The formula for the average annual cost of fixed assets. Fixed assets of the enterprise What is opf in the economy of the enterprise

Fixed assets are means of labor. Unlike objects of labor, fixed assets are used in the production process many times while changing their material form, but gradually wear out over time.

They are divided into production and non-production assets.

Production assets are involved in the process of manufacturing products or providing services, they include machine tools, machines, devices, transmission devices, etc. .

Non-productive fixed assets do not participate in the process of creating products, they include residential buildings, kindergartens, clubs, stadiums, clinics, sanatoriums, etc.

There are the following types of monetary value of fixed assets:

1. Valuation at historical cost, i.e. at actual production costs at the time of creation or acquisition, including transportation and installation costs, at the prices of the year in which the OF was manufactured or purchased.

Depreciation is determined by the initial cost of fixed assets.

valuation at replacement cost, i.e. at the cost of reproduction of fixed assets at the time of revaluation.

This cost shows how much it would cost to create or acquire at a given time previously created or acquired OF.

On the balance sheet of the enterprise, fixed assets are listed at their original cost before their revaluation, and after the revaluation, at their replacement cost. Therefore, the original or replacement cost is called the book value;

3) valuation at the initial or replacement level, taking into account depreciation (residual value), it gives a real idea of ​​the value of fixed assets at the time of their valuation, this is especially important when they are written off, replaced and reconstructed prematurely.

The average annual cost of fixed assets is determined on the basis of the initial cost, taking into account their commissioning and liquidation according to the following formula:

Table 4.1 - Initial data for calculating the cost of fixed assets at the end of the year, the average annual cost (option No. 2)

Table 4.2 - Initial data on the movement of fixed assets at the enterprise (option No. 2)

F centuries.

Entry date

F select.

Withdrawal date

The availability of fixed assets can be determined on the date and for the period. In the first case, these will be momentary indicators, in the second - averages for the period (interval). The cost of fixed assets at the end of the period is determined by:

Where: F c.p.- the cost of fixed assets at the end of the period;

F n.p.. - the cost of fixed assets at the beginning of the period;

F centuries- the cost of received fixed assets;

F select - the cost of retired fixed assets for the period.

Determine the structure of fixed assets at the beginning of the year (Fig. 4.1):


Figure 4.1 - Structure of fixed assets at the beginning of the year, %

Calculation of the cost of fixed assets at the end of the year:

  • - building: F c.p. = F n.p.. + F centuries - F select. = 15 221,5 (3,6%)
  • - buildings: 52,341.2 (12.5%)
  • - transmission devices: 22,694.3 + 1,530 - 1,730= 22,494.3 (5.3%)
  • - machinery, equipment: 304,890 + 4,234 - 3,234 = 305,890 (73%)
  • - transport: 15,123+ 3,670 - 2,670= 16,123 (3.9%)
  • - tool: 7456 + 7.3 - 6.3 = 7457 (1.8%)

Total: 419527.

We determine the structure of fixed assets at the end of the year (Fig. 4.2):


Figure 4.2 - Structure of fixed assets at the end of the year, %

The calculation of depreciation deductions is carried out according to the formula corresponding to the chosen method for each type of OF (Table 4.3)

Table 4.3 - Methods for calculating depreciation charges for each type of OF

Group of fixed assets

Depreciation method

Formula for calculation

Calculation, thousand rubles

Linear

BUT 1 =15 221,5 *2/100= 304,43

Structures

Linear

BUT 2 =52 341,2 *3/100= 1570,236

Transfer devices

Linear

BUT 3 =22 494.3 *4/100= 899,772

Machinery, equipment

Linear

BUT 4 =305 890*10/100= 30589

Transport

reducing balance method

where to -acceleration factor = 1,2

BUT 5 =16 123 * = 1547,808

Tool

Linear

BUT 6 =7 457 *50/100= 3728,5

Formula for calculating the average annual cost of fixed assets:

Calculation of the average annual cost of fixed assets:


417726 + 1402,5 + 3528,3 + 1223,3 + 5,475 - 865 - 2425,5 - 1335 - 5,25 = 419 245,825

Table 4.4 - Results of calculating the cost of fixed assets at the end of the year, the structure of fixed assets, the average annual cost, depreciation

Group of fixed assets

Cost, thousand rubles

Depreciation amount, thousand rubles

for the beginning of the year

structure, %

at the end of the year

structure, %

Structures

Transfer devices

Machinery, equipment

Transport

Tool

The value of the value of fixed assets at the beginning of the period is 417,726 thousand rubles.

The value of fixed assets at the end of the period amounted to 419,527 thousand rubles.

The value of the average annual cost of fixed assets amounted to 419,245.825 thousand rubles.

The amount of depreciation of buildings amounted to 304.43 thousand rubles.

The amount of depreciation of structures amounted to 1,570.236 thousand rubles.

The amount of depreciation of transmission devices amounted to 899.772 thousand rubles.

The amount of depreciation of machinery and equipment amounted to 30,589 thousand rubles.

The amount of depreciation of transport amounted to 1,547.808 thousand rubles.

The amount of depreciation of the instrument amounted to 3,728.5 thousand rubles.

The amount of depreciation for the year amounted to 38,639.746 thousand rubles.

Fixed assets are a special form of means of labor, which are characterized by long-term use. At enterprises, they are used for several production cycles, and this requires a gradual write-off of the cost by accruing depreciation. For accounting and related calculations, the average annual cost of fixed assets is required. It can be calculated in several ways, each of which has its own formulas and features.

What is the average annual cost of OS?

All fixed assets require the calculation of depreciation. This allows you to distribute the financial burden over the entire life of the facility, and not reflect it only in the month when the OS is purchased. Depreciation calculation is possible if the average annual cost of fixed assets is known, the calculation formula for which will be discussed later.

But this is not the only reason for calculating such a cost. It is also required to calculate property tax. After all, organizations must pay it by law.

