How many computers are there in the world? How many of us are we, what have we been, what have we achieved, what awaits us tomorrow? ICT in figures How many computers in the world

The annual growth in the amount of memory and speed of the PC at a relatively low rate of growth in value for this qualitative increase has constantly expanded its capabilities and availability in various fields of human activity.

The emergence and distribution of mobile personal computers in the form of laptop computers allowed managers and specialists of firms not to interrupt their professional activity even when traveling by any means of transport and at any distance from your permanent place of work in the office.

In the mid-90s of the twentieth century, network information technologies began to gain mass distribution.

If at first local networks were used to solve the simplest problems, for example, to organize collective access of PC users in a company to printing devices - printers, then gradually computer networks became an effective and irreplaceable tool for internal and external corporate information exchange.

Second phasecan be confidently called the initial stage of the birth and formation of e-commerce, which is directly related to the development and spread of the Internet.

Its beginning, obviously, should be considered the rapid development of global networks and e-mail, with which none of the other existing types can currently be compared with the ease of registering an address, the formation of any volume of text, the speed of sending and receiving text materials, as well as the cost of services. communication.

Lightning-fast e-mail has reduced clumsy paper workflow, and compact computer databases, magnetic media have begun to successfully replace bulky and dusty paper archives. In terms of labor productivity, resource costs, speed of action and price, it has become a serious competitor to other types of communication.

It should be noted that not only companies, institutions, organizations, but also individuals with different income levels began to use e-mail services widely.

The development of software and information technologies made it possible to transfer communication with a computer from a narrow professional sphere of specially trained computer specialists to almost any field of human activity for users of any level of training that does not require long-term mastering of special professional knowledge.

A real revolution in business was made by the successful development and widespread use of computer graphics and, along with it, graphical interfaces that are simple, understandable and accessible to entry-level computer users.

Companies switched to standardized kits computer programs for the automation of clerical, accounting and other work. Microsoft Windows software products began a triumphant march across the planet.

Time passed, and a rainbow of colors came to replace the black-and-white image on personal computer monitors, and text material began to be accompanied by video and audio files.

Employees of companies who are by nature functional responsibilities it is necessary for the company to often travel outside the office, for example, marketing managers, sales representatives, became the first owners and users of mobile computers and modems - remote means of communication with the office network.

The constantly increasing electronic information turnover required the development of new technologies, methods, approaches, digital communication channels and expansion bandwidth global information networks... On this basis, high-speed technologies for the transfer of information data such as Fast Eternet began to form and develop.

The introduction and widespread dissemination of network information technologies made it possible to dramatically reduce the cost of operating personal computers and provided an opportunity to switch to electronic forms of accounting, control, management, payment settlements and other business relations. However, the fact that these networks were local and limited to the boundaries of the geographical location of companies, severely constrained the development of e-business and commerce.

The formation and development of the Internet as a means of communication, accumulation, public and targeted dissemination of information, exchange of information materials has greatly outgrown its planned initial functions.

In a short time of its development, the Internet has practically “destroyed” the geographical and national barriers that are most characteristic of the main traditional communications, not only within a single state, but also across the entire globe.

These global networks have fundamentally changed the strategy and tactics of doing electronic business, just as the emergence and development of new trade routes, types and types of vehicles, telegraph, telephone, radio, television, rail, road, sea, air and pipeline routes changed the nature of doing business. business in the historical past.

The birth of e-commerce itself should be considered the implementation of the first sales of book products via the Internet in 1995 in the online mode, the first online store Amazon.com (www.amazon.com) formed as an experiment, which in 2000 turned into monster of the Internet book market.

Stage three coincided with the beginning of the XXI century and is associated with an increase in the number of users from various countries connected to the Internet. In 2000, the total number of installed personal computers in the world exceeded 516 million.

By this period, the capacity of the computer services market, which includes the production and sale of all kinds of computer hardware, software and information technology support, network equipment, Internet products, computer communications, etc., exceeded the amount of 4 trillion US dollars.

According to Telcordia Technologies, as of January 12, 2001, the total number of hosts on the Internet was 100 million. The analysis shows a constant stable growth in their number in all regions of the world ( North America, Europe, Asia, etc.) at approximately the same rate of about 90-130% annually.

According to some sources:

"Host" is a computer that is permanently connected to the network and contains any information;

“Active site” is a personal computer regularly (several times a week) and for a long time (several hours) entering the information environment of the Internet.

For example, the total number of hosts on the Internet in January 2000 was more than 5 million, and in 1998 there were about 400 thousand active sites on the global network, in 1999 there were already 850 thousand of them, and there were 69 million hosts. at the same time, by 2002 more than 2 million active sites are projected.

The total turnover of the Internet industry in 2004, according to experts, should amount to more than 7 trillion US dollars. In 1996, it was only 500-600 million, in 1997 - 8-10 billion, in 2000 it is approaching trillion.

By this time, it is expected that about 10,000 large commercial projects, including online exchanges, as well as a significant number of firms specializing in servicing and technical support portals.

It should be noted that all these forecasts look quite optimistic against the backdrop of a fall in the value of shares of companies engaged in the electronic business. Moreover, these companies operate in the United States, which is so far the undisputed leading country in the field of e-commerce.

3. The Internet is a global computer network covering the whole world. According to various sources, between 15 and 30 million people in more than 150 countries have access to the Internet. The size of the network increases by 7-10 percent every month. The Internet forms, as it were, the core that connects various information networks belonging to different institutions around the world, one with another. If earlier the network was used exclusively as a medium for transferring files and e-mail messages, today more complex problems of distributing access to resources are being solved. The Internet, which once served exclusively research and educational groups whose interests extended to access supercomputers, is becoming more and more popular in the business world. Companies are tempted by speed, cheapness, convenience for joint work, available programs, and a unique Internet database. At a low cost of services, users can access commercial and non-commercial information services of the USA, Canada, Australia and many European countries. In the archives of free access to the Internet, you can find information on any areas of human activity, starting with new scientific discoveries until tomorrow's weather forecast.

the Internet - a global network that unites many networks around the world, built on completely different principles.

The Internet connects computers and networks operating according to different rules (having different architecture, system software etc.). Therefore, to transfer information from one type of network to another, are used gateways (gateway) - devices (computers) used to combine networks with different exchange protocols. At the junction of the networks are located routers (router) - devices that define packet routes.

