Electric energy use presentation. Presentation on the topic: Electricity and its efficient use. Presentation on the topic: Electricity and its efficient use




Power transmitted through the three-phase current line P f \u003d U f I f cosφ f Power of three phases with uniform load: P \u003d 3P f \u003d 3U f I f cosφ f When the loads are connected by a star, then: U f \u003d U l / 3; I f \u003d I l P \u003d (3U l I l / 3) cosφ f \u003d 3IUcosφ When connected by a triangle: I f \u003d U l / 3; U f \u003d U l Three-phase system power: P \u003d 3 * IUcosφ




The power factor or cos φ of the electrical network is the ratio of the active power to the total load power of the calculated section. cos φ \u003d P / S Only when the load is extremely active, cos φ is equal to one. Basically, the active power is less than the full power and therefore the power factor is less than unity. Low power factor of the consumer leads to: 1. the need to increase the total capacity of transformers and power plants; 2. to decrease the efficiency of generating and transforming circuit elements; 3. to an increase in power losses and voltage in wires. It is necessary that as much as possible of the total power is made up of active power, in this case the power factor will be closer to unity. To increase the power factor, you can: change the power and type of installed electric motors; increase the load of electric motors during operation; reduce the idle time of equipment consuming inductive power.


Electrical substation Electrical substation electrical installation designed for receiving, converting and distributing electrical energyconsisting of transformers or other converters of electrical energy, control devices, distribution and auxiliary devices.


Step-Up and Step-Down Substations A step-up substation that contains step-up transformers raises the voltage with a corresponding decrease in amperage, while a step-down substation decreases the output voltage with a proportional increase in amperage. The need to increase the transmitted voltage arises in order to save the metal used in power transmission lines. A decrease in the strength of the passing current entails a decrease in energy loss, which is in direct quadratic dependence on the value of the current strength. The main reason for raising the voltage is that the higher the voltage, the more power and more distance can be transmitted through the power line.


Direct current transmission Most promising way use of direct current. DC power lines allow you to transfer more energy through the same wires, in addition, the difficulties associated with the inductive resistance and capacitance of the lines disappear. AC voltage increase in AC voltage (transformer) DC voltage AC voltage (rectifier) \u200b\u200b(inverter) decrease to the desired value. (transformer)


Power systems Power systems power stations in a number of regions of the country, united by high-voltage transmission lines, forming a common electrical network to which consumers are connected. The power system ensures uninterrupted supply of energy to consumers regardless of their location. Now almost all of Russia is supplied with electricity by interconnected energy systems.


Unified power system Unified power system (UES) is a set of several power systems, united by a common mode of operation, which has a common dispatch control as the highest level of control in relation to the dispatch control of its power systems. As part of the Unified Energy System of Russia, six IES are distinguished, the seventh - IES of the East - operates in isolation from the Unified Energy System. UES of the Center (Astrakhan, Belgorod, Bryansk, Vladimir, Volgograd, Vologda, Voronezh, Nizhny Novgorod, Ivanovo, Tver, Kaluga, Kostroma, Kursk, Lipetsk, Moscow, Orel, Ryazan, Smolensk, Tambov, Tula and Yaroslavl power systems). IES of the South (formerly IES of the North Caucasus), which includes the Dagestan, Kalmyk, Karachay-Cherkess, Kabardino-Balkarian, Kuban, Rostov, North Ossetian, Stavropol, Chechen and Ingush power systems.


UES of the North-West, which includes the Arkhangelsk, Karelian, Kola, Komi, Leningrad, Novgorod, Pskov and Kaliningrad energy systems. UES of the Middle Volga, which includes the Mari, Mordovia, Penza, Samara, Saratov, Tatar, Ulyanovsk and Chuvash power systems. URES of the Urals, which includes the Bashkir, Kirov, Kurgan, Orenburg, Perm, Sverdlovsk, Tyumen, Udmurt and Chelyabinsk energy systems. UES of Siberia, which includes the Altai, Buryat, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Kuzbass, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Khakass and Chita energy systems. IES of the East, which includes the Amurskaya, Far Eastern and Khabarovsk energy systems.