Often, the enterprise wants to evaluate how intensively fixed assets are used. To calculate the corresponding indicators, the average annual cost of fixed production assets is used, the formula for calculating which allows you to calculate, for example, the return on assets with high accuracy.

But before proceeding to the analysis of methods for calculating the average annual cost, it is necessary to understand its varieties and understand why each of them is needed.

What types of OS costs are there?

In legal acts related to fixed assets, definitions are given or different types of fixed assets are mentioned. Speaking about the cost of fixed assets, one of the following varieties of it may be meant:

Variation of cost Definition Peculiarities
Initial Includes the cost of purchasing or creating an OS object, its delivery to the place of use and installation necessary for subsequent work with the OS. Calculate to calculate the depreciation rate and subsequent deductions. On the basis of this value determine the profitability, profitability of the assets available to the organization.
Restorative The value of the asset as of the date of the last revaluation. Allows you to recalculate costs in accordance with prices and tariffs for a specific date.
Residual This is the initial or replacement cost of fixed assets minus the amount of existing depreciation. With it, you can determine the% wear of the OS. Allows you to plan in advance for the repair or replacement of an object.
liquidation The cost of the OS at which it is sold or written off. May be equal to zero if all depreciation deductions for the OS object are made.
Average annual If we mean the average annual cost of fixed assets, then several formulas can be used to calculate it at the enterprise. It can be calculated from balance sheet data or on the basis of information on the input and disposal of fixed assets.

Methods for calculating the average annual cost of fixed assets

  • for what purpose it was necessary to calculate the cost;
  • How important is the accuracy of the result.

For example, if the exact average annual cost of fixed assets is not needed, the formula without taking into account the month of introduction and write-off of fixed assets will be the simplest and most suitable. If high accuracy is required, then this month will need to be taken into account. Let us consider the available methods of calculation in more detail.

Basic formula for determining the cost

The most commonly used formula is:

From Wed. \u003d (From n.g. + C to.g.) / 2

Here, for the initial price, they take the cost of January 1 of the desired year, and the final price for December 31 of the same year.

An accountant may have a question how to determine the value of fixed assets at the end of the year. In this case, you should use the following formula:

From K.G. = From n.g. + From introduction — From retirement

These formulas can only be used if the carrying amount of the residual funds is taken as the basis. Other types of value in this case cannot be applied.

Formula for Calculating Total Book Value

If an accountant needs accurate calculations, then he cannot apply the basic formula. In this case, it will be important when the OS was decommissioned or put into operation. If an enterprise wants to calculate the return on assets, for example, then the average annual cost should be calculated using the following formula:

From Wed. = From n.g. + М1/12*С introduction – М2/12*С disposal

All parameters here are the same, the only exception is that indicators M1 and M2 are used, which indicate how many months have already passed from the date of commissioning or from the date of decommissioning of the OS.

Formula for Calculating Chronological Cost

Even more accurate calculations can be obtained by calculating the average cost for each month, using the very first formula for calculating the average, only taking the values ​​​​not at the beginning and end of the year, but at the beginning and end of each month. After that, all the average monthly values ​​​​are added up and divided by 12 months, from which the average annual cost of the OS is obtained.

Determining the value of the values ​​from the balance sheet

You can determine the average annual cost using the balance sheet data. In this case, the following formula will apply:

From Wed. \u003d C b + (C in * M) / 12 - (C l * (12 - M f)) / 12

  • C b is the book value of fixed assets;
  • С в - the cost of funds put into operation;
  • C l - the cost of decommissioned fixed assets;
  • M - how many months of the current year have already passed;
  • М f - during how many months of the billing year the OS was used.

Conclusion

Each of the methods for calculating the average annual cost has its own characteristics and requires knowledge of certain parameters. If exact calculations are not required, then the easiest way is to use the basic formula.

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B363 Guidelines for conducting practical classes in the discipline "Economics, enterprise management" for fourth-year students studying in the direction 200100 "Instrument making", specialties: 200101 "Instrument making", 200106 "Information and measuring equipment and technologies", 200102 "Instruments and methods quality control and diagnostics”. / . - Tomsk: Publishing House of Tomsk Polytechnic University, 2009. - 29 p.

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MAINPRODUCTION FUNDS

Fixed production assets - an integral part of the production assets. The role of fixed production assets in the formation of the material basis of production. Classification, composition and structure of fixed production assets, their active and passive part. Forms of reproduction of fixed production assets (capital construction, reconstruction, expansion, technical re-equipment, replacement and modernization of equipment). Methods of accounting and evaluation. Physical and moral depreciation, their forms and methods of determination. Depreciation of fixed production assets. Methods for calculating depreciation rates. Repair of fixed assets. Indicators characterizing the use of fixed production assets: capital productivity, capital intensity, shift ratio and equipment loading. Specific capital intensity of a unit of work and a unit of production. Determination of the prospective need for fixed production assets. Rent. cost property valuation. Rental forms.

The basis of any production process is human labor, a necessary condition for the application of which is the availability of means and objects of labor. The means of labor is a set of material means by which the worker acts on the object of labor, changing its physical and chemical properties. The leading part of the means of labor is the tools of labor. Unlike objects of labor (raw materials, materials, etc.), which are consumed during one production cycle, tools of labor participate in production processes many times, performing qualitatively different functions. Gradually wearing out, they transfer their value to the created product in parts over a number of years (depreciation).

In accordance with the standard classification, the main production assets of an enterprise are divided into eight groups depending on the homogeneity of the production purpose and natural-material characteristics.

The active part of fixed production assets includes: transmission devices, machinery and equipment, measuring and control instruments and devices. By industry, the active part of fixed assets is subdivided according to the nature of the impact on the objects of labor and the impact on the formation of products.

ü 2. Indicators characterizing the composition and structure of the main production assets

To assess the change in the qualitative composition of fixed production assets, a system of indicators is used, which includes: the renewal coefficient, i.e. the share of fixed production assets commissioned in the reporting year in their total value at the end of the year (the higher the renewal coefficient, the greater the opportunities for replacing physically and obsolete fixed production assets with new, more progressive and economical ones); retirement (liquidation) ratio, i.e. the share of fixed production assets that retired in the reporting year in their total value at the beginning of the year; coefficient of growth of fixed production assets, i.e., the share of their real growth in the total value of fixed production assets at the end of the year.

ü 3. Depreciation, restoration and replacement of equipment

Wear processes are subject to all tools of production, machinery and equipment. Depreciation can be physical and moral. Physical wear and tear manifests itself in two forms: mechanical wear and tear of the means of labor and the loss of technical and production qualities during their operation; destruction of means of labor as a result of the influence of natural conditions (metal rusting, corrosion, etc.).

Physical wear is a natural phenomenon. The main task is to prevent its premature occurrence. Completely physically worn-out funds are replaced: the active part - with new equipment; buildings and structures - through capital construction.

Obsolescence manifests itself in two forms. The first form is the result of an increase in labor productivity, an increase in the level of technical equipment of production, when there is a reduction in labor costs and, as a result, the cost of products. Tools of labor lose part of their value in proportion to the decrease in socially necessary costs for the production of tools of labor similar in their purpose, but they completely retain their consumer properties, since with the same costs of living labor they make it possible to produce the same amount of products as new tools of labor.

The second form of obsolescence is associated with scientific and technological progress, due to which more advanced tools of labor appear - both in terms of their design and technical parameters, and in terms of operational indicators. Elimination of obsolescence can be carried out by both replacement and modernization.

ü 4. Types of valuation

There are the following types of valuation of fixed production assets:

The initial cost, which is determined as the sum of the acquisition cost (price) and the cost of transporting and installing tools;

In capital construction - the estimated cost established for the object put into operation;

Replacement cost - the cost of a product, determined not by the time that is actually spent on its production, but by the time that is necessary for the reproduction of the product in modern conditions. It is calculated by the formula:

,

where Tsper - initial cost, rub.;

P - the average annual growth rate of labor productivity in the industry as a whole;

t - time lag (from the year of issue to the moment of assessment).

Due to the sharp rise in the cost of fixed capital, the initial information for the revaluation should be the full book value fixed production assets and indices of conversion factors. The replacement cost is used in the revaluation of fixed production assets. According to the recommendations of the State Statistics Committee of Russia, the revaluation is carried out in 10-20 years at low inflation rates and annually at high inflation rates;

Residual value is that part of the cost of fixed production assets that is not transferred to finished products as a result of the fact that the further use of this technique is not economically justified, and is determined by the formula:

Tsost \u003d Tsper - Tsper On Tek \u003d Tsper (1 - On Tk),

where Na is the depreciation rate, in fractions of a unit;

Tek - period of operation, in years;

Salvage value - the cost of selling dismantled equipment at Tslik > TsOST.

Excess value is directed to the income of the enterprise. If Tslik< Цост, потери зачисляются в убыток, а при оценке эффективности новой техники, поступающей на замену ликвидированной, потери приплюсовываются к новой стоимости, но только для оценки эффективности замены.

ü 5. Methods for calculating depreciation rates

Depreciation- Gradual transfer of the cost of fixed production assets to the manufactured product. Depreciation and the formation of an amortization fund are carried out by establishing norms in percentages or fractions of a unit of the balance sheet value of fixed production assets.

There are several methods for calculating depreciation rates.

The proportional method provides for the calculation of the depreciation rate (Na) in any period of operation of fixed production assets, i.e.

Na \u003d 1 / Tn, where Tn is the standard service life of the equipment, in years.

The most common method for determining the standard service life is that as the service life of fixed assets increases, annual depreciation charges (Ai) decrease, and the costs of maintaining fixed assets in working condition

(3pi) grow. The economically justified service life (Teo) will be determined by the year (Teoi) in which the annual total costs, i.e., annual depreciation charges (Ai) plus repair costs (3pj), will be minimal: Teoi = Ai + 3pi = min.

The need to establish an economically justified period is explained by the fact that if the standard service life of the equipment is overestimated, then the full physical deterioration occurs before the value of fixed assets is transferred to finished products. In case of underestimation of the standard service life, the value of fixed assets is transferred to finished products even before the onset of complete physical wear and tear.

The accelerated method is that a large share of depreciation accounts for the first years of operation of fixed production assets. In this case, the standard service life is calculated in conventional years. For example, at Tn = 10 years, the conditional amount will be: Tus = 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 10 = 55. In the first year, Nai = 10/55 = 18.2%, in the second - Na2 = 9/55 = = 16.3%, in the third - Na3 = 8/55 = 14.5%, ..., in the tenth - Na10 = 1/55 = 1.8%.

This method is widely used in industries with high rates of obsolescence of the active part of fixed production assets. It is beneficial in cases where fixed assets are used beyond the standard useful life, since the tax for the use of equipment is paid in the amount of the depreciation rate in the last year of the equipment's useful life. With the accelerated method (Tn = 10 years) Na = 1.8%; with the proportional method - Na = 10%. Another method accelerated depreciation provides for a 2-fold increase in the depreciation rate for the active part, calculated in a proportional (uniform) way.

Along with accelerated depreciation, enterprises in priority industries that ensure technical progress can additionally write off up to 50% of the initial cost of equipment with a service life of more than 3 years. In case of misuse, an additional amount of depreciation is included in the taxable base and is subject to tax. income tax.

ü 6. Main indicators of the use of fixed production assets

The effectiveness of the use of fixed production assets is evaluated by general and particular indicators. The most general indicator reflecting the level of use of fixed production assets is capital productivity. There are several methods for calculating return on assets. The most common is the cost method. gross output, i.e., a comparison of the value of gross output (GRP) and the average annual value of fixed production assets. However, this method does not take into account the impact of material costs, which artificially affect the value of capital productivity. Other methods involve the use of: marketable products, own, private and conditionally private products, profits. Particular indicators include the shift factor, the load factor, the utilization factor of dimensional parameters, etc.

The shift ratio (Kcm) of equipment operation or full-shift use of equipment is defined as the ratio of the actual number of machine-shifts worked during the day (C) to the number of installed equipment (nu): Kcm \u003d (C1 + C2 + C3) / n. The load factor (Кзг) or intra-shift use of equipment is defined as the ratio of the time of its actual operation (machine intensity of the annual program - SEg) to the annual effective fund of the operating time of the installed equipment: Кзт = SEг/Фэф.

The coefficient of use of the dimensional parameters of the equipment is defined as a ratio, where in the numerator each term is the product of the dimensional parameter (interval) of the part by the load factor of the machine with the details of this interval, and in the denominator - the product of one of the dimensional parameters of the machine by the total coefficient of its load:

,

Where is the i-th dimensional interval of the part, mm;

Dimensional parameter of the machine, mm;

Kzgi - load factor of the machine with details of the i-th dimensional interval;

- total load factor of the machine;

k- number of dimensional intervals (i = 1, 2, 3, ..., to);

t - dimensional parameter of the machine (length - l; height - h; diameter - d etc.).

The overall utilization factor of dimensional parameters is determined by the formula:

,

where P- the number of dimensional parameters.

The average annual cost of fixed assets can be calculated in two ways. According to the first method, the input and disposal of fixed production assets are timed to the beginning of the period (month), and the indicator of the average annual cost of fixed production assets is determined by the formula:

,

where OPFng, OPFkg - the cost of fixed production assets at the beginning and end of the reporting year;

The total value of fixed production assets on the 1st day of each month starting from February (i = 2) and ending in December (n = 12).

,

Where OPFng - the cost of fixed assets at the beginning of the year;

;- the cost of introduced and liquidated fixed assets in the i-th month;

Ti - the period of validity of the introduced or liquidated fixed assets during the year, in months.

ü 7. The relationship and impact of labor productivity on capital productivity

Return on assets, defined as the ratio of the cost of gross output (VP) to the average annual cost of fixed production assets (OPFavg. g), can be calculated using the formula:

= output / capital-labor ratio,

where H- the average number of workers.

The return on assets increases, provided that the growth rate of output (productivity) outstrips the growth rate of capital-labor ratio.

ü 8. Total and direct capital intensity

The index of capital intensity of production is used mainly in substantiating the rates and proportions of expanded reproduction, assessing the effectiveness of the sectoral structure and the location of production, pricing and determining the prospective need for fixed production assets.

In general, capital intensity reflects the cost of fixed production assets per 1 ruble. manufactured products. It is an inverse indicator of return on assets, i.e. FE = 1 / FO.

Depending on the participation of fixed production assets in the output of products, capital intensity can be of three types. Direct capital intensity of production takes into account the cost of fixed assets of a particular enterprise, such as an automobile plant. The indirect capital intensity of products includes only the cost of fixed production assets that operate at related enterprises and indirectly participate in the creation of components for a particular enterprise. So, associated enterprises for an automobile plant are metallurgical plants, plants instrumentation and petrochemical industry, etc.

Full capital intensity production is the total value of direct and indirect capital intensity. For example, in the automotive industry, the cost of fixed production assets per 100 thousand rubles. products, is 30 thousand rubles. (direct capital intensity). However, the production technology automotive industry associated with the costs of not only living, but also embodied labor (means and objects of labor, with the help of which products are manufactured for the automotive industry (metallurgy, instrument making, etc.)). This is indirect capital intensity. Taking into account its value, the total capital intensity of automotive products is 152 thousand rubles. for 100 thousand rubles. products.

Incremental capital intensity- this is the ratio of the increase in the value of fixed production assets for a certain period (month, quarter, year) to the increase in production for the same period. It is used to establish the reasons that affect the level of capital intensity in the study period.

ü 9. Specific capital intensity

The calculation of the specific capital intensity for each item of multi-product production is associated with certain difficulties. Therefore, the entire range of manufactured products is grouped on the basis of the similarity of certain classification features. In each group, a typical representative is allocated, for which the specific capital intensity is calculated.

The cost of fixed production assets of various departments of the enterprise is determined by the method of direct differential calculation of the specific capital intensity of a unit of production. The specific capital intensity of a unit of production is the product of the specific capital intensity of work and the machine-tool intensity of the product. The specific capital intensity of work is determined by dividing the cost of the enterprise's fixed production assets by the machine intensity of the annual program.

This method consists in the consistent establishment of the cost of all elements of fixed production assets attributable to the production of a unit of work and products. In this case, the calculation is carried out from the previous stage of the production process to the next, with access to the final technological operation.

The production process is heterogeneous in its internal structure and content. It can be divided into a large number of components, i.e., private processes, each of which differs in the form and originality of its organization.

Information on the distribution of the value of fixed production assets cannot serve as a basis for predicting future needs or assessing the excess cost of fixed capital, since the results obtained are typical for the production conditions prevailing at the time of calculation and take into account all negative deviations associated with the use of fixed production assets.

Consequently, the real current and future need for fixed production assets (as well as their surplus) should be based on the standard specific capital intensity of a unit of production for each year of the prospective period, since the market requires competitive products that require a more advanced production technology compared to that used by a competitor.

ü 10. Lease of fixed production assets

The classic form of lease is the temporary transfer by the owner of the property of the legal right to use tools and other elements of fixed production assets to the tenant. The relationship of the parties to the transaction is legalized lease agreement.

The buyout of leased property is a kind of sale by installments, therefore one of the main issues of lease relations is the valuation of the leased property. The valuation of property is understood as the total costs for the formation of the entire set of production assets, as well as the costs of maintaining them in working condition.

One of the forms of long-term lease of machinery, equipment and other types of property with periodic payment of its cost is leasing.

If leasing is a lease from 5 to 20 years, then hiring is a medium-term lease from one year to 5 years, and the rating is short-term (up to one year).

The leasing form of rent is the most progressive and has a number of advantages for both the landlord and the tenant. It is implemented on the basis of a concluded agreement, which reflects all the conditions that allow the lessor to transfer to the other party - tenant object rent for a fee. In the contract, all the main articles are formulated in detail and clearly in order to eliminate disagreements.

Tasks and guidelines

■ Task 1.

Determine the coefficients characterizing the structure of fixed production assets.

Initial data: the cost of fixed production assets at the beginning of the year OPFng = 15 million rubles. During the year, OPFvv was introduced - 5.4 million rubles, written off from the balance sheet of the enterprise OPFlik - 2.7 million rubles.

Guidelines

The coefficient of renewal of fixed production assets:

where OPFkg - fixed production assets at the end of the year:

OPFkg \u003d OPFng + OPFpr (here OPFpr \u003d OPFvv - OPFlik).

Retirement rate: Click = OLFlick / 0PFng.

Growth coefficient: Kpr \u003d OPFpr / OPFkg.

§ Task 2.

Determine the cost of input (OPFvv) and disposal (OPFlik), growth rate (Kpr) and disposal (Click).

Initial data: cost of OPFng = 2.0 million rubles; increase in OPFpr = 0.2 million rubles; renewal coefficient Kobn = 0.35.

Guidelines

The cost of fixed production assets at the end of the year

OPFkg \u003d OPFng + OPFpr.

The cost of entering OPFvv = OPFkg Cobn.

OPFlik disposal cost = OPFvv - OPFpr.

Growth coefficient Kpr \u003d OPFpr / OPFkg.

Retirement rate Click = OPFlik / OPFng.

§ Task 3.

Determine the average annual cost of fixed assets (two methods).

Initial data: OPFact = 4.0 million rubles; share of the active part αact = 0.4; introduced during the year: March - 0.5 million rubles; July - 0.1 million rubles; retired: May - 200 thousand rubles; August - 150 thousand rubles.

Guidelines

Calculation of the average annual cost of fixed assets can be carried out by two methods. According to the first method, the input and disposal of fixed production assets are timed to the beginning of the period (month), and the indicator of the average annual cost of fixed production assets takes the following form:

where OPFng; OPFkg - the cost of fixed production assets at the beginning ( 1st of January) and end ( 31th of December) reporting year;

The total value of fixed production assets on the 1st day of each month starting from February ( i= 2 ) and ending with December ( n = 12 ).

According to the second method, the input and disposal are timed to the end of the analyzed period:

where OPFvvi; OPFliki, - the cost of the introduced and liquidated fixed assets in i-th month;

Ti - the period of validity of the introduced or liquidated fixed assets during the year, in months;

n, m - the number of measures to enter and write off the balance of fixed assets.

The disadvantage of the second method is that on its basis the average annual cost of fixed production assets introduced and written off from the balance sheet is determined, and according to the first method, the average annual cost of all cash funds involved in production on a monthly basis. When calculating by the second method, an error (decrease) in the average annual cost occurs, the value of which can be determined by the formula:

§ Task 4.

Determine the annual effective fund of the operating time of a piece of equipment () with an age equal to t1 , = 6 years; t2= 8 years; t3= 14 years; t4= 18 years old.

Guidelines

As equipment ages, the potential for its operating time decreases, i.e., depending on the number of years of operation, the annual effective fund of equipment operation time decreases.

The annual effective fund of the operating time of a piece of equipment in one shift does not change with the age of up to 5 years and is 1870 hours, where 0.1 is the proportion of time allotted for repairs. As you increase equipment age the annual fund of time is reduced: for the age from 6 to 10 years - annually by 1.5%, from 11 to 15 years - by 2.0%, over 15 years - by 2.5%.

So, for the age group up to 5 years = 1870 hours; from 6 to 10 years = 1870 (1 - ); from 10 to 15 years old = 1870 (1 - ); over 15 years = 1870 (1 - ).

According to the aggregated estimate, the annual effective fund of the operating time of a piece of equipment in one shift with the actual age can be determined by the formula:

where tf is the actual age of the equipment.

§ Task 5.

Determine the annual effective fund of equipment fleet operation time.

Initial data: the equipment park (Pb) consists of 20 units, of which 5-year-old equipment is 8 units; 12 years old - 8 units, 16 years old - 4 units.

Guidelines

The annual fund of operating time of the equipment fleet can be calculated in two ways.

According to the first method, the annual effective fund of equipment operation time for each age group is equal to:

,

where is the annual fund of the operating time of a piece of equipment i-th age group;

ni- the number of pieces of equipment of the Z-th age group;

m-number of age groups ( i= 1, 2, 3, ..., t).

According to the second method, the annual fund of the operating time of the equipment fleet is defined as the product of the annual fund of the operating time of a piece of equipment of middle age () by the amount of equipment in the fleet ( nP):

.

In its turn

,

where ti- actual age i th group of equipment;

ni- number of pieces of equipment i- th age group.

1870 (1) = 1870 x 0.925 = 1729 hours, and the annual effective fund of the equipment fleet will be:

.

§ Task 6.

Determine the economic life of the equipment.

Initial data: the price of a unit of equipment Tsob = 6 thousand rubles, the costs of maintaining the equipment in working condition are carried out in the third year of operation of the equipment and are: 3z = 0.2 thousand rubles; 34 = 0.5 thousand rubles; 35 = 0.7 thousand rubles; 36 \u003d 0.8 thousand rubles; 37 \u003d 0.9 thousand rubles; 38 = = 0.9 thousand rubles; 39 = 1.0 thousand rubles; 310 \u003d 1.2 thousand rubles.

Guidelines

It is known that as the service life of fixed production assets increases, annual depreciation deductions decrease, as the depreciation rate (Na) changes: Na = 1/T, where T is the service life of the equipment. Therefore, the longer the life of the equipment, the lower the depreciation deductions. However, an increase in the service life of equipment is accompanied by an increase in the cost of its repair. The economically justified life of the equipment is determined by the year (Teo) when the total costs, i.e. annual depreciation (Ai) plus repair costs (3 pi), will be minimal. In other words, the following condition must be met:

Ai + 3pi = min, where Аi - annual depreciation charges in the i-th year:

Аi = Цj, Nai. So, at T1 = 1 year, Na = 1.0; at T2 = 2 years Ha = 0.5; at T3 = 3 years Ha = 0.33, ..., at T10 = 10 years Ha = 0.1.

§ Task 7.

Determine the depreciation rate using the method of proportional and accelerated transfer of the cost of fixed assets.

Initial data: the price of a piece of equipment Tsob = 10 thousand rubles; service life T = 12 years.

Guidelines

The proportional depreciation method provides for the calculation of an equal depreciation rate in any period of operation of fixed production assets: Na = 1/Tn 100%; for example, at T \u003d 5 years, Na \u003d (1/5) 100 \u003d 20%, or 0.2.

The advantage of this method is the straight-line accumulation of depreciation charges, and the disadvantage is the obviously fixed constant value of the depreciation period. In addition, this method of depreciation does not provide sufficient incentives to improve the efficiency of equipment use.

The accelerated method is that the main share of depreciation accounts for the first years of equipment service. In this case, its service life is calculated in conventional years, that is, it is expressed as the sum of natural numbers from one to n, where n is the service life in years. So, at T= 10 years, the conditional number of years is: 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 10 = 55 arb. years. In the first year, Ha = 10/55 = 18.2%, in the second, Ha = 9/55 = 16.3%, in the third year, Ha = 8/55 = 14.5%, ..., in the tenth, Ha = 1/55 = 1.8%. This method is widely used in industries with high rates of obsolescence. It is beneficial in cases where fixed assets are used beyond their normal useful life, since the tax on equipment is the depreciation rate in the last year of its useful life. With the proportional method, it will be 10%, with the accelerated method - 1.8%. The accelerated method allows you to increase the level of competitiveness of the enterprise, as it has more opportunities for updating the equipment fleet.

■ Task 8.

Determine the initial, replacement and residual value of fixed assets.

Initial data: purchase price of a piece of equipment Tsob - 5 thousand rubles; transport and installation costs Ztm = = 1.0 thousand rubles; average annual growth rates of labor productivity in the industry Cond = 0.03, or 3%; depreciation rate

Ha = 10%, or 0.1; Tek operation period - 7 years.

Guidelines

The initial cost is the cost of acquiring a piece of equipment (Tsob) plus transport and installation costs (3tm): Tsper = Tsob + Ztm. The replacement cost is the cost of equipment for the year of revaluation:

Tsvos = Tsper(1 + P)t, where P is the average annual growth rate of labor productivity in the industry; t is the time between the years of production of equipment and revaluation, for example, the year of acquisition is 1989, the year of revaluation is 1997, t = 8 years.

Residual value is the initial value reduced by the amount of the transferred value: Cost = Tsper - Tsper On Tek \u003d Tsper (1- On Tek)

■ Task 9.

Determine the coefficients of use of the whole-shift (shift factor) and intra-shift operating time of the equipment, the integral coefficient of use.

Initial data: installed equipment in the amount of n = 30 units. worked in the first shift S1= 30 stankosmen in the second S2 = 15 stankosmen. The machine-tool capacity of the annual production program: products A - SEB = 15 thousand hours. The average age of the equipment fleet is Tav - 9 years.

Guidelines

The shift ratio is the ratio of the number of machine shifts worked per day to the number of installed equipment (ny): Kcm = (S1 + S2) / ny

Coefficient of tselosmennoe use of the fleet of installed equipment: Ksm. use = Ksm/Kr, where Kp - equipment operation mode (number of shifts per day,

Cr from 1 to 3).

The equipment load factor is the ratio of the machine-tool capacity of the annual production program (SE year) to the annual effective fund of the operating time of the installed equipment fleet:

Kzg \u003d SE year / Fef ( - the annual fund of the operating time of a piece of equipment with an average age T).

Integral utilization factor of the installed equipment fleet:

§ Task 10.

Determine the return on assets for gross and net output.

Initial data: the value of gross output at the end of the year VPkg = 5 million rubles; the share of material costs, taking into account depreciation αmz = 0.6. The cost of fixed production assets at the beginning of the year OPFng = 2 million rubles; introduced during the year (July) - 2 million rubles; retired (September) - 1.5 million rubles.

Guidelines

Return on assets is the cost of production per 1 rub. the average annual cost of fixed production assets. In the practice of planning and analyzing the efficiency of production, several methods for calculating the return on assets are used: by gross output, by net output, etc.

The gross output of an enterprise is the volume of production in monetary terms produced for a certain period:

where Цi - unit price of the i-th nomenclature of manufactured products;

Ai - annual volume of the i-th product;

to- the number of nomenclature items.

Net output is the value newly created in the production process, which is calculated as the difference between gross output and material costs (MZ), including depreciation (A):

PE \u003d VP-(MZ + A) \u003d VP (1-αmZ),

Where αmz is the share of material costs, taking into account depreciation.

The average annual cost of fixed production assets - see task 3 of this topic and guidelines for it.

■ Task 11.

Determine the rate of growth of capital productivity.

Initial data: the value of gross output VP= 12 million rubles, the cost of fixed production assets at the beginning of the year OPFNG= 6 million rubles; the share of the active part of fixed production assets at the beginning of the year αact n = 0.6; load factor Kzg = 0.75. By the end of the year, the share of the active part will increase to αact k = 0.7, the load factor Kzg = 0,85.

Guidelines

The cost of the active part of fixed production assets is determined by the formula:

OPFact=OPFαact,

Where OPF- the cost of fixed production assets;

αact - the share of the active part of fixed production assets.

Growth in gross output as a result of:

a) growth of the active part:

VPact \u003d FOact. ng(OPFact. kg-OPFact.ng)

where FOact. ng - return on assets of the active part of fixed production assets at the beginning of the year;

OP Fact. ng, OP Fact. kg - the cost of the active part of fixed production assets at the beginning and end of the year;

αact ng; αact kg - the share of the active part of fixed production assets at the beginning and end of the year;

b) reduction of intra-shift losses:

,

where Kzg. ng; Kzg. kg- load factor at the beginning and end of the year.

Total increase in gross output: Vpo5sch= VPakt + VPv/cm.

The growth rate of capital productivity is the ratio of capital productivity at the end of the year to capital productivity at the beginning of the year: tp FO \u003d FOCG / FONT.

§ Task 12.

Determine the utilization factor of the dimensional parameters of the equipment.

Guidelines

At the first stage, parts are grouped by dimensional intervals and the machine capacity or load factor for each dimensional interval is determined.

The coefficient of use of the dimensional parameters of the equipment is set as a ratio, where in the numerator each term is the product of the i-th dimensional interval of the part (Rdi) and the load factor of the machine with parts of the corresponding dimensional interval (Кзгi), and in the denominator - the product of one of the dimensional parameters of the machine (m) on the total load factor:

,

where ; - dimensional interval of the part and the machine for the corresponding m-th characteristic ( l- length, d- diameter, h- height, etc.);

to- the number of dimensional intervals of the part (i=1,2, 3, ..., k).

The overall coefficient of use of dimensional parameters Ki(total) is defined as the sum of the coefficients of use of dimensional parameters divided by the number of characteristics:

, or

where ; ; - equipment utilization factors

by diameter ( d), length ( l), m-th characteristic;

b is the number of characteristics (i = 1, 2, ..., b).

When evaluating the use of dimensional parameters of equipment, it should be borne in mind that its characteristics indicate the size of the part being processed or installed.

For equipment, the dimensional parameter of which is determined by the diameter and length of the product being installed, it should be borne in mind that when the diameter is fully used, the possibilities of processing the length are reduced to 50%.

Then

If the length of the installed product is fully used, the possibility of processing the part in diameter should not exceed 60%.

The calculation formula for the utilization factor of the diameter of the machine takes the following form:

§ Task 13.

Determine the change in the value of fixed production assets in the reporting year, if in base year the cost of fixed production assets amounted to OPF base - 5.0 million rubles; machine-tool intensity of the annual program

SE = 200 thousand hours; machine-tool capacity of a unit of product A - SEA = 150 h; products

B-SEB = 400 h; annual volume of the product A - QA = 600 units; products B - QB = 275 units.

In the reporting year, QA = 400 units; QB = 600 units

Guidelines

The distribution of the cost of fixed production assets by products is based on the specific capital intensity of work (UFErab), which is defined as the ratio of the cost of fixed production assets (OPF) to the machine intensity of the annual program (SE): UFE6 = OPF / SE.

The need for fixed production assets for the annual program of the i-th product is determined by the formula: ;

for the annual program of the entire issue:

;

where k is the number of items.

The change in value is defined as the difference between the cost of fixed production assets in the reporting and base years.

■ Task 14.

Determine the price of the leasing contract in order to confirm that this transaction is economically beneficial for both the landlord and the tenant.

Initial data: Tar lease term = 5 years; the initial cost of the leased equipment Tsper = 15 thousand rubles; depreciation rate Na - 0.125; net income standard NPV = 0.11; expenses of the landlord Tsar = 16,850 rubles; annual interest rate for credit D = 0.1. There are no benefits for the tenant.

Guidelines

The leasing transaction is economically justified:

for the lessor, provided that the actual value of net income (NPV) exceeds its standard value (NPV):

NRF > NPV;

for the tenant, provided that the amount of the loan for the purchase of the leased equipment (the initial price of the equipment, taking into account the rate for the loan) exceeds the cost of the license contract, i.e. CCR>CL.

The price of a license contract is determined by the formula:

where Cp - the initial price of the leased equipment;

depreciation rate is taken equal to 1.0;

Kni - coefficient taking into account property tax: Kni = (1 + 0.2) = 1.2.

Capital investments for the purchase of leased equipment, taking into account the rate for the loan, are calculated according to the formula:

where D is the annual interest rate for a loan (in fractions of a unit).

Questions:

1) What is the criterion for classifying the property of an enterprise as fixed production assets (OPF)?

2) Expand the essence of the technological, specific (production) and age structure of the BPF.

3) What are the types of OPF valuations and what are they used for?

4) What is the essence of the physical and obsolescence of the OPF, the factors influencing them?

5) What are the essence and significance of the reproductive policy at the micro level?

6) What are the main indicators characterizing the level of use of 0PF?

7) What is the essence of depreciation and what changes have occurred in depreciation policy in recent years?

8) What are the most important and realistic ways to improve usage

OPF at the enterprise?

8) What methods of depreciation calculation are used

9) What are the methods of depreciation calculation?

Educational edition

MAIN PRODUCTION ASSETS OF THE ENTERPRISE

Guidelines for conducting practical classes in the discipline "Economics, Enterprise Management" for IV-year students studying in the direction 200100 "Instrument Engineering", specialties: 200101 "Instrument Engineering", 200106 "Information and Measuring Equipment and Technologies", 200102 "Instruments and Control Methods quality and diagnostics.

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candidate of technical sciences,

assistant professor

Editor

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Signed for publication on 00.00.2008. Format 60x84/16. Paper "Snow Maiden".

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The average annual cost of fixed assets is an indicator that characterizes the average cost of a company's fixed assets. It also allows you to evaluate how efficiently the company uses its own resources. In the article, methods of calculation and scope of the indicator.

What are fixed assets

Fixed assets are property owned by an enterprise on a long-term basis, and which are used in the activities of the company.

Fixed assets are both industrial and non-productive purposes. For example, spinning machines in a weaving factory belong to the funds for production purposes, they are a means of labor and take part in the manufacture of fabric. As for fixed assets for non-production purposes, they include, for example, sanatoriums, educational institutions, residential buildings - in other words, property transferred to the jurisdiction of non-profit structures.


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The formula for calculating the average annual cost of fixed assets, taking into account the time of their write-off and commissioning

The basic formula for calculating the average annual cost of OPF is convenient to use, but has a significant drawback. Since it does not take into account the moment of commissioning of fixed assets and the moment of their write-off, it cannot be used in a situation in which high accuracy of calculations is fundamental.

For such a case, a different formula is more suitable, taking into account the dynamics of the receipt and disposal of fixed assets.

Wed. = Sn.g. + M1 /1 2 * Cin. - M2 / 12 * Sel.

where Cng is the cost of OPF at the beginning of the year,

With input. – cost of fixed assets put into operation during the year,

From choice - the value of assets written off during the year,

M1 - time during which the introduced OF were used (in months)

M2 - the time during which the written-off fixed assets were not used. (in months)

Example 2

Let's take as a basis the initial data of example 1 and calculate the average annual cost of fixed assets, taking into account their input (write-off):

Avg \u003d 20,000 + (8 / 12 * 300 + 5 / 12 * 200 + 3 / 12 * 400) - (10 / 12 * 100 + 11 / 12 * 500) \u003d 19841.67 thousand rubles.

Note that this method of calculation is more time-consuming, but at the same time more accurate - since it allows you to take into account the uneven operation of funds. The average annual cost of fixed assets calculated in this way is also called the average annual total book value of fixed assets.

Calculation of the average annual cost of OPF according to the balance sheet

The average annual cost of the OPF can also be determined using the balance sheet indicators as a basis.

The formula used for this calculation will look like:

Wed. \u003d Sat + (Svved. * M) / 12 - (Svyb. * (12 - Mf)) / 12

where Sat is the book value of fixed assets,

Cvved. - the cost of the OPF, commissioned funds,

Cvyb. - the cost of decommissioned fixed assets,

M is the time that has elapsed since the start of using the OPF (in months),

Mf - the time during which the fixed assets were used before its disposal (in months).

The residual (book) value of all OPF of the organization is indicated on line 150 of the balance sheet.

Determination of the average annual cost of the OPF according to the average chronological

If the goal of the calculations is maximum accuracy, it is advisable to apply the chronological average method. First, determine the average values ​​of the cost of the OPF for each month (taking into account the input and write-off), and then divide the sum of these values ​​by 12.

Cav = ((From 01.01 + From 31.01) / 2 + (From 01.02 + From 28.02) / 2 ... + (From 01.12 + From 31.12) / 2) / 12

where C as of 01.01 is the cost of the OPF at the beginning of the first month of the year;

From 31.01 - the cost of the OPF at the end of the first month, and so on.

Example 4

Let's determine the average annual cost of OPF according to the data from the first example

C on 01.01 = C on 31.01 = C on 01.02 = C on 28.02 = C on 01.03 = C on 31.03 31 = C on 01.04 = 20000

C on 30.04 = 20000+300= 203000= C on 01.05 = C on 31.05 = C on 01.06 = C on 30.06 = C on 01.07

From 31.07 = 20300 + 200 = 20500 = From 01.08 = From 31.08 = From 01.09

From 30.09 = 20500 + 400 = 20900 = From 01.10

From 31.10 = 20900 - 100 = 20800 = From 01.11

From 30.11 = 20800 - 500 = 20300 = From 01.12 = From 31.12

C \u003d ((20000 + 20000) / 2 + (20000 + 20000) / 2 + (20000 + 20000) / 2 + (20000 + 20300) / 2 + (20300 + 20300) / 2 + (20300 + 20300) / 2 + (20300 + 20500) / 2 + (20500 + 20500) / 2 + (20500 + 20900) /2 + (20900+20800) / 2 + (20800 + 20300) / 2 + (20300 + 20300) / 2) / 12 = 20337.5 thousand rubles

The method that uses the chronological average is the most accurate, but at the same time the most labor-intensive algorithm for calculating the average annual cost of the OPF.

Calculation of the average annual cost of OF according to the rules of the Tax Code

The Tax Code of the Russian Federation establishes a special algorithm for calculating the average annual cost of fixed assets, which taxpayers are required to use when calculating corporate property tax.

Avg= (Status on 01.01+ Status on 01.02 + ... + Status on 01.12 + Status on 31.12) / 13

Example 5

Table 1. Residual value of fixed assets of the enterprise (thousand rubles)

OPF cost

Calculate the average annual cost of OF:

(400 + 380 + 360 + 340 + 320 + 300 + 280 + 260 + 240 + 220 + 200 +180 + 160): (12 months + 1) = 280 thousand rubles.

Using the average annual cost of OPF in economic analysis

Let's consider the scope of the average annual cost of OPF in the calculation of other economic indicators.

If we take the volume of products manufactured by the enterprise and divide it by the average annual cost of the OPF, then we get return on assets ratio, which actually shows , how many manufactured products in monetary terms account for 1 ruble of fixed assets.

If, over time, the return on assets of the enterprise increases, this allows us to conclude that the company's capacities are used efficiently. Decrease in return on assets - on the contrary, says the opposite.

If the average annual cost of the OPF is taken as a dividend, and the volume of output is used as a divisor, then the capital intensity ratio will be obtained, which allows you to determine what value of fixed assets is needed to manufacture a unit of output.

If we divide the average annual cost of the OPF by the average number of employees, this will allow us to calculate the capital-labor ratio, which shows the extent to which each of the employees of the enterprise is provided with the necessary means of labor.

If the average annual cost of the OPF is multiplied by the depreciation rate coefficient characterizing the operating conditions of the funds, we will get the amount of depreciation deductions for the year. This indicator can be used not only as a retrospective, but also in the preparation of business plans, as a forecast.

 

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