The Internet is built on the basis of an international protocol TCP / IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol), which belongs to the group basic protocols (low-level). This protocol consists of two main network protocols:

IP (Internet Protocol) - Internet protocol (routing protocol, transport protocol). Defines the format of packets, the format of addresses of computers on the network, the route of the packet, the rules for processing packets by routers and computers on the network.
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) - data transmission control protocol. Ensures reliable data transmission and assembly of all packets into a single message.

In addition to the basic protocols, there are applied protocols (high-level) responsible for the functioning of Internet services (HTTP, FTP, SMTP, POP3, IMAP, etc.).

Data transfer protocol - set of interface conventions logic levelthat define the exchange of data between different programs. These conventions define a uniform way of transmitting messages and handling errors when software interacts with spaced hardware connected by one or another interface.

Standardized data transfer protocol also allows you to develop interfaces (already at physical level) that are not tied to a specific hardware platform and manufacturer (for example, USB, Bluetooth).

Network protocol - a set of rules and actions (sequence of actions), which allows connection and data exchange between two or more devices connected to the network.

Different protocols often describe only different sides of one type of communication. The names "protocol" and "protocol stack" also refer to the software that implements the protocol.

New protocols for the Internet are defined by the IETF, and other protocols are defined by IEEE or ISO. ITU-T deals with telecommunication protocols and formats.

The most common classification system for network protocols is the so-called OSI model, according to which protocols are divided into 7 layers according to their purpose - from physical (formation and recognition of electrical or other signals) to application (application programming interface for transferring information by applications).

Network protocols prescribe the rules for computers that are connected to the network. They are built on a multilevel principle. Some layer protocol defines one of the technical rules of communication. Currently, the OSI (Open System Interconnection, OSI) model is used for network protocols.

The OSI model is a 7-layer logical model for how a network operates. The OSI model is implemented by a group of communication protocols and rules organized in several layers:

· At the physical level, the physical (mechanical, electrical, optical) characteristics of communication lines are determined;

· At the data link layer, the rules for using the physical layer by network nodes are determined;

· The network layer is responsible for addressing and delivery of messages;

· The transport layer controls the sequence of passing the message components;

· The task of the session level is the coordination of communication between two applications running on different workstations;

· The presentation layer is used to convert data from the internal format of the computer to the transmission format;

· The application layer is the boundary between the application program and other layers - it provides a convenient interface for communication of the user's network programs.

Examples of network protocols[edit | edit source]

TCP / IP is a set of data transfer protocols, named after two protocols belonging to it: TCP (eng. Transmission Control Protocol) and IP (eng. Internet Protocol)

The most famous protocols used on the Internet:

· HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) is a hypertext transfer protocol. The HTTP protocol is used to transfer Web pages from one computer to another.

· FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is a file transfer protocol from a special file server to a user's computer. FTP allows the subscriber to exchange binary and text files with any computer on the network. Having established a connection with the remote computer, the user can copy the file from the remote computer to his own or copy the file from his computer to the remote one.

· POP (Post Office Protocol) is a standard post office protocol. POP servers handle incoming mail, and POP is designed to handle requests to receive mail from client mailers.

· SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) - a protocol that defines a set of rules for mail transfer. The SMTP server returns either an acknowledgment or an error message, or requests additional information.

· Telnet is a remote access protocol. TELNET enables the subscriber to work on any computer on the Internet, as on his own, that is, launch programs, change the operating mode, and so on. In practice, the capabilities are limited by the access level set by the administrator of the remote machine.

Other protocols:

· DTN is a protocol designed to provide ultra-long-range space communications.

The analytical agency We Are Social and the largest SMM platform Hootsuite have jointly prepared a package of reports on the global digital market Global Digital 2018. According to the data presented in the reports, today more than 4 billion people use the Internet worldwide.

More than half of the world's population is now online, and about a quarter of a billion of them went online for the first time in 2017. The fastest growing is in Africa - the number of Internet users on the continent has increased by more than 20% compared to the same period last year.

Affordable smartphones and low-cost mobile Internet tariffs have become one of the key drivers of Internet audience growth this year. In 2017, more than 200 million people became mobile owners for the first time, and now two-thirds of the 7.6 billion global population have mobile phone.

More than half of the mobile devices in use today are classified as "smart", so it is becoming easier for people to access all the possibilities that the Internet offers, wherever they are.

The growth is also noted in the audience of social networks. In the past 12 months, the number of people on the most popular social platforms has increased daily by almost 1 million new users. More than 3 billion people interact with social media every month, and 9 out of 10 use mobile devices.

The main findings of the reports are discussed in detail below, but for now - here short review most significant digital metrics in 2018:

The number of Internet users in 2018 reached 4.021 billion people, which is 7% more compared to the same period last year.
The audience of social networks in 2018 totals 3.196 billion people, which is plus 13% to last year's figure.
5.135 billion people use mobile phones in 2018 - 4% more than a year ago.

So what does all this valuable information say?

1. A billion years

This year, not only the number of Internet users has increased. The time people spend online has also increased over the past 12 months.

According to the latest data from GlobalWebIndex, the average Internet user today spends about 6 hours a day using devices and services that depend on an Internet connection. This, roughly speaking, is a third of the total waking time.

If you multiply this time by 4 billion of all Internet users, you get a staggering figure - in 2018 we will spend a total of 1 billion years online.

2. Distribution of the future

As noted in last year's report, internet access is unevenly distributed across the world. In 2018, the situation is almost the same, but there are some shifts.

While Internet penetration remains low in much of Central Africa and South Asia, these regions have seen the most impressive online growth rates.

Internet users in Africa are up 20 percent from last year's data. In Mali, the number of people with internet access has increased almost 6 times since January 2017. Online audiences in Benin, Sierra Leone, Niger and Mozambique have doubled over the past year.

It's not just another billion connected.

The spread of the Internet in developing countries will change the way people use the Internet around the world. This is because companies like Google, Facebook, Alibaba and Tencent are committed to offering scalable global products that meet the needs of these new users and the environment in which they go online. These changes will definitely have a significant impact on the future of the Internet.