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Work of pupils of 11 B grade of School No. 288 in Zaozersk Erina Maria and Staritsyna Svetlana

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Electricity is a physical term that is widespread in technology and in everyday life to determine the amount of electrical energy supplied by the generator to the electrical network or received from the network by the consumer. Electricity is also a commodity purchased by participants in the wholesale market from generating companies and consumers of electricity in the retail market from energy sales companies.

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There are several ways to create electricity: Various power plants (hydroelectric power plants, nuclear power plants, thermal power plants, TPPs ...) As well as alternative sources (solar energy, wind energy, earth energy)

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Thermal power plant (TPP), a power plant that generates electrical energy as a result of the conversion of thermal energy released during the combustion of fossil fuel. The first thermal power plants appeared at the end of the 19th century and gained predominant distribution. In the mid 70s of the 20th century, thermal power plants were the main type of power plants. At thermal power plants, the chemical energy of the fuel is converted first into mechanical energy and then into electrical energy. The fuel for such a power plant can be coal, peat, gas, oil shale, and fuel oil.

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Hydroelectric station (HPP), a complex of structures and equipment through which the energy of the flow of water is converted into electrical energy. A hydroelectric power station consists of a sequential chain of hydraulic structures that provide the necessary concentration of water flow and the creation of pressure, and power equipmentwhich converts the energy of water moving under the pressure of water into mechanical energy of rotation, which, in turn, is converted into electrical energy.

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Nuclear power plant a power plant in which nuclear energy is converted into electrical energy. The power generator at a nuclear power plant is nuclear reactor... The heat that is released in the reactor as a result of a chain reaction of fission of the nuclei of some heavy elements, then, just like in conventional thermal power plants, is converted into electricity. Unlike thermal power plants operating on fossil fuels, nuclear power plants operate on nuclear fuel.

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About 80% of GDP growth (gross domestic product) developed countries achieved through technical innovations, most of which are related to the use of electricity. Everything new to the industry, agriculture and everyday life comes to us thanks to new developments in various branches of science. Modern society impossible to imagine without electrification production activities... Already at the end of the 1980s, more than 1/3 of all energy consumption in the world was in the form of electrical energy. By the beginning of the next century, this proportion may increase to 1/2. Such an increase in electricity consumption is primarily associated with an increase in its consumption in industry.

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This raises the problem of efficient use of this energy. When electricity is transmitted over long distances, from the producer to the consumer, heat losses along the transmission line increase in proportion to the square of the current, i.e. if the current doubles, then the heat loss increases by 4 times. Therefore, it is desirable that the current in the lines be small. For this, the voltage on the transmission line is increased. Electricity is transmitted through lines where the voltage reaches hundreds of thousands of volts. Near cities that receive energy from transmission lines, this voltage is brought to several thousand volts using a step-down transformer. In the city itself, at substations, the voltage drops to 220 volts.

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Our country occupies a large territory, almost 12 time zones. This means that if in some regions the consumption of electricity is maximum, in others the working day has already ended and consumption is decreasing. For the rational use of electricity generated by power plants, they are combined into electric power systems of separate regions: the European part, Siberia, the Urals, the Far East, etc. Such a combination allows more efficient use of electricity by coordinating the work of individual power plants. Nowadays various power systems are united into a single power system of Russia.

