Wooden art. Wooden art - gadsclub. Wood products

Wood Art August 11th, 2014

Wood is one of the warmest and noblest materials. Affordable, renewable and environmentally friendly resource. And if you have imagination and Vacation home and free time, don't be lazy... buy a woodcarving tool, a burning machine, varnish and paint and start creating real hand-made masterpieces!

And we will show you some unusual wooden products for interior decoration.

A silhouette of a deer carved from old wooden pallets - a panel in the hallway.

Panel in the form of a wooden heart, covered with different colors.

Vases made from ordinary cans and wooden boards, covered with paint and artificially aged.

Arrange a real bar out of wooden boards. Double rail shelves: bottles of favorite drinks and glasses are securely placed on the wall.

Do you have a wooden barrel? Just great! A hose, a faucet, a simple sink and voila - an unusual washbasin for a summer residence is ready.

Remember baby sleds? Remember how fun it was to roll down the ice slide? Use these slats to create a bright hand-made garden rug.

A romantic swing that will fit perfectly into the interior of a country house or a blooming garden.

And the most nondescript log can be turned into a creative candlestick without much hassle. The main thing is to place a small glass glass inside each hole, where you will put Finnish candles in the future. And remember that a fire, even such a small one, cannot be left unattended!

Woodworking crafts (DR) - were developed at the dawn of the formation of human society and along with the advent of primitive tools. For many centuries, man, widely using this natural material, gradually studied various species of trees, their properties, acquired practical skills, developed skills.
Wood products were first worked with stone tools. At the turn of the III-IV millennium BC. e. with the development of bronze, and later iron (late II millennium BC)
prerequisites were created for the improvement of tools and the development of carpentry
cases. Such types of woodworking as sharpening, cutting off, splitting, weaving, burning, drilling, turning, gouging were known as early as Paleolithic times. Simultaneously with the development of wood processing technology for everyday needs, people learned how to decorate products.
Wood has a beautiful natural color and a variety of texture patterns, good thermal insulation, water resistance, ease of processing, low density and a number of other useful properties. From wood they built living quarters and outbuildings, city walls and fortifications, temples and bridges; they made dishes (bowls and goblets, buckets, tubs, spoons, ladles, salt shakers); boats and ships, plows, carts, carriages and sledges, tools for Agriculture and household work (spindles, spinning wheels) and much more.
In our time, there are almost no authentic ancient monuments of artistic woodworking, information about some of them has been preserved in literary sources, annals, folklore, images in painting and miniature. Many monuments of folk art of a later period have retained their ancient forms due to persistent household and artistic, socio-economic factors. With the development of art and architecture, the types of artistic wood processing were further developed.
In areas rich in forests, woodworking crafts developed and their own traditions were laid. Each nation manifested its own approach to wood processing, its own preferences in the manufacture of wooden products, their own decoration techniques.

Ancient Egypt is considered the birthplace of woodworking crafts. It is to Egypt that humanity should be grateful for the creation of basic pieces of furniture: chests, beds, chests, cabinets, stools, chairs and tables. The Egyptians developed the technology of wood processing and the basic techniques for decorating it.

There was little of its own wood in Egypt. For the manufacture of furniture and household products, the Egyptians used the wood of palm trees, sekimore, plane trees growing along the banks of the Nile. For the manufacture of large boats, pine trunks were used from neighboring countries - Phoenicia, Nubia, Lebanon. The pharaoh had a monopoly on this trade.

Burial boat from the tomb of Amenhotep II. Wood. Cairo, Egyptian Museum.

Ebony was delivered from southern countries, various boxes and luxurious elite furniture were made from it. Egyptian craftsmen owned a large set of tools - saws, axes, drills and adzes. Archival documents testify that as early as 1500 BC, the Egyptians used a primitive lathe for cutting and turning cylinder shapes of various configurations.

AT Ancient Greece as a result of the division of labor, independent professions of carpenter, furniture maker, joiner were organized. Joiners successfully used a plane and a lathe. Pliny the Elder contains information on the application lathe closer to modern.

Drawing of a lathe by the Greek master Theodore. VI century BC.

The invention of the planer also favored the development of carpentry and woodworking. Furniture manufacturing technology was at a fairly high level. The Greeks knew frame-panel knitting, bending wood with steam, they began to develop a technique for making veneer.

Ancient Rome distinguished by a significant development of joinery and carpentry, cabinetmakers worked with valuable types of wood. A large number of wooden products were found in Herculaneum, charred from hot ash during the eruption of Vesuvius in 49 AD. e .: a bed with a raised wall at the head, a chest, a small carved cabinet, and other items made mainly by local craftsmen. Artists and artisans were famous for their skill in making furniture. Much attention was paid to rich, often pompous decoration. Various techniques were used to decorate furniture: engraving, carving, painting, veneering, inlay.
At Scandinavian peoples the most common type artistic creativity was woodcarving. It was used not only in decorating household items, but also in architecture. At the beginning of the 20th century, a large burial was discovered in Oseberg, near Oslo, Norway. Artifacts found in this burial demonstrate the high skill of the Scandinavians in artistic carving. In the burial, presumably of the Norwegian queen Ose, dating back to the 9th century, was found big ship, which preserved utensils, fabrics, and most importantly, several sledges and a cart covered with carvings. Ribbons of intertwining animals are the leading motif in the ornamentation of wooden objects. Wooden figures with fantastic animal heads were also found here; they were installed on the bow of the ship to scare away dark forces.

Artifacts found in a burial at Oseberg, near Oslo, Norway.

Medieval Europe. The way of life of the early Middle Ages in Europe did not favor the creation of conditions for the emergence of a comfortable dwelling. The master could demonstrate his creativity and his abilities by creating furniture for churches: benches, music stands, cabinets, chests, etc. The chest was a universal piece of furniture, it simultaneously served as a bed, seating furniture, and a suitcase for storing things. The first chests, like those of primitive peoples, were hollowed out from tree trunks.
In the XV century. the furniture of urban dwellings is finished off no less carefully than church furniture: it is richly decorated with Gothic ornaments. The side walls of the chests are covered with rich carvings that convey the patterns of Gothic windows and other details of the architectural decoration of buildings.

It is impossible to imagine a medieval cathedral in Europe without carved altars, iconostases, and bas-reliefs. In the early Gothic era, carving adorned the facades of buildings, columns and arches, as well as cathedrals. In the culture of the peoples of France, England, Italy and Scandinavia, artistic woodcarving was closely associated with religion and the Gothic style in architecture. In France, the custom of decorating doors with intricate carvings was common during the reigns of Kings Louis IV and Louis XV. One of the oldest doors is located in England, in Westminster Abbey, it was made in 1050. This was the case until the 16th century. With the advent of the Renaissance, the Gothic style lost its relevance, and with it, for some time, artistic carving also ceased to be in demand.

Russian art, which arose on the basis of folk art, created works of art of world significance. Its beginning refers to the work of the ancient Slavs, who settled along the banks of the Dnieper, Don, Lake Ilmen, Volga in the 1st millennium. The Russian people were excellent builders who masterfully mastered the skills of artistic woodworking, they mastered a variety of methods for making wooden products and decorating them. Everything was made of wood - temples, huts, towers of the nobility, religious buildings, beautiful household utensils.

Church of the Transfiguration House carving

of the Lord (1714) Kizhi Island.

Turners from soft wood turned cups, bowls, stavers, coopers from oak planks-staves collected barrels, jugs. Exquisite spoons were cut out of maple, dowry boxes were bent from bast.

Remarkable types of Russian arts and crafts are spinning wheels and wooden utensils, the forms of which appeared in ancient times and developed by many generations of craftsmen reached a high artistic perfection.

The Russian North was famous for its birch bark crafts. In the XVII - XVIII centuries. the art of artistic wood carving was developed in the design of iconostasis, palace interiors, and furniture. Products made from burl build-up, an amazing material called wooden malachite by craftsmen, were in great demand in Russia.

Box from burl Products from birch bark.

Ukraine exceptionally rich in wooden architecture. In total, about 3,000 wooden religious buildings are known in the country. The pearl of wooden temple architecture is the Holy Trinity Cathedral in Novomoskovsk, built in 1778.

Holy Trinity Cathedral in Novomoskovsk

The fabulous nature itself with its enchanting landscapes has been a source of inspiration for many generations. folk craftsmen who carried their magical original creativity through the centuries. Special achievements in woodworking were achieved by craftsmen in Polissya and in the forest-steppe regions. Simple and, obviously, the most ancient, preserved in the 19th - early 20th centuries. wood processing techniques were burning and gouging (carving) from a single piece of wood.
Sledges, wagons, boats, benches, chests (“screens”), shelves for bowls - “misniki”, looms, barrels, troughs (“nights”), buckets, bowls, barrels for fat (bodni), spoons were made from wood. , shovels, buckets, yokes, beehives. On the basis of the use of wood materials, such crafts as turning, carpentry, carpentry, cooperage, “stelmashestvo” (production of carts) and others developed.

Exhibits of the Museum of Ethnography and Folklore of the Prof. Lyceum

Novograd-Volynsky in Zhytomyr region of Ukraine, XIX century.

The artistic expressiveness and completeness of the products were greatly enhanced by the logical use of the appropriate finish: carving, inlay, mosaic, burning, painting, etc.

Chest, wood, Lviv region, XIX century.

Weaving products from vines, straw and bark became widespread. Baskets, boxes, hats (shavings), pieces of furniture, etc. were made from these materials.

Royal Doors from the village of Voronilovichi (Brest region of the 16th century)

Belarus can also be proud of its success in the woodworking industry. The life of the Belarusian peasant was closely connected with the forest, he lived in it and used its gifts. Residential and utility rooms were built from wood, coal and tar were burned. Bast and ropes, bast for boxes, bast for weaving bast shoes and baskets were mined from the bark. A variety of household items, furniture, dishes and vehicles were made from wood. The assortment of wooden products includes many things of an applied nature: carved and painted mugs, carved spoons, mortars, ladles, painted kitchen boards, caskets for various purposes, etc. In the 17th century "Belarusian carving" gained immense fame. An excellent example of early Belarusian church carving is the royal gates from the village of Voronilovichi (Brest region). XVI in.) In Belarus, there was a unique wood carving technique: Gomel filigree - the creation of complex lace patterns from shavings different breeds tree.

Baltic. Wood processing has always been a traditional occupation for the Baltic peoples. But the most common types of woodworking crafts is the manufacture Vehicle: sledges and carts, furniture, household items: tubs, barrels, boxes, baskets. Wedding sleighs and furniture (wardrobes, chairs, chests, towel racks), as well as ceremonial and ritual objects, were decorated with carvings and paintings. Boxes for wedding gifts and dowry among Estonians, mugs for beer, spinning wheels were colorfully decorated. With great skill, rural craftsmen made hanging chandeliers and festive table candlesticks.

The art of wooden sculpture has become a national tradition in Lithuania. Unusual crosses, humble Madonnas, hunched figures of saints and various characters of Lithuanian history are quite often found in different parts of the country: in the museum and in the forest, in the park and in the cemetery, on the side of the road. The art of sculptural carving is very ancient, but due to the fragility of wood, sculptures from the 18th century have survived to this day.

AT Central Asia the number of woodworking crafts was limited by the shortage, and, consequently, the high cost of wood. In connection with the birth of a son, the inhabitants of the oases traditionally planted a tree, which in the future served as a building material for an adult man to build his own house. carving. The skill of woodworkers was in demand in the manufacture of dishes, cradles, tools, vehicles (carts, saddles, etc. For nomads, wood served as a frame for a yurt, its interior items were made from wood - chests, lockers, stands for household property. The main type of decor for these things was carving, often combined with painting, and the Kazakhs used bone inlays for decoration.

Ornamental woodwork is one of the ancient types of applied art of Uzbekistan, which was passed down by craftsmen from generation to generation. Khiva, Bukhara, Samarkand, Tashkent, Fergana have been and remain recognized centers of woodcarving in Uzbekistan. Each school is distinguished by its carving technique and patterns.

Ornamental decoration of supporting pillars (Carving). Uzbekistan

Laukh - sliding wooden book stand

Dagdgany, Armenia, IX c.

Caucasus. Wood carving is widespread among the peoples of the Caucasus. Georgian masters have long used walnut, oak, yew, boxwood, elm. Ornaments decorate furniture, folk musical instruments, traditional vessels for beer and wine, small household items.

In Armenia, woodcarving is used in architecture. The original drawing is preserved on the capitals of the Sevan monastery of the 9th century. Ancient wooden Armenian talismans-amulets (dagdgans), various in shape and internal pattern, are decorated with trihedral-notched carving.

The tree in the life of the highlanders from ancient times occupied a more significant place than stone. In Dagestan, not only the architectural details of the facade and interior of the dwelling, but also furniture and utensils were made of wood. Even now there are auls in the mountain Avaria, where women carry water in tall wooden vessels, in the form of an elongated truncated cone.

AT India the tradition of woodcarving is lost in antiquity. Early wooden temples with magnificent carvings have survived to our time in the states of Himachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh.

In the state of Kashmir, you can see the magnificent decor of houses lined with wood, the ceilings are decorated with geometric patterns, and the lattice windows are made of pinjar wood. A good example of wood processing using techniques typical for this area is Khankah Shah-i-Hamadan - the oldest Sufi mosque in Srinagar ( Kashmir), founded in 1395 on the banks of the Jelam River and reconstructed in 1731.

Khankah Shah-e-Hamadan is the oldest mosque in Srinagar

In this country, each region is distinguished by its own particular style of carving, developed in accordance with local traditions and taking into account the type of wood. Wooden dolls, toys, religious paraphernalia and carvings are examples of Indian folk art.
Sankheda is a famous center for lacquered furniture. Furniture was finished with lacquering, inlaid with ebony, mother-of-pearl, ivory (Bombay mosaic), ivory carving, and later openwork carving.
China. Woodcarving in China dates back to the Stone Age. The Ming Dynasty (1368 - 1644) is considered the golden period in the development of the production of antique Chinese furniture in China. In those days, wood was in abundance. Walls, carved pillars, wood paintings have survived to our time and represent a significant part of the cultural heritage of China.

Magnificent wood carvings are found in imperial palaces in Beijing, Suzhou, Hangzhou, and Anhui Province. During the reign of Qing Dynasty Emperor Qianlong (1711-1799), about 400 craftsmen gathered in the capital to decorate the palaces. Their wood carvings are still preserved in Gugong, the Imperial Palace in Beijing.

Great popularity in Ancient China lacquered furniture was used. The technique of its manufacture was known to the Chinese as early as 2500 years ago. Later, such Chinese furniture served as a model for the manufacture of similar European furniture. The lacquer carving technique was also used. Another popular technique that made China famous was intarsia (inlay). Inserts protruded above the surface of the object and were made of ivory, mother-of-pearl, precious stones, tortoiseshell, metal, etc.
Japan. Monuments of ancient Japanese wooden architecture are masterpieces of folk carpentry. The tradition of building temples of wood has survived to our time.

A huge wooden reliquary temple (Daibutsuden) was built in the 8th century, its area is 73 x 50 square meters and its height is 48 meters. the building was rebuilt and reduced by almost 30%. But even in its modern form, the temple remains the largest wooden structure in the world.

Daibutsuden Reliquary Temple

In the XVII-XVIII centuries. Japanese masters demonstrate the high art of ornamental woodcarving. The carving adorned the palaces and residences of the shoguns, temple buildings, and was widely used in the manufacture of small household items of the townspeople. The carvers also showed special skill in the manufacture of heads for puppets of the dzeruri theater and masks for the noh theater.
America. Despite the primitive tools of labor, the Indians of America also demonstrate a special skill in woodworking, which has no equal examples on the American continent. From huge cedars, with the help of stone axes, the Indians hollowed out boats, built dams. Splitting logs into thick boards, they erected walls and made roofs of houses. Thick pillars, dug into the ground, are supports for a gable roof and portals, and skillful carvings depicted the ancestral totems of the inhabitants of the house. The houses of the Haida Indians stand out in particular. Totem poles with beautiful ornamentation were placed near each house, giving Indian villages a peculiar flavor. Boat production was an important type of woodworking among the Indians. Boat craftsmen were highly respected by the community. The boats were hollowed out from one trunk of a large cedar, they were light and fast.
Various household items were made from wood: ladles, dishes, ladles, spoons; chests covered with paintings or carvings inlaid with sea otter teeth and shells depicting totem animals, watertight boxes for storing food and cooking food.
In accordance with the characteristics of handicraft technology and the range of products among woodworking crafts, the following crafts stood out: carpentry, carpentry, cooperage, the art of making carts, sledges, turning, making hollowed-out dishes, wood carving, manufacturing roofing materials, production of bast and wicker containers.

In the vast Russian expanses, many different tree species grow. Wood has been used by humans since ancient times. Everyday life. Houses were built from it, vehicles were built, dwellings were heated with it ...

Wood products

Thanks to archaeological research, we became aware that wood products were in use in Russia as early as the 9th century.

To our times, pieces of furniture made of natural wood have been preserved: pine, oak, larch. Now antique wooden products are considered antiques and are very expensive. Beautiful and solid tables, armchairs, chests of drawers, etc. can be seen in museum exhibits. Looking at them, you realize in what environment our not too distant ancestors lived.

For some time, modern artificial materials have replaced natural wood products from retail shelves and from our lives. But they, having an undoubted advantage, began to return to our daily lives.

Despite the high cost, natural wood furniture is in demand. It adds warmth and comfort to any room. Country houses are mostly made of wood. How chic look the buildings of rounded logs! Not at home, but real towers!

wood carving

Wood is a very malleable material. This property was noticed not only by our compatriots. Masters all over the world processed wooden products. AT different countries developed their own passions, their own woodcarving. Some preferred to carve geometric shapes, others floral motifs.

Wooden carvings were used to decorate both houses and household items: furniture, dishes, children's toys.

Experts divided the art of woodcarving into several conditional types. The first included those in which the pattern is on a plane, without through slots. This type is called "deaf thread". Accordingly, “through carving” was called the type where, when creating an ornament, through cuts and cutouts of the processed material were made. There is also a third type - this is a sculptural carving.

The so-called "house carving" includes all listed species. On the shutters, as a rule, there was a blind carving, on the architraves - through, and on the roof there was a figure - a sculpture.

An almost forgotten art is being revived. This cannot but rejoice. Wooden patterns are pleasing to the eye, cause a smile, and, therefore, make us kinder.

History of woodworking

Throughout the history of crafts and art, works made by masters of any profile and direction have been and are valuable, precisely because they are made by the hands of the creator, as a result of his imagination, experience, skill, talent and understanding of the subtleties and nuances of specific criteria and requirements.

Among the many types applied art we want to focus on certain types of products self made from wood.

One of the first materials from which our ancestors began to make various objects in the distant past was wood, because, in comparison with other materials, it is easier to process, beautiful, easy and affordable. From the very beginning of human civilization, the tree has played a special role: it is enough to remember about fire - one of the main factors in the formation and development of man. For many peoples, a tree is an object of worship, there are even ancient religions associated with the deification of trees, and for all of us it is obvious why: this and construction material, and a roof over your head, and heat, and furniture, and much, much more.

And among the many "virtues" thanks to which humanity appreciates wood, a kind of art stands out - artistic woodcarving. At different peoples there are inherently different principles, methods, methods and objects for processing wooden products. Among the numerous objects of artistic carving and woodworking, the most famous are figurines, caskets, icons, various souvenirs, dishes, frames for paintings, photographs and tapestries, individual components of furniture and other interior items, etc., etc.

Since ancient times, wood carving and its processing, like all other types of crafts and arts, have been improved over time: if at the very beginning wood was processed using simple stones or pieces of wood themselves, then subsequently it was processed with metal or abrasive materials, at first primitive, and then more advanced and more capable of performing specific purposes.

In our time, wooden products, in the vast majority of cases, are made using all kinds of woodworking machines, units and other technical devices. This helps the population of our planet to make more affordable the necessary wood products for everyday life, interior design, industrial needs, etc., and is caused by the greatest demand for such items, and also greatly reduces their cost, which is also very important.

Highly appreciating the work of woodworking enterprises, we want to bring to your attention wood products made exclusively by hand, without the use of modern species techniques, but with the help of special hand tools, where the most important thing is the hands and skill of the masters, as well as traditional, handed down from generation to generation methods of processing and carving wood.

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