3. Communication in motion

More than two thirds of people around the world today own a mobile phone, most of them own smartphones.

Over the year, the number of unique mobile users increased by more than 4 percent, although penetration rates remain below 50 percent in much of Central Africa.

People all over the world prefer to go online from smartphones. They generate more web traffic than all other devices combined.

Moreover, this data only relates to web use. Today, people spend 7 times more time on mobile apps than on mobile browsers, according to recent data from mobile app market research firm App Annie. This suggests that the share of mobile devices on the Internet is most likely even higher than the above figure.

The latest information from Facebook only confirms this assumption: only 5% of the global audience of the social network use the platform exclusively from the desktop.

4. Eleven new users per second

Over the past year, just under one million people were discovering social media for the first time every day - that's more than 11 new users per second.

Saudi Arabia showed the highest growth rates among the 40 countries that became the objects of research - 32 percent. India lagged behind the leader slightly, the number of social media users increased by 31 percent over the year.

The growth was partly due to the fact that people of the older generation began to join social networks. On Facebook alone, the number of users aged 65 and over has increased by almost 20 percent in the past 12 months.

The number of teenagers (13 to 17 years old) among the Facebook audience has also increased, but only by 5% since January 2017.

The gender ratio among Internet users remains uneven. For example, the latest data provided by Facebook suggests that there are still significantly fewer women online in much of Central Africa, the Middle East and South Asia.

5. The Philippines holds the lead

True, the Brazilians are already breathing down their heads. Indonesians and Thais have overtaken the Argentines to take third and fourth places in this year's rankings.

6. Facebook still dominates

For Mark Zuckerberg and his team, 2017 was another good year with impressive growth across all platforms owned by Facebook Inc.

The main site of the Facebook group continues to dominate social media, growing its user base by 15% over the year. At the beginning of the year, the social network has almost 2.17 billion profiles.

WhatsApp and Facebook Messenger both grew at twice the rate of mainstream Facebook in the past year. During the year, the number of users in each of the applications increased by 30 percent.

Although the audiences of these apps are roughly equal, judging by the latest data from SimilarWeb, WhatsApp has come out ahead in geographic reach. Today, WhatsApp is the top messenger in 128 countries, while Facebook Messenger is in the lead in 72.

In only 25 countries around the world, the most popular messaging app is not Facebook's messenger.

Despite these impressive statistics, Instagram has managed to surpass all Facebook apps in terms of growth in the past 12 months. The number of users here has increased by a third.

7. Organic reach continues to fall

Facebook organic reach and engagement (based on data for 179 countries) declined over the past year, with average reach down more than 10 percent from the previous year. Despite the depressing trend, these numbers will provide valuable benchmarks for marketers around the world.

8. Increasing the speed of mobile Internet

The speed of data transmission in mobile networks is growing, this trend can be traced on a global scale. Analyst agency GSMA Intelligence reports that more than 60% of mobile connections today are broadband.

However, there are significant differences in mobile speeds across countries. In Norway, the average download speed for mobile networks is 60 Mbps - almost three times faster than the world average.

Mobile Internet users from 6 countries, including the Netherlands, Singapore and the UAE, boast an average connection speed of over 50 Mbps. At the other end of the ranking are 18 countries, including India and Indonesia, where the average data transfer rate on mobile networks does not exceed 10 Mbps.

The good news is that the average mobile data rate has increased by 30 percent over the past year.

This news can please not only the impatient. A faster connection helps reduce stress levels. Studies have shown that a few seconds of delay in video loading can cause anxiety levels to jump, just like watching a horror movie or solving a complex math problem.

Thanks in part to faster data rates, the average smartphone owner, regardless of where they live, uses almost 3GB of data every month, up 50% from last year.

9. A sharp rise in spending in online stores

According to the latest digital market survey data from analyst Statista, the total online commerce market in the consumer goods sector grew by 16% over the past year. Annual spending in 2017 reached $ 1.5 trillion, with fashion products being the largest single category.

Globally, the number of people using e-commerce platforms to purchase consumer goods (such as fashion, food, electronics and toys) has grown by 8 percent. Almost 1.8 billion people worldwide shop online today.

Approximately 45 percent of all Internet users shop on e-commerce sites, but the penetration rate of online commerce differs by country.

The receipt of each customer in the online trading segment is also growing. Compared to last year, average revenue per user is up 7 percent to $ 833. The British spend most of all on online purchases - according to current data, in the UK more than $ 2,000 of expenses per user per year are spent.

It is worth emphasizing that these are figures for consumer goods only. If we add spending in other categories here, such as travel, digital content and mobile apps, the global e-commerce market is likely to be around $ 2 trillion.

Internet in Russia 2018: main figures

The Russian digital market follows global trends.

The most popular mobile application in Russia (both by audience and by number of downloads) is WhatsApp, followed by Viber, VK and Sberbank Online. Instagram ranks fifth in the ranking in terms of the number of users and sixth in terms of the number of downloads (here it was surpassed by the Yula service from Mail.RU Group).
63% of domestic Internet users search online for goods and services, but only 46% make purchases. The largest spending is on travel and hotels ($ 7.903 billion, up 24% from last year), toys and hobbies ($ 4.175 billion), and fashion and beauty products ($ 4.783 billion).

The main Internet trends 2018

The digital market will continue to gain momentum in 2018, and despite this year's unprecedented growth, we see that access to the opportunities that the global network offers is unevenly distributed. This creates a good foundation for development and suggests that the digital market has definitely not reached the ceiling yet.

However, this development cannot be called linear. There is a transformation of online consumption: Internet users are becoming more mobile, desktops are systematically replaced by more convenient devices that can be carried. As a result, purchases smoothly flow online, the web loses its position, yielding part of the traffic to applications, and social networks play a more significant role - this is valuable information for business.

These are the main findings of the research conducted by We Are Social and Hootsuite. It is difficult to say for sure what awaits us in a year, but it is obvious that the Internet will become even more firmly part of our everyday life, changing the structure and ways of consuming information.

Market segments

TAdviser provides information on various segments of the world computer market.

2019

Lenovo takes the lead - IDC

The volume of the global market for personal computers (desktops, laptops and workstations; hybrid devices are excluded) in 2019 reached 266.7 million units, an increase of 2.7% compared to 2018. Moreover, this is the first rise since 2011, when the growth rate was measured at 1.7%. A new leader has appeared in the list of the largest manufacturers, according to data from IDC analysts.