EFFICIENT USE OF ELECTRIC POWER Electrical energy has undeniable advantages over all other types of energy. It can be transmitted over wires over long distances with relatively low losses and can be easily distributed among consumers. This makes electrical energy the most common and convenient form of energy. Electrical energy has undeniable advantages over all other types of energy. It can be transmitted over wires over long distances with relatively low losses and can be easily distributed among consumers. This makes electrical energy the most common and convenient form of energy. It appears to be unique in terms of universal applicability, adjustability, and the ability to efficiently perform a variety of tasks. But the main advantage is that electrical energy with the help of fairly simple devices with high efficiency can be converted into other types: mechanical, internal (heating of bodies), light energy, etc. It seems to be unique in terms of universal applicability, controllability, and the ability to efficiently perform multiple tasks. But the main advantage is that electrical energy with the help of fairly simple devices with high efficiency can be converted into other types: mechanical, internal (heating of bodies), light energy, etc. Lighting, heating and cooling, thermal and mechanical treatment, medical devices and equipment, computers, communications are just some of the services that electricity provides to the ever-increasing population of the globe, radically changing its entire way of life. Lighting, heating and cooling, thermal and mechanical treatment, medical devices and equipment, computers, communications are just some of the services that electricity provides to the ever-increasing population of the globe, which has radically changed its entire lifestyle. Given the special importance of electricity for the functioning of all sectors of the economy, its deficit would have serious consequences. However, financing the construction of large power plants is a very expensive undertaking: a 1,000 MW power plant will cost an average of US $ 1 billion. For this reason, electricity producers and consumers are faced with a choice: either to generate the required amount of electricity, or to reduce the need for it, or to solve both problems simultaneously. Given the special importance of electricity for the functioning of all sectors of the economy, its deficit would have serious consequences. However, financing the construction of powerful power plants is a very expensive undertaking: a 1,000 MW power plant will cost an average of US $ 1 billion. For this reason, electricity producers and consumers face a choice: either to generate the required amount of electricity, or to reduce the need for it, or to solve both problems simultaneously. The efficiency improvement potential is economically viable based on the payback period of the investment, which should not exceed 5 years. The use of electricity in industry falls mainly on three categories of consumers: drive, technological processes (mostly thermal) and lighting. The efficiency improvement potential is economically viable based on the payback period of the investment, which should not exceed 5 years. The use of electricity in industry falls mainly on three categories of consumers: drive, technological processes (mostly thermal) and lighting. Electricity consumption of a drive (electric motors) varies in a fairly wide range depending on the type of motors (DC, synchronous or induction), their power (size) and application. Electricity consumption by the drive (electric motors) varies in a fairly wide range depending on the type of motors (DC, synchronous or induction), their power (size) and application. The second largest consumer, manufacturing processes, is usually less homogeneous than other categories. There are three main subgroups: electricity that directly generates heat; electrochemical processes; electric arc furnaces used mainly in the production of iron and steel. Electrothermal processes in countries consume less than 30% of industrial electricity consumption (with the exception of Sweden, where they account for up to 37%). The second largest consumer, manufacturing processes, is usually less homogeneous than other categories. There are three main subgroups: electricity that directly generates heat; electrochemical processes; electric arc furnaces used mainly in the production of iron and steel. Electrothermal processes in countries consume less than 30% of industrial electricity consumption (with the exception of Sweden, where they account for up to 37%). The use of electricity for carrying out electrochemical processes dominates in the production of non-ferrous metals (primarily aluminum smelting). Due to its high energy intensity, the aluminum industry occupies a special place in electricity consumption compared to other industries. However, electrochemical technologies are identical in most industries and are well understood. Ways to further improve their efficiency are clear, but implementation is highly dependent on the cost of electricity, which in the aluminum industry, for example, makes up the bulk of operating costs. The use of electricity for carrying out electrochemical processes dominates in the production of non-ferrous metals (primarily aluminum smelting). Due to its high energy intensity, the aluminum industry takes a special place in electricity consumption compared to other industries. However, electrochemical technologies are identical in most industries and are well understood. Ways to further improve their efficiency are clear, but implementation is highly dependent on the cost of electricity, which in the aluminum industry, for example, makes up the bulk of operating costs. The share of lighting in the total industrial electricity consumption is 4-11%. Efficiency industrial lighting in general, it is significantly higher and its share in the total electricity consumption is less than in the residential and social sectors. The share of lighting in the total industrial electricity consumption is 4-11%. The efficiency of industrial lighting in general is significantly higher and its share in total electricity consumption is less than in the residential and social sectors. Save energy!

