Presentation on the topic of nuclear energy in physics. Presentation - nuclear energy. Alternative replacement of nuclear power plants
The atomic age has a long history. The beginning was laid by W. Roentgen's work, "On a New Kind of Rays", published in December 1895. He called them X - rays, later they were called X - rays. In 1896, A. Becquerel discovered that uranium ore emits invisible rays with great penetrating power. Later this phenomenon was called radioactivity. In 1919, a group of scientists led by E. Rutherford, bombarding nitrogen with alpha particles, received an oxygen isotope - this is how the world's first artificial nuclear reaction was carried out. In 1942, the first nuclear reactor in history was launched under the stands of a football stadium at the University of Chicago (USA). Nuclear power - a very important part of life modern manbecause at the moment it is one of the most progressive and developing branches of science. The development of nuclear energy opens up new opportunities for mankind. But like everything new, it also has its opponents, who argue that nuclear energy has more disadvantages than advantages. First you need to find out - how did nuclear energy come about?
Europe was on the eve of World War II, and the potential possession of such a powerful weapon prompted its fastest creation. Physicists from Germany, England, USA, Japan worked on the creation of atomic weapons. Realizing that it is impossible to work without a sufficient amount of uranium ore, the United States in September 1940 purchased a large amount of the required ore, which allowed them to work on the creation of nuclear weapons in full swing.
The United States government made a decision - in as soon as possible create an atomic bomb. This project went down in history as the "Manhattan Project". It was headed by Leslie Groves. An American nuclear center was established in the United States in 1942. Under his leadership, the best minds of that time were collected not only from the United States and England, but practically from all of Western Europe. On July 16, 1945, at 5:29:45 am local time, a bright flash illuminated the sky over a plateau in the Jemez Mountains north of New Mexico. A characteristic mushroom-like cloud of radioactive dust rose 30,000 feet. All that remained at the site of the explosion were fragments of green radioactive glass, which turned into sand.
In the twentieth century, society developed rapidly, people began to consume more and more energy resources. A new source of energy was required. Great hopes were pinned on the use of nuclear power plants (NPPs) to meet the bulk of the world's energy needs. The world's first pilot-industrial NPP with a capacity of 5 MW was commissioned in the USSR on June 27, 1954 in Obninsk. Prior to this, the energy of the atomic nucleus was used primarily for military purposes. The start-up of the first nuclear power plant marked the opening of a new direction in energy, which was recognized at the 1st International Scientific and Technical Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy (August 1955, Geneva). Abroad, the first industrial nuclear power plant with a capacity of 46 MW was put into operation in 1956 in Calder Hall (England). A year later, a 60 MW nuclear power plant was commissioned in Shippingport (USA). At the beginning of the x years. 435 operating nuclear power plants produced about 7% of the world's energy.
People who do not understand the design and operation of nuclear power plants believe that there is a danger from these very nuclear power plants and are afraid of building new enterprises, afraid to go to work for these enterprises and generally have a negative attitude towards this phenomenon. The protesters claim that they are not against nuclear technology, but against nuclear energy as such, because they consider it dangerous. As an argument, they cite the events that happened not so long ago at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant and at the Fukushima station. The accident at the Japanese nuclear power plant "Fukushima" has changed the attitude of people towards nuclear energy around the world. This trend is clearly demonstrated by a survey conducted by the international company Ipsos in 24 countries, where about 60 percent of the world's population is concentrated. In 21 out of 24 states, the majority of respondents supported the closure of nuclear power plants. Only in India, the United States and Poland, according to Ipsos, the majority of citizens are still in favor of the continued use of nuclear energy.
There are two ways to develop nuclear energy According to forecasts of experts, the share of nuclear energy will grow and make up a significant part in the global energy balance. People will achieve a safe future in the field of nuclear energy Shutdown of operating nuclear power plants, search for a new alternative method of generating electricity
For: Every year, nuclear power plants in Europe avoid the emission of 700 million tons of CO 2. The operating nuclear power plants in Russia annually prevent the emission of 210 million tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere; low and stable (in relation to the cost of fuel) electricity prices; Contrary to the prevailing public opinion, experts from all over the world recognized nuclear power plants as the safest and most environmentally friendly in comparison with other traditional methods of energy production. In addition, a new generation has already been developed and installed nuclear reactors, the priority for which is complete operational safety. Cons: The main environmental problems of nuclear power are SNF (spent nuclear fuel) management. Thus, most of the Russian spent nuclear fuel is currently stored in temporary storage facilities at nuclear power plants; The problem of eliminating a nuclear power plant: a nuclear reactor cannot be simply stopped, closed and left. For many years, it will have to be taken out of service, only partially reducing the maintenance personnel. No matter how much it would be desirable, supporters or opponents of the development of nuclear energy, it is too early to put an end to the discussion of the future of the nuclear industry in the world. One thing is indisputable: it is unacceptable to rely only on nuclear specialists who are in love with their work and officials in charge of the nuclear industry. The consequences of the decisions they make are too heavy for the entire society to be held accountable only on them. The population and especially civil society organizations have an important, if not a key role to play in the discussion and making of meaningful decisions.
The Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant Accident -1 is a major radiation accident that occurred on March 11, 2011 as a result of the strongest earthquake in Japan and the subsequent tsunami. The earthquake and the tsunami hit disabled external power supplies and standby diesel power plants, which caused the failure of all normal and emergency cooling systems and led to the melting of the reactor core at power units 1, 2 and 3 in the first days of the accident.
As a result of the earthquake, Miyagi, Iwate and Fukushima prefectures were severely affected. As a result of tremors at 55 nuclear reactors, the safety systems worked regularly. As a result of the earthquake, 11 of the existing power units in Japan were automatically shut down. After the 8.4 magnitude earthquake at the Oginawa station, all three reactors were shut down in normal operation, but later (two days later, on March 13), a fire broke out in the turbine hall of the first power unit, which was quickly localized and extinguished. As a result of the fire, one of the turbines was destroyed, no radioactive emissions into the atmosphere followed. It was the water that brought the main destruction to the Fukushima-1 station: the water drowned out the reserve diesel generators, which provided electricity to the power units at the nuclear power plant after the earthquake. The cutoff of the electricity required for the operation of the control and protection systems of the reactor led to further tragic events.
It is true that the presence of radioactive iodine and cesium ejected from the reactor core of the Fukushima nuclear power plant soon after the accident was recorded in Russia (including in Moscow). The presence of these isotopes is recorded by instruments, however, not only in Primorye or Moscow, but also around the globe, as experts predicted from the very beginning of the accident in Japan. However, the amounts of these isotopes are so insignificant that they cannot have any effect on human health. Therefore, Muscovites and guests of the capital have no need to stock up on iodine-containing preparations, not to mention the prospects of any kind of evacuation. The head of the Primorye Hydrometeorological Center, Boris Kubai, confirmed that the concentration of iodine -131 is 100 times lower than the permissible values, so there is no threat to human health.
According to available data, the volume of radioactive emissions during the accident at the Fukushima-I nuclear power plant is 7 times lower than that observed during the Chernobyl accident. The number of victims during the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant and the elimination of its consequences was much higher, reaching 4,000 people according to WHO. However, one should not forget that the accident at the Fukushima-I NPP has a character that is fundamentally different from the character of the Chernobyl disaster. In Chernobyl, the main danger to human health was the release of radioactive elements immediately at the time of the accident. Subsequently, the radioactive contamination of the territories adjacent to the NPP only decreased as a result of a natural decrease in the radioactivity of unstable elements and their gradual erosion in the environment. The Fukushima I nuclear power plant is located on the ocean coast, due to which a significant part of the radiation contamination enters the ocean water. On the one hand, this is due to a much less intensive contamination of the adjacent territories (besides, unlike Chernobyl, there was no reactor explosion at Fukushima, which means there was no massive dispersal of radioactive particles through the air), but on the other hand, leakage of contaminated water into the ocean from the damaged reactors of Fukushima continues, and it will be much more difficult to eliminate.
Among those who insist on the need to continue the search for safe and economical ways to develop nuclear energy, two main areas can be distinguished. Proponents of the first believe that all efforts should be focused on eliminating public distrust in the safety of nuclear technologies. For this, it is necessary to develop new reactors that are safer than the existing light-water reactors. Two types of reactors are of interest here: a “technologically extremely safe” reactor and a “modular” high-temperature gas-cooled p ecto p. The prototype of the modular gas-cooled reactor was developed in Germany, as well as in the USA and Japan. In contrast to a light water reactor, the design of a modular gas-cooled reactor is such that the safety of its operation is ensured passively - without direct actions of operators or an electrical or mechanical protection system. In technologically extremely safe p eacto p ah, too, p p is called a passive protection system. Such a reactor, the idea of \u200b\u200bwhich was proposed in Sweden, apparently did not advance beyond the design stage. But he has received serious support in the United States, with only one of those who see him as potential advantages over a modular gas cooled reactor. But the future of both options is vague because of their unpredictable cost, development difficulties, as well as the bright future of the atomic energy itself.
1. Thorium theory can be used as a fuel in a nuclear cycle as an alternative to a wound, and technologies for this process have existed for the same period. Many scientists and other people call for the use of this element, asserting that it has many advantages over the current uranium fuel cycle used in the production of this mir. 2. Solar energy Solar energy is rich, inexhaustible and, perhaps, the most famous of both alternative and sources of energy. The most popular method of using this energy is to use solar cells to convert from solar energy to electrical energy, which is then supplied to the end consumer. 3. Fuel Another alternative and source of energy is a fuel that can be used in conjunction with a fuel element for transport. Hydrogen is malotoxic during combustion, can be produced internally and be three times more efficient than a typical gasoline engine. Hydrogen can be obtained as a result of various processes, including the accumulated fuel, biomass, and electrolyzed waste. To get the most out of the gas as a fuel source, the best method can be to name and use it for the production of renewable and energy sources.
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TARGET:
Assess the positive and negative aspects of the use of nuclear energy in modern society. Generate ideas related to the threat to peace and humanity from the use of nuclear energy.
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Nuclear power applications
Energy is the backbone. All the benefits of civilization, all material spheres of human activity - from washing clothes to exploring the Moon and Mars - require energy consumption. And the further, the more. Today, nuclear energy is widely used in many sectors of the economy. Powerful submarines and surface ships with nuclear power plants are being built. The peaceful atom is used to search for minerals. Mass application in biology, agriculture, medicine, in space exploration have found radioactive isotopes.
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Energy: "FOR"
a) Nuclear power is by far the best form of energy production. Economical, powerful, environmentally friendly when used correctly. b) Nuclear power plants have an advantage in fuel costs compared to traditional thermal power plants, which is especially pronounced in those regions where there are difficulties in providing fuel and energy resources, as well as a stable tendency towards an increase in the cost of fossil fuel extraction. c) Nuclear power plants are also not characterized by pollution of the natural environment with ash, flue gases with CO2, NOx, SOx, waste waters containing oil products.
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NPP, CHP, HPP-modern civilization
Modern civilization is inconceivable without electrical energy... The production and use of electricity is increasing every year, but the ghost of an impending energy hunger is already looming before mankind due to the depletion of fossil fuels and increasing environmental losses when generating electricity. The energy released in nuclear reactions is millions of times higher than that given by conventional chemical reactions (for example, a combustion reaction), so that the calorific value of nuclear fuel is immeasurably greater than that of conventional fuel. Using nuclear fuel to generate electricity is an extremely tempting idea. The advantages of nuclear power plants (NPPs) over thermal (CHP) and hydroelectric power plants (HPPs) are obvious: there is no waste, no gas emissions, there is no need to conduct huge volumes of construction, build dams and bury fertile land on the bottom of the reservoirs. Perhaps more environmentally friendly than nuclear power plants, only power plants that use solar or wind energy. But both windmills and solar power plants are still low-powered and cannot meet people's needs for cheap electricity - and this need is growing faster and faster. Nevertheless, the feasibility of the construction and operation of nuclear power plants is often questioned due to the harmful effects of radioactive substances on the environment and humans.
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Nuclear energy prospects
After a good start, our country lagged behind the leading countries of the world in the development of nuclear energy in all respects. Of course, nuclear power can be abandoned altogether. This will completely eliminate the risk of human exposure and the threat of nuclear accidents. But then, in order to meet the energy needs, it will be necessary to increase the construction of CHP and HPPs. And this will inevitably lead to a large pollution of the atmosphere with harmful substances, to the accumulation of an excess amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, to a change in the Earth's climate and to a disruption of the heat balance on a global scale. Meanwhile, the specter of energy hunger begins to really threaten humanity. Radiation is a formidable and dangerous force, but with proper treatment it is quite possible to work with it. It is characteristic that the least afraid of radiation are those who constantly deal with it and are well aware of all the dangers associated with it. In this sense, it is interesting to compare statistics and intuitive assessments of the degree of danger of various factors in everyday life. Thus, it has been established that the greatest number of human lives is carried away by smoking, alcohol and cars. Meanwhile, according to people from groups of the population, different in age and education, the greatest danger to life is carried by nuclear power and firearms (the damage caused to humanity by smoking and alcohol is clearly underestimated). Specialists who can most skillfully assess the merits and possibilities of using nuclear power engineers, believe that humanity can no longer do without the energy of the atom. Nuclear power is one of the most promising ways to satisfy the energy hunger of mankind in the face of energy problems associated with the use of fossil fuels.
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The benefits of nuclear power
There are so many advantages to nuclear power plants. They are completely independent of uranium mining sites. Nuclear fuel is compact and has a rather long life. NPPs are consumer-oriented and become in demand in those places where there is an acute shortage of fossil fuel, and the demand for electricity is very high. Another advantage is the low cost of the energy received, relatively low construction costs. Compared to thermal power plants, nuclear power plants do not emit such a large amount of harmful substances into the atmosphere, and their operation does not lead to an increase in the greenhouse effect. At the moment, scientists are faced with the task of increasing the efficiency of uranium use. It is solved by using fast breeder reactors (RBR). Together with thermal neutron reactors, they increase the energy production per ton of natural uranium by 20-30 times. When natural uranium is fully utilized, it becomes profitable to extract it from very poor ores and even extract it from seawater. The use of nuclear power plants with FRL leads to some technical difficulties, which are currently being solved. As fuel, Russia can use highly enriched uranium, released as a result of the reduction in the number of nuclear warheads.
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The medicine
Diagnostic and therapeutic methods have shown their high efficiency. When cancer cells are irradiated with γ - rays, they stop dividing. And if the cancer is at an early stage, then the treatment is successful. Small amounts of radioactive isotopes are used for diagnosis. For example, radioactive barium is used for fluoroscopy of the stomach Isotopes are successfully used in the study of iodine metabolism of the thyroid gland
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The best
Kashiwazaki-Kariva, the largest nuclear power plant in the world in terms of installed capacity (for 2008) is located in the Japanese city of Kashiwazaki, Niigata Prefecture. There are five boiling water reactors (BWR) and two advanced boiling nuclear reactors (ABWR) in operation, with a total capacity of 8.212 Gigawatts.
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Zaporizhzhya NPP
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Alternative replacement of nuclear power plants
Energy of sun. The total amount of solar energy reaching the Earth's surface is 6.7 times the world's potential for fossil fuel resources. Using only 0.5% of this reserve could fully cover the world's energy demand for millennia. To the North. The technical potential of solar energy in Russia (2.3 billion tons of conventional fuel per year) is approximately 2 times higher than today's fuel consumption.
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The warmth of the earth. Geothermal energy - literally translated means: earth is thermal energy. The volume of the Earth is approximately 1085 billion cubic km and all of it, with the exception of a thin layer of the earth's crust, has a very high temperature. If we also take into account the heat capacity of the Earth's rocks, it becomes clear that geothermal heat is undoubtedly the largest source of energy that humans currently have. Moreover, this is energy in its pure form, since it already exists as heat, and therefore, to obtain it, one does not need to burn fuel or create reactors.
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Advantages of water-graphite reactors
The advantages of a channel graphite reactor are the possibility of using graphite simultaneously as a moderator and a structural material of the core, which allows the use of process channels in replaceable and non-replaceable versions, the use of fuel elements in a rod or tubular design with one-sided or all-round cooling by a coolant. The structural diagram of the reactor and the core makes it possible to organize refueling of the fuel in an operating reactor, to apply the zonal or sectional principle of constructing the core, which allows profiling of energy release and heat removal, the widespread use of standard designs, the implementation of nuclear steam overheating, i.e., steam overheating directly in the core.
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Nuclear power and the environment
Today, nuclear power and its impact on the environment are the most topical issues at international congresses and meetings. This issue became especially acute after the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant (ChNPP). At such congresses, issues related to installation work at the nuclear power plant. As well as issues affecting the condition of the working equipment at these stations. As you know, the operation of nuclear power plants is based on the fission of uranium into atoms. Therefore, the extraction of this fuel for the stations is also not an unimportant issue today. Many issues related to nuclear power plants are in one way or another related to the environment. Although the operation of nuclear power plants brings a large amount of useful energy, but, unfortunately, all the "pluses" in nature are offset by their "minuses". Nuclear power is no exception: in the operation of nuclear power plants, they face the problems of disposal, storage, processing and transportation of waste.
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How dangerous is nuclear power?
Nuclear energy is an actively developing industry. It is obvious that a great future is destined for it, since the reserves of oil, gas, coal are gradually drying up, and uranium is a fairly common element on Earth. But it should be remembered that nuclear power is associated with an increased danger to people, which, in particular, manifests itself in the extremely unfavorable consequences of accidents with the destruction of nuclear reactors.
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Energy: "against"
"Against" nuclear power plants: a) Awful consequences of accidents at nuclear power plants. b) Local mechanical impact on the relief - during construction. c) Damage to individuals in technological systems - during operation. d) Runoff of surface and ground waters containing chemical and radioactive components. e) Changes in the nature of land use and exchange processes in the immediate vicinity of the NPP. f) Changes in the microclimatic characteristics of adjacent areas.
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Not just radiation
NPP operation is accompanied not only by the risk of radiation pollution, but also by other types of environmental impact. The main effect is heat. It is one and a half to two times higher than from thermal power plants. During the operation of a nuclear power plant, it becomes necessary to cool the spent water vapor. The most in a simple way is cooling with water from a river, lake, sea or specially constructed pools. Water heated to 5-15 ° С returns to the same source again. But this method carries with it the danger of deterioration of the ecological situation in the aquatic environment at the locations of nuclear power plants. The water supply system using cooling towers, in which water is cooled due to its partial evaporation and cooling, is more widely used. Small losses are replenished by constant fresh water replenishment. With such a cooling system, a huge amount of water vapor and droplet moisture is emitted into the atmosphere. This can lead to an increase in the amount of precipitation, the frequency of fog formation, cloudiness. In recent years, an air-cooled water vapor system has been used. In this case, there is no loss of water, and it is most harmless to environment... However, such a system does not work at high average ambient temperatures. In addition, the cost of electricity increases significantly.
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Invisible enemy
Three radioactive elements - uranium, thorium and anemones - are mainly responsible for the earth's natural radiation. These chemical elements are unstable; decaying, they release energy or become sources of ionizing radiation. Typically, the decay produces an invisible, tasteless, odorless heavy gas called radon. It exists in the form of two isotopes: radon-222, a member of the radioactive series formed by the decay products of uranium-238, and radon-220 (also called thoron), a member of the thorium-232 radioactive series. Radon is constantly formed in the depths of the Earth, accumulates in rocks, and then gradually moves along cracks to the surface of the Earth. A person very often receives radiation from radon, being at home or at work and unaware of the danger - in a closed, unventilated room , where its concentration of this gas, a source of radiation, is increased. Radon penetrates into the house from the ground - through cracks in the foundation and through the floor - and accumulates mainly on the lower floors of residential and industrial buildings. But there are also known cases when residential buildings and industrial buildings are erected directly on the old dumps of mining enterprises, where radioactive elements are present in significant quantities. If materials such as granite, pumice, alumina, phosphogypsum, red brick, calcium-silicate slag are used in construction production, the wall material becomes a source of radon radiation. Natural gas used in gas stoves (especially liquefied propane in cylinders) is also a potential source radon. And if water for domestic needs is pumped out of deep-lying water layers saturated with radon, then a high concentration of radon in the air even when washing clothes! By the way, it was found that the average concentration of radon in the bathroom is usually 40 times higher than in living rooms and several times higher than in the kitchen.
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Radioactive "garbage"
Even if a nuclear power plant works perfectly and without the slightest disruption, its operation inevitably leads to the accumulation of radioactive substances. Therefore, people have to solve a very serious problem, the name of which is the safe storage of waste. Waste from any industry with a huge scale of energy production, various products and materials creates a huge problem. The pollution of the environment and atmosphere in many parts of our planet is alarming and alarming. We are talking about the possibility of preserving the animal and plant world no longer in its original form, but at least within the minimum environmental standards. Radioactive waste is generated at almost all stages of the nuclear cycle. They accumulate in the form of liquid, solid and gaseous substances with different levels of activity and concentration. Most of the waste is low-level: water used to clean gases and reactor surfaces, gloves and shoes, contaminated tools and burned-out light bulbs from radioactive rooms, used equipment, dust, gas filters and much more.
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Combating radioactive debris
Gases and contaminated water are passed through special filters until they reach clean air and drinking water... The radioactive filters are recycled together with solid waste. They are mixed with cement and turned into blocks or, together with hot bitumen, are poured into steel tanks. High-level waste is most difficult to prepare for long-term storage. It is best to turn such "garbage" into glass and ceramics. For this, the waste is calcined and fused with substances that form a glass-ceramic mass. It is calculated that it will take at least 100 years to dissolve 1 mm of the surface layer of such a mass in water. Unlike many chemical wastes, the danger of radioactive waste decreases over time. Most of the radioactive isotopes have a half-life of about 30 years, so in 300 years they will almost completely disappear. So for the final disposal of radioactive waste, it is necessary to build such long-term storage facilities that would reliably isolate waste from its penetration into the environment until the complete decay of radionuclides. Such storage facilities are called burial grounds.
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The explosion at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant on April 26, 1986.
On April 25, Unit 4 was shut down for scheduled maintenance, during which several equipment tests were scheduled. In accordance with the program, the reactor power was reduced, and then problems began related to the phenomenon of "xenon poisoning" (the accumulation of xenon isotope in a reactor operating at a reduced power, further inhibiting the operation of the reactor). To compensate for the poisoning, the absorbing rods were raised, and the power began to increase. What happened next is not exactly clear. The report of the International Advisory Group on Nuclear Safety notes: "It is not known for certain how the power jump began that led to the destruction of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant reactor." They tried to drown this sudden surge by lowering the absorbing rods, but due to their unsuccessful design, it was not possible to slow down the reaction, and an explosion occurred.
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Chernobyl
The analysis of the Chernobyl accident convincingly confirms that radioactive contamination of the environment is the most important environmental consequence of radiation accidents with the release of radionuclides, the main factor affecting the health and living conditions of people in areas exposed to radioactive contamination.
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Japanese Chernobyl
Recently there was an explosion at the Fukushima nuclear power plant 1 (Japan) due to a strong earthquake. The accident at the Fukushima nuclear power plant was the first disaster at a nuclear facility caused by the impact, albeit indirect, of the natural disaster. Until now, the largest accidents have been of an "internal" nature: their cause was a combination of unsuccessful structural elements and human factors.
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Explosion in Japan
At the station "Fukushima-1", located in the prefecture of the same name, on March 14, hydrogen exploded, accumulated under the roof of the third reactor. According to Tokyo Electric Power Co (TEPCO), the nuclear power plant operator. Japan informed the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) that as a result of the explosion at the Fukushima-1 nuclear power plant, the radiation background in the accident area exceeded the permissible level.
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Radiation effects:
Mutations Cancer diseases (thyroid gland, leukemia, breast, lung, stomach, intestine) Hereditary disorders Ovarian sterility in women. Dementia
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Tissue sensitivity coefficient at an equivalent radiation dose
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Radiation results
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Conclusion
Factors "For" nuclear power plants: 1. Nuclear power is by far the best form of energy production. Economical, powerful, environmentally friendly when used correctly. 2. Nuclear power plants have an advantage in fuel costs compared to traditional thermal power plants, which is especially pronounced in those regions where there are difficulties in providing fuel and energy resources, as well as a stable trend of growth in the cost of fossil fuel extraction. 3. Nuclear power plants are also not characterized by pollution of the natural environment with ash, flue gases with CO2, NOx, SOx, waste water containing oil products. Factors "Against" nuclear power plants: 1. Awful consequences of accidents at nuclear power plants. 2. Local mechanical impact on the relief - during construction. 3. Damage to individuals in technological systems - during operation. 4. Runoff of surface and ground waters containing chemical and radioactive components. 5. Changes in the nature of land use and exchange processes in the immediate vicinity of the NPP. 6. Changes in the microclimatic characteristics of adjacent areas.
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The whole world, covering from earth to heaven, Alarming more than one generation, Scientific progress is marching across the planet. What is behind this phenomenon? The man went into space and was on the moon. Nature has fewer secrets. But any discovery is an aid to war: The same atom and the same missiles ... How to use knowledge is the concern of people. Not science - the scientist is in charge. Who gave people fire - was Prometheus right, How will progress turn into the planet?
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Discovery by Antoine Becquerel February 1896 Paris Experiment: Under a saucer with uranium salts, placed on a photographic plate wrapped in opaque paper, placed a cross. But the exposure of the salts had to be postponed due to cloudy weather. And while waiting for the sun, he put the whole structure in a drawer in the sideboard. On Sunday, March 1, 1896, without waiting for clear weather, he decided, just in case, to develop a photographic plate and, to his surprise, found on it the clear contours of a cross.Uranium salts emitted radiation that penetrated through layers of opaque paper and left a distinct trace on the photographic plate without "Recharging" with light 1903 Nobel Prize for the discovery of natural radioactivity
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Discovery of radium Pierre Curie 1859 - 1906 Maria Sklodowska - Curie 1867 - 1934 The rays discovered by A. Becquerel interested Marie Curie It turned out that such rays come not only from uranium. The word "ray" is Latin for "radius". Therefore, Maria suggested calling all substances that emit invisible rays radioactive. The work of Mary, very much interested in her husband Pierre. Soon they discovered rays that were sent by an unknown element! They called this element polonium, and after a while they discovered it - radium. And not only to discover, but also to obtain a tiny piece of radium Awarded the Nobel Prize for the discovery of the phenomenon of radioactivity
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In 1961, N.S. Khrushchev loudly declared that there is a bomb in the USSR of 100 million tons of TNT. “But,” he noted, “we will not detonate such a bomb, because if we detonate it even in the most remote places, then we can knock out our windows”. From the history
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Igor Vasilievich Kurchatov - the man who gave the country security 01.01.1903 - 02.07.1960 1932 Kurchatov was one of the first in Russia to study the physics of the atomic nucleus. In 1934, he investigated artificial radioactivity, discovered nuclear isomerism - the decay of identical atoms at different rates. In 1940, Kurchatov, together with GN Flerov and KA Petrzhak, discovered that atomic nuclei of uranium can undergo fission without the aid of neutron irradiation - spontaneously (spontaneously). In 1943 he began working on a project to create an atomic weapon. 1946 - the first European reactor under the leadership of IV Kurchatov in Obninsk The creation of a domestic atomic bomb was completed by 1949, and in 1953 a hydrogen bomb appeared. The construction of the world's first nuclear power plant, which gave current in 1954, is also associated with the name of Kurchatov. It is noteworthy that it is Kurchatov who owns the words "Atom should be a worker, not a soldier."
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1 g. U - 75 MJ \u003d 3 tons of coal 1 g. Deuterium-tritium mixture - 300 MJ \u003d? tons of coal. Energy yield of reactions
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Thermonuclear fusion is an inexhaustible and environmentally friendly source of energy. Conclusion:
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(Controlled thermonuclear fusion) Tokamak project (current-chamber-magnet) At high temperatures (of the order of hundreds of million degrees), keep the plasma inside the installation for 0.1 - 1 s. TCB problem
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Nuclear bomb scheme 1-common explosive; 2-plutonium or uranium (the charge is divided into 6 parts, the mass of each of which is less than the critical, but their total mass is greater than the critical). If you connect these parts, then a chain reaction will begin, proceeding in millionths of a second - an atomic explosion will occur. For this, parts of the charge are combined using a conventional explosive. The connection takes place either by “shooting” towards each other two blocks of fissile matter of subcritical mass. The second scheme involves obtaining a supercritical state by compressing fissile material with a focused shock wave created by the explosion of a conventional chemical explosive, which is given a very complex shape for focusing and detonation is performed simultaneously at several points.
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Uncontrolled nuclear chain reaction. Nuclear weapon. Combat properties 1. Shock wave. Formed as a result of a sharp and extremely strong increase in pressure in the zone of a nuclear reaction. It is a rapidly spreading wave of highly compressed and heated air (from 40 to 60% of the energy) about the center of the explosion 2. Light radiation 30-50% of the energy) 3. Radioactive contamination - 5-10% of the energy) -infection of the terrain in the epicenter area at air explosion is mainly caused by radioactivity arising in the soil as a result of exposure to neutrons. 4. Penetrating radiation. Penetrating radiation is the flux of gamma rays and neutrons emitted at the time of an atomic explosion. The main source of penetrating radiation are fragments of charge matter fission (5% energy) 5. Electromagnetic pulse (2-3% energy)
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Nuclear weapons tests were first carried out on July 16, 1945 in the USA (in the desert part of New Mexico.) A plutonium nuclear device mounted on a steel tower was successfully detonated. The energy of the explosion was approximately 20 kt of TNT. The explosion formed a mushroom cloud, the tower turned to steam, and the soil characteristic of the desert under it melted, turning into a highly radioactive glassy substance (16 years after the explosion, the level of radioactivity in this place was still above normal.) In 1945, there were bombs were dropped on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
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The first atomic bomb of the USSR - "RDS-1" The nuclear charge was first tested on August 29, 1949 at the Semipalatinsk test site. Charge power up to 20 kilotons of TNT equivalent.
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Nuclear bomb for use from supersonic aircraft The head of an intercontinental ballistic missile
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1. 1953 - in the USSR, 2. 1956 - in the USA, 3. 1957 - in England, 4. 1967 - in China, 5. 1968 - in France. Hydrogen Bomb More than 50 thousand hydrogen bombs have been accumulated in the arsenals of various countries!
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The BZHRK includes: 1. Three minimum starting modules 2. Command module consisting of 7 cars 3. Tank car with reserves of fuel and lubricants 4. Three diesel locomotives DM62. The minimum launch module includes three cars: 1. Launcher control center 2. Launcher 3. Support unit Combat railway missile system BZHRK 15P961 "Molodets" with an intercontinental nuclear missile.
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The explosion of a thermonuclear charge with a capacity of 20 Mt will destroy all living things at a distance of up to 140 km from its epicenter.
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Was Prometheus right when he gave people fire; The world rushed forward, the world broke loose from the springs, A dragon grew from a beautiful swan, A gin was released from a forbidden bottle “As if from the bowels of the Earth there appeared light, the light of not this world, but of many Suns brought together. This huge fireball, rose, changing color from purple to orange, increasing, came into action natural silt, freed from the fetters that had been tied for billions of years. ”W. Lawrence A small group of stunned observers watched the unprecedented spectacle that unfolded ten kilometers from them ... One stood with an outstretched hand, palm up. Small scraps of paper lay in the palm of his hand. Picked up by the shock wave, the pieces of paper flew off the man's hand and fell at a distance of about a meter from him.
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Nuclear reactor - an installation in which a controlled chain reaction of fission of heavy nuclei is carried out The first nuclear reactor: USA, 1942, E. Fermi, fission of uranium nuclei. In Russia: December 25, 1946, IV Kurchatov The world's first pilot-industrial NPP with a capacity of 5 MW was commissioned in the USSR on June 27, 1954 in Obninsk. Abroad, the first industrial nuclear power plant with a capacity of 46 MW was put into operation in 1956 in Calder Hall (England).
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Chernobyl is a global synonym for an ecological catastrophe - April 26, 1986. Destroyed 4th power unit Sarcophagus On the first day of the accident, 31 people died, after 15 years since the disaster, 55 thousand liquidators died, another 150 thousand became disabled, 300 thousand people died from radiation diseases, in total 3 million 200 thousand people received increased doses of radiation
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Nuclear power VVER - pressurized water-cooled power reactor RBMK - high-power nuclear reactor BN - fast neutron nuclear reactor EGP - nuclear power graphite reactor with steam overheating
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Sources of external radiation, cosmic rays (0.3 mSv / year), give slightly less than half of all external radiation received by the population. Finding a person, the higher he rises above sea level, the stronger the radiation becomes, because the thickness of the air gap and its density decreases as it rises, and, consequently, the protective properties fall. Terrestrial radiation comes mainly from those minerals that contain potassium - 40, rubidium - 87, uranium - 238, thorium - 232.
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Internal exposure of the population Ingestion with food, water, air. The radioactive gas radon is an invisible, tasteless, odorless gas that is 7.5 times heavier than air. Alumina. Industrial waste used in construction, such as red clay bricks, blast furnace slag, fly ash. Also, one must not forget that when coal is burned, a significant part of its components is sintered into slag or ash, where radioactive substances are concentrated.
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Nuclear explosions Nuclear explosions also contribute to the increase in the dose of human radiation (what happened in Chernobyl). Radioactive fallout from atmospheric tests is carried across the planet, increasing the overall level of contamination. In total, nuclear tests in the atmosphere were carried out: China - 193, USSR - 142, France - 45, USA - 22, Great Britain - 21. After 1980, explosions in the atmosphere practically stopped. Underground tests continue to this day.
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Exposure to ionizing radiation Any type of ionizing radiation causes biological changes in the body both with external (the source is outside the body) and with internal radiation (radioactive substances, i.e. particles, enter the body with food, through the respiratory system). A single exposure causes biological disturbances that depend on the total absorbed dose. So at a dose of up to 0.25 Gy. there are no visible violations, but already at 4 - 5 Gy. deaths account for 50% of the total number of victims, and at 6 Gy. and more - 100% of the victims. (Here: Gr. - gray). The main mechanism of action is associated with the processes of ionization of atoms and molecules of living matter, in particular, water molecules contained in cells. The degree of the effect of ionizing radiation on a living organism depends on the radiation dose rate, the duration of this exposure and the type of radiation and radionuclide that has entered the body. The value of the equivalent dose, measured in sieverts (1 Sv. \u003d 1 J / kg), has been entered. Sievert is the unit of absorbed dose multiplied by a factor that takes into account the unequal radioactive hazard to the body different types ionizing radiation.
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Equivalent dose of radiation: H \u003d D * K K - quality factor D - absorbed dose of radiation Absorbed dose of radiation: D \u003d E / m E - energy of the absorbed body m - body weight
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As for the genetic consequences of radiation, they manifest themselves in the form of chromosomal aberrations (including changes in the number or structure of chromosomes) and gene mutations. Gene mutations appear immediately in the first generation (dominant mutations) or only if the same gene is mutated in both parents (recessive mutations), which is unlikely. A dose of 1 Gy, received by males under a low radiation background (for women, estimates are less certain), causes the appearance of 1000 to 2000 mutations, leading to serious consequences, and from 30 to 1000 chromosomal aberrations for every million live births.
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The genetic effects of radiation
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The presentation on the topic "Nuclear Power" can be downloaded absolutely free of charge on our website. Project subject: Physics. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you engage your classmates or audience. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report - click on the corresponding text under the player. The presentation contains 24 slide (s).
Presentation slides
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Nuclear energy
School number 625 N.M. Turlakov
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§66. Fission of uranium nuclei. §67. Chain reaction. §68. Nuclear reactor. §69. Nuclear power. §70. Biological effects of radiation. §71. Production and use of radioactive isotopes. §72. Thermonuclear reaction. §73. Elementary particles. Antiparticles.
Nuclear power
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§66. Fission of uranium nuclei
Who and when discovered the fission of uranium nuclei? What is the mechanism of nuclear fission? What forces are at work in the core? What happens when a nucleus fissions? What happens to the energy when a uranium nucleus fissions? How does the ambient temperature change during uranium fission? How big is the energy released?
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Unlike radioactive decay of nuclei, accompanied by the emission of α- or β-particles, fission reactions are a process in which an unstable nucleus is divided into two large fragments of comparable masses. In 1939, the fission of uranium nuclei was discovered by German scientists O. Hahn and F. Strassmann. Continuing the research begun by Fermi, they found that when uranium is bombarded by neutrons, elements of the middle part of the periodic system appear - radioactive isotopes of barium (Z \u003d 56), krypton (Z \u003d 36), etc. Uranium occurs in nature in the form of two isotopes: uranium- 238 and uranium-235 (99.3%) and (0.7%). When bombarded with neutrons, the nuclei of both isotopes can split into two fragments. In this case, the fission reaction of uranium-235 proceeds most intensively on slow (thermal) neutrons, while the nuclei of uranium-238 enter into a fission reaction only with fast neutrons with an energy of about 1 MeV.
Fission of heavy nuclei.
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The nuclear fission reaction of uranium-235 is of primary interest for nuclear power. Currently, there are about 100 different isotopes with mass numbers from about 90 to 145, arising from the fission of this nucleus. Two typical fission reactions of this nucleus are: Note that new neutrons are produced as a result of fission initiated by a neutron that can cause fission reactions in other nuclei. Fission products of uranium-235 nuclei can also be other isotopes of barium, xenon, strontium, rubidium, etc.
Chain reaction
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A diagram of the development of a chain reaction of uranium fission is shown in the figure
When the uranium-235 nucleus fission, which is caused by a collision with a neutron, 2 or 3 neutrons are released. Under favorable conditions, these neutrons can enter other uranium nuclei and cause their fission. At this stage, from 4 to 9 neutrons will appear, capable of causing new decays of uranium nuclei, etc. Such an avalanche-like process is called a chain reaction
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For a chain reaction to occur, the so-called neutron multiplication factor must be greater than unity. In other words, there should be more neutrons in each subsequent generation than in the previous one. The multiplication factor is determined not only by the number of neutrons produced in each elementary act, but also by the conditions in which the reaction takes place - some of the neutrons can be absorbed by other nuclei or leave the reaction zone. The neutrons released during the fission of uranium-235 nuclei are capable of causing fission of only the nuclei of the same uranium, which accounts for only 0.7% of natural uranium.
Reproduction factor
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The smallest mass of uranium at which a chain reaction is possible is called the critical mass. Methods to reduce the loss of neutrons: Using a reflective shell (from beryllium), Reducing the amount of impurities, Using a neutron moderator (graphite, heavy water), For uranium-235 - M cr \u003d 50 kg (r \u003d 9 cm).
Critical mass
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In the core of a nuclear reactor, a controlled nuclear reaction takes place with the release of a large amount of energy.
The first nuclear reactor was built in 1942 in the USA under the leadership of E. Fermi. In our country, the first reactor was built in 1946 under the leadership of I. V. Kurchatov
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§66. Fission of uranium nuclei. §67. Chain reaction. §68. Nuclear reactor. Answer the questions. Draw a diagram of the reactor. What substances and how are they used in a nuclear reactor? (in writing)
Homework
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The fusion reactions of light nuclei are called thermonuclear reactions, since they can only proceed at very high temperatures.
Thermonuclear reactions.
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The second way to release nuclear energy is associated with fusion reactions. When light nuclei merge and a new nucleus is formed, a large amount of energy must be released.
Especially of great practical importance is the fact that during a thermonuclear reaction, much more energy is released per nucleon than during a nuclear reaction, for example, during the fusion of a helium nucleus from hydrogen nuclei, an energy equal to 6 MeV is released, and when a uranium nucleus is fissioned, one nucleon falls. 0.9 MeV.
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For two nuclei to enter into a fusion reaction, they must approach a distance of the action of nuclear forces of the order of 2 · 10–15 m, overcoming the electrical repulsion of their positive charges. For this, the average kinetic energy of the thermal motion of molecules must exceed the potential energy of the Coulomb interaction. Calculation of the required temperature T leads to a value of the order of 108–109 K. This is an extremely high temperature. At this temperature, the substance is in a fully ionized state called plasma.
Conditions for the course of a thermonuclear reaction
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An energetically beneficial response. However, it can only run at very high temperatures (on the order of several hundred million degrees). When high density such a temperature can be achieved by creating powerful electronic discharges in the plasma. This raises a problem - it is difficult to hold the plasma.
Controlled thermonuclear reaction
Self-sustaining thermonuclear reactions occur in stars
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became a real threat to humanity. In this regard, scientists have proposed to extract an isotope of heavy hydrogen - deuterium - from sea water and subject to the reaction of a nuclear melt at temperatures of about 100 million degrees Celsius. With a nuclear melt, deuterium obtained from one kilogram of seawater will be able to produce as much energy as released when burning 300 liters of gasoline ___
Energy crisis
TOKAMAK (toroidal magnetic chamber with current)
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it is an electrophysical device, the main purpose of which is the formation of plasma. Plasma is held not by the walls of the chamber, which are unable to withstand its temperature, but by a specially created magnetic field, which is possible at temperatures of about 100 million degrees, and its preservation for a sufficiently long time in a given volume. The possibility of obtaining plasma at ultra-high temperatures allows for a thermonuclear reaction of fusion of helium nuclei from feedstock, hydrogen isotopes (deuterium, ytritium
TOKAMAK (TOroid CAMERA with Magnetic Coils)
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M.A. Leontovich near Tokamak
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The foundations of the theory of controlled thermonuclear fusion were laid in 1950 by I.E.Tamm and A.D. Sakharov, who proposed to keep the hot plasma formed as a result of reactions by a magnetic field. This idea led to the creation of fusion reactors - tokamaks. With a high density of matter, the required high temperature of hundreds of millions of degrees can be achieved by creating powerful electronic discharges in the plasma. Problem: Plasma is difficult to hold. Modern tokamak installations are not fusion reactors, but research installations in which the existence and preservation of plasma is possible only for a while.
Controlled thermonuclear reactions
NUCLEAR power (nuclear power) - a branch of power that uses nuclear energy for electrification and district heating; the field of science and technology, which develops methods and means of converting nuclear energy into electrical and thermal energy. The basis of nuclear energy is nuclear power plants. The first nuclear power plant (5 MW), which laid the foundation for the use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes, was launched in the USSR in the beginning of the 20th century. 90s in 27 countries of the world St. 430 nuclear power reactors with a total capacity of approx. 340 GW. According to experts' forecasts, the share of nuclear power in the overall structure of electricity generation in the world will continuously increase, provided that the basic principles of the safety concept of nuclear power plants are implemented. The main principles of this concept are significant modernization of modern nuclear reactors, strengthening measures to protect the population and the environment from harmful technogenic impact, training highly qualified personnel for nuclear power plants, developing reliable storage facilities for radioactive waste, etc.
Usually, a nuclear chain reaction of fission of uranium-235 or plutonium nuclei is used to obtain nuclear energy. Nuclei fission when a neutron hits them, and new neutrons and fission fragments are produced. Fission neutrons and fission fragments have high kinetic energy. As a result of collisions of fragments with other atoms, this kinetic energy is quickly converted into heat. Although nuclear energy is the primary source in any field of energy (for example, the energy of solar nuclear reactions in hydroelectric and fossil fuel power plants, the energy of radioactive decay in geothermal power plants), nuclear power refers only to the use of controlled reactions in nuclear reactors.
The main purpose of power plants is to supply electricity to industrial enterprises, agricultural production, electrified transport and the population. Continuity of production and consumption of energy makes very high demands on the reliability of power plants, since interruptions in the supply of electricity and heat affect not only economic performance the station itself, but also on the indicators of the industrial enterprises and transport it serves. At present, nuclear power plants operate as condensing ones. Sometimes they are also called nuclear power plants. Nuclear power plants intended for the supply of not only electricity, but also heat are called nuclear combined heat and power plants (NTPP). So far, only their projects are being developed.
A) Single-circuit B) Double-circuit C) Incompletely double-circuit D) Three-circuit 1 - reactor; 2 - steam turbine; 3 - electric generator; 4 - capacitor; 5 - feed pump; 6 - circulation pump; 7 - steam generator; 8 - volume compensator; 9 - drum separator; 10 - intermediate heat exchanger; 11 - liquid metal pump
The classification of nuclear power plants depends on the number of circuits on it. NPPs are distinguished by single-circuit, double-circuit, incompletely double-circuit and three-circuit. If the contours of the coolant and the working fluid coincide, then such an NPP; called single-circuit. Steam formation occurs in the reactor, the steam is sent to the turbine, where, expanding, it produces work that is converted into electricity in the generator. After all the steam in the condenser has condensed, the condensate is pumped back into the reactor. Thus, the contour of the working fluid is at the same time the contour of the coolant, and sometimes the moderator, and turns out to be closed. The reactor can operate with both natural and forced circulation of the coolant along an additional internal loop of the reactor, on which a corresponding pump is installed.
NUCLEAR weapons - a set of nuclear munitions, their means of delivery to the target and control means. Refers to weapons of mass destruction; possesses tremendous destructive power. According to the power of charges and range of action, nuclear weapons are divided into tactical, operational-tactical and strategic. The use of nuclear weapons in war is disastrous for all mankind. Atomic bomb Hydrogen bomb
The first atomic bomb was used by the American army after the Second World War in Japan. Action of the atomic bomb Nuclear, or atomic, is a type of weapon in which the explosion occurs under the influence of energy released during the fission of atomic nuclei. This is the most dangerous type of weapon on our planet. With the explosion of one atomic bomb in a densely populated area, the number of human victims will exceed several million. Besides action shock waveformed during the explosion, its main effect is the radioactive contamination of the area in the area of \u200b\u200bthe explosion, which persists for many years. Currently, the United States, Russia, Great Britain (since 1952), France (since 1960), China (since 1964), India (since 1974), Pakistan (since 1998) and the DPRK (since 1998) have officially nuclear weapons. 2006). A number of countries, such as Israel and Iran, have small stockpiles of nuclear weapons, but they are not yet officially considered nuclear powers.
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