First market growth in 8 years - Gartner

In 2019, the global personal computer market grew for the first time in 8 years. This is evidenced by data from Gartner, released on January 13, 2020.

In 2019, analysts estimate that manufacturers worldwide shipped a total of 261.2 million desktops, laptops and hybrid devices like the Microsoft Surface line in 2019, up 0.6% from 2018. Prior to that, equipment shipments had been falling for seven consecutive years.

According to Mikako Kitagawa, lead analyst at Gartner, the boom was largely due to the fact that companies began to update their computer parks to move to the Windows 10 operating system. At the same time, many companies in developing countries, including Eurasia, the Asia-Pacific region and China, have not yet updated their PCs, which opens up opportunities to maintain the growth of the PC market in 2020, the expert noted.

At the same time, the researchers admit negative dynamics and associate it with the end of the renewal cycle corporate systems from solutions for Windows 7 to hardware platform level Windows 10. In addition, the negative trend will also be held due to economic uncertainty due to trade wars, as well as the continuing shortage of the latest Intel processors. Additionally, Gartner mentioned too high prices for upgrading home computers for specific consumer tasks, including games.

The three largest computer manufacturers are Lenovo, HP Inc. and Dell - captured 63.1% of the market in terms of quantitative hardware deliveries in 2019, while in 2018 this share was measured at 60.2%. Mikako Kitagawa stressed that Lenovo, HP Inc. and Dell saw PC shipments grow above market dynamics in 2019.

The study says that with the exception of Asia Pacific, Lenovo recorded year-on-year growth in PC sales in all regions. Only in the shipments of desktops the company increased by more than 30% year on year. This allowed the Chinese vendor to maintain leadership and demonstrate the highest growth rates (+ 8.1%) in computer shipments among the six largest manufacturers.

HP's PC shipments have grown during the last three quarters of 2019. The company holds a leading position in the United States, EMEA (Europe, Middle East, Africa) and Latin America.

Dell has increased PC shipments in all regions at an above-average pace in each region, driven in large part by strong demand for the company's desktops.

Gartner predicts a steady decline in the consumer PC market over the next five years, Kitagawa said. He recalled that there has been a shortage of Intel processors on the market since mid-2019, without which the growth in PC sales would have been more significant.

Mikako Kitagawa says the emergence of innovative products such as foldable laptops is a key driver of growth for the entire computer market. In addition, the demand is supported by initiatives that make it easier to use computers like smartphones. In particular, we are talking about devices that can be constantly turned on and work for a long time without recharging.

2018

Lenovo takes the lead - Gartner

On January 10, 2019, the analytical company Gartner published the results of a study of the global personal computer market, from which it became known about the change of the leader. Lenovo delivered most of all computers in 2018 - 58.5 million units, which is 6.9% more than a year earlier.

The second negative factor, he considers political and economic uncertainty in a number of countries. The problem has affected even an economy as strong as it is and has affected the most vulnerable groups of buyers, including small and medium-sized businesses, Kitagawa said.

Market decline for 7 years - IDC

In 2018, computer manufacturers delivered a total of 258.5 million desktops, laptops and workstations to the global market, which is 0.4% less than in 2017. Analysts cited such data in their regular report Worldwide Quarterly Personal Computing Device Tracker in January 2019. Sales have been declining for seven years in a row.

According to experts, the PC market performed better than expected due to the update of computers in the companies, caused by the approaching end of support for Windows 7 (January 2020). Strong performance in the corporate segment helped offset the downturn in the consumer sector.

In all regions except the United States, computer sales exceeded market expectations, although the Asia-Pacific region was challenged by the difficult situation in the Chinese commercial market.

The continuing economic tension between China and the United States continues to create great uncertainty in the business environment in the PRC. Since the demand for chinese goods falls in the US, especially for manufacturing enterprises of all sizes in China, which in turn leads to a reduction in IT purchases by these companies, says IDC analyst Maciek Gornicki. - As a result, we can expect an increase in the rate of decline of the Chinese computer market in 2019. And if the trade war escalates further, its consequences could spread to other countries, especially in connection with the expected fluctuations in currency rates that affect companies in the region.

The balance of power among the largest computer manufacturers is presented in the table below. It should be noted that HP Inc. retained the leadership, but the gap from the closest pursuer - Lenovo - was minimal. HP Inc. it helped that the company was better than most competitors in weathering the fall in the PC market in the Asia-Pacific region, IDC said in a study.

2017

Fall within 6 years - Gartner

In January 2018, the analytical company Gartner summed up the results of the past year in the global personal computer market. According to preliminary estimates, manufacturers released over 262.5 million devices in 2017, including desktop PCs, laptops, premium ultraportable PCs and hybrid Windows devices. The indicator is 2.8% less than in 2016, thus, the negative dynamics in the market has been observed for six consecutive years.

Researchers are drawing attention to the ongoing consolidation of the PC industry. In 2017, the four largest PC vendors controlled 64% of the market, which is significantly higher than in 2011, when the four leading players accounted for only 45% of total PC shipments.

The largest PC manufacturer in 2017 was HP Inc. , which supplied more than 55 million computers or 21% of the global volume. Compared to 2016, HP's shipments increased by 4.6%, and the share increased by 1.5%, which allowed the American vendor to bypass its Chinese competitor Lenovo, which topped the rating in 2016.

Lenovo dropped to second place with an annual result of 54.7 million PC devices and a share of 20.8%. For comparison, in 2016 the volume of deliveries of Lenovo computers reached 55.95 million units, and the share was 20.7%.

Best Performance in 6 Years - IDC

In 2017, the global personal computer market shrank, but showed the best results in the previous six years. This was reported by the analytical company International Data Corporation (IDC).

According to experts, in 2017, manufacturers released a total of 259.5 million desktops, laptops and workstations, which is 0.2% less than a year earlier. 2017 became the most stable year for the market since 2011, according to the study.

According to analysts, the situation in the PC industry is improving due to the renewal of corporate computers and increased consumer demand. In addition, the market is helped by falling sales of tablets, the manufacturers of which are again switching to the production of laptops, so in 2017 there was an increase in the number of ultra-thin, transformable and gaming systems.