PRODUCTION, USE AND TRANSMISSION OF ELECTRIC POWER.

Electricity production - type of power plant

Power plant efficiency

% of all generated energy

Electrical energy has undeniable advantages over all other types of energy. It can be transmitted via wires over great distances with relatively low losses and can be conveniently distributed among consumers. The main thing is that, with the help of fairly simple devices, it is easy to convert this energy into any other types of energy: mechanical, internal, light energy, etc. Electric energy has undeniable advantages over all other types of energy. It can be transmitted via wires over great distances with relatively low losses and can be conveniently distributed among consumers. The main thing is that with the help of fairly simple devices it is easy to convert into any other types of energy: mechanical, internal, light energy, etc.

The twentieth century has become a century when science invades all spheres of social life: economy, politics, culture, education, etc. Naturally, science directly affects the development of energy and the scope of electricity. On the one hand, science contributes to the expansion of the scope of application of electric energy and thereby increases its consumption, but on the other hand, in an era when the unlimited use of non-renewable energy resources is dangerous for future generations, the tasks of developing energy-saving technologies and their implementation are becoming topical tasks of science. The twentieth century has become a century when science invades all spheres of social life: economy, politics, culture, education, etc. Naturally, science directly affects the development of energy and the scope of electricity. On the one hand, science contributes to the expansion of the scope of application of electric energy and thereby increases its consumption, but on the other hand, in an era when the unlimited use of non-renewable energy resources is dangerous for future generations, the tasks of developing energy-saving technologies and their implementation are becoming topical tasks of science.

Electricity use: Electricity consumption doubles in 10 years

Spheres
farms

The amount of electricity used,%

Industry
Transport
Agriculture
Everyday life

70
15
10
4

Consider these questions at specific examples... About 80% of the growth in GDP (gross domestic product) in developed countries is achieved due to technical innovations, the bulk of which is associated with the use of electricity. Most scientific research starts with theoretical calculations. All new theoretical developments are verified experimentally after calculations on a computer. And, as a rule, at this stage, research is carried out using physical measurements, chemical analyzes etc. Here are the tools scientific research diverse - numerous measuring instruments, accelerators, electron microscopes, magnetic resonance tomographs, etc. Most of these experimental science tools run on electrical energy, so let's look at these issues with specific examples. About 80% of the growth of GDP (gross domestic product) in developed countries is achieved through technical innovations, the bulk of which is associated with the use of electricity. Most scientific research starts with theoretical calculations. All new theoretical developments are verified experimentally after calculations on a computer. And, as a rule, at this stage, research is carried out using physical measurements, chemical analyzes, etc. Here scientific research tools are diverse - numerous measuring instruments, accelerators, electron microscopes, magnetic resonance tomographs, etc. Most of these experimental science tools run on electrical energy.

But science not only uses electricity in its theoretical and experimental fields, scientific ideas constantly arise in the traditional field of physics related to the generation and transmission of electricity. Scientists, for example, are trying to create electrical generators without rotating parts. In conventional electric motors, a direct current must be supplied to the rotor to create a "magnetic force." But science not only uses electricity in its theoretical and experimental fields, scientific ideas constantly arise in the traditional field of physics related to the generation and transmission of electricity. Scientists, for example, are trying to create electrical generators without rotating parts. In conventional electric motors, a direct current must be supplied to the rotor in order to create a "magnetic force".
Modern society cannot be imagined without the electrification of production activities. Already at the end of the 1980s, more than 1/3 of all energy consumption in the world was in the form of electrical energy. By the beginning of the next century, this share may increase to 1/2. Such an increase in electricity consumption is primarily associated with an increase in its consumption in industry. The bulk of industrial enterprises operate on electric energy. High energy consumption is typical for such energy-intensive industries as metallurgy, aluminum and mechanical engineering. Transport is also a major consumer. An increasing number of railway lines are being converted to electric traction. Almost all villages and villages receive electricity from state power plants for industrial and domestic needs.

 

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