Psychophysical features of labor. Psychophysiology of labor. Static fatigue

Breathing exercises.

Exercises for the eyes.

Fatigue prevention.

Computer and life.

Conclusion.

Introduction.

The development of science and technology leads to an ever greater intellectualization of labor. This process led to the emergence of such new professions as operators of a wide profile, machine adjusters, conveyor workers, technicians, laboratory technicians for servicing electronic computers, transport dispatchers, etc., requiring special knowledge and high nervous tension from workers. For centuries, the dominant forms of physical labor are replaced by more and more intellectual labor.

Scientific and technological progress has a global impact on all types of human labor activity, on the nature of his rest and entertainment. The pace of life is accelerating, the forms of interaction between people in small and large groups are changing, and many of the needs of people are changing.

Many types of labor can be attributed to mental ones, which differ significantly in the organization of the work process, the distribution of the load, the degree of neuro-emotional stress. Conventionally, the following groups can be distinguished:

1) The work of engineers, economists, accountants, office workers, which requires mainly the tension of thought processes and is carried out according to a pre-developed plan;

2) The managerial nature of work is typical for managers of enterprises, institutions, large and small teams, for teachers. Its distinctive features are uneven load, the need to make non-standard decisions, the possibility of conflict situations;

3) The work of scientists, designers, writers, composers, actors, artists is characterized by the creation of new products of creative activity, an unregulated schedule, a periodically arising increase in the degree of neuro-emotional stress;

4) Operator work covers a large group of professions related to the management of machines, equipment, technological processes. The work is distinguished by special responsibility and high neuro-emotional stress;

5) Labor with a heavy load on small muscle groups, requiring the tension of individual analyzers and attention functions, is typical for typesetters, controllers, collectors, etc .;

6) The work of medical workers is associated with great responsibility, often with a lack of information necessary for making the right decision, the complexity of relationships with patients, which causes its high tension;

7) Mastering new knowledge requires students to strain memory, attention, thought processes necessary for the perception and reproduction of new information.

Intellectual labor with its increased requirements for mental stability, prolonged nervous tension, the ability to process a large flow of various information differs from physical labor. In the latter, muscle fatigue is a normal physiological state developed in the course of evolution as a biological adaptation that protects the body from overload. Mental work is the achievement of nature at the higher stages of its development, and the human body has not yet had time, naturally, to adapt to it. Evolution has not yet developed reactions that reliably protect the central nervous system from overstrain. Therefore, the onset of nervous (mental) fatigue, in contrast to physical (muscle) fatigue, does not lead to an automatic cessation of work, but only causes overexcitation, neurotic shifts, which, accumulating and deepening, lead to a person's illness. T. n. "Diseases of civilization" are especially frequent among representatives of professions associated with sedentary intense mental work and emotional stress.

In these new conditions for the human body, each mental worker must learn to calmly and soberly assess his strengths and capabilities, learn to control his body, competently use the means of physical culture and sports for this purpose. The latest scientific data, of course, testify to the enormous benefits of physical exercise for people working with increased neuro-emotional stress in conditions of physical inactivity.

Preserving and strengthening the health of workers, increasing and maintaining their high efficiency is one of the most important tasks of our society. Among the many factors determining its decision, a prominent place belongs to physical culture. It contributes to the adaptation of the body to the rapidly changing working and living conditions, being one of the main components of a healthy lifestyle of contemporaries. It is no coincidence that K. Marx characterized health as unlimited freedom for each person to perform their biological and social functions. In strengthening the health of the population, harmonious development of the individual, in preparing young people for work and protecting the Motherland, the importance of physical culture and sports, their introduction into everyday life, is increasing.

Psychophysiology of mental labor.

Job satisfaction is more conducive to longevity than physical development, eating habits, non-smoking, and parental longevity.

M. Bernst

A working brain consumes significantly more oxygen than other tissues in the body. Composing 2 - 3% of the total body weight, the resting brain tissue absorbs up to 20% of the oxygen consumed by the entire body. Observations on a person working through a difficult book showed that when reading the first 8 pages, the release of carbon dioxide in him increased by 12% compared to the state of rest, after 16 pages - by 20%, and after 32 - by 35%.

During mental work, the blood vessels of the brain are filled with blood, the peripheral vessels of the limbs are narrowed and the vessels of the viscera are dilated, that is, vascular reactions are observed that are opposite to those that occur during muscular work. The functions of the cardiovascular system change slightly. It is another matter when such work is accompanied by emotional experiences. Trouble and excitement, anger and impatience, tension in conditions of lack of time affect the circulatory system. So, before the start of work, a group of people had an average heart rate of 70.6 beats per minute, with a relatively quiet work - 77.4 beats. Mental work of moderate intensity increased the heart rate to 83.5 beats per minute, and with a strong one - to 93.1 beats per minute. In front of the entrance to the classroom where the exam is taking place, students have a heart rate of up to 130 - 144 beats per minute. Arterial pressure rises to 135/85 - 155/95 mm. rt. Art. against 115/70 during training sessions. A similar psychoemotional mobilization is observed in the speaker before a public speech. With simultaneous interpretation for interpreters, the heart rate rises to 160 beats per minute.

Breathing during emotionally intense work becomes uneven, it can become more frequent, deepen and even pause, the oxygen saturation of the blood decreases, and its morphological composition changes. Thermoregulation of the body is impaired, leading to increased sweating - more intense with negative emotions (fear, anxiety) than with positive ones.

The initial signs of fatigue, causing the development of an inhibitory state in the cerebral cortex, which is biologically necessary to prevent depletion of the body, are a signal for stopping work and physiological recovery. However, the process can be inhibited by volitional effort, which only postpones fatigue, but does not eliminate it.

The specificity of intellectual work is that even after the cessation of work, thoughts about it do not leave a person, the "working dominant" does not completely fade away. It is impossible to command yourself: "That's it, I'm finishing thinking!" And in his free time, the doctor does not leave the thought of a difficult patient, the engineer is pursued by drawings, plans, and the researcher again analyzes the results of a failed experiment, trying to find an error, the head of a production enterprise continues to “scroll” in his head the options for solving production problems.

It is noticed that the work of those workers whose workplace is in a room for several people does not end with the expiration of the working time. Not knowing how to think, to solve creative problems in public, the specialist compensates for the wasted efforts already at home, trying to think with a stale head, and during the rest period, he also looks for ideas that he will carry to work tomorrow.

Fatigue grows with dissatisfaction with work, failures. The feeling of fatigue is relieved or weakened by positive emotions, increased interest in work. In an agitated state, you may not notice fatigue.

Functional fatigue is partial at first. So, tired of computational operations, you can successfully engage in reading. But there may also be such a state when, for example, neither mathematics, nor reading literature, nor even a simple conversation are beyond our powers - only an unrestrained desire to sleep. Outward signs of fatigue are shown in Table 1.

Table 1. External signs of mental fatigue.

Objects of observation	Fatigue
	insignificant	significant
Attention	Rare distractions	Scattered, frequent distractions	Weakened, there is no reaction to new stimuli
	Fickle, stretching the legs and straightening the trunk	Frequent changes in posture, turning the head to the sides, leaning back, supporting the head with hands	The desire to put the head on the table, stretching, leaning back in a chair
Movement		Insecure, slowed down	Fidgety hand and finger movements (handwriting impairment)
Interest in new material	Lively interest, asking questions	Decreased interest, no questions	Complete lack of interest, apathy

According to S.A. Kosilov.

With a systematic overstrain of the nervous system, fatigue occurs, which is characterized by a feeling of fatigue already before starting work, lack of interest in it, apathy, increased irritability, dizziness and headache. In addition, dyspeptic disorders occur, tendon reflexes increase, sweating appears, and the body's defenses decrease (table 2).

Table 2. Characteristics of degrees of fatigue.

Symptoms	Overwork degree
	beginning		expressed
Decreased legal capacity		Noticeable	Expressed
The appearance of fatigue	With increased load	Under normal load	With light load	No visible load
Emotional shifts	Temporary loss of interest in work	At times, mood swings	Irritability	Depression, sharp irritability
Sleep disorder	It's harder to fall asleep, wake up	Difficulty falling asleep and waking up	Daytime sleepiness	Insomnia
Decreased mental performance		It's hard to concentrate	At times forgetfulness
Vegetative shifts	At times heaviness in the head	Often heaviness in the head	Occasional headaches, decreased appetite
Preventive measures	Recreation ordering, physical education	Rest, physical education	Organized rest, going on vacation

According to K.K. Platonov.

Observations of clinicians, teachers, sociologists indicate that people who have been in conditions of information overload for a long time have a so-called. "Information neurosis", covered by the need to process a large flow of information and quickly make decisions based on it.

Prolonged neuro-emotional stress without proper rest leads to the fact that a person loses sleep, appetite, he has a bad mood, flashes of irritability, melancholy, headache, etc. appear.

Many types of mental work are associated with the need to contact other people, whole groups. In such conditions, neuro-emotional stress and the associated fatigue are largely determined by the culture of interpersonal relationships, the psychological climate in the team, and often in the family. A properly organized working day, after-work rest, physical activities, sports hobbies will significantly help in relieving fatigue and preventing neurotic and psychological diseases (neurogenic hypertension, coronary heart disease, gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer, etc.).

With prolonged occupation of professional mental work in the body, functional changes may occur, mainly due to low mobility. This is expressed in a deterioration in the work of the heart, sclerotic changes in blood vessels, an increase in hypotension (in young people) and hypertension (in the elderly), the occurrence of neuroses. Lack of movement also leads to weakening of breathing. In the lower parts of the lungs, in the abdominal cavity and legs, blood stagnates. Intestinal atony occurs, putrefaction products accumulate in the body, and headaches appear. A decrease in oxidative processes in the body leads to both anemia and obesity.

It is known that emotional reactions lead to an increase in blood cholesterol levels due to an increase in the level of secretion of a number of hormones, for example, in artists before going on stage, in pilots before a flight, etc. role in the development of sclerotic changes in blood vessels, then the special importance of preventing cardiovascular pathology will become clear.

A limited flow of information enters the brain from a poorly functioning muscle system, and this leads to a weakening of the excitatory process and inhibition in certain zones of the cerebral cortex.

Conditions arise for increased fatigue, a decrease in working capacity, not only physical, but also mental, general well-being worsens. Decreased muscle tone worsens posture.

All of the above emphasizes the importance of the correct organization of mental work and the conditions in which it is performed.

Physical exercise during the working day.

The most important condition for increasing memory function is the healthy state of the nerves, which requires exercise.

K. Ushinsky

We are all accustomed to the words "physical culture", they have become commonplace and therefore risk losing their attractiveness. But we are talking about a very important component of human culture, which includes not only the development of muscles and physical exercise to satisfy the body's natural need for movement, but also the ability to manage your well-being.

This also includes the active use of natural factors of nature (sun, air, water), hygienic conditions of work, rest, life, food. Physical exercises have either a direct effect on a person's performance immediately after their use, or distant, after some time, or cause a cumulative effect, in which the cumulative effect of repeated (over several weeks or months) their use is manifested.

Professor A.M. Wayne, head of the All-Union Center for Pathology of the Autonomic Nervous System, identifies three main factors that determine the influence of movements on the organization of human mental activity. The first factor is associated with mental protection, since every time harmful active substances are formed in the body with excitement or shock. Exercise helps "burn" these poisons. The most dangerous for the body are those negative emotions to which it did not respond with pronounced actions. The second psychotherapeutic factor provides a substitution effect, that is, switching from negative emotions to a favorite activity associated with the use of physical exercises. The third factor determines the activation of the creative process, stimulates the sphere of intellectual activity.

The direct effect of exercise on mental performance is ambiguous. The stimulating effect, as already noted, is provided by small loads. An increase in their intensity and volume, which does not correspond to the preparedness of a person, may be useless, and under certain conditions, influence negatively. All other things being equal, the better the state of health and the higher the level of physical fitness of a person, the greater his resistance to mental fatigue, the stronger the positive effect of various physical activities. That is why in morning exercises (exercises), physical breaks at work or in educational institutions, short-term loads of moderate intensity prevail. To maintain mental performance at a sufficiently high level for a long time, it is advisable to use moderate-intensity exercises.

Table 3. Change in mental performance when using various physical activities within 90 minutes,%.

Load intensity	Heart rate, beats / min	Health level
		original					after 10 hours
Small

Physical activity as a norm and a part of a healthy lifestyle for each person can be realized during a working day in the form of short-term exercise complexes, or in a separate longer session.

For productive mental work, daily walks in the fresh air are necessary for at least 60 - 70 minutes, in addition, physical exercises at least 2 - 3 times a week for 40 - 90 minutes.

In self-training exercises, it is necessary to widely use physical education for all-round physical development, as well as exercises of targeted (specific) effects that affect the vascular system of the brain. These include breathing exercises, exercises for micro-muscles of the visual apparatus, for relaxation, hardening procedures, etc.

It is better to start the introduction to physical culture by turning to the most elementary forms of exercise, which do not require any special medical supervision, or a certain preliminary physical fitness, or a specially equipped place. It is necessary to go from the simple to the more complex, observing the basic principles - regularity, gradualness, availability, control ...

Morning hygienic exercises.

Every day of a practically healthy person should begin with morning exercises.

A set of simple exercises, which can be practiced for only 8-10 minutes to begin with, makes it easy and pleasant to move from morning sluggishness to an active state, to quickly eliminate stagnation that has arisen in the body after a night of motor inactivity. Morning exercise increases the excitability of the central nervous system, accelerates production in the labor process. So, observations of a group of students who regularly performed exercises, and those who did not, showed that the first period of inclusion in high-quality educational work was 15 minutes, and for the second - 45 minutes. Morning exercises helps to mobilize for the upcoming work day, increases efficiency, and creates a good mood. Its positive effect increases after water procedures.

It is better to start classes under the guidance of qualified professionals who teach lessons on radio or television, although this may not quite coincide with your morning routine, calculated in minutes. The inconvenience will be temporary, when you have the skill of correctly performing various and multidirectional exercises, you can do it yourself. Make up a set of gymnastics exercises for yourself, including in the neg those movements that are especially necessary for you personally.

When compiling an individual complex, make sure that it meets the medical requirements:

- Exercises should correspond to the functional capabilities of your body, health status, age, gender, specifics of work;

- to be performed in a certain sequence;

- to cover the main muscle groups and affect strength, stretching, relaxation, and provide an improvement in overall mobility;

- be predominantly dynamic in nature, performed without significant effort and breath holding;

- the load should gradually increase with some decrease towards the end of charging;

- the complex should be periodically updated, because habitual exercise reduces its effectiveness.

1) exercises that contribute to the gradual transition of the body from an inhibited state to a working one. This is walking, running at a calm pace, stretching. Several breathing exercises must be done at the same time;

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2) exercises that affect the muscles of the arms and legs, activating the activity of the cardiovascular system. They combine rotations in the shoulder joints, swing arms in different directions, shallow lunges, squats at a calm pace;

3) exercises that strengthen the muscles of the body, increase the flexibility of the spine, train breathing, improve cerebral circulation. These are rotations and tilts of the head, trunk, turns to the right and left from various starting positions. Those who work mainly sitting, should pay special attention to a variety of rotations and twists of the trunk, bending to the side, bending back. In this case, it is better to limit the bends forward;

4) exercises for the development of strength capabilities (push-ups in the lying position, pull-ups);

5) stretching exercises include swinging legs and arms in different directions, bending forward with fingers or palms touching the floor, etc. They help to increase joint mobility, train muscles and increase the elasticity of the ligamentous apparatus;

6) exercises for the abdominal press should be given special importance, because sitting posture causes congestion in the abdominal cavity. These are body lifts from a prone position, various leg lifts from a lying and sitting position, circles and leg swings from the same starting positions;

7) leg exercises include deep lunges, squats on one leg, bouncing, running, dancing to music;

8) completing morning exercises with exercises to relax and restore breathing. This is walking with hand movements. They should also be done after exercise with increased stress.

After 8 - 10 weeks of regular exercise, practically healthy people of young and middle age can complicate some of the exercises, perform them with a rubber bandage, expander or dumbbells of small weight (1.5 - 3 kg).

This will reduce the number of repetitions of each exercise by 25-50%.

The whole range of morning exercises takes 10-15 minutes. Do not forget to open the window, and if possible, do it in the air.

Practically healthy people under the age of 40 can exercise at a rate at which the heart rate rises to 150 beats per minute. After 50 years, the pulse rate should not exceed 140 beats per minute, and for 60-year-olds - 120. The indicator of the optimal load is the state of health. After completing the complex, you should be in a cheerful mood. Fatigue and lethargy after exercising or during the day may indicate either excessive exercise or abnormal health. Exercising should be invigorating and not fatigued.

Daytime independent or collective exercises can be successfully replaced with a complex of morning exercises of increased difficulty. Performing such complicated sets of exercises can take 20-40 minutes. However, it should be borne in mind that not all people easily and painlessly tolerate elevated hours in the early morning hours. For some, it is advisable to transfer them to the after-work evening hours.

Physical exercise of general impact.

Walking and movement promote brain play and thought.

J.J. Russo

Usually, any physical exercise, to one degree or another, affects many systems and organs of a person. However, according to the principle of the predominant effect on the body as a whole or on its individual systems, exercises can be grouped. So, for persons whose work is associated with sedentary work, light physical exertion, exercises that improve the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, increase overall endurance, that is, the ability to resist fatigue, are of particular interest. This task is best answered by exercises of low intensity, but of sufficient duration. Such dosed work can be provided by walking, running, swimming, skiing, rowing, cycling, sports games, etc. One cannot but say that all these exercises are an effective means of psychological relief of a person, relieving mental stress.

The forms of practicing selected exercises, elements of individual sports or sports training with their obligatory purposeful component - competitions, are very diverse. With individual independent exercises, the load is dosed naturally. It is too rare that a person does not feel the measure of the load at all. It is more difficult in group activities when emotional enthusiasm can fail. In the process of such exercises, there is a natural tendency to average the total load, which is great for some, but insufficient for others.

The choice of a place for classes also depends on the individual tastes, conditions and capabilities of each person. One person in shorts and a T-shirt will work out on the sports ground under the windows of houses, while the other prefers classes in a secluded place in nature or in his own apartment. But the main thing is to exercise regularly with an optimal load.

"Passing" training.

We call training "passing" rather conditionally. We are talking about using the usual working and living conditions for additional physical activity. This includes walking - training on the way to and from work. A very substantial and useful addition to the results of such training, according to psychologists, is that during the walking movement the neuro-emotional stress accumulated during the day is removed from a person, and he does not bring it home to his family. It is just as useful to use a bike for commuting and commuting, as well as for household chores.

To activate the muscles as an additional load, you can use ordinary flights of stairs, metro escalators. Make it a rule not to use the elevator unnecessarily when going up to the 4th floor, or even higher. After about 2 months, and maybe even earlier, you will notice that this causes less and less shortness of breath.

A variety of household tasks help to get additional physical activity, evenly distribute it throughout the day: cleaning the bed, apartment, washing the floor, working with a vacuum cleaner, hand and machine washing. All of them are equated to physical labor of moderate severity and ultimately add up to quite impressive energy expenditure figures.

Wellness walking.

This simplest form of physical activity for people leading a sedentary lifestyle is the best medicine. To this it should be added that for untrained elderly and obese people, walking is the most accessible and obligatory initial stage of independent exercise, since when walking, the load on the legs is 2 times less than when running.

Walking can be practiced on the street, in the park, and in the forest. At the same time, numerous muscle groups are active, including the largest: muscles of the legs, pelvic girdle, back, arms, respiratory organs, etc. Walking can provide a relatively high functional load, training and strengthening of the cardiovascular system. So, if at rest a person spends an average of 1.5 Kcal of energy per minute, then when walking at a normal speed of 5-6 km / h, depending on its own weight, energy expenditures increase 3-4 times. For an hour of walking, an excellent result can be achieved in increasing the general balance of motor activity and energy expenditure - 360 - 600 Kcal (table 4).

Table 4. Energy consumption when walking with different movement speed, Kcal.

Speed, km / h	Body weight, kg

According to E.M. Berkovich

There is scientific evidence that lower-intensity, but longer-duration sessions have a noticeable aerobic training effect, such as 30-40 minutes sessions 5 times a week for 70 days. This means that cold water effectively trains the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. While increasing the load, do not forget about the initial level of your fitness, physical condition and age. A more gradual increase in daily training load can be recommended for the elderly and people with reduced performance (Table 5).

Table 5. Recommended sequence of increasing the load when walking.

	Distance length, km.	Travel time 1 km, min.	The approximate duration of the walk, min.

Wellness jogging.

Running is a more intense exercise than walking, however, it can also be dosed according to energy consumption, movement speed, distance, etc. Thus, according to S.V. Erdakov and V.V. Chernashkina, at a running speed of 10 km / h (jogging), energy consumption is 10.5 Kcal per minute (630 Kcal / h); at a running speed of 15 km / h (normal light running) - 21 Kcal per minute (1260 Kcal / h), which is more than half of the daily energy consumption of a person engaged in mental work.

It is recommended to start physical training with walking, gradually moving on to running. The increase in distance, extra minutes of running, should come naturally. You need to learn about your own capabilities and keep training loads within their limits. One of the basic principles is to train without straining.

It should be noted that when running, the load on the human musculoskeletal system increases significantly in comparison with walking. This should be especially taken into account by persons who are overweight. A situation may arise in which it is not the cardiovascular system that limits the possibility of increasing the load, but pain in the muscles and statues of the legs. In this case, it is advisable to reduce weight by long walking, intense gymnastic exercises, balanced nutrition, and only after that start running for health. However, there are people who are allowed to start their physical training right away from running. And even this group of novice runners should increase the load gradually (table 6).

Table 6. Running dosage by month.

Age, years		Running dosage, min.

According to A. Vollenberger.

Start the metered run after completing a small set of habitual general developmental exercises. Pay special attention to the preparation of the articular ligaments. If it's cold outside, it is best to warm up at home.

On cold days, it is advisable to take the loop route to start and end your run at your doorstep.

Do not try to accomplish what you have planned at all costs. a person's well-being can change due to weather and many other reasons. Jogging, as experience shows, should be on the verge of pleasant and difficult, especially for beginners.

Recreational jogging has little to do with sports jogging, including the technique of locomotion. Don't put your feet on your toes. The best option is to roll the heel to the toe with more emphasis on the outside of the foot.

Psychological unloading, emotional comfort, arising during a long run at an optimal speed, is of no small importance. It is no coincidence that most fans of health jogging note the fact that as a result of long runs, they invariably experience a sense of pleasure.

This phenomenon is reflected in the results of special scientific research. Thus, it was found that when running for 20 minutes or longer with an intensity of 60 - 80% of the maximum age-related heart rate in the blood plasma, the concentration of betaendrophins and met-encephamines - mediators of pain and pleasure - significantly increases. Researchers suggest that a similar response occurs with all cyclic exercise.

Exercise directed action.

The courage of the mind consists in giving it flexibility by tireless and persistent training, not to retreat before the burdens of mental labor.

R. Rolland

Exercises of directed influence for persons engaged in mental work include those movements that affect the systems of the body, which are most dependent on the conditions and specifics of work.

Training of cerebral vessels.

Two internal carotid and two vertebral arteries go to the brain, 1500 kilometers is the total length of the smallest vessels of the brain - capillaries. Deterioration of blood flow in arteries and vessels immediately leads to insufficient cerebral circulation and decreased performance.

Conducted by V.E. Nagorny's research made it possible to establish a real possibility to directly and indirectly influence the vascular system of the brain in order to improve it (table 7).

Table 7. Classification of physical exercises by the nature of their effect on the vessels of the brain.

Impact	Exercises
1) Direct	Head movements (turns, bends, whirls). The same, combined with hand movements. Taking poses in which the head is lower than other parts of the body (lifting the legs while lying on the back, "bicycle", standing on the shoulder blades, elbows, head, etc.). Rapid movements of the head with the emergence of inertial forces (rocking movements of the body). Flexion of the spine in the neck, chest (placing the legs behind the head while lying on the back). Intense breathing through the nose, sharp contractions of the diaphragm (running, skiing, etc.), breathing only through the nose (exercises with intense exhalation, etc.). Massage and self-massage techniques, including gentle tapping of the fingers on the head.
2) Based on reflex vascular reactions	The muscles of the thoracic-clavicular and interscapular regions of the shoulder girdle involved in active work. Massage these areas. Causing irritation of the vestibular apparatus (whirling, somersaults, coups, etc.). Exercises for the eyes (turns, circular movements, transfer of gaze from distant to near, etc.). Temperature water influences: foot baths, shower, washing.
3) The use of specific reactions of cerebral vessels to chemicals entering the blood.	Performing exercises that are not difficult in physical terms by holding the breath (walking, bending, squatting, etc.). Diving, swimming crawl or breaststroke with breathing after 1.5 or 2 cycles, etc.

Systematic and regular exercise of the first group with a full range of motion has a different mechanical effect on the vessels passing through the neck: squeezing, stretching, massage. Multiple repetitions help maintain the elasticity of the vessel walls, increase their strength.

In a normal position - standing, sitting or lying down - the pressure of the blood in the vessels of the head is determined by the pressure that the heart creates. When performing exercises such as all kinds of upside-down stands, lifting the legs while lying on the back, this pressure is added to the pressure created by the weight of a column of blood equal to the height of a person. Additional pressure requires a response increase and a significant change in the nature of the work of the vascular system. The systematic repetition of these exercises is a highly effective training of all vessels of the head. However, not all people can perform these exercises; the upside-down position is life-threatening for persons prone to hypertension, with myopia of more than 3 diopters (dpt).

Respiratory movements have a great influence on the vascular and cerebrospinal fluid (cerebrospinal fluid) systems of the brain. During inhalation, the blood supply to the brain decreases, and during exhalation, it increases. The impact is more significant if the intensity of breathing increases and there is an obstruction to the passage of air, for example, when breathing only through the nose or one nostril. Even greater pressure drops in the venous vessels of the head cause exercises in which exhalation ends with vigorous pushing of air. All this improves metabolic processes in the brain.