2016

Falling sales of monoblocks for 3 years

On June 7, 2017, the analytical company Digitimes Research presented some results of a study of the world market for monoblock computers. Sales of these devices have been falling for three years in a row.

In 2016, manufacturers released a total of 12.18 million monoblock desktops, down 1.7% from a year earlier, due to a downturn in the consumer sector. In 2014 and 2015, there was also a decline in sales of monoblocks. According to experts, the market will recover in 2017-2018.

Global shipments of all-in-one PCs in 2016 did not fall as much as the entire computer market, as a result of which the share of this segment in physical terms amounted to a record 10.4%. In the next two years, this share will increase, analysts are sure.

Lenovo remains the leader of the world market of monoblocks. Moreover, in 2016, the Chinese company increased its lead over its closest pursuer - HP Inc. The four largest monoblock manufacturers controlled 83.8% of the market in 2016. In 2017, the figure will reach 85.2% due to the fact that Lenovo will increase the supply of equipment, HP Inc. strong sales in the corporate sector are expected, and Apple has introduced new models, according to a study by Digitimes Research.

In 2016, iMac shipments were measured at 2.26 million units against 2.53 million units a year earlier. Experts expect shipments of these devices to rise to 2.36 million units in 2017.

Among the contract manufacturers of monoblocks, analysts point out Compal Electronics, which in 2016 showed the largest growth in shipments thanks to orders received as a result of TPV-Inventa's exit from the market. Compal is expected to record the fastest growth in shipments in the contract manufacturing sector of all-in-one PCs in 2017, as well as become the second largest manufacturer of these computers in Taiwan after Quanta Computer.

Fall for the fifth consecutive year

On January 11, 2017, the analytical company Gartner published the results of a study of the global personal computer market. Its volume, according to experts, has been declining for five years in a row.

According to Gartner, in 2016, the shipments of desktops and laptops globally amounted to 269.7 million units, a decrease of 6.2% compared to 2015. The market has been falling steadily since 2012.

The stagnation of the PC market continued in the fourth quarter of 2016 as holiday sales were generally weak due to fundamental changes in PC purchasing behavior, said Mikako Kitagawa, senior analyst at Gartner. “The entire personal computer market is static as technology improvements have not been enough to drive growth. There are several innovative form factors such as hybrid devices and ultra-thin and light laptops, as well as technological advances such as extended life. autonomous work... This part of the market is growing rapidly, attracting more users who prioritize PCs. However, the segment supported by computer enthusiasts is not large enough to support the growth of the entire market.

According to Kitagawa, one of the negative factors for the PC market is the popularity of smartphones, due to which the cycle of computers is increasing.

The three largest manufacturers of desktops and laptops in 2016 did not undergo changes: Lenovo, HP Inc. and Dell recorded 54.7% of the market as an asset against 51.5% a year earlier. However, among these companies, only Dell was able to increase the supply of products - by 2.6%. Moreover, Dell remained the only growing vendor in the top 6 vendors (see table above).

2015

Record decline

Outcome

Source: IDC

Fall for the fourth year in a row

On January 12, 2016, the analytical company Gartner published the results of a study of the global personal computer market. Its volume, according to experts, has been declining for four years.

Gartner calculated that in 2015 shipments of desktops and laptops globally amounted to 288.7 million units, which is 8% less than a year earlier. The market started to fall in 2012 after a large number of tablets appeared.

In 2015, one of the main problems for the computer industry was the devaluation of world currencies. It is because of this factor that PC production in Japan and Europe, the Middle East, Africa and Latin America at the end of 2015 decreased by almost 10% compared to 2014. In the US and Asia-Pacific, regression was minimal as currency fluctuations did not affect these markets.

In October-December 2015, the volume of the global computer industry decreased by 8.3% compared to the same period last year, amounting to 75.7 million pieces. This quarterly decline was the fifth in a row and showed that even the pre-New Year season does not contribute to the overall increase in demand for PCs, which in turn indicates changes in consumer buying behavior towards these devices, said Gartner analyst Mikako Kitagawa.

According to him, among corporate customers, Windows 10 received a lot of positive feedback, but in the fourth quarter of 2015, companies were only testing this OS and were in no hurry to switch to it.

The six largest PC vendors - Lenovo, Dell, ASUS, Apple and Acer - accounted for 73.1% of global shipments in 2015 versus 70.4% a year earlier. Lenovo retained its market leadership with a 19.8% share. The top three also included HP (18.2%) and Dell (13.6%). They are followed by ASUS (7.3%), Apple (7.2%) and Acer (7%). Among the listed manufacturers, only Apple managed to increase shipments of computers in 2015, according to data from Gartner.

2014

Third recession in a row

On August 26, 2015, the research company International Data Corporation (IDC) posted on its website a message from which it became known about the situation in the global computer market.

In 2014, according to analysts, manufacturers around the world shipped 308.3 million personal computers, down 2.1% from a year earlier. The annual volume of the market fell for the third time in a row, although the rate of decline was almost five times slower than in 2013.

The improvement in the computer industry was due to the end of official support for Windows XP and the Windows 8.1 with Bing program, under which vendors released budget laptops that are in high demand in many regions, especially in emerging economies. However, even these devices did not save the laptop segment from falling.

At the same time, the negative impact of the popularity of smartphones on computer sales has eased. IDC says that in 2015 the growth of the global market for "smart" phones will slow down threefold - to 10.4%, and in the coming years, shipments of these devices will increase by only a few percent.

In their research, analysts did not provide the balance of power among computer manufacturers in 2014.

Market decline by 2.2%

Top 5 world PC vendors, Q3 2012, thousand units

IDC, 2012

Interestingly, at the same time as IDC, another respected research company, Gartner, released its report on the state of the world PC market in the third quarter of 2012. According to this firm, the Chinese Lenovo for the first time in its history came out on top in the supply of PCs in the world. True, analysts at Gartner indicate that these are only preliminary estimates. Gartner estimates Lenovo and HP's market shares to be 15.7% and 15.5%, respectively. Dell, Acer and Asus follow, as does IDC.

Second quarter

Worldwide PC shipments in the second quarter of 2012 fell, according to Gartner, by 0.1% over the same period last year to 87.46 million units. The impact was both global economic instability and the fact that ultrabook sales fell short of expectations: they are still at an early stage of adaptation, although they appeared on the market back in 2011.

Virtualization technologies have made it possible to abstract the application layer from a certain type of device, OS, even processor architecture.

Changing approaches to the design, delivery and use of software

Applications are ubiquitously becoming cross-platform and involve the execution of a piece of code on the server side or the cloud.

Intel, but also software vendors, whose revenues depend to some extent on the sale of applications on new PCs.

According to Gartner, in the fourth quarter of 2011, global PC shipments amounted to 92.2 million units. - 1.4% less than in the fourth quarter of 2010.

In turn, IDC announced a slowdown in sales of personal computers in the last three months of 2011. The reasons for the recession, according to company analysts, are a weak economy, a shortage of hard drives as a result of flooding in Thailand and competition from tablets. According to IDC estimates, in the fourth quarter of 2011, global PC shipments amounted to 92.7 million units, which is 0.1% less compared to the same period in 2010.

Since its inception in 1976, Apple has always sold and architected computers with its own operating system. Until 15 years ago, it seemed that Apple was hopelessly lost to the actual developer of the Wintel ecosystem - the American IBM, which allowed other companies to churn out "IBM-compatible computers." When co-founder Steve Jobs returned to the post of Apple CEO in 1998, Microsoft founder Bill Gates quipped: “What I can't understand is why he (Jobs) is still trying? He understands that he will not win. " In those days, the capitalization of Apple and the United States. 90,000 Acer tablets were sold in Russia in the second quarter, says the head of its Russian office, Gleb Mishin. But the Android platform is still "unfinished" and the tablets are "one-sided", so Apple does not have serious competition, says Eldar Murtazin, a leading analyst at Mobile Research Group.

In monetary terms, the Chinese market also surpassed the US - $ 11.9 billion versus $ 11.7 billion - taking 22% of the global personal computer market.

Nonetheless, IDC predicts that the United States will remain in first place in 2011, as sales in the United States usually pick up at the end of the year. According to analysts' calculations, 73.4 million personal computers will be sold in the United States in 2011, which is 1 million more than in China. But in 2012, China will finally overtake the United States in this indicator - 85.1 million against 76.6 million, they predict.

For Russia data are not provided. For comparison, in the first quarter of 2011, 2.31 million personal computers were shipped in Russia.

For the second year already, China is ahead of the United States in terms of the volume of the car market - in 2010, their sales increased by 32% to 18.06 million units (including trucks). In the United States, 11.6 million vehicles were sold last year. According to the OECD forecasts, China may surpass the United States in terms of industrial production in 5-7 years, and in terms of GDP - until 2030.

IDC and Gartner forecasts: theory and practice

The above results of IDC and Gartner on the state of affairs in the PC market in the first quarter of 2012, albeit not fundamentally, but still differ and, sometimes, noticeably. We propose to turn to the forecasts made earlier by these research companies and see how accurate they later turned out to be.

IDC predicted that 217.2 million notebooks would ship in 2010, up from 169 million in 2009. By 2012, portable systems were expected to occupy 70% of the market in quantitative terms. At the end of 2010, the total volume of the PC market amounted to 346.8 million units. Assuming that IDC's forecast turned out to be extremely correct, the share of laptops in this volume reached almost 63% - a clearly overestimated figure for 2010. The growth in shipments was mainly driven by increased interest in portable devices in emerging economies.

Intel President and CEO Paul Otellini expected to see netbooks and other similar systems in 2010 at 20%, IDC at 12% of the market in numerical terms. Intel's higher forecast is not accidental - it is the monopoly of the processor market for low-cost systems. This, in particular, supported the company during the active phase of the recession. IDC's harsh estimates were closer to the truth; netbooks never became a truly successful product category.

As for tablet PCs, according to IDC forecasts, about 7 million such devices should be sold in 2010 and about 46 million - in 2014. As it soon became clear, only in the fourth quarter of 2010 it was possible to sell 10.7 million tablets (data from Strategy Analytics ).

Gartner cut its PC shipments growth forecast for 2011 at 15.9% versus 18.1% previously estimated. According to the updated forecast, 409 million PCs should be delivered to the world market.

Projected supply volumes for 2009-2011 had to be cut due to a number of factors, Gartner explained.

First, analysts have recorded a change in consumer behavior - a shift in interest in innovative gadgets, which include new models of smartphones and multimedia tablets. Analysts believe that buyers in developing regions who do not yet have a personal computer may refuse to buy it in favor of a tablet, the capabilities of which will only approach the capabilities of a PC, while the convenience of consuming content and communicating on social networks using a tablet costs head and shoulders above now.

Secondly, the decrease in the growth rate of supplies is due to savings. Realizing that the process of overcoming the crisis may take additional time (and it is not known how long), consumers tend to postpone the purchase of a new system until better times. The same goes for the corporate segment. Already, there are examples of entire companies moving to the iPad, which believe that this computer will not become obsolete as quickly as the traditional system.

Analysts also pointed to the inability of the traditional personal computer market to offer something truly new. More convenient systemsIt is difficult to think of which would have received a resounding success, and all that remains is to reduce prices and lean on volumes, and this model has already exhausted itself. Tablet PCs are one new avenue that can help keep manufacturers' incomes.

Gartner also mentioned another factor in the slowdown in market growth - virtual workspace technology. It is expected that with the proliferation of thin clients, the need for hardware upgrades in the workplace will recede into the background. This will have a negative impact on sales of desktop PCs in the corporate segment. However, this factor will begin to operate no earlier than 2012.

In general, the conclusions of Gartner were correct, but as a result, the market volume in quantitative terms in 2011 did not even exceed 352.8 million PCs. The bad economic situation in Western Europe and the lack of hard drives in the fourth quarter due to flooding in Thailand were the reasons for such a sharp decline in shipments.

Gartner analysts are confident that desktop PC shipments will continue to grow in 2011-2012, growth will be minimal in 2013, and negative dynamics will appear in 2014. Sales of portable systems will show diametrical results - rapid growth rates annually up to 2014, which is predicted. In 2014, according to IDC, 426.9 million laptop computers will be shipped to the world market. By this time, tablets will consume 10% of the PC market in quantitative terms (IDC and Gartner do not classify tablets as personal computers).

2010: Growth of sales by 13% to 350 million PCs. HP Leader

On an annualized basis, PC shipments to the global market in 2010 increased by 13.8% to 350.9 million units - according to Gartner - and by 13.6% to 346.2 million - according to IDC. The best result was shown by Lenovo, whose shipments grew by 37.3%. Besides Lenovo, only one company, Toshiba, exceeded the market average in the top five manufacturers. In 2010, the company launched a new brand strategy and celebrated the 25th anniversary of the release of the first laptop.

World PC shipments in 2010 (pcs., Preliminary results)

Company	Deliveries in 2010	Market share in 2010,%	Deliveries in 2009	Market share in 2009,%	Year-on-year growth,%
HP	62768547	17,9	58942530	19,1	6,5
Acer	45265678	12,9	39783933	12,9	13,8
Dell	42123680	12,0	37353774	12,1	12,8
Lenovo	33965812	9,7	24735404	8,0	37,3
Toshiba	19011752	5,4	15499805	5,0	22,7
Other	147768653	42,1	132026226	42,8	11,9
Total	350904121	100,0	308341673	100,0	13,8

How many computers are there in the world?

According to statistics published in the 2003 annual Almanac of the Computer Industry, there are about 663 million personal computers in operation worldwide. But more than two thirds (448 million) are concentrated in 12 countries, the total population of which is less than a billion people, that is, 15.4 percent of all humanity. This list of a dozen countries includes (in descending order of number of computers) the United States, Japan, England, Germany, France, Canada, Italy, Australia, Holland, Spain, Russia, and South Korea. Throwing away the United States, which has 31 percent of all personal computers in the world, the rest of the world has only 40 computers per 1,000 people.

1. Alexander Vasilievich Suvorov: To the 250th anniversary of his birth. - M .: Nauka, 1980.

2. Andreev IA Combat aircraft. - M .: Young. guard, 1981.

3. Azimov A. Science guide. Per. from English. - M .: Tsentrpoligraf, 2004.

4. Bagger H. Reforms of Peter the Great. Per. from dates. - M .: Progress, 1985.

5. Baker J. The history of geographical discoveries and research. Per. from English. - M .: Publishing house of foreign. literature, 1950.

6. Belyavsky V. A. Babylon legendary and historical Babylon. - M .: Mysl, 1971.

7. Library of the journal "Science and Life", 1997-2004 ( electronic edition). - M .: MediaHouse, 2004.

8. Blon J. The Great Hour of the Oceans. Per. with fr. - M .: Slavyanka, 1993.

9. Great Russian Encyclopedia: In 30 volumes / Prev. scientific. - ed. Council Yu. S. Osipov. - T. "Russia". - M .: Bol. Grew up. encyclopedia, 2004.

10. Great Soviet Encyclopedia: In 30 volumes / Ch. ed. A.M. Prokhorov. - 3rd ed. - M .: Sov. encyclopedia, 1969–1978.

11. Borisov N. S. Ivan III. - M .: Young. guard, 2003.

12. Bray W., Trump D. Archaeological Dictionary. Per. from English. - M .: Progress, 1990.

13. Wikipedia: Electronic encyclopedia (free access Internet resource).

14. Vladimirov S. V., Volkov V. A. Reason against dogma. - M .: Nauka, 1982.

15. Naval Dictionary / Ch. ed. V.N. Chernavin. - Moscow: Military Publishing, 1989.

16. Time to seek / Comp. V.D. Zakharchenko. - M .: Young. guard, 1990.

17. Gilyarovsky V. A. Moscow and Muscovites. - M .: Pravda, 1979.

19. Diogenes Laertius. About the life, teachings and sayings of famous philosophers. - M .: Thought, 1979.

20. Natural Science: Encyclopedic Dictionary / Comp. V.D.Sholle. - M .: Bol. Grew up. encyclopedia, 2002.

21. History of the Ancient East / Ed. V.I.Kuzishchina. - M .: high school, 1979.

22. History of the Ancient World: In 3 volumes / Ed. I. M. Dyakonova et al. - Moscow: Nauka, 1989.

23. History Ancient Rome / Ed. V.I.Kuzishchina. - M .: Higher school, 1982.

24. History of the Middle Ages: In 2 volumes / Ed. S.D.Skazkina and others - M .: Higher school, 1977.

25. History of the USSR (XIX - early XX century) / Ed. I. A. Fedorova. - M .: Higher school, 1981.

26. History of the USSR from ancient times to the end of the 18th century. / Ed. B.A. Rybakov. - M .: Higher school, 1983.

27. History of France: In 3 volumes / Otv. ed. A.Z. Manfred. - M. Science, 1972.

28. Results of the Second World War (collection of articles). Per. with him. - M .: Publishing house of foreign literature, 1957.

29. Karpov A. Yu. Vladimir Saint. - M .: Young. guard, 2004.

30. Karpov A. Yu. Yaroslav the Wise. - M .: Young. guard, 2005.

31. Calder N. The comet is coming. Per. from English. - M .: Mir, 1984.

32. Kondrashov AP The newest reference book of necessary knowledge. - M .: RIPOL classic, 2005.

33. Krylov A. N. My memories. - L .: Shipbuilding, 1984.

34. Kuzmichev VE Laws and formulas of physics. - Kiev: Naukova Dumka, 1989.

35. KuhlingH. Physics Handbook. Per. with him. - M .: Mir, 1983.

36. Lozinsky S. G. History of the papacy. - M .: Politizdat, 1986.

37. Llozzi M. History of Physics. Per. with ital. - M .: Mir, 1970.

38. Manfred A.Z. Napoleon Bonaparte. - M .: Thought, 1986.

39. Molchanov N. N. General de Gaulle. - M .: Mezhdunar. relationship, 1973.

40. Nikolsky N. M. History of the Russian Church. - M .: Politizdat, 1985.

41. Olympic Games. Little encyclopedia / Ch. ed. K. A. Andrianov. - M .: Sov. encyclopedia, 1970.

42. Pavlenko N. I. Ekaterina I. - M .: Young. guard, 2004.

43. Pavlenko N. I. Menshikov: Half-power ruler. - M .: Young. guard, 2005.

44. Pavlenko N. I. Peter the First. - M .: Young. guard, 1976.

45. Pipunyrov VN History of clocks from ancient times to the present day. - M .: Nauka, 1982.

46. \u200b\u200bPolytechnic Dictionary / Ch. ed. A. Yu. Ishlinsky. - 2nd ed. - M .: Sov. encyclopedia, 1980.

47. Russian Orthodoxy: milestones in history / Ch. ed. A. I. Klibanov. - M .: Politizdat, 1989.

48. Ryzhov K. All the monarchs of the world. Western Europe. - M .: Veche, 2000.

49. Sagan K. Cosmos: Evolution of the Universe, Life and Civilization. Per. from English. - SPb .: Amphora, 2004.

50. Sadaev D. Ch. History of Ancient Assyria. - M .: Nauka, 1979.

51. Sergeev V.S. History of Ancient Greece. - M .: Gospolitizdat, 1948.

52. Skrynnikov R. G. Siberian expedition of Ermak. - Novosibirsk: Science, 1982.

53. Dictionary of Antiquity. Per. with him. / Comp. J. Irmscher. - M .: Progress, 1989.

54. Soboleva T. A. Cryptography in the history of Russia. - M .: Mezhdunar. relationship, 1994.

55. Soviet military encyclopedia: In 8 volumes / Prev. ch. ed. commissions A. A. Grechko, N. V. Ogarkov. - Moscow: Military Publishing, 1976-1980.

56. Soloviev S. M. Readings and stories on the history of Russia. - M .: Pravda, 1980.

57. Tarle E. V. Collected works: In 12 volumes - Moscow: Publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1958–1960.

58. Wilson M. American Scientists and Inventors. Per. from English. - M .: Knowledge, 1975.

59. Falk-Ronne A. Where are you, paradise? Per. from dates. - M .: Progress, 1989.

60. Physics of the microworld. Little encyclopedia / Ch. ed. D. V. Shirkov. - M .: Sov. encyclopedia, 1980.

61. Florea B. N. Ivan the Terrible. - M .: Young. guard, 2003.

62. Hanke H. People, ships, oceans (6000-year-old sailing adventure). Per. with him. - L .: Shipbuilding, 1976.

63. Hoag J. Nostradamus: The Complete Collection of Prophecies. Per. from English. - M .: FAIR-PRESS, 1999.

64. Chronicle of Humanity / Comp. Bodo Harenberg. - M .: Slovo, 2000.

65. Chernyak EB Age-old conflicts. - M .: Mezhdunar. relationship, 1988.

66. Churchill W. World War II. Per. from English. - M .: Military Publishing, 1991.

67. Ardley N. et al. Lots of Things to Know. - L .: Treasure Press, 1991.

68. Baigent M., Leigh R., Lincoln H. Holy Blood, Holy Grail. - N. Y .: Dell Publishing, 1983.

69. Chambers Book of Facts. - Edinburgh: Chambers Harrap Publishers Ltd, 2002.

70. Encyclopedia Britannica Almanac 2003, 2004. - Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc.

71. Feiler B. Walking the Bible. - N. Y .: Harper Collins Publishers, 2001.

72. Feldman D. Why Do Clocks Run Clockwise? - N. Y .: Harper & Row Publishers, 1987.

73. The World Almanac and Book of Facts 2004. - N. Y .: World Almanac Books.

74. Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language. - N. Y .: Portland House, 2004.

The newest book of facts. Volume 3 [Physics, chemistry and technology. History and archeology. Miscellaneous] Kondrashov Anatoly Pavlovich

How many computers are there in the world?

This text is an introductory fragment. author

How many nuclear power plants are there in the world? At the beginning of 2002, 31 countries of the world had nuclear power plants, the total number of reactors at them was 446. There are 109 power units in the USA, 56 in France, 51 in Japan, 35 in the UK, 29 in Russia, and 21 in Canada. in Germany - 20, in Ukraine -

From the book The newest book of facts. Volume 3 [Physics, chemistry and technology. History and archeology. Miscellanea] author Kondrashov Anatoly Pavlovich

Which country has the most computers per person? As of 2004, the leader in this respect was the Principality of San Marino: 738 computers per 1000 population. In the United States, this figure was

From the book The newest book of facts. Volume 3 [Physics, chemistry and technology. History and archeology. Miscellanea] author Kondrashov Anatoly Pavlovich

How many bicycles are produced in the world annually? In 2001, more than 100 million bicycles were produced in the world, which is approximately 2.5 times more than the world car production in the same time. The main manufacturer and consumer of bicycles is China, followed by countries

From the book The newest book of facts. Volume 3 [Physics, chemistry and technology. History and archeology. Miscellanea] author Kondrashov Anatoly Pavlovich

How many steps are there in the world's longest staircase? The longest staircase contains 11,674 steps. It runs parallel to the funicular in the Swiss town of Spitz and serves for its insurance, maintenance and repair. In northern Japan, on the sacred mountain Haguro, there is a Buddhist

From the book The newest book of facts. Volume 3 [Physics, chemistry and technology. History and archeology. Miscellanea] author Kondrashov Anatoly Pavlovich

How many seats are there in the world's largest cinema? The world's largest cinema has been operating in New York since 1932. Initially, it had 5,945 seats, but after repairs and reconstruction it became

From the book Encyclopedia of Security author Gromov VI

1. PROTECTION OF COMPUTERS FROM UNAUTHORIZED ACCESS TO INFORMATION Features of protection of personal computers (PC) are due to the specifics of their use. As a rule, a limited number of users use a PC. PCs can work both offline and in

author Kondrashov Anatoly Pavlovich

How much does the world's largest pearl weigh? The largest pearl, dubbed the "Pearl of Allah", was found in 1934 off the coast of the Philippines inside a giant tridacna shell. Her weight is 6.5 kilograms. This giant pearl has no jewelry value, it

From the book The newest book of facts. Volume 1 [Astronomy and astrophysics. Geography and other earth sciences. Biology and Medicine] author Kondrashov Anatoly Pavlovich

How much does the world's smallest deer weigh? The smallest deer in the world lives in the forests of Burma. He weighs only 12 kilograms, his height at the withers -

author Kondrashov Anatoly Pