles were created in the Central Research Institute “Gidropribor”) the remote-controlled seeker-destroyer "Ketmen", the seeker-destroyer "Halibut", electromagnetic and acoustic trawls, the GAS mine detecting "Musk deer" and others. fire control "Vympel" and MANPADS "Strela-3".

The deep-sea hydroacoustic towed seeker-destroyer of bottom mines "Halibut" began to develop in the Central Research Institute "Gidropribor" in 1976. In comparison with the "Luch-1" finder, the detected objects in the new product had to be not only marked with markers, but, if necessary, destroyed directly in the process of towing. GAS for the seeker was created in the Central Research Institute "Morfizpribor". Soon, work on the entire system "Halibut" was transferred to the Ural branch of the Central Research Institute "Gidropribor" (chief designers Kh.Kh.Davletgildeev and V.I. Gul), created on the basis of the SKB of the machine-building plant named after. K.E. Voroshilov. The seeker-destroyer was tested and was adopted by the Navy in 1985, but due to shortcomings in the sonar system it did not enter serial production.

The development of the new GASM "Kabarga", modifications of which were installed on the roadstead and sea minesweepers of the Navy, was completed in 1990 by the Research Institute "Breeze". However, in terms of the level of secondary information processing and interaction with anti-mine weapons, it practically does not differ from the previous station models.

At the same time, after the appearance in the USSR Navy of effective naval mine detecting stations of the Kabarga type in the 1980s. work continues on the creation of self-propelled mine-destroyers. In 1989, a self-propelled remote-controlled search-destroyer of the second generation STIU-2 "Ketmen" was adopted by the fleet, working on target designation of the ship's hydroacoustic mine detection station at depths of up to 100 m. A. Kazin).

STIU-2 provides search at a speed of up to 3 knots and the destruction of bottom and anchor mines ahead of the trawler. A charge was placed on the discovered mine (there are two of them on the device with an explosive charge of 130 kg each), and after the STIU retreated to a safe distance, the mine was blown up.

Model of the self-propelled remote-controlled seeker-destroyer STIU-2 "Ketmen"

The construction of ships of the project 12660 has been carried out at the Sredne-Nevsky shipyard since 1983. The ships were built of low-magnetic steel to combat the Captor-type deep-sea anti-submarine mines and to provide mine countermeasures for ships and transports in remote sea areas. The lead minesweeper Zheleznyakov was built at the Sredne-Nevsky plant in 1988. The dimensions of the ship demanded, when removing from the slipway in the workshop, to increase the opening of the workshop gates, and the trigger device withstood the maximum loads at the time of descent. Deliveries of new equipment were late, which complicated and delayed the timing of installation work.

The two ships Zheleznyakov and V.Humanenko that have entered service are significantly superior in efficiency of mine action by several times. The construction of the hull of the third ship was terminated due to lack of funding.

The creation of ships of Project 12660 is a whole era in Soviet shipbuilding. They became the first naval minesweepers of the Soviet Navy, capable of conducting mine action ahead of the course and fighting modern deep-sea mines. The experience gained in their creation and use is invaluable in the further design of mine defense ships.

According to the shipbuilding program MTShch project 12660 (known in NATO as Gorya) was supposed to build much more than was possible. Already in the process of testing it became clear that the project is very complex and the ship turned out to be large. And besides, the Soviet Union collapsed, other times came and the financing of the defense sector fell sharply. Therefore, it was decided to build new sea minesweepers in the hull of the well-proven MTShch project 266M, but with new means of searching and destroying mines, which should have been not as expensive as Project 12660 Rubin.

Modern approaches to mine action

In recent decades, a significant technological breakthrough has been the creation of minesweepers. Only the leading maritime powers and countries with a high level of industrial development were able to implement it, mainly due to the implementation of the principle of interstate cooperation.

The modern concept of mine action, known under the name, is based on the active use of hydroacoustic weapons of mine-sweeping ships for the search, detection and examination of all stationary underwater mine-like objects found within the specified boundaries of the water areas.

According to the results of the survey, mine-like objects classified as mines should be put on an electronic map (entered in the data bank) and destroyed, and information on foreign objects (sunken ships, industrial debris, large stones, noticeable bottom folds, etc.) be also entered into a data bank for identification of acoustic contacts during subsequent search operations in these waters.

The basis of the anti-mine weapons of modern ships of this direction is made up of hydroacoustic mine detection stations, remote-controlled mine anti-mine vehicles and automated mine action control systems.

As you know, the leading position in the construction of modern minesweepers, mine seekers and the creation of the main components of their anti-mine weapons are occupied by the firms of Great Britain, France, Italy, Germany, the Netherlands and the USA. In recent years, they have also been joined by firms from Japan, Sweden, Norway, and South Korea, which are building minesweepers with anti-mine weapons supplied in whole or in part by firms from the above countries. Most states are not able to build such ships and are forced to purchase them from exporting countries.

In an effort to keep up with the leading maritime powers, in the 1990s, enterprises of the Russian defense complex prepared proposals for the modernization of anti-mine ships, then for export to Russian minesweepers of the 10750E and 266ME types it was proposed to install mine detecting stations MG-89M, MG-991, MG -992M and MG-993M, self-propelled remote-controlled underwater vehicles for additional search and destruction of mines (ROV) "Ropan-PM", "Route".

IN promotional materials Western Design Bureau noted that the installation on the Project 266ME ship and the use of Propelled variable depth sonar (PVDS) with a receiving and emitting system located on a Remotely operated vehicle (ROV), which provides detection, identification and classification of mines far ahead of the ship. In this case, the range of the GASM is not limited either by the interference generated by the ship or by the hydrological conditions of the sea. The destruction of mines after detection can be carried out by an apparatus of the same family, which has the function of a mine destroyer.

As the specialists of the Central Research Institute "Gidropribor" noted in their time, the creation and development of means of search and destruction of mines will be a priority in the development of anti-mine weapons. New trends in this direction are seen in the creation of self-propelled hydroacoustic mine detection stations with a variable immersion depth of their receiving and emitting antennas, disposable anti-mine shells - destroyers, towed mine search stations as part of unmanned carriers.

In addition, the use of seemingly traditional mine action means with the greatest efficiency requires the use of modern technologies... The latter was clearly visible when the permanent mine-sweeping unit of the regional command of the NATO OVMS "North" visited St. Petersburg at the end of 2004. Almost every ship had perfect means of space communication and navigation.

In addition, all ships in the group of minesweepers-seekers were equipped with special devices for remote search for mines. For example, a Belgian minesweeper (displacement 595 tons, length 51.5 m, crew of 46 people) had two self-propelled remote-controlled underwater vehicles for searching for mines PAP 104 (working depth up to 200 m), a mine detection sonar, another necessary equipment and equipment. He, like the Dutch M857 Makkum, was created by a joint Franco-Belgian-Dutch development.

M857 Makkum

Even the oldest ship that came to the Neva is the Polish minesweeper Czajka (hull number 624, displacement 507 tons, length 58.2 m, crew 49 people) of the Krogulec class (type 206FM), built in 1967 in Gdynia, despite its advanced age complying with NATO standards, it had two small-sized underwater vehicles for finding mines of Polish design.

German mine finder Pinguin B3. Explosive charges are fixed under the hull.

Minesweepers - project 254
Project 254 sea minesweepers of the T-43 type T43 class minesweeper Project 254


Project
Country	the USSR
Manufacturers	Western PKB (aka TsKB-363)
Operators	USSR Navy
Years of construction
In service	withdrawn from the fleet
Main characteristics
Displacement	500 t (standard) 569 t (full)
Length	58 m (54 m at design waterline)
Width	8.5 m (8.4 m at design waterline)
Draft	2.1 m
Booking	homogeneous from shipbuilding steel St.4s (8 mm at the wheelhouse)
Engines	2 diesels of type 9D or 9D-8, 3 diesel generators
Power	2000 or 2200 hp
Mover	2 shafts and 2 propellers
Travel speed	14 knots (maximum) 10 knots (economic)
Sailing range	3800 miles (at 10 knots)
Swimming autonomy	7 days
Crew	65 soldiers (7 officers)
Armament
Radar weapons	GAS "Tamir-10" General detection radar "Rif" Radar state identification "Fakel-MO / MZ" or "Nichrome" (Square Head, High Pole A)
Artillery	2 x 2 37 mm B-11 2 x 2 12.7 mm machine guns 2M-1
Rocket armament	demagnetizing device
Anti-submarine weapons	2 x BMB-1 bombers, 10 BB-1 depth charges, 2 bomb releasers
Mine torpedo armament	10 min KB-3 or 16 min sample 1908/1939 contact sea trawl MT-1 / MT-1P, 2 x non-contact acoustic trawl BAT-2 solenoid electro-magnetic trawl TEM-52 chain guard ЦОК-1-40

Minesweepers - project 254 - sea minesweepers who served in the USSR Navy and the naval forces of various countries. A total of 295 minesweepers of this type were built.

Minesweeper renovation projects

During the Great Patriotic War In the USSR Navy, only the ships of projects 3, 53, 53-U and 58, which were considered hopelessly obsolete at that time, survived from the minesweepers. Also in the Red Fleet were road minesweepers of project 253-L and boat minesweepers with non-contact trawls. Due to the insufficiently high efficiency in 1946, work began in the USSR on the creation of new minesweepers of all classes, and the variant of the minesweeper, effective in the fight against non-contact mines, was considered the preferred option. The tasks for the new generation of marine minesweepers were considered to be the determination of the boundaries of minefields and their destruction, reconnaissance and control trawling, laying fairways in minefields, escorting ships and vessels behind the trawls, as well as participating in setting minefields.

The first post-war naval minesweeper was the Project 254 ship, originally designed as a base minesweeper. The development of the ship was carried out since 1943 in three TsKBs numbered 51, 17 and 50. Only in 1946 TsKB-363 received the TTZ for its design, G.M. Verakso was appointed chief designer, Captain 1 rank V became the main observer from the Navy. S. Avdeev. In the same year, the project was completed, which provided for the flow-position method of assembling the hull from saturated sections and blocks using welding. It was the first ship of the Russian Navy to be fully welded.

Description of the ship

General view and structure

The main material of the hull was shipbuilding steel grade St.4s; EI-269 low-magnetic steel was also used for overhead sheets for compasses. The wheelhouse was made of homogeneous armor with a thickness of 8 mm. The hull was recruited along the longitudinal recruitment system throughout. The ships also had a second bottom, an ice-reinforced stem, and side keels as passive-type pitching stabilizers. The hull was divided into ten watertight compartments. The standard displacement reached 500 tons, and the total displacement was 569 tons.

Equipment

In order to protect against non-contact mines, a demagnetizing device was installed on the minesweeper of three windings - the main, directional horizontal and directional buttock, sectioned to provide the necessary adjustment. It protected from magnetic and induction mines, and also provided compensation for all components of the ship's magnetic field within ± 2000 nT (± 20 mee) at all points of the horizontal plane at a depth of up to 6 m from the design line. To detect anchor mines, the ship had an active type "Tamir-10" GAS.

Armament

The ship was armed with two twin 37-mm V-11 artillery mounts of an open type: one was on the tank, the second on the superstructure in the stern. He also had two twin 12.7 mm 2M-1 machine-gun mounts, two BMB-1 bombers and two bomb releasers. To protect against enemy ships and submarines, the ship could install mines: 10 mines of the KB-3 type or 16 mines of the 1908/1939 model using mine tracks and slopes. The anti-mine weaponry consisted of several trawls: contact type MT-1, non-contact acoustic BAT-2 (two pieces) and solenoid electromagnetic TEM-52, as well as a chain guard TsOK-1-40. The ship was equipped with typical radio equipment at that time.

Driving performance

The main power plant consisted of two 9D diesel engines with a capacity of 2 thousand hp. and gave a speed of up to 14 knots. With the MT-1 trawl, the speed dropped to 8.3 knots. The economic course was at 10 knots and gave a cruising range of up to 3800 miles (10 days of autonomous navigation).

Modifications

Three modifications were built: 254-K, 254-M and 254-A. These ships were additionally equipped with artillery mounts ZiF-17 (class A), 2M-3 (class M), as well as trawls M-2 (class K), MT-1D and TEM-52M (both classes M and A). Ships of classes 254-M and 254-A were slightly larger in size. Radars "Lin", "Lin-M", "Tamir-11" and "Rym-K" served as additional radio-technical weapons.

Construction

The ships were built at the Sredne-Nevsky Shipyard in Leningrad (No. 363) and in Kerch at the Shipyard Zaliv (No. 532). The lead ship T-43 was delivered to the Navy in 1948 in Leningrad. A total of 295 ships were built before the early 1960s. It was the most massive minesweeper in the world. In the west, it was given the code designation T-43 class (after the name of the lead ship). Most were exported, but most of them were ships of the 254-K type: two went to Algeria, Albania, China, Iraq and Syria, three went to Bulgaria, six to Indonesia and seven to Egypt (of which five ships are in service to this day: "Gharbeya", "Daqahleya", "Bahareya", "Sinai", "Assuit"). Another 12 ships were built in Poland, and 40 ships were built in China under the same license.

Mine engineering minesweeper MIT was developed on the basis of the heavy sneaker T-10 (T-10M) by the design bureau SKB-200 of the plant named after S. Ordzhonikidze (plant No. 78) in Chelyabinsk on the basis of the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of December 4, 1956 and of May 30, 1960. It was intended for making continuous passages in anti-tank minefields during military operations. The prototypes of the minesweeper ("Object 211", "Object 213" and "Object 220") were manufactured in 1958-1961. The minesweeper "Object 211" passed the field tests in 1959-1960. and the minesweepers "Object 213" and "Object 220" - in 1962. In 1963, due to the planned cessation of production of heavy T-10M tanks, further work on the production of three prototypes of MIT for field trials was discontinued, and technical the documentation has been deposited.

The minesweeper was a T-10 (T-10M) tank without a turret and weapons, instead of which special equipment was installed. The general layout of the vehicle has also changed, and the number of the crew has been reduced from four to three. In the middle part of the hull, instead of the fighting compartment, there was an additional transmission compartment with a completely changed armor roof above it. In the front of the hull roof, symmetrically to the longitudinal axis of the vehicle, there was a rotating commander's cupola on the left, and a non-rotating operator's cupola on the right. The location of the driver was the same as in the base car. In the center of the additional transmission compartment, a reversible winch was installed with a traction force on a cable of 1640 kgf. The cable was brought out to the roof of the car and then to the pulley blocks, which provided a tenfold increase in tractive effort. The winch, together with the hydraulic system, was intended to transfer the equipment for trawling into working or transport positions. On both sides of the winch, as well as the hydraulic pump, there were two MPB-54 electric motors with a power of 2 kW each. The hydraulic cylinders of the system were located in the niches of the hull sides. The prototypes of the mine engineer minesweeper, basically, differed in equipment for sweeping mine-explosive obstacles.

On the Object 211 minesweeper, the equipment for trawling consisted of two continuous trawling knife sections. This type of trawl belonged to the passive type excavating trawls. The working elements of the trawl were hard knives cutting through the ground. During trawling, the knives burrowed into the ground, removed the mines on its surface and took them to the sides outside the swept strip. The distance between the knives was 230 mm. The trawl provided trawling of almost all mines, regardless of their type and responsive drives. The total mass of the trawling equipment did not exceed 5400 kg. During the tests, low explosion resistance of the trawl knife sections, the need for a large traction force and a high dependence on unpaved and climatic conditions... In the working position of the trawl, it was difficult to make quick turns of the minesweeper, which in combat conditions reduced its maneuverability. The digging trawl showed especially low efficiency when trawling on loose, soggy, frozen soil, on concrete and rocky surfaces, in small forests, in soils of variable density, with a highly developed turf cover.

On the "Object 213" minesweeper, the main working body was, located in two rows, heavy steel rollers that moved in front of the machine. The trawl installed on the minesweeper, according to the principle of impact on mines, was of the push type. The destruction of the body of the mine or causing the mine to explode occurred due to the creation of local pressure on the ground or the surface of the mine with pressure drives by heavy steel rollers. The rollers were made from conventional cast steel (25L steel) and had an individual axle suspension to the traction frame. The articulated connection of the roller suspension to the traction frame ensured good copying of the terrain unevenness by each of the 14 rollers. At the same time, the pressure on the mine did not exceed the mass of the roller. The total mass of the sweeping equipment reached 11,000 kg. The main advantages of the roller trawl were the relatively high reliability of trawling mines with push drives, simplicity of design, high speeds trawling (up to 15 km / h), significant explosion resistance (up to 14 explosions of mines weighing up to 7 kg).

However, the tests carried out revealed a number of serious shortcomings, primarily associated with the principle of the trawl. This is a large mass of the roller (up to 500 kg), selected from the condition of ensuring the necessary pressure on the ground and explosion resistance, and therefore the low maneuverability and maneuverability of the minesweeper with a roller trawl, especially on loose and soggy soils, increased wear of the transmission, significant fuel consumption compared to with the base machine. In order to maximize the advantages inherent in the methods of trawling revealed during the tests of prototypes of mine engineering minesweepers "Object 211" and "Object 213", on the experimental trawler "Object 220", the equipment for trawling consisted of two knife track sections and a single-row roller section. The mass of prototypes of minesweepers, depending on the installed equipment for trawling, was in the range from 43.6 to 50.3 tons. The transfer of knife or single-row roller sections from the working position to the stowed position was carried out in 3 s.

The time spent on the preparation and installation of the roller trawl was 4.5 hours, the track knife trawl - 3 hours. The time for dismantling the equipment for trawling was 1 hour and 10 minutes, respectively. and 35 minutes. Depending on the installed equipment, a trawling strip width of 3840 mm (knife sections), 3815 mm (roller sections) or two tracks with a width of 1445 mm were provided. The maximum lifting angle of the machine was 15 °. Trawling speed with a roller trawl - up to 15 km / h. with a knife trawl - 10-12 km / h. The speed of the minesweeper with the equipment in the stowed position was up to 30 km / h. The minesweeper was designed taking into account the possibility of overcoming water obstacles along the bottom. It was equipped with PAZ and PPO systems, as well as the R-113 radio station, which were used on the base machine.

After the end of the Second World War, for the sake of the political conjuncture, there existed for many years (and partly continues to exist) a certain bias in the assessment of allied assistance during the war years. A few, mostly magazine and newspaper articles, which were, as a rule, fragmentary, gave a biased assessment of the military equipment and materials received by the Soviet Union under Lend-Lease. At the same time, it was not specified that some of the very necessary types of equipment and weapons delivered were not at all in the Soviet Army and the Navy (radar, sonar, non-contact trawls, multi-barrel bombers, etc.), while certain types of military products obtained from land- liza, exceeded in volume similar ones made by the Soviet industry, or accounted for a large proportion.

In particular, this applies to cars and tractors (see HBO # 31, 1999), as well as to steam locomotives and carriages. The Soviet Air Force, operating on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War, included more than 15% of the aircraft received from the allies under Lend-Lease.

The Soviet fleet was significantly replenished with imported ships and vessels, various weapons and equipment. So, as a result of lend-lease deliveries, the number of patrol ships in the Pacific Fleet in 1945, compared to the beginning of the war, increased 4-5 times. The number of minesweepers in the USSR Navy has doubled. The Northern Fleet, which had only two torpedo boats in June 1941, was replenished by 47 American boats of the Vosper (A-1), Higgins (A-2) and ELKO (A-3) types by 1945. From the USA in 1943-1945 received 43 landing craft of special construction, which the Soviet fleet actually did not have, although the need for them was great (more than 100 landing operations of various scales were carried out by the fleet during the war years).

Unfortunately, the bulk of Lend-Lease ships arrived in the USSR only in 1944-1945, at the final stage of the war.

amount

The first proposals of the Allies for the supply of ships and boats date back to September 1941, when the head of the Soviet military mission in Great Britain, Rear Admiral Nikolai Kharlamov, in a letter to the head of the Naval Shipbuilding Directorate, Rear Admiral Nikolai Isachenkov, said that the "firm" Canadian Powers Bot Company "proposes to manufacture 100 torpedo boats for the USSR, 25 boats a month. This proposal became a prerequisite for ordering and supplying 202 torpedo boats to the Soviet Union.

Under a British license, American firms Annapolis Yacht Yard and Hershov built boats of the Vosper type designed by Scott Payne in Bristol and Comden. They were sent to the USSR assembled. The Electric Boat Company (ELKO), which had no right to sell finished boats to the Soviet Union, supplied complete sets of parts for hulls and mechanisms, as well as technical means and the necessary documentation. In the USSR, at a shipyard with the participation of American specialists, boats were assembled. The Higgins-class torpedo boats were built in New Orleans. In the Soviet Union, torpedo tubes on these boats were replaced by domestic ones.

The performance characteristics of the three types of American torpedo boats were very close: displacement - 45-50 tons, full speed - 36-39 knots, cruising range - 420-450 miles; torpedo armament - two apparatus of 533-mm caliber, artillery - 20-mm anti-aircraft machine gun of the "Oerlikon" type. The crew of the boat was 11-14 people (according to the staff of the USSR Navy).

Torpedo boats were delivered to the Soviet Union by sea on transport ships.

On merchant ships, 60 wooden patrol boats of the RPC and RTS types with a displacement of 27 tons were delivered to the USSR. The Americans used them to rescue aircraft crews shot down in the coastal areas of the sea. In the Soviet Navy, they were classified as small hunters of the MO-1 type, although they did not have sonar equipment for searching for submarines.

Large hunters of the "SC" type (according to the Soviet classification, type BO-2) were built at 26 US shipyards. The hunter's body is wooden. Displacement - 126 tons, full speed - 17 knots. Artillery armament included a 40mm Bofors cannon and three 20mm Oerlikon assault rifles. There was radar and sonar equipment.

For such small ships, the long passage across the stormy North Atlantic was a very difficult and dangerous business. Nevertheless, the big hunters adopted by the Soviet crews crossed the ocean on their own, showing examples of maritime training and resilience. In total, the Soviet Navy received 78 large hunters (SF-36, TOF-32, BF-4, ChF-6). The ships were delivered to the Black and Baltic Seas by inland waterways.

The supply of minesweepers, which the fleet especially needed, began with ships of the "AM" ("amiki") type, built at the shipyards of Tampa, Willamette, Madisonville and Lorraine. The minesweepers had a steel hull. Displacement - 914 tons, full speed - 13.5 knots, cruising range - 7000 miles. The main armament of the ship was an electromagnetic trawl of the "LL" type (LL), which were practically absent in the Soviet fleet, as well as two acoustic trawls and a contact undercutting trawl of the "Oropeza" type. The anti-submarine complex included two bomb throwers, two bomb throwers and a sonar station. The minesweeper was equipped with radar equipment.

Of the 34 minesweepers of the "AM" type received under the Lend-Lease, 10 entered the Northern Fleet, and 24 - in the Pacific Fleet.

43 minesweepers of the "YMS" type (UMS) were received under Lend-Lease. They had a wooden hull, were low-magnetic and low-noise, equipped with sets of the latest contact and non-contact trawls for that time, radar and hydroacoustic equipment. Their displacement is 345 tons, full speed is about 13 knots, cruising range is 2030 miles. The artillery armament included one 76.2 mm cannon and two 20 mm machine guns.

The bulk of the ships intended for the Pacific Fleet was transferred by the Americans to Soviet sailors at the Cold Bay naval base (southwestern tip of the Alaska Peninsula). The general management of the training of the crews and the transfer of ships was headed by the commander of the naval detachment "3294" (subdivision "Hula-2") Captain William Maxwell. For the first time, Soviet sailors got acquainted with a number of technical devices, primarily with radar and sonar, as well as with an automated control system for an electromagnetic trawl. The training was conducted in classrooms on the shore, and then directly on ships. In total, 12,400 officers and sailors of the Soviet fleet were trained in Cold Bay.

In the acceptance from the Americans of one of these minesweepers "YMS-287" (T-611) in Cold Bay, the author of these lines participated, who had a chance to serve on the ship for four years first as the commander of an artillery and mine-torpedo warhead, (BCH-2 -3) and then the navigator (BCH-1), who was also the assistant commander on such minesweepers.

England transferred to the Soviet Union in 1942-1944. 10 minesweepers of the "MMS" type (MMS) with a displacement of 260 tons, equipped with electromagnetic and acoustic trawls. The acceptance of the ships was carried out in Murmansk and Arkhangelsk.

The Pacific Fleet included 28 PF or Tacoma-class frigates transferred under Lend-Lease from the United States (escort or patrol ships according to the Soviet classification of the EK type). These were fairly large ships. Their displacement is about 2300 tons, full speed is more than 19 knots. The frigate was armed with three 76.2 mm guns, two 40 mm Bofors cannons and nine 20 mm Oerlikon submachine guns. The deck housed two bomb releasers and nine bombers. There was a sonar station and several radar installations. The crew consisted of 195 people.

Quality

The quality of the ships received under Lend-Lease and their role in the combat operations of the Soviet fleet can be judged from the letter of Vice Admiral Eliseev to the People's Commissariat foreign trade USSR on June 5, 1945: "It should be noted that the ships received from the Allies provided a significant contribution to the activities of the fleet. Minesweepers, submarine hunters and torpedo boats operated successfully in accordance with their purpose."

Thanks to supplies from the USA, the Pacific Fleet was especially enlarged. This was dictated by the USSR's commitment, given at the Yalta Conference of the Three Powers, to enter the war with Japan no later than three months after the victory over Germany. From the spring of 1944 to September 1945, Soviet teams at the Cold Bay naval base received 215 ships with a total value of $ 228 million (in 1946 prices).

The ships received there were transferred in several groups to Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, and from there to their permanent bases. Many of them took part in the hostilities against Japan. Several imported ships that distinguished themselves in battles became guards.

During the war years, the naval aviation received 2158 combat aircraft of various types from the United States and Great Britain under Lend-Lease. During this period, 6,877 aircraft entered the naval aviation from the domestic industry. The share of imports was thus 31.3%.

In addition to ships and aircraft of the Soviet Navy, the USSR received from the Allies a lot of other equipment and spare parts. For example, 555 radar stations for various purposes were sent from England to the Soviet fleet, and from the USA - 641. The deliveries of radar equipment were especially tangible help: at the beginning of the war, the fleet's naval staff had a single radar station installed on the Black Sea cruiser Molotov.

England transferred 329 Asdik-class sonars to the Soviet Union for the fleet. "The ultrasonic devices we received (sonars. - V.K.) differed sharply in the better side from our similar stations "- this is how the Deputy Head of the Communications Directorate of the USSR Navy, Engineer-Captain 1st Rank Gusev, assessed this technique.

The Allies supplied the Soviet fleet with a large number of ship engines and generators. They were equipped with more than one third of all combat boats of the fleet.

The assimilation by the Soviet fleet of ships and models of naval equipment received from the Allies to a certain - and in some cases to a significant extent - helped our designers make significant adjustments to the already created and still being developed ship projects.

The study of American boats made it possible to create a domestic project 201 boat, which was distinguished by high seaworthiness, an effective control system, good habitability and the best weapons.

New Soviet minesweepers began to be equipped with electromagnetic trawls, in terms of parameters close to the American and British trawls of the "LL" type. On the minesweepers, sonars appeared, which could be used both to search for submarines and to detect mines. The anti-submarine ships were armed with multi-barrel bomb launchers similar to the Hedgehog bombers.

Based on the experience of the allies, the USSR Navy has introduced a reliable and convenient VHF radio station of the American "MN" type for intrasquad communication. It allowed the commanders and watch officers of ships sailing in a marching order to negotiate without resorting to the help of a radio operator.

Taking into account the experience of the Americans in the USSR Navy in the first post-war years, training complexes were developed for practicing anti-submarine teams (for example, the Attack complex). On them, the ship's commander, the officer of the watch and the hydroacoustic engineer developed the skills to search for submarines, maintain hydroacoustic contact with her, attack and destroy her. At the same time, conditions were created that were very close to real ones.

There were other innovations that appeared on Soviet ships as a result of the study and development of weapons and equipment received from the allies under Lend-Lease.

Of course, the military products of the domestic industry played a decisive role in the victory over Germany. At the same time, one cannot biasedly diminish the significance of the USSR's allied assistance under Lend-Lease, including for the Soviet fleet.

I HISTORY OF SHIPBUILDING AND FLEET I

To the 70th anniversary of the Great Victory

SWEEPERS OF THE USSR NAVY IN THE PRE-WAR AND WAR YEARS

V.M. Yoltukhovsky, Ph.D. military. Sciences UDC 6295 (VUNC Navy - Naval Academy) _

During the First World War and the Civil War, the role and importance of mine weapons in the struggle at sea increased markedly. Therefore, in the USSR, during the implementation of three pre-war shipbuilding programs, a certain place was occupied by the construction of trawling ships. However, due to financial difficulties, estimates for military shipbuilding were regularly cut. In addition, there was not enough production capacity to implement the plans. So, five shipyards, not counting allied factories, remained on the territory of Finland, Estonia and Latvia, and from the domestic in the early 1920s they switched to the production of products not related to shipbuilding, the Nevsky Shipyard, the New Admiralty, the Creighton plant, etc. Moreover, there are no organizations left in the country that had experience in designing mine-sweeping ships.

To eliminate this situation, at the end of the 1920s, a network of institutions engaged in designing minesweepers, their equipment and weapons began to be created. This problem was solved mainly by TsKBS, TsKB-1, TsKB-17, TsKB-51, TsKB-52, as well as the Special Technical Bureau for Military Inventions (Ostekhby-ro). Later, the Scientific Research Institute of Naval Shipbuilding (NIIVK), formed in 1931 on the basis of an experimental ship basin, as well as the Scientific Research Mine and Torpedo Institute, created from the mine and torpedo department of Ostekhbyuro, were involved in the development of projects for trawling ships and their weapons. mine-sweeping sector of the Scientific and Technical Committee of the Directorate of the Naval Forces (STC UVMS).

Weak material and technical base of the listed institutions

and organizations, a low level of training, lack of professional experience, extremely tight deadlines set by the People's Commissariats and Main Directorates in the design of minesweepers, negatively affected this process, led to various omissions and mistakes. So, due to large errors of TsKB-1 in the calculations for the stability and load of minesweepers, their metacentric height turned out to be almost two times less than the specification. As a result, the ships of pr. 3, 53 taken from the industry could not go to sea for about six months, until the Severnaya Verf and Sev-Morzavod carried out work to increase their stability.

Due to errors in the loading of ships and in the design of propellers on the minesweepers of the first series, there was a shortage of specification speed. This led to the fact that the speed with the stern paravan-trawl (less than 18 knots) excluded its reliable operation in waves and headwinds, that is, it jeopardized the performance of the main work - trawling.

The process of building and the quality of ships was negatively influenced by the forcing of work on the project and launching it into a series, and then identifying flaws and mistakes of design organizations, installing new or additional mechanisms. On the ships of the project 53 of the 1st series, the overload was 9 tons due to the structures and mechanisms installed on additional agreements, and a greater mass of mechanisms in comparison with the project. This was especially typical for the products of the Kolomna Machine-Building Plant named after V. V. Kuibyshev, Voronezh plant named after JV Stalin, Dynamo Moscow. As a result, during the first shipbuilding program, none of the

six mortgaged minesweepers did not enter service.

The drafting of plans for the development of the Navy was significantly influenced by a radical change in the military-political situation in the world and the need to strengthen the fleets in the Baltic and Black Sea. All this made it possible to more thoughtfully substantiate the requirements for the construction of the Navy in the 2nd five-year plan, which were reflected in the "Basic Considerations for the Development of the Red Army Naval Forces for the Second Five-Year Plan (1933-1937)" developed by the Directorate of the Naval Forces.

Resolution of the STO USSR of July 11, 1933 "On the program of naval development for 1933 - 1938." planned a radical update of the Navy with new ships of various classes. During this period, it was planned to commission 861 ships with a total displacement of 451.5 thousand tons, including 42 minesweepers. As a reserve, it was proposed to deploy special shipbuilding, in particular, the construction of minesweepers, in the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov (in Mariupol, Taganrog and Yeisk), in the Far East (Khabarovsk) and in the North (Murmansk).

But the reconstruction of the shipyards had not been completed by that time, all the planned plans for their modernization were not systematically implemented. Delays in the supply of materials, mainly steel, were serious problems for the timely and high-quality commissioning of minesweepers. The steel received by the factories was sent primarily to support the construction of cruisers, destroyers, submarines.

The first three minesweepers built by the Northern Shipyard were equipped with diesel engines from the German company MA№. However, after a sharp reduction in purchases abroad, due to an acute shortage of foreign exchange, the production of these diesel engines (under a German license) was entrusted to the Kolomna Machine-Building Plant named after V. Kuibyshev. At the same time, increased (in comparison with foreign samples) weight and dimensions, lower power, low quality of metal and

BTSH type "Fugas"

the main mechanisms of the Kolomna diesel engines were delayed in their serial production for more than two years. The first 42-BMRN-6 diesels began to be supplied to ships in 1936, but the haste in their manufacture led to significant rejects, and bench tests according to an abbreviated program led to diesel failure on two ships built by Sevmorza-Voda. We had to keep teams of specialists from the Kolomna plant on minesweepers for 2-3 months and invest heavily in the adjustment of diesel engines.

The fleet's need for minesweepers was acute, but their planned number in the 2nd shipbuilding program remained extremely limited and could not meet the demands of the Navy. So, according to the calculations of the headquarters of the Navy in 1935, at least 320 ships of this class were required. In fact, by the end of 1935, the fleets numbered only 16 (or 5% of the required number). By the end of 1935, 18 minesweepers had been laid down at the shipyards, but none had been commissioned. Therefore, by decision of the Defense Committee under the Council of People's Commissars (SNK), it was planned to mobilize for short time (2 months) from various commissariats of 100 courts.

In total, 234 ships were laid down in the 2nd five-year plan, including 27 minesweepers, or 11.5% of the total number of laid down ships. During these 5 years, 162 ships were built, of which the number of minesweepers was 6 units. (or 3.7%). Ultimately, by the beginning of the war, the Navy had 38 new minesweepers, post-

roenny on ave. 3, 58, 53 and 53U. 17 were in the Baltic Fleet, 13 were in the Black Sea Fleet, and 8 in 1939 were transferred from Kronstadt and Sevastopol to the Far East.

By the beginning of World War II, there were 80 trawling ships in all the country's fleets - primarily the newest basic minesweepers (BTShch), as well as converted from fishing vessels and

tugboats. A typical representative of such BTShch - "Fugas", built in 1937, had the following tactical and technical elements (TTE): full displacement 550 tons, length 62 m, width 7 m, draft 2.2 m, cruising range at an economic speed of 4300 miles , maximum speed 18.5 knots (with a paravan-trawl - over 14 knots). Artillery and trawl armament included - 100-mm gun, 45-mm semi-automatic, paravan-trawl, snake trawl, Schultz sea trawl, in addition, the ship could take on board 20 large and as many small depth charges. Sufficient seaworthiness, long cruising range, good speed, and powerful armament for those times allowed basic minesweepers to perform a variety of combat missions. During the Great Patriotic War, BTSCs were used not only to combat mines in open sea areas and places remote from bases, but also to escort submarines, guard ships and transports, transport people and cargo, and land amphibious assault forces.

Mine defense has become one of the most important types of combat support for the forces of the Baltic and Black

The main tactical and technical elements of the BF minesweepers "

Full Draft at Power-Sko-Max. Armament

Type of ship displacement (t) full displacement (m) engine power (hp) height (knots) speed with trawls (knots) Tralnoe Artillery

BTSH "Fugas" 450 2.2 1400 18.5 14-15 PT, ZT MTSh 1 - 100 mm 1-45 mm

BTShch type "AM" 945 2.8 1900 13.5 9 Cont. trawl Oropeza MK-U, AT 1-76 mm 2-40 mm 6-20 mm

Minesweeper "Menzhinsky" 467 2.6 400 7.7 4 ЗТ, МТШ 1-45 mm

Minesweeper "Izho-rets" 140 2.2 200 7.7 4 МТШ 1-45 mm

Minesweeper boat Rybinets 26 1.0 136 9 4 OTSH, KT -

Minesweeper boat MSV-38 10.2 0.6 73 7.5 4 KT -

KATSCH K-15-M-17 15.7 0.65 65 9.1 5 KT -

ETSH "Vladimir Polukhin" 879 2.8 8000 22.4 18 PEMT, MT PrT, GPT, ZT 1 - 100 mm 1-45 mm 3-37 mm 2-20 mm

MBTSH "stoton-nick" (1st series) 126.7 1.34 540 14 9-10 KEMT, PEMT OPT, KPT, BAT 2-45 mm

Accepted abbreviations: ПТ - paravan-trawl; ZT - snake trawl; MTSh - Schultz sea trawl; OTSH - lightweight trawl Schultz; CT - boat trawl; PEMT - loop electromagnetic trawl; PrT - loop river trawl; ГПТ - deep-water bottom trawl; KEMT - boat electromagnetic trawl; OPT - lightweight twin trawl; KPT - boat pair trawl; BAT - towed acoustic trawl; AT - acoustic trawl.

1 Yoltukhovsky V.M.Mine War at Sea (1921-1945), SPb .: VVMUPP im. Lenin Komsomol, 1998, p. 224.

SHIPBUILDING 5 "2015

HISTORY OF SHIPBUILDING AND FLEET

During the war, fishing trawlers were converted into minesweepers

nomorsk fleets, which had trawling ships of several types (table). Along with the minesweepers of the Fugas and Verp types, the fleet included five low-speed minesweepers of the Menzhinsky type, converted from civilian vessels. They were distinguished by high seaworthiness and sufficient autonomy. The presence of two machines facilitated maneuvering with trawls, but due to their low speed, they could not work with all models of trawls. Low-speed minesweepers are characterized by an insignificant navigation area

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