The effect of using the exercises of the second group is explained by the presence of numerous bilateral neural connections between the internal organs and individual areas of the skin and muscles. Therefore, the involvement in intensive work of muscles, reflexively connected with the vessels of the brain, has a stimulating effect on the latter.

Irritation of the vestibular apparatus causes the expansion of the vessels of the brain. The fact that after performing exercises in the form of various eye movements there is a feeling of vigor after mental fatigue is explained by the presence of certain functional connections between the oculomotor nerve and nerve cells of the cerebral vessels, as well as the activation of blood circulation in the muscles that control eye movements.

The peculiarity of the influence of exercises of the third group on the vessels of the brain is that when performing some techniques of breathing exercises, there is a feeling of lack of air. This is a signal of excess CO 2 (carbon dioxide) in the blood, in which the vessels dilate. The last deep breath returns them to their normal sleepiness.

When using exercises of all three groups, care must be taken in the intensity and number of repetitions. Observations show that an excessive dose not only reduces the positive effect, but can also lead to the opposite results. So, for example, dizziness at small doses causes the expansion of cerebral vessels, and in excess - spasms. Therefore, when using directional exercises, it is especially important to observe gradualism and be guided by subjective feelings.

Breathing exercises.

A sharp deterioration in mental activity often occurs due to insufficient supply of oxygen to the brain cells. Breathing exercises, which intensify oxidative processes in the body, are of great importance for the fight against fatigue.

The complex of breathing exercises should be done 2 times a day, at least one hour after a meal. First, thoracic and abdominal breathing is mastered, and then complete. exercises are performed in lying, sitting and standing positions.

Abdominal breathing is used not only to train the respiratory system and voice training, but also to strengthen the abdominal muscles, reduce fat deposits in the abdomen, and lower the abdominal organs.

To perform abdominal breathing, a calm breath is taken with a protrusion of the abdomen (2 - 3 sec.).

When you exhale (3 - 4 sec.), The stomach is drawn in as much as possible. The exercise is repeated 3 - 5 times. In the subsequent phase of exhalation, it is advisable to gradually lengthen, but not to bring its duration to excessive stress.

Chest breathing begins with exhalation and protrusion of the anterior abdominal wall while removing air from the chest. During inhalation, draw in the stomach and draw air into the chest cavity without undue tension. The count is the same as for abdominal breathing.

Full breathing is the most effective exercise. When it is performed, gas exchange is significantly improved, blood pressure is normalized. First, it is mastered lying down, and then sitting and standing. In the supine position with hands lowered along the body, exhale calmly, then smoothly protrude the stomach (count 1 - 2), lowering the diaphragm as low as possible. In this case, inhalation involuntarily begins - air is sucked into the lungs. Continuing to inhale, expand the lower ribs, fully expand the chest, slightly lifting the shoulders and collarbones and tightening the abdomen (counts 3-4).

With the beginning of exhalation, lower the shoulders and collarbones, remove air from the chest cavity with simultaneous protrusion of the abdomen (count 1 - 4).

Repeat the exercise 3-4 times. For a trained person, the exhalation phase needs to be lengthened.

For further training, it is advisable to perform exercises with breath holding, but of such duration that the feeling of lack of air is easily transferred. Excessive stress, especially in the elderly and those with diseases of the cardiovascular system, should not be. A feasible breath holding greatly facilitates the work of the heart, dilates the coronary vessels and cerebral vessels, and increases the level of interstitial respiration.

Breathing exercises can be performed while walking.

Exercise 1. While walking at a moderate pace, take a full breath in 4, 6 or 8 steps. Then hold your breath for 2, 3, or 4 steps. A full exhalation is done again in 4, 6 or 8 steps. After exhalation - holding the breath of the same duration (2, 3 or 4 steps).

When discomfort occurs, the number of repetitions is determined by the state of health. In the course of repetitions, the duration of inspiration can increase to 12 steps or more, and in connection with this, the holding of breath can also increase.

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Exercise 2. Same as Exercise 1, only exhale in jerks through tightly compressed lips.

Exercise 3. After inhaling of medium depth, exhale, hold your breath and walk 10 - 16 steps until a feeling of lack of air appears. Repeat 15-20 times.

Exercise 4. While walking, make 15 - 20 breathing movements with an accentuated exhalation.

Exercise 5. Walk 0.5 - 1 kilometer (you can at an accelerated pace), breathing through the nose, accentuating the work of the diaphragm (when inhaling, protrude, and when exhaling, draw in the stomach).

Exercises for the eyes.

Deficiency of digestion in most knowledge workers inevitably affects vision. Working at the table, on devices or at an easel, a person fixes his gaze for a long time at points located at the same distance. This causes an overstrain of the micro-muscles of the lens and motor muscles of the eye. Therefore, it is recommended during the working day to repeatedly look at far-away objects and visually fix them. And at lunchtime, it is good to play games such as table tennis and badminton.

Unfortunately, among those who are mainly engaged in mental work, many suffer from myopsy ("myo" - to squint, "opsis" - a look).

This is one of the disadvantages of eye refraction, as a result of which persons suffering from it have poor vision of distant objects. Nearsightedness occurs more often in persons with deviations in general health. They often have poor posture, a tendency to bend their torso and head excessively when working at close range.

Physical exercises for the prevention of myopia and with its progression not only contributes to the overall strengthening of the body, but also improves the activity of the eye muscles, blood circulation in the tissues of the eye.

An important role in the prevention of myopia is played by breathing exercises, which enhance pulmonary ventilation and improve the oxidation-reduction processes in the body.

Distinguish between weak myopia (up to 3 diopters), medium (4 - 6 dpt) and high (more than 6 dpt) degree.

For persons suffering from myopia, it is necessary to strictly adhere to the indications and contraindications for playing sports (table 8).

Table 8. Contraindications to sports, depending on the degree of myopia.

Kind of sport	Contraindications
	For any degree
Weightlifting
		No correction
Track Cycling	With a high degree, as well as with any complications in the fundus
Highway bike race
Rhythmic gymnastics		As a rule, no glasses. With decreased vision - contact correction
Horseback Riding		No correction
Water polo		No correction
Figure skating
Volleyball basketball		No correction
Trap shooting, bullet shooting, archery	There are no contraindications	Spectacle or contact correction
Modern pentathlon	For any other than stationary myopia of a weak degree
Sports gymnastics		No correction
Skiing		No correction or contact correction
Short distance running		No correction
Football, hand ball		No correction
Fencing	Only with complicated	Spectacle or contact correction
Swimming		No correction
		Spectacle correction
Medium and long distance running		No correction

Exercise can have a beneficial effect on the condition of the eyes, but it can also have a negative effect, leading to deterioration of vision. It all depends on the degree of myopia, the type of sport and the dosage of loads. With progressive myopia, especially complicated, sports associated with great physical stress, abrupt movement of the body and the possibility of its shaking are contraindicated.

Fatigue prevention.

To be more efficient, give yourself sometimes. Where tension does not alternate with rest, there is no endurance. The drawn bow will burst.

Jan Amos Comenius

The centuries-old experience of mankind suggests that a weekly rest is necessary to maintain high performance. In the years of the First World War in England, industrial enterprises canceled the Sunday day off. Negative consequences were not slow to affect - production decreased, the number of diseases increased. At that time, rest days were restored in some factories, and health and labor productivity indicators returned to normal.

Most workers in our country have two days off. And they need to be used skillfully. If these days you limit yourself to passive activities: reading, cinema, visiting a theater, a concert hall, etc. - such rest will not help to restore working capacity, but, on the contrary, can lead to relaxation, a kind of muscle de-training. Monday will then turn out to be a “hard day” because working out into the labor process will be difficult.

The weekly rest must be active. On a day off - to nature! Train yourself to do this. Go out of town, no matter in what role - as tourists, summer residents, to work on the site, fishermen, hunters, mushroom pickers, with bicycles or baby carriages. In winter with skis, sledges. Outside the city you can visit manor museums, natural or historical monuments. Usually buses and trains run not far from these objects, and walking 5-6 kilometers in the fresh air is useful and not fatiguing.

The air in the forest near water surfaces is the cleanest and most useful. It contains the largest amount of negatively charged ions. In addition, the air around fields and forests is saturated with so-called. phytoncides. These substances harmful to microbes are secreted by the leaves, roots and fruits of many ratenias. Doctors have found that phytoncides strengthen the human nervous system, relieve fatigue and neuro-emotional stress.

Active rest is absolutely necessary for people of mental labor, leading a predominantly sedentary lifestyle. There is hardly anything that can replace the shady coolness of the forests, which causes so many pleasant sensations, raises a person's working capacity and mood.

Which forest is best for walking? To a large extent, this depends on climatic and weather conditions, as well as individual characteristics and the state of human health. It is believed that the microclimate of deciduous and mixed forests is milder and more favorable for the body than coniferous ones. There are more phytoncides in warm weather and in the middle of the day; during cold weather and at night, their amount in the forest air is minimal.

The most pronounced bactericidal (phytoncidal) properties are possessed by poplar, maple, viburnum, magnolia, jasmine, white acacia, alder, birch, dormouse and cypress. Researchers have found that in pine and cedar forests, the air is practically styrene; it has a destructive effect even on a tubercle bacillus. It is also noted that in the forest air there are 2-3 times more negative ("light") ions than in the sea or above the meadow, and 5-10 times more than in the city. The largest amount of light ions was found under the crown of red oak, white maple, and Scots pine.

However, you should know that some people, for example, those suffering from cardiovascular diseases, a significant disorder of the central nervous system, do not tolerate a long stay in a coniferous forest, especially on dry, hot spring-summer days.

Along with short-term cycling, skiing, and walking trips, it is useful to make longer trips that combine active recreation with cognitive tasks. According to the All-Union Laboratory for Tourism and Excursions, tourism is the best way to emotionally switch from one activity to another.

There is an opinion that active rest can reduce cardiovascular diseases by half, respiratory diseases by 40%, musculoskeletal diseases by almost a third, and gastrointestinal tract diseases by more than 20%.

During tourist trips and hikes, we not only listen to the guide or the leader, if there is one, but also observe nature with keen interest, admire the sun, sea, river, forest, breathe in clean fragrant air and, of course, do not smoke. It is simply illogical to go out into nature and inhale the poisoned smoke of a cigarette.

But no matter how well organized the vacation is, it cannot compensate for the long annual vacation. Systematic, repeated, from week to week repetition of labor efforts, since they are to a certain extent monotonous external stimuli, weakens the nerve cells of the cerebral cortex. You can prevent such a reaction of the body by resting for several weeks. No medicine can have such an effect in the fight against overwork as a rationally organized annual rest, which prevents the very possibility of developing overwork.

If daily and Sunday rest helps us to fully restore the energy spent at work, then annual leave, vacation or vacation, advances strength, vigor and health for many months in advance. Academician A.A. The Bogomolets, who believed that rest should go in the midst of fatigue, warn him.

Even in sanatoriums, where they go for treatment and rest as prescribed by a doctor, you need to strive for active rest, participate in hiking trips, excursions, go fishing, pick mushrooms, etc.

All this suggests that the ability to actively rest during the year is just as important as the ability to work at work and around the house.

In order for outdoor recreation to bring only benefits, it is necessary to observe some hygienic rules. So, when going on a walking tour, pay special attention to the choice of shoes. It should be durable, moisture resistant, fit well to the foot, and not have internal scars. It is not recommended to wear new shoes that have not been tested in walks. Choose clothes that are loose, light, appropriate for the season. When hiking, you should not forget about the rules of a balanced diet, do not overeat, do not consume alcoholic beverages. Do not drink water from open sources without boiling. Swimming, sunbathing, observe the measure. In a word, you need to use nature skillfully, and then she will thank you with a surge of vigor and health.

Influence of the computer on human health.

Computer and life.

Today the computer is used in various fields of human activity. In many professions, he is either an object of labor, or the main instrument of labor, a working tool. With the expansion of the Internet, more and more people living in different cities, different countries and even on different continents communicate with each other through a computer. The computer is an excellent assistant in teaching languages, natural, exact and applied sciences for both schoolchildren and adults receiving vocational education. Computers are entering everyday life. Recently, a great many developmental programs have been created, all kinds of thematic computer encyclopedias, assistant programs for home bookkeeping, libraries. Multimedia performances on CDs, computer games have appeared, fans of which are people of all ages, levels of education, intelligence, and worldview. Unfortunately, numerous users of personal computers (PCs) often forget, and sometimes simply do not know, that computers, together with the benefit and pleasure, carry a number of factors that adversely affect health.

At the dawn of universal computerization, the PC was perceived simply as a more convenient and perfect, compared to large computers, a tool for solving a number of programming tasks, managing large databases, as a necessary link in publishing systems, as well as an extremely convenient electronic typewriter or an exciting leisure toy. ...

But, starting in 1990, publications began to appear that intensive and prolonged work with a computer is the cause of a number of diseases. Moreover, many scientists believe that the possibility of long-term effects due to exposure to radiation from the display is possible.

Factors of influence of the computer on the person.

The problem of the influence of a computer on human health is being developed in two alternative directions. The most numerous and, most likely, the closest to the truth, are the supporters of the assertion that computer disease exists. Their arguments are weighty.

The negative impact of a computer on a person is complex.

Firstly, as shown by the results of numerous scientific works using the latest measuring technology, a PC monitor is a source of:

- electrostatic field;

- weak electromagnetic radiation in low-, ultra-low and high-frequency ranges (25 Hz - 400 KHz);

- X-ray radiation;

- ultraviolet radiation;

- infrared radiation;

- radiation of the visible range.

Their influence on the human body has not been studied enough, but it is clear that it is not without consequences.

Secondly, the stationary tense posture of the operator, chained to the display screen for a long time, leads to fatigue and pain in the spine, neck, and shoulder joints.

Third, intense keyboard use causes pain in the elbows, forearms, wrists, hands and fingers.

Fourthly, the activity of the operator presupposes, first of all, the visual perception of the information displayed on the monitor screen, therefore, the visual apparatus of those working with a PC lends itself to a significant load. The factors most affecting vision are:

1) imperfection of methods of creating an image on the monitor screen. This group of factors includes:

- incompatibility of monitor and graphics adapter parameters;

- insufficiently high resolution of the monitor, defocusing, non-convergence of beams and a low level of its other technical characteristics;

- excessive or insufficient brightness of the image.

2) ill-conceived organization of the workplace, which is the reason:

- the presence of glare on the front panel of the screen;

- lack of the required level of illumination of workplaces;

- non-observance of the distance of the operator's eyes to the screen.

Fifth, the operation of the computer is accompanied by acoustic noises, including ultrasound.

A possible deterioration in the well-being of PC operators is the subject of research programs of the National Academy of Sciences, scientific and medical institutions in Sweden, France, Germany, Austria, Japan and Russia.

After careful research, specialists of various fields and specializations have come to the conclusion that the reason for the deviations in the health of users is not so much the computers themselves, but rather insufficient adherence to the principles of ergonomics. In computer work, there is nothing that makes pain, physical discomfort, visual impairment, or musculoskeletal function inevitable. A person should remain healthy and energetic even after long-term computer work. Today it is possible!

However, many operator workplaces, due to the lack of available information, both from the heads of institutions and the users themselves, continue to maintain the same appearance, which will lead to complaints from operators.

So, many people who constantly work with a PC note that often a short time after starting work, a headache appears, painful sensations in the area of ​​the muscles of the face and neck, aching pains in the spine, pain in the eyes, tearing, impaired clear vision, pain in hand movement. The degree of painful sensations is proportional to the time of work at the PC.

Due to prolonged sitting in a still position, some PC operators develop muscle weakness, a change in the shape of the spine (long-term static load syndrome) occurs, which in the most extreme cases can lead to disability. Such diseases are companions of any "sedentary" work.

People who work with information displayed on the monitor screen for 7 hours or more a day are more likely to develop asthenopia (visual impairment) and eye inflammation than people whose work is not connected to a computer. In addition, it was found that among professional operators there is an increased incidence of glaucoma and cataract diseases. According to the World Health Organization, such operators are forced to change their points in the direction of their strengthening every 6 - 9 months.

Regular PC users are more often and more exposed to psychological stress, functional disorders of the central nervous system, diseases of the cardiovascular system and upper respiratory tract. Low-frequency electromagnetic field, when interacting with other negative factors, can initiate cancer and leukemia. Dust attracted by the electrostatic field of the monitor, like any dust, sometimes causes dermatitis of the face, exacerbation of asthmatic symptoms, irritation of the mucous membranes.

Although the picture of the impact of computers on the human body, described above, looks rather grim, it must be remembered that such consequences are possible only if the problem is completely ignored. Every PC user must know the danger "in person" in order to be able to avoid it.

Special sets of exercises for PC operators.

The complexes are based on the developments and proposals of the Research Institute of Eye Diseases named after V.I. Helmholtz under the guidance of Professor E.A. Avetisova. They have a beneficial effect and contribute to the restoration of normal functioning of the eyes and muscles of the body.

Complex 1.

Exercise 1. Sit with your eyes closed, relaxing the muscles of your face, leaning back on the kick of a chair, put your hands on your hips (10-15 sec.).

Exercise 2. Close your eyes and perform self-massage of the brow ridges and the lower part of the eye sockets, making light circular stroking movements with your fingers from the nose outward (20-30 sec.).

Then sit with your eyes closed for 10 - 15 s.

Exercise 3. Bend your arms in front of your chest, connect your hands tightly, crossing your fingers. Turn the whale with your fingers towards your chest, avoiding the separation of the palms. Rotate the brushes with your fingers forward. Repeat 4-6 times. Then put your hands down and shake with relaxed hands.

Exercise 4. Bend your arms at the elbows, palms up and forward. Perform finger clicks alternately, starting with the index finger (each time before clicking the thumb on top).

The same in the reverse order. Repeat 2-3 times. Then put your hands down and shake with your brushes.

Exercise 5. Tilt your head to your chest and take it back, then take it back slightly. Tilt your head forward. Repeat 4-6 times. The pace is slow.

Exercise 6. Look into the distance in front of you for 2 - 3 seconds. Move your gaze to the tip of the nose for 3 - 5 s. Repeat 6-8 times.

Complex 2.

Exercise 1. A very slow circular motion of the head in one direction, then in the other. Repeat 3-4 times.

Exercise 2. Self-massage of the back of the head and neck. Perform all movements with the fingertips from top to bottom outward; stroking, circular motion, rubbing.

Exercise 3. Close your eyes tightly for 3 - 5 s, then open them for 3 - 5 s. Repeat 6-8 times.

Exercise 4. Hands on the belt. Right hand on the head. Tightening the muscles, turn the torso to the right. Relax the muscles, return to the starting position. The same - in the other direction. Repeat 2-3 times.

Exercise 5. Follow your eyes for slow lowering, and then raising your hand at a distance of 40 - 50 centimeters from the eyes. Repeat 10-12 times, changing hands.

Complex 3.

Exercise 1. Close your eyes, with the pads of three fingers of each hand, it is easy to press on the upper eyelid for 2 - 3 s. Then remove your fingers from the eyelid and sit with your eyes closed for 2 - 3 s. Repeat 3-4 times.

Exercise 2. Raise the top with arms bent at the elbows, the lowered hands almost touch the ears. Then slightly bend forward, lower your head to your chest, consistently "drop" your shoulders, forearms, hands, completely relax. Repeat 2-3 times.

Exercise 3. Sitting with arms down straight, sharply tighten the muscles of the whole body. Then immediately completely relax, lower your head to your chest, close your eyes. Sit like this for 10 - 15 s. Repeat 2-3 times.

Exercise 4. With a turn of the body, raise your arms up. Spread your fingers tensely, strain all the muscles of the body, hold your breath for 7 - 8 s. With the torso turning to the starting position, "drop" your arms and relax the whole body for 7 - 8 s. Repeat in different directions 3 - 5 times.

Exercise 5. Connect the palms of both hands at the chest, finger to finger, without tension. Consistently dilute and reduce with inhalation and exhalation index fingers, little fingers, middle, large, ring fingers. Repeat in reverse order.

Exercise 6. Place the finger of the right hand in the middle at a distance of 20 - 25 cm from the eyes. Look at it with two eyes 3 - 5 s., With the right eye (closing the left) 3 - 5 s., With the left eye (closing the right) 3 - 5 s., With two eyes. Change your hand. Repeat all suchala. In total, perform 2 - 3 cycles.

Complex 4.

Exercise 1. Sitting at the PC, take the most comfortable position:

- relax, do not strain;

- gently, not on foot, straighten your back (do not slouch);

- closing your eyes, gently, without squeezing, close your eyelids;

- with your eyes closed, look only straight ahead - eyes, without straining, defocus;

- keep your head lightly, without straining, without effort;

- do not strain the body and perform light tilts of the head: to the chest, back, in turn to the right and left shoulder.

Exercise 2. Without opening your eyes, make them rotational movements clockwise and counterclockwise, up and down.

Exercise 3. At least once every 2 hours, break away from work, sit back in a chair, put your hands on your hips, relax your face muscles and sit like this for 10-15 seconds.

Exercise 4. Close your eyes and massage with your fingers, making light circular stroking movements from the nose outward, brow ridges and the lower part of the eye sockets for 20 - 30 s. Then sit with your eyes closed for 10 - 15 s.

Exercise 5. Slowly tilt your head forward, resting your chin on your chest, and take your head back. Perform a series of head rotations. Repeat 4-6 times.

Exercise 6.2 - 3 p. look into the distance, then move your gaze to the tip of the nose, freeze for 2 - 3 s. Repeat 6-8 times.

Exercise 7. Physical education minute. If there is an opportunity, raise your hands up, tensely spread your fingers, tighten all the muscles of the body, hold your breath for 7 - 8 s. With the rotation of the body, "drop" your hands and relax the whole body for 7 - 8 s. Repeat 3-5 times.

Exercise 8. Draw in and open your fingers so that you feel the tension. Relax, and then slowly squeeze your fingers.

Exercise 9. To relax your shoulders and upper back, braid your fingers behind your head and move your shoulder blades until you feel tension in your upper back. Stay in this position for 5 to 10 seconds. Then relax. Repeat 5-10 times.

Exercise 10. Interlace your fingers behind the kick with palms facing inward. Slowly try to raise and straighten your arms. Stay in this position for 5 to 10 seconds. Repeat 5-10 times.

Exercise 11. In a standing position, slowly raise your arms, while turning your head first to the left and then to the right until you feel a slight tension.

Exercise 12. This exercise will help counteract the effects of prolonged leaning forward when you look at the screen for a long time. Slowly lower your chin so that folds form under it, remain in this position for 5 seconds. Repeat 5-10 times.

Conclusion.

Labor and creativity slow down the arrival of decrepitude and decay.

1-14_Physical Education 3 - Page 4

S.T. Konenkov

Achievements of science and technology are increasingly pushing physical labor into the background, giving preference to mental work with its complex psycho-emotional stress. The brain, heart, blood vessels of a person are forced to work with incomparably greater stress than his muscular system, which makes up about 40% of the entire body. The disturbed normal physiological balance of the vital activity of the human body gives rise to all new ailments that limit its vital activity. People do not want to get sick and grow old prematurely, they are looking for a more effective means of maintaining high performance. In these centuries-old and versatile searches, mankind has experienced many hobbies for fashionable medicines, the latest theories of healing and rejuvenation, but the authority of physical exercise has not only not wavered from this, but has invariably increased. And all because the influence of movements extends both to a separate system or function, and to the entire organism as a whole.

All the proposed exercises, of course, cannot take into account the individual characteristics, personal experience and habits of each person. Therefore, they should not be accepted unconditionally, they need practical verification and, if necessary, refinement.

Exercise activates a person's natural reserve forces. Nothing is able to compensate our nervous system for what it bestows on active muscle work, optimal physical activity. Classes in the gym, swimming pool, stadium, sports grounds, forest paths lay the foundation for high performance, the possibility of prolonged tension of the most complex functions of the nervous system. Physical culture, properly organized physical activities - this is a reliable shoulder that you can and should rely on at any age. Physical culture is a powerful accumulator of vitality, it brings vigor and cheerfulness, muscle joy, pride in one's motor skills and capabilities.

List of used literature.

1) Vilensky M.Ya., Ilyinich V.I. Physical culture of mental workers.- M: "Knowledge", 1987, - 96 p.

2) F.P. Kosmolinsky. Physical culture and work ability.- M: "Knowledge", 1983, - 64 p.

3) G. G. Demirchoglyan. Computer and health.- M: "Lukomorye", 1997, - 256 p.

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The result of a study of the mental performance of persons engaged in mental labor activity. The result of the study of the mental performance of persons engaged in physical labor activity. The results of comparing the indicators of mental performance of persons engaged in mental and physical labor activity.

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PAGE \ * MERGEFORMAT 29

INTRODUCTION ................................................. .................................................. .3

CHAPTER 1. PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY OF LABOR OF PERSONS Engaging in mental and physical work according to the data of scientific and methodological literature …………………… .5

1.1. Psychophysiology of physical and mental labor ……………… 5

1.2. Mental performance and its dynamics in the process of work ... 7

CHAPTER 2. PURPOSE, OBJECTIVES, METHODS AND ORGANIZATION OF THE RESEARCH …………………………………………………… ................ 10

2.1. Purpose of the study …………………………………………… ........... 10

2.2. Research objectives ………………………………………………… 10

2.3. Research methods ……………………………………………… ..10

2.4. Organization of the study ………………………………………… ..12

CHAPTER 3. RESULTS OF THE STUDY ………………………… .13

3.1. The result of a study of the mental performance of persons engaged in mental labor activity ......................................................... 13

3.2. The result of the study of the mental performance of persons engaged in physical labor activity ..................... 15

3.3. The results of comparing the indicators of mental performance of persons engaged in mental and physical labor activity ... ..18

3.3.1. The result of comparison in terms of the accuracy of the task ………… 18

3.3.2. The result of the comparison in terms of mental productivity ..................... 19

3.3.3. The result of comparison in terms of the amount of visual information ... ... ... 19

3.3.4. The result of comparison by the speed of information processing ... ... 20

3.3.5. The result of comparison on the sustainability of attention ……………… ... 21

CONCLUSIONS ………………………………………………………………… .23

BIBLIOGRAPHY.........................................25

APPENDICES ……………………………………………………… ... 27

INTRODUCTION

An important place in a person's life is occupied by labor activity, which is the basis of his existence, as well as his own development and self-realization.

A person manifests itself in labor activity, but labor activity also manifests itself in a person. This influence happens:

Physiological - education, enrichment and strengthening of conditioned reflex connections, dynamic stereotypes, functional systems, dominants in sensory, motor and intellectual systems, as well as their holistic, professionally oriented functioning;

Psychophysiological and psychological - the development of sensations, perceptions, attention, memory, thinking, abilities, views, needs, motivation, interests, desires, aspirations, behavioral values, norms of behavior and others;

Pedagogical - enrichment of knowledge, skills and abilities, increasing the level of professional skills, education, life experience; education of industriousness, responsibility, self-exactingness, culture of human relations and communication, development of professional attention, perception, memory, thinking, speech, abilities and others (Stolyarenko A.M., 2009).

Physiological and psychophysiological studies of labor in Russia began with I.M. Sechenov in his work "Essay on the Workers' Movements of Man", published in 1906. A notable contribution to them was made by V.M. Bekhterev, A.A. Ukhtomsky, A.P. Nechaev, V.A. Obukhom, A.K. Tastev, K.Kh. Kekcheev, M.I. Vinogradov, T.P. Konradi, V.S. Farfel, S.A. Kosilov, V.I. Medvedev, K.K. Platonov, B.F. Lomov, V.I. Zinchenko, S. Ya. Batyshev and others.

Mental performance is the ability of a person to perform a certain intellectual work (Seliverstova V.V., 2012).

The study of mental performance is necessary to assess the functioning of the afferent systems, as well as to clarify the impact of work activity.

The indicators of mental performance are influenced by:

1) Psychophysiological personality traits (memory, thinking, speech, the degree of intelligence development);

2) Physiological (functional state of the nervous, cardiovascular, endocrine and other systems of the body);

3) Development of special knowledge, skills and abilities.

To determine the level of mental performance, the following indicators are used:

The speed of the task;

Concentration, switchability;

Efficiency, productivity of activity;

Stability of attention (Seliverstova V.V., 2012).

Research object: mental performance of persons engaged in mental and physical labor activity.

Subject of research: a study of mental performance according to Anfimov's method.

Research hypothesis: it is assumed that mental work activity has a positive effect on the maintenance and development of mental performance.

CHAPTER 1. PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY OF LABOR OF PERSONS Engaged in mental and physical work according to the data of scientific and methodological literature

1.1. Psychophysiology of physical and mental labor

All types of labor according to their basic physiological indicators can be divided into two main ones: physical and mental. This division needs clarification: in any physical labor there are mental elements, and in any mental work there are physical ones. It is aptly said: just as the head and hands belong to the same body, so in any work mental and physical labor are combined. It is possible to speak of a specific work as physical or mental only by the predominance of one of these components in it (Stolyarenko A.M., 2009).

Physical labor is associated with great somatic stress, which requires special qualities and intensive functioning of various systems of the human body. It is based on purposeful physical activity. In this case, the mobilization of physiological mechanisms occurs according to the laws of the functioning of the functional system. The results of labor are assessed by the higher parts of the brain on the basis of feedback. Systematic occupations of the same type of labor form in the nervous system mainly labor dynamic stereotypes of skills and abilities and develops the skeletal-motor system, affects psychophysiological and other qualities. Movements also have a vegetative component, in particular, the provision of blood supply and oxygen to working muscle groups. Most of the work processes are performed economically, at the level of automatism, however, cortical conscious control is never turned off (Izmerova N.F., 2010).

The predominance of the motor component during physical work is associated with high energy costs of the body. These are the work of a digger, lumberjack, blacksmith, hand mowing, threshing, assembly work, work in foundries, in mines, while playing sports, and so on. They involve 2/3 of the muscles of the human body, oxygen consumption increases 2 - 4 times, and the heart rate up to 130 - 150 beats per minute. This requires an increase in metabolism, heat generation, heat transfer and measures to compensate for energy costs. A number of types of physical work harm the body with the frequent occurrence of occupational diseases. Excessive physical labor without sufficient recovery of energy costs depletes the body's bioenergetic potential and physiological regulatory mechanisms. Some types of physical labor are life-threatening and require courage, courage, and self-control from the employee. Many types of it are now being mechanized. Physical activity is reduced (heart rate up to 90 beats per minute). Some types of mechanized labor are monotonous (for example, stamping the same parts), which reduces the activity of the central nervous system, increases fatigue, and a person's working capacity decreases rapidly. Compliance with standard norms, modes and conditions of physical labor, safety measures reduces the risk of occupational diseases, injury and death (Rybnikov O.N., 2010).

Mental labor is more complex in physiological and psychological content, although it proceeds invisibly, often inaudibly, intangibly and outwardly seems easy.It includes professions associated with the sphere of material production (scientists, engineers, technicians, foremen, operators and others) and those outside it (doctors, teachers, educators, writers, artists, artists, and others). As a rule, mental work is accompanied by insignificant muscular activity and lower, in comparison with physical, energy expenditures. Deficiency of motor activity reduces the impulses of the cortex, a decrease in the amplitude and frequency of the main rhythms of the EEG (electroencephalogram), which temporarily worsens the conditions of mental activity (Smirnov V.M., 2003).

Many types of mental work are characterized by increased emotional stress. Mental activity usually does not stop after a call at the end of the working day. In the cerebral cortex, trace processes continue: the work is over, and thoughts about it often continue to be active and intense. Changes in the activity of internal organs during mental work have no specific features and differ from those during physical work only quantitatively. The sedentary or static-standing nature of the posture is tiring. In a complex form, fatigue often manifests itself in facial expressions, skin redness, sweating, stretching, heaviness or pain in the head, neck, back. Recovery processes require sufficient rest time. Mental stress, their creative nature, systematic and long-term work naturally develop intelligence, contributes to the preservation of intellectual functions until old age (Danilova N.N., 2005).

1.2. Mental performance and its dynamics in the labor process.

Mental performance is defined as a person's ability to perform a specific mental activity, within the specified time limits and performance parameters (Musina S.V., 2008).

The basis of mental performance is made up of:

The level of special knowledge, abilities, skills;

Psychophysiological qualities (memory, attention, perception);

Physiological functions (features of the cardiovascular, endocrine and muscular systems);

Psychological features (quick wits and others).

In addition, mental performance is determined by three groups of factors:

1) The first group - physiological factors (functional maturity of the body, functional state, state of health);

2) The second group - psychological factors (health, emotional state, motivation);

3) The third group - environmental factors (conditions for organizing activities, time of day, year).

General patterns of the dynamics of mental performance. It is divided into several periods:operating, stable period (optimal performance), pre-fatigue (period of unstable performance, orcompensatory adjustment) and fatigue.

During the activation periodthere is a gradual increase in mental performance. This is a period of searching for the most adequate and effective options for the functioning of all organs and systems, a period of significant stress, high energy consumption, a period of organizing voluntary attention and functional organization of activity. During this period, the properties of nerve cells change - their excitability, functional mobility increase, connections between individual nerve centers of the brain are activated. Mental performance is still unstable, its effectiveness is low.

Stable period(optimum) is the time when the body works most efficiently and optimally. High stable mental performance does not require excessive efforts and energy consumption from the body, tension decreases and the coordination in the activity of all systems increases. However, the period of optimum cannot continue indefinitely and is naturally replaced by the next period - the period of compensatory restructuring.

The period of compensatory restructuring is whena person can still work efficiently, but at the cost of considerable effort. It is this period that is characterized by a decrease in attention, an increase in the number of distractions, a decrease in the pace of activity, an increase in motor activity.

The next period is fatigue.The first signs of fatigue are well known to the teacher: impaired concentration of attention, decreased tempo of work, motor restlessness, increased number of errors, impaired coordination of movements (Rybnikov O.N., 2010).

Mental performance is changeable, dynamic, which is caused by physiological, psychological, and other reasons and affects the efficiency of human labor. The dynamics are caused by the expenditure of the body's and mental reserves during work, the loads during its implementation, the laws of the psychophysiological dynamics of possibilities, changes in external conditions and situations, as well as the physiological, psychological and pedagogical properties of the employee (Stolyarenko A.M., 2009).

CHAPTER 2. PURPOSE, OBJECTIVES, METHODS AND ORGANIZATIONS OF THE RESEARCH

2.1. Purpose of the study

To investigate the mental performance of persons engaged in mental and physical labor activity.

2.2. Research objectives

1. To analyze educational-methodical and scientific literature on the issues of mental performance of persons engaged in mental and physical labor activity.

2. Assess mental performance according to the accuracy of the task; mental productivity; the amount of visual information; sustainability of attention of persons engaged in mental and physical labor activity.

3. To compare the results of the study of indicators of mental performance of persons engaged in mental and physical labor activity.

2.3. Research methods

To solve the set tasks of the course work, the following research methods were used:

1. Analysis and generalization of data from educational and scientific literature;

In the course of the research, materials of educational, methodological and scientific literature were studied. We analyzed 20 literature sources devoted to the study of the psychophysiology of mental and physical labor, issues of mental performance.

2. Analysis of extracts of medical records;

For the selection of persons of mental and physical labor, an analysis of extracts from medical records was carried out. The medical records took into account: gender, age, place of work and position, bad habits.

3. Testing of mental performance - Anfimov's test;

To study the mental performance of persons of mental and physical labor, testing was carried out.

The subjects were given a form with the Anfimov table (Appendix 1). The subjects crossed out the given letter for 4 minutes.

At the end of testing, the following was counted: the number of viewed characters - S, crossed out letters - M, the total number of letters that had to be crossed out in the table - N, and the number of errors made - n, the data were entered into the table (Appendix 2).

4. Mathematical data processing;

It meant accounting, counting and evaluating the data of physiological research: calculating the coefficients of the accuracy of the task A = M / N and mental productivity P = A * S; calculation of the stability of attention UVN = S / N; the amount of visual information Q = 0.5936 * S; determination of the information processing speed SPI = (Q- 2.807 * n) / T (Appendix 3).

As well as calculating the average group value of indicators and their deviation indicator according to Wilcoxon:

2.4. Organization of research

The organization of this study took place in three stages:

At the first stage, a research topic was chosen, an analysis and generalization of data from educational and scientific literature in the area under study was carried out. The physiological phenomena accompanying various types of physical and mental labor were revealed.

At the II stage, the analysis of medical records was carried out, the analysis was carried out in the St. men, 5 women. All subjects are from 60 to 65 years old, all work and during the study were undergoing an inpatient examination. On the basis of the data obtained, during the study of medical records, tables were compiled: the table "Characteristics of persons of mental labor" (Appendix 4), table "Characteristics of persons of physical labor" (Appendix 5).

At the III stage, testing was carried out in the St. Petersburg State Budgetary Healthcare Institution City Hospital No. 26, testing was carried out on an individual basis.

CHAPTER 3. RESULTS OF THE STUDY

3.1. The result of a study of the mental performance of persons engaged in mental labor activity

Determination of the initial indicators of mental performance of persons of mental labor was carried out on weekends, in the behavior of the subjects there was activity and interest.

After the study, data on the state of mental performance were obtained, which are included in Table 1.

Table 1

Surname
Anechkin
Valenov	1250
Lyapin	1092
Logantsov	1440
Pekhterev
Bukin	1014
Zubareva	1374
Zolina	1404
Ovacheva
Proshina	1031

Baseline data of mental workers

The calculation data of indicators on the physical condition of the subjects are included in Table 2.

table 2

Surname	A = M / N	P = A * S	Q = 0.5936 * S	SPI = (Q -2.807 * n) / T	UVN = S / N
Anechkin	1,00	997,00	591,82	2,47	8,24
Valenov	0,97	1212,69	742,00	3,04	9,33
Lyapin	1,00	1092,00	648,21	2,70	7,69
Logantsov	0,98	1407,82	854,78	3,51	8,04
Pekhterev	0,96	918,62	569,86	2,32	8,28
Bukin	0,91	920,40	601,91	2,37	7,80
Zubareva	0,98	1342,05	815,61	3,35	7,99
Zolina	0,94	1324,68	833,41	3,36	7,93
Ovacheva	0,98	823,20	498,62	2,05	8,40
Proshina	0,96	989,43	612,00	2,49	8,31
Wed gr.	0,97	1102,79	676,82	2,77	8,20

Calculation of indicators of mental performance of persons of mental labor

To determine the probability of error and run-up of data, we calculate the average deviation of the investigated indicators of the SPI according to the formula:

Where

X maximum = 3.51 - the result of Logantsov is the maximum value.

X minimum = 2.05 - the minimum value in the sample is the result of Ovacheva.

Κ = 3.08 (calculated from the table of coefficients for different numbers of results in the sample).

Thus, the average group SPI = 2.77 ± 0.15 bit / s.

3.2. The result of a study of the mental performance of persons engaged in physical labor activity

Determination of the initial indicators of mental working capacity of persons of physical labor was carried out on weekends, as in persons of mental labor. In the behavior of the subjects, activity and interest were observed, but less than in the subjects of mental labor.

After the study, data on the state of mental performance were obtained, which are included in Table 3.

Table 3

Surname
Golikov	1280
Kozyrev	1087
Legotype
Piryazev
Tyasto	1440
Alexandrova
Digileva	1480
Kulakova
Markov	1400
Molodtsova	1280

Initial data of persons of physical labor

Where S is the number of characters viewed, M is the number of crossed out letters, N is the total number of letters that had to be crossed out, n is the number of mistakes made.

The calculation data of indicators on the physical condition of the subjects are included in table 4.

Table 4

Surname	A = M / N	P = A * S	Q = 0.5936 * S	SPI = (Q -2.807 * n) / T	UVN = S / N
Golikov	0,99	1264,00	759,81	3,14	8,00
Kozyrev	0,63	685,65	645,24	2,13	8,36
Legotype	0,99	751,74	451,14	1,87	8,26
Piryazev	0,99	755,16	451,14	1,87	4,84
Tyasto	0,94	1359,55	854,78	3,44	8,04
Alexandrova	0,84	605,11	427,39	1,61	7,66
Digileva	0,71	1053,70	878,53	3,04	8,04
Kulakova	0,94	654,24	413,15	1,66	7,73
Markov	0,66	922,35	831,04	2,78	8,24
Molodtsova	0,87	1112,38	759,81	2,91	7,62
Wed gr.	0,86	916,39	647,20	2,45	7,68

Calculation of indicators of mental performance of persons of physical labor

Where A is the coefficient of accuracy of the task, P is the coefficient of mental productivity, Q is the amount of visual information, SPI is the speed of information processing, UHN is the stability of attention.

Calculation of the average deviation of the SPI indicator according to the formula:

Where X maximum - X minimumis the range of values, Κ is the coefficient determined by the number of values ​​in the sample.

X maximum = 3.44 - Tyasto result.

X minimum = 1.61 is the result of Alexandrova.

Κ = 3.08 - has not changed.

The standard error of the mean is calculated by the formula:

Where n is the number of options in the sample.

Thus, the average group STI = 2.45± 0.2 bit / s.

3.3. The results of comparing the indicators of mental performance of persons engaged in mental and physical labor activity

3.3.1. Comparison result for the accuracy of the task

According to the research results, the average group accuracy of the task is:

In persons of mental labor - 0.97;

For persons of physical labor - 0.86.

Based on these data, a graph is built (Figure 1), reflecting the results of the studied indicator of the accuracy of the task.

Fig. 1. Comparison on the accuracy of the task

3.3.2. Comparison result for mental performance

Average group mental productivity is:

For persons of mental labor - 1102.79;

For persons of physical labor - 916.39.

Based on these data, a graph is built (Figure 2), reflecting the results of the studied indicator of mental productivity.

Fig. 2. Comparison for mental performance

3.3.3. Comparison result in terms of the amount of visual information

The average group volume of visual information is:

For people of mental labor - 676.82;

For persons of physical labor - 647.20.

Based on these data, a graph is built (Figure 3), reflecting the results of the studied indicator of the volume of visual information.

Fig. 3. Comparison by the amount of visual information

3.3.4. Comparison result for information processing speed

According to the research results, the average group speed of the task is:

In persons of mental labor 2.77 ± 0.15 bit / s;

For persons of physical labor, 2.45 ± 0.2 bit / s.

Based on these data, a graph is built (Figure 4), reflecting the results of the investigated indicator of the speed of information processing.

Fig. 4. Comparison by the speed of information processing

3.3.5. Result of comparison on stability of attention

According to the research results, the average group stability of attention is:

For persons of mental labor - 8.20;

For persons of physical labor - 7.68.

Based on these data, a graph is built (Figure 5), reflecting the results of the studied indicator of attention sustainability.

Fig. 5. Comparison on the sustainability of attention

CONCLUSIONS

1) In the course of the analysis of educational, methodological and scientific literature, physiological differences in mental and physical labor activity were identified. Mental labor activity encompasses a large number of nerve elements. Based on the modern data of neurophysiology and neuropsychology, mental labor is the result of the most complex combinations of nervous processes and histochemical changes in the neurons of the cortical-subcortical formations. The systemic nature of the brain during mental labor activity is not only complex and highly qualified, but also more extensive and includes a greater number of systems and subsystems than during physical labor activity. There is also a great load on the sensory system. Therefore, during mental labor activity, mental workload, systematic and long-term work naturally develop mental performance, including intelligence, contributes to their safety until old age.

2) In the course of assessing the mental performance of persons engaged in mental and physical labor activity, it can be concluded that according to the indicators of mental performance (accuracy of task performance, mental productivity, speed of information processing, stability of attention), high positive results were shown by subjects who do not have harmful habits, which proves their negative impact on the human body. Bad habits contribute to a decrease in mental performance, its effectiveness, which means that the productivity of work activity decreases.

3) In the study of the mental performance of persons engaged in mental and physical labor activity, a comparison of indicators was carried out. The average group indicator of the information processing speed was 2.77 ± 0.15 bit / s for people of mental labor, and 2.45 ± 0.2 bit / s for people of manual labor. There is a change in the indicator downward by 0.11 ± 0.2 bit / s, which indicates a decrease in the speed of persons engaged in physical labor activity. As a result of comparing all indicators of mental performance, it can be concluded that mental labor activity has a positive effect on the preservation and development of mental performance.

LIST OF USED LITERATURE

1. Antropova, M.V. The efficiency of students and its dynamics in the process of educational and work activities [Text]. - M .: Education, 1967 .-- 251s.
2. Alipov, N.N. Fundamentals of medical physiology: textbook / N. N. Alipov, 2008 .-- 303s.
3. Boyko, E.I. The mechanisms of mental activity [Electronic resource] .- M.: 1. Pedagogy, 1976. - 248p.
4. Vinogradov, M.I. General characteristics of the main forms of labor activity // Manual on the physiology of labor. M., 1969 .-- 40 p.
5. Gribkov, V.A. The method of restoring mental and physical working capacity by means of physical culture in the process of educational and labor activity. [Electronic resource]: Author, diss. Cand. ped. sciences. Gribkov Valery Alexandrovich. - M., 1995 .-- 26 p.
6. Danilova, H.H. Physiology of higher nervous activity / H.H. Danilova, A.L. Krylov. - Rostov n / a: "Phoenix", 2005. - 478 p.
7. Izmerova, N.F. Occupational hygiene: textbook / Ed. N.F. Izmerova, V.F. Kirillova. - M .: GEOTAR - Media, 2010 .-- 592 p.
8. Kicha, D.I. General hygiene. Lab Guide: Study Guide. - D.I. Kicha, 2009 .-- 288 p.
9. Leonova, A.B. Functional states and human performance in professional activity // Labor psychology, engineering psychology, ergonomics / Ed. E.A. Klimov. M: Yurayt, 2015 .-- 13 p.
10. Musina, S.V. Article: "Physiological and mental performance of students and the influence of various factors on it" / pp. V. Musina, E.V. Egorycheva, M.K. Tatarnikova, Journal "Izvestia of the Volgograd State Technical University" Issue No. 5, volume No. 5, 2008.
11. Orlov, R.S. Normal physiology: textbook / R.S. Orlov, A.D. Nozdrachev - 2nd ed., Revised. and add., 2010. - 832 p.
12. Rybnikov, O. N. Psychophysiology of professional activity / Textbook for universities [Text]. - M: Academy, 2010 .-- 467 p.
13. Seliverstova, V.V. Diagnostics of the functional state: a tutorial / V.V. Seliverstova, D.S. Melnikov; National state un-t physical culture, sports and health. P.F. Lesgaft, St. Petersburg. - SPb .: [b.i.], 2012. - 93 p.
14. Stolyarenko, A. M. Physiology of higher nervous activity for psychologists and teachers: a textbook for university students studying in humanitarian and social specialties / A.M. Stolyarenko. - M .: YUNITIDANA, 2012 .-- 463 p.
15. Semenovich, A.A. Human physiology: textbook. Manual / A. A. Semenovich [and others]; ed. A. A. Semenovich. - 3rd ed., Rev. Minsk: Vys. Shk., 2009 .-- 544 p.
16. Smirnov, V.M. Physiology of sensory systems and higher nervous activity: a textbook for students. higher. study, institutions / V.M. Smirnov, S. M. Budylina - M .: Publishing Center "Academy", 2003. - 304s.
17. Smirnov, V.M. Human Physiology: Textbook / Ed. V. M. Smirnov. - M .: Medicine, 2002. - 608 p.
18. A.S. Solodkov Guide to practical training in human physiology // Textbook for universities of physical culture. - Moscow: Soviet sport, 2006 .-- 163 p.
19. Solodkov, A.S. Human physiology. General. Sports. Age: Textbook. / A.S. Solodkov, E.B. Sologub Ed. 2nd, rev. and add. - M .: Olympia Press, 2005 .-- 528 p.
20. Sudakov, K.V. Physiology. Fundamentals and functional systems: A course of lectures / ed. K. V. Sudakova. - M .: Medicine, 2000 .-- 784 p.

ANNEXES

Annex 1

Form for the study of mental performance by the method of Anfimov Full name .______________________________________________ Date __________ Day of the week _____________________ Time ______________ Letters __________ C X A B C X E B I X I A And S N X V X V K A S I N I S V X V X E I A N S I E V A K V N X I V S I A V S A B S N A E K E A X V K E S V S N A And S A And S A And S I A V K N X I S X B X E K V X I V X E I S I E I N A I E I K X K I K X E K V K I S V X I X A K X N S K A J S V E K V X N A I S N X E K X I S N A K S K V X K V N A V S N S N A And K A E K K I S X A And V X E K V I S N A I K E K A E K S N A I X E I K A S N A E S V N I X K A E S N A X N K A E S N A K A E V E V K A J S N A C N A I V K A N A K A E K S N S X E V X E N A And S X K E K I K N A E S N K A K A E X K A E K A C E N A E X K A E N A I K E A And S N K A E K E V E V N K V N A And E I X E K N A K A X E E K V N A X E K N A E K V I K A K E K N A I E I K S N A V A E E A X N K A E N K V X E E C V X K A K V S V K E V K A A E C A V I E X E K N A E E N E V X K A E N A And S N A E S N K V K A E E X S K V I A S N N A E S N K A V C X A V S N A And K A E E C K A E C E X E K V A And S N A E A V K A E And A And S X E X E K V I K V E N A And E N A And K A E I X N And I X K X E X E V I S N V K A E X E S N A I N K A E V I V N A E I X E V K A E V A E N A I X E J S N A E H E K A E V E K A K K A S S N A K A E S X E N A I E J S N A E A And S N K V E X E K X E K K A E S K A E A K A E C X E B S K X E I X N A And S N K V E V E S N A And K A E X E K N A And S N I S N E J S N V I E X K V X E I V N A K A E X E I S V X A E K A E X S J S N A I X E V K A E S N A K A E E N A J S X K I V X N I X E S N A And V E V N A K A E B S S N A And K V E X K V K A E V K A N X K A S N A K C X E X E X E A E S N A K A E K A E N A E X K A E K E I X E V X A K A E S N A I K A E C X E V I E K A E C V E N S N A J S A K V S N X K E S X A E S N A E N K A S X K A X V X E E K A E I E N A E S X E K N A I V K V K X E K I S N A I X K A X E N A E E N I K V K A E S N A E E X V K V I E K A I E X E K V S N E J S C B H E V I C N A E A X E X K A N A X C K A V I K V E X K V K A E V K A N X K A S N A K C X E X E X E A E S N A K A E K A E N A E X K A E K E I X E V X A K A E S N A I K A E C X E V I E K A E C V E N S N A J S A K V S N X K E S X A E S N A E N K A S X K A X V X E E K A E I E N A E S X E K N A I V K V K X E K I S N A I X K A X E N A E E N I K V K A E S N A E E X V K V I E K A I E X E K V S N E J S S B N E B I S N A E A X E X K A N A X C K A V K X A E S N A I N K A C X E A E X K V E X E A And S N A S K A E S E N E K A X E E K A S N K A S E K A E K A N A K X E K S E X E N A E C V N E V N S I X A X E N A N A E S S V K A N K A E V I K A I K A K N A V S X E K C X E J S N A I E I N E V I S N A I V E V X E I S K A And E V X E K X S K A I E X K A E A K A V S

Appendix 2

Proof test results

SURNAME

Appendix 3

Calculation of indicators of mental performance

SURNAME	A = M / N	P = A * S	Q = 0.5936 * S	SPI = (Q -2.807 * n) / T	UVN = S / N
Individual indicator
Wed gr.

Appendix 4

Characteristics of persons of mental labor

	SURNAME	floor	age	position	bad habits
	Anechkin		60 years	Those. director	Denies
	Valenov		62 years	Engineer	Alcohol on holidays
	Lyapin		65 years	Head of the design sector	Alcohol on holidays
	Logantsov		65 years	Head of the Department of the Housing Committee	Alcohol 1 - 2 times a month
	Pekhterev		61 years	Engineer
	Bukin		63 years old	Electromechanic	Denies
	Zubareva		62 years	Fashion designer	Denies
	Zolina		65 years	Ch. accountant	Alcohol on holidays
	Ovacheva		65 years	Teacher	Denies
	Proshina		60 years	Deputy director	Alcohol on holidays

Appendix 5

Characteristics of persons of physical labor

	SURNAME	floor	age	position	bad habits
	Golikov		61 years	Mechanic	Alcohol on holidays, smokes 20 cigarettes a day
	Kozyrev		63 years old	Underground driller	Smokes 10 cigarettes a day
	Legotype		65 years	Master of finishing works	Smokes 20 cigarettes a day
	Piryazev		65 years	Email Installer	Smokes 10 cigarettes a day, alcohol on holidays
	Tyasto		64 years old	Metallurgist	Alcohol 1 - 2 times a month, smokes 20 cigarettes a day
	Alexandrova		60 years	Barmaid	Denies
	Digileva		62 years	Bakery barmaid	Smokes 20 cigarettes a day, alcohol on holidays
	Kulakova		62 years	Salesman	Denies
	Markov		62 years	Painter	Smokes 10 cigarettes a day, alcohol 1 - 2 times a month
	Molodtsova		64 years old	Shaper	Denies

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2. Classification of physical work

In every type of labor process there are elements of physical labor - labor, in which a muscular load is performed, and elements of mental labor. For an objective assessment of the organization of production, the objective assignment of benefits and compensations, the sequence of health-improving measures, for the regulation of work and rest regimes, and for many other purposes, it was proposed to distinguish between the severity and tension in each type of work activity. Accordingly, any work is classified into categories or groups according to its severity and intensity.

Severity labor is actually the physiological cost of work. The severity of the work characterizes the muscular effort (load on the skeletal muscles). Its value is determined by the energy consumption of the body, the power of external work or the amount of static effort required when performing this work, the mass and distance of movement of the lifted or lowered load, the working posture and the nature of working movements, as well as the degree of tension of physiological functions (judging by the data of heart rate , the percentage of decrease in endurance, degree of fatigue), the density of the workload of the working day. In our country, the labor classification proposed by the Institute of Occupational Hygiene of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences is used. It provides for the division of labor by severity into 4 groups or categories.

Criteria	Labor groups by severity
				Very heavy
Power of external work or energy consumption of the body, kcal / hour (kcal / min)	up to 150 (up to 2.5)	150-200 (2,5-4,1)		over 360 (over 6)
Maximum size of the transported load, kg	up to 5	6-15	16-40	over 40
I	II	III	IV
Working posture	Stationary workplace, free posture	Stationary workplace. Forced inclinations up to 30 ° 50-100 times per shift, or being in an inclined position up to 30 ° 10-25% of the time	Stationary workplace. Forced inclinations up to 30 ° 100-300 times per shift, or being in tilted position up to 50% of the time	Stationary workplace. Forced inclinations up to 30 ° more than 300 times per shift, or being in an inclined position up to 30 ° more than 50% of the time
Working pulse, beats / min	up to 80	80-100	100-120	120-140

There is a proposal to single out 2 more groups of labor by severity - extremely heavy and superheavy labor, in which the energy consumption is, respectively, 10-11.6 kcal / min and more than 11.6 kcal / min.

Abroad, it is customary to distinguish three groups of labor severity - light(up to 1.7 basal metabolic rate, or up to 2 kcal / min), average(up to 2.7 BOO, or up to 3 kcal / min) and heavy(up to 3.8 BOO, or up to 4 kcal / min).

Tension(nervous tension) of labor reflects the load on the central nervous system, analyzers, higher nervous activity, mental activity. Labor intensity is characterized by the volume of perceived information and is determined by the degree of attention tension, the density of incoming signals, the state of the analyzer systems, and emotional stress. According to the intensity, work is divided into 4 groups, or categories: unstressed, lightly stressed, stressful, very stressful.

Tension criteria	Labor groups by tension
	Relaxed	Low-stress	Tense	tense
Attention: a) the number of production important objects of simultaneous observation b) the duration of focused attention, in% of working time c) density of messages (signals per hour)
I	II	III	IV
Emotional stress	work according to an individual plan	work according to the established plan with possible adjustments in the process of activity	work in conditions of time pressure with increased responsibility	personal risk, responsibility for the safety of others
Changeability	morning, 7-8 hours	2 shifts, no night	3 shifts, with night	irregular shift with night work
Intellectual tension	no need to make a decision	solving simple alternative tasks according to instructions	solving complex problems by algorithm	creative activity
Monotone: a) the number of elements in the operation b) the duration of the repetitive operations, sec.

Using the criteria presented in the tables, you can evaluate any work in terms of severity and tension.

There is also a classification of labor that takes into account the nature of the work: 1) labor requiring significant muscular activity; 2) mechanized types of labor; 3) automated and semi-automated types of labor; 4) group (conveyor) work; 5) labor associated with remote control (camera work).

3. Tiredness and daily routine

3.1. Definition of fatigue, its types and stages

Usually, fatigue is understood as a temporary decrease in performance caused by previous work. If it occurs during mental activity, then they talk about mental fatigue, and if during physical work - about physical fatigue. The state of fatigue manifests itself in a change in physiological processes, in a decrease in labor productivity and technical and economic indicators, in a change in mental status.

Psychologists note that with the development of fatigue in a person, a special state of mind appears, which is called fatigue - a subjective reflection of the processes occurring in the body that lead to fatigue. So, for example, a feeling of weakness arises. It appears long before the decline in labor productivity and consists in the fact that there is an experience of special painful tension and uncertainty. The person feels that they are unable to continue working properly. At the same time, a disorder of attention arises - with the development of fatigue, a person is easily distracted, becomes lethargic, inactive, or, conversely, he has chaotic mobility, instability. Disorders arise in the sensory area - with fatigue, the work of receptors changes, for example, visual fatigue occurs - the ability to process information passing through the visual analyzer decreases; with prolonged manual work, tactile and kinesthetic sensitivity decreases. Disorders arise in the motor sphere: movement slows down, haste of movements, rhythm disturbances, weakening of the accuracy and coordination of movements, deautomatization of movements. Defects of memory and thinking are observed, will, decisiveness, endurance, self-control are weakened. With severe fatigue, drowsiness appears.

The severity of the changes depends on the depth of fatigue. For example, with slight fatigue, there are almost no significant changes in mental status, and with overwork, all these changes are extremely pronounced.

In connection with the change in the mental state, a number of psychophysiologists propose to distinguish 3 stages of fatigue. 1st stage: with it, the manifestation of a feeling of fatigue is insignificant, labor productivity is not reduced. 2nd stage- characterized by a significant decrease in labor productivity and pronounced mental changes. 3rd stage, which some researchers regard as acute fatigue, is accompanied by a pronounced experience of fatigue.

Fatigue can be physical(muscle) or neuropsychic(central). Both forms of fatigue combine with hard work and cannot be strictly separated from one another. Heavy physical work leads primarily to muscle fatigue, and increased mental or monotonous work causes fatigue of a central origin. A clear distinction should be made between fatigue and fatigue due to the need for sleep.

In addition, define primary fatigue, which develops rather quickly, at the beginning of the work shift and is a sign of insufficient strengthening of labor skills; it is surmountable in the process of work, as a result of which there is a "second wind" - a significant increase in working capacity. Secondary, or slowly developing fatigue - actually fatigue, which occurs approximately 2.5-3 hours after the start of the work shift, and rest is necessary to relieve it.

Overwork, or chronic fatigue is another type of fatigue. It is due to the lack of proper rest between working days and is considered a pathological condition. It is manifested by a general drop in labor productivity, an increase in morbidity, a slowdown in the growth of the cultural and technical level and qualifications of the worker; a decrease in creative activity and mental performance, a change in the activity of the cardiovascular system.

According to K.K. Platonov, four degrees of overwork are distinguished - beginning, light, pronounced and severe, each of which requires appropriate methods of struggle. So, to relieve the beginning overwork, it is enough to regulate the mode of work and rest. With a mild degree of fatigue, you must wait for the vacation and use it effectively. With pronounced overwork, urgent rest is necessary, better - organized. In severe fatigue, treatment is necessary.

3.2. Physiological causes of fatigue

Physical fatigue

Physical fatigue develops as a result of changes in skeletal muscles during prolonged work and is associated with the depletion of energy reserves and the accumulation of lactic acid ("fatigue substance"), leading to a decrease in performance. During the recovery phase following physical work, energy reserves are restored and lactic acid is removed.

Fatigue during dynamic work.

When working below the limit of fatigue, the nature of the movements provides a sufficient period for muscle relaxation, during which the high-energy phosphorus compounds used during contraction can be regenerated, and the end products of metabolism are removed. The relaxation time corresponds to the required recovery time. Since in this case there are no residual signs of fatigue, such work is called non-tiring. With dynamic work above the fatigue limit, there is no possibility of continuous recovery, since the duration of the relaxation period is less than the time required for recovery. Energy recovery and lactic acid removal are incomplete and residual fatigue builds up. The muscle depletes energy-rich substrates and accumulates metabolic end products, fatigue increases. The degree of muscle fatigue during dynamic work lying above the fatigue limit can be determined based on physiological indicators (for example, recovery time, pulse recovery rate, etc.)

Lame Horse Syndrome

This syndrome, consisting of muscle numbness and soreness, is not, as is commonly believed, caused by the accumulation of lactic acid in the muscles. Muscle pain with pressure and movement occurs after the lactic acid accumulated during exercise is removed from the muscles. It is also inconsistent with the lactate mechanism that the muscles in which such pain occurs most often develop significant strength; this is especially true for those cases when there is a violation of intramuscular coordination, and during work carried out with inhibition (negative work). The development of significant efforts causes breaks in the region of the Z-plates, and as they are restored, substances are released that cause muscle pain after a certain time.

Static fatigue

The restraining work that has to be done in everyday life usually exceeds the fatigue limit. The fatigue it causes is associated with the depletion of energy reserves. Only when the work of maintenance, requiring an effort less than 50% of the maximum and lasting more than 1 min, blood flow becomes a factor limiting performance.

Neuropsychic fatigue

Neuropsychic (central) fatigue leads to a decrease in working capacity due to violations of the central nervous regulation. Among its typical symptoms are delayed information transmission, deterioration of thinking and problem solving functions, weakening of sensory perception and sensorimotor function. Such fatigue is accompanied by aversion to work and decreased performance, and sometimes it leads to a tendency to depression, unreasonable anxiety or decreased activity, as well as irritability and imbalance.

Mental fatigue is caused by:

· Long-term mental work, requiring increased concentration, extreme attention or subtle skill;

· Hard physical labor;

· Monotonous work in a monotonous rhythm;

· Noise, low lighting and air temperature unfavorable for work;

· Conflicts, concerns or lack of interest in work;

· Illness, pain and malnutrition.

Fatigue of central origin, in contrast to muscle fatigue, can disappear instantly under certain conditions, when, for example:

• one tiresome activity is replaced by another;

· The situation changes;

· The body comes into a state of anxiety in case of fear or imminent danger;

· Interest in work is renewed thanks to new information;

· Mood changes.

The possibility of a sudden disappearance of neuropsychic fatigue indicates that it is not associated either with the accumulation of "fatigue substances" or with the depletion of energy reserves. Rather, neuropsychic fatigue is associated with the reticular formation, the activity of which changes not only with intense mental work, but also under the influence of monotonous activity. The fatigue caused by the monotony of work can be reduced by changing the channel of information perception, although in this way fatigue cannot be prevented with longer exposure. For example, on long road trips on the highway, mental fatigue can be counteracted by listening to the radio.

During physical work, neuropsychic fatigue can occur due to afferent impulses from working muscles to the brain, which not only creates the feeling that the muscles are tired (or even aching), but also suppresses the function of the cortex (thus causing neuropsychic fatigue). It is possible that these receptors are identical to the muscle receptors already mentioned.

3.3. Ways to combat fatigue

Without fatigue, there is no training, there is no adaptation of the body to physical or mental activity. Fatigue stimulates the process, recovery, expands the reserve capacity of the body. Consequently, fatigue plays not only a protective role, but also plays an important role in improving the working mechanisms of the body.

THEM. Sechenov argued that it is better to prevent fatigue than to fight it. He believed that getting well on time was one of the best ways to prevent fatigue. It is now known that improving working conditions, including through the rational organization of work and rest, is the best way to prevent fatigue.

Measures to combat developing fatigue:

1. Timely appointment of rest- active or passive; with shallow, unexpressed fatigue, even a short rest, for example, 3-5 minutes on average, has a positive effect.

2. Increased micropauses- the intervals between individual operations.

3. Regulation of physical and mental stress; with the development of fatigue, it is advisable to reduce the power of the work performed.

4. Using functional music .

5. The use of factors that increase the flow of afferent impulses in the central nervous system- for example, performing industrial gymnastics, irritation of the skin when performing self-massage and mutual massage of the head, face, cabbage soup, trunk.

6. Autogenic training, breathing exercises .

7. The use of pharmacological drugs that increase performance, for example, glucose, vitamin C, glutamic acid, eleutherococcus, ginseng, yellow sugar (adaptogens), stimulants of mobilizing action (for example, adrenomimetics of indirect or mixed action such as phenamine), substances with a general stimulating effect on the central nervous system, for example; analeptics (strychnine, securinine, caffeine, including in the form of tea or coffee drinks), MAO inhibitors (nialamide), as well as stimulants of the "economizing" type, for example, antihypoxants.

To increase mental performance, prevent and combat mental fatigue, the following pharmacological preparations are offered:

1. Substances that increase the "tone" of the brain and the level of emotional response :

· Adrenergic agonists of indirect action - phenamine, centedrine, reactivan;

· Phosphodiesterase inhibitors and adenosine antagonists - caffeine, theophylline and other xanthines;

· Stimulants of the central nervous system with a general tonic effect - strychnine, Chinese magnolia vine, ginseng, eleutherococcus, yellow sugar;

· Antidepressants with a predominance of the activating effect of the nialamide type.

2. Substances that increase mediation processes in brain structures related to learning processes :

· Anticholinesterase substances (galantamine, etc.);

· Memory oligopeptides - fragments of ACTH, corticotropin, melanocyte-stimulating hormone, lysyl-vasopressin.

3. Substances that activate the energy and plastic metabolism of the brain :

Psycho-energizers, nootropic substances (piracetam, mefexamide);

· Actoprotectors such as pyruvate.

4. Substances that optimize the emotional status and the level of excitability of the brain in stressful situations :

tranquilizers, antidepressants with a predominance of sedative (sedative) action, beta-blockers such as obzidan, anaprilin.

3.4. Organization of the daily routine

Work and rest mode is one of the most important factors determining the dynamics of human performance. When "designing" the appropriate work and rest regime, one should take into account the total duration of the work shift, the intensity of the load in each half of the work shift, intra-shift regulated and non-regulated rest breaks (micro pauses, macro pauses, lunch break) and their content, non-shift types of rest, work shifts, etc. sequence of alternating work shifts.

The duration of a work shift or working day should not exceed 7-8 hours. Longer periods of work without adequate rest, such as 12-hour or daily work, are associated with higher rates of illness than normal work activities. It is generally accepted that working in two shifts does not cause significant deviations in health and performance. At the same time, night shifts are the most unacceptable option for work, since this disrupts the body's natural biorhythm. With three-shift work, the incidence of people after a night shift is always higher than after a morning or day shift.

Each half of the work shift has three phases: training, high sustainable performance and decreased performance due to the development of fatigue. When planning the pace of work, the capacity of the work being performed should be taken into account. So, on conveyor lines for this purpose, variators of the conveyor speed (conveyor stroke) are used - at the beginning of the shift, the speed is set below the average, then it gradually increases (like the efficiency), reaching a maximum by the time of the highest efficiency, and when the first signs of fatigue appear, it decreases again. A similar variation in conveyor speed is used in the second half of the work shift. The use of variators gives a high protective and production effect.

There are three types of intra-shift rest: micro pauses, macro pauses and lunch break... The breaks provided by the production regulations are called regulated breaks. Their effectiveness as a restorative measure is higher than the breaks that are made "without permission" - unregulated.

Micropause

These are the intervals between individual operations or between individual elements of operations. Usually the duration of each micropause is 1-2 seconds. On average, for the entire working day, the sum of all micro-pauses should be 7-10% of the working time, for example, with an 8-hour shift - 48 minutes. The absence of micropauses in the conditions of conveyor production causes deep fatigue. Therefore, micro-pauses should be considered when calculating the production rate. During micropauses, conditions for short-term rest arise, which prevents the development of deep fatigue.

Macropause

These are rest breaks of 5-10 minutes or more. The higher the power of the work performed (the higher the severity of the work), the more time it takes to rest. For example, miners have to rest about 50% of the time they spend underground: otherwise, if the duration of rest is reduced, their productivity will drop significantly. So, the total rest time (the sum of macropauses) is determined by the severity of the work. If the work process is light in severity and tension, 1-2 rest breaks lasting 5-10 minutes are sufficient in each half of the work shift. Long (more than 10 minutes) or frequent breaks reduce performance and require additional operating time.

During the macropause period (and during lunchtime), active and passive rest... Active rest is a rest in which muscle groups that are not involved in the main work are temporarily turned on. For example, the movement of the legs while constantly working with the hands. The phenomenon of active rest was identified by I.M.Sechenov. Active rest is more effective for restoring performance than passive rest. This position has been confirmed by numerous observations, but in recent years it has been shown that the effectiveness of active rest depends on the power of the work performed: with medium and high severity of labor (III, IV st.), Its efficiency is less than with light work; in the elderly, the effectiveness of active recreation is lower than that of passive. Consequently, the approach to the use of active recreation should be differentiated. Forms of active recreation - industrial gymnastics or arbitrary independent movements of a worker in the workshop or outside of it.

Lunch break

Unlike micro- and macro-pauses, it is not included in the concept of "working time", since according to labor legislation, the time for lunch breaks at the expense of the employee's personal time budget. Its duration should not be less than 30 minutes, since a shorter period of time does not give a full recovery effect. This break is intended not only for eating (by the way, a plentiful lunch is not recommended during work), but also for rest - passive or active, which is determined by the nature of the work. With mental activity, as a rule, in all cases, active rest is recommended during macropauses and a lunch break. With mental activity, macropauses are prescribed every 45 minutes, mainly for 5 minutes, and closer to the lunch break - 10 minutes each. Lunch break is scheduled in the middle of the work shift.

Elements of industrial gymnastics and functional music are also introduced into the working day.

Industrial gymnastics

Introductory gymnastics is used to increase the speed of training; exercise pause is carried out daily for 5-10 minutes from 1 to 4 times per shift in order to maintain high performance during the working day and is prescribed during the period of incipient fatigue, at the time of the decrease in the performance curve; physical training pauses are carried out in order to reduce fatigue: within 2-3 minutes, 2-3 exercises are performed, for example, the first exercise is "stretching", the second and third exercises are to warm up the muscles of the neck, arms, legs - that part of the body in which the greatest fatigue.

Functional music

It is widely used in manufacturing. Use counter music, it is broadcasted before starting work in order to increase the process of working; functional music at the beginning of the shift - to increase the processes of training and during the period of development of fatigue (in this case, in contrast to the music of training, a smooth, melodic, melodic melody is used); at the end of the work shift they broadcast pre-final music, and after finishing work - the final... The specific content of the musical impact is determined by the psychological goal: calm music is required to relieve fatigue, and rhythmic and major music is required to enhance the working process.

4. Conclusion

The study of the conditions for increasing the efficiency of human labor activity is one of the independent tasks of labor psychology. Among these conditions, the maintenance of optimal performance based on the creation of an optimal functional state is distinguished. At the same time, it is important to take measures to prevent and correct unfavorable functional conditions (fatigue, monotony, stress, etc.). This presupposes, firstly, the elimination of the objective reasons for their occurrence (drawing up an optimal regime of work and rest, alternating types of labor actions, etc.), and secondly, the formation of a person's skills for regulating and controlling his functional state (using a the purpose of preparing for adverse situations, techniques of neuromuscular relaxation, auto-training).

If the mode of work and rest is organized rationally, then labor productivity, efficiency and health level in a given production area can be high. It should be borne in mind that the mode of work and rest is a very flexible tool that should be periodically checked - whether it gives the most useful effect or not. In the latter case, it must be modified.

The orientation of modern management towards the concept of "human reserves" requires the manager to understand the psychology and physiology of work, the mechanisms that underlie the interaction of people in the labor process, in combination and taking into account the individual characteristics of each to create the most favorable conditions for creative self-organization.

5. List of used literature

1. Lukashevich N.P., Singaevskaya I.V., Bondarchuk E.I. Labor Psychology, 1997

2. Human physiology: In 3 volumes, ed. R. Schmidt and G. Tevs, 1996

3. Agadzhanyan N.A., Tel L.Z., Tsirkin V.I., Chesnokova S.V. Human Physiology, 1998

4. J. Scherrer Physiology of Labor, 1973

The issues of labor organization are solved in a comprehensive manner, taking into account technological, economic and necessarily physiological and psychological knowledge in the world of work. The psychophysiological approach to the organization of labor is a necessary component in the system of measures for the implementation of labor organization at the enterprise. Productivity growth tasks place increased demands on the thinking, perception, attention and emotional state of the employee, i.e. to everything that makes up its performance.

Efficiency - it is the ability of a person to form and maintain his body in working order to ensure high labor productivity.

Human performance is influenced by various environmental factors, which are often unfavorable and of varying intensity and duration. In the process of labor, the functional state of the human body naturally changes, including its central nervous system. Work can temper the worker, but it can lead to depletion of the nervous system as a result of overwork and atrophy of certain muscles.

The basis of human life is metabolism, it is necessary to maintain the constancy of the internal environment of the body. Human life activity is a continuous consumption and consumption of energy.

The most important characteristic of living labor is its intensity. The intensity of labor is the degree of intensity of living labor, due to the expenditure of physical, mental and nervous energy per unit of time. The rational organization of labor involves the use of normal intensity, at which irreversible negative changes in the life of the employee do not occur. Therefore, in the psychophysiology of labor, the concept of physiological norms is used, their observance helps to maintain high performance for a long time.

Psychophysiological aspect labor organization solves two problems:

1) determining the requirements for the psychological and physical functions of the employee for the performance of specific work. Each type of labor has its own characteristics. The ideal performance of professional duties presupposes certain requirements for the physiology of the employee (his mobility, musculoskeletal system, muscle building) and his psychology (perception, psychomotor skills, thinking, attention and memory). Many do not pay attention to this in the professional selection of workers;

2) determination of the causes of errors in the performance of operations by the employee. Errors in work, as a rule, are stipulated by the critical features of labor operations, the performance of auxiliary work, the monotony of labor and other reasons. This can be explained as follows.

The scientific organization of labor to prevent monotony offers typical activities:

Rational distribution of job responsibilities among employees;

Duty of workers in monotonous operations;

The use of a variable rhythm and pace of work;

Implementation of appropriate work and rest regimes;

Use of functional music;

Application of existing labor incentive systems.

The rational organization of labor requires compliance with a number of conditions:

- "entry" into work should be gradual. It is necessary to start with simple elements, following the optimal increase in the volume of work and complication of activities;

It is necessary to observe consistency and systematicity in work;

It is necessary to observe the optimal pace and rhythm of work, because not only an excessively high rate of work intensity, but also a reduced rate of work intensity for her, negatively affects a person;

It is important to take into account the individual characteristics of a person: what is the norm for one employee may be a deviation for another;

The optimal regime should be not only work, but also rest.

Many types of mental and physical labor are performed more easily and with higher productivity if an individual plan of the labor process is provided for the employee.

The progress of science and technology has caused the need to obtain a significant amount of professional knowledge and a large amount of various information. The pace of life has increased immeasurably. All this led to a shift in the center of gravity of the load from the physical sphere to the mental, mental and emotional.

Human mental activity is accompanied by a change in the functional state of various organs and systems of the body. First of all, the consumption of oxygen and nutrients by the tissues of the brain increases. With various types of mental work, the daily energy expenditure (in comparison with the state of rest) increases by a small amount and amounts to 2500-3000 kcal. At the same time, respiration indices hardly change. The functions of the cardiovascular system during mental work change insignificantly - there is an increase in the blood-filled vessels of the brain, narrowing of the peripheral vessels of the extremities and expansion of the vessels of the internal organs, i.e. vascular reactions occur, the opposite of those that occur during muscular work. Observations of students during the examination sessions show that their heart rate at this time steadily increases to 88-92 beats per minute versus 76-80 beats during the training period.

Mental performance can change depending on the well-being and mood of the student, his understanding of the meaning of the work being done, interest in it, emotions and volitional efforts. With prolonged and sufficiently strenuous work, mental fatigue sets in. With mental fatigue, the power of memory decreases, as a result of which there is a "flight of thoughts", a rapid disappearance from memory of what had been learned shortly before.

Mental fatigue is an objective state of the body, and mental fatigue is a subjective feeling of a person. Mental fatigue can increase with dissatisfaction with work, failures in it. Conversely, the successful completion of a job or some of its stages reduces fatigue. Feelings of fatigue can be relieved by emotions, concentration of attention, increased interest in work. In an agitated state, you may not notice fatigue. So, despite the fact that

students take exams at the end of the semester, when they are tired, the emotional uplift on the day of the exam is so great that

temporarily relieves the feeling of fatigue. Successful examination mobilizes the student even more, failure can lead to depression.

There are states of fatigue in which it is still possible to perform mental work, but creative principles are not found in it, it becomes stereotyped. A tired person in his work involuntarily follows ready-made samples and can still perform such work relatively easily. Coming fatigue is not always found in the simultaneous weakening of all aspects of activity. A decrease in efficiency in one type of educational work may be accompanied by the preservation of its effectiveness in another form. So, for example, getting tired of doing computational operations, you can successfully engage in reading.

But there may also be such a state of general fatigue, in which neither mathematics, nor reading literature, nor even a simple conversation are within their power - you just want to sleep.

With a systematic overstrain of the nervous system, overwork occurs, which is characterized by: a feeling of fatigue before starting work, lack of interest in it, apathy, increased irritability, decreased appetite, dizziness, headache. Objective signs of fatigue are: weight loss, dyspeptic disorders, lability of heart rate and blood pressure, sweating, decreased body resistance to infections and diseases. Mental work takes place in conditions of low physical activity. This leads to the appearance of conditions for increased fatigue, decreased performance, deterioration in general well-being. Therefore, the mental activity of students, associated with mental stress, makes high demands on the body.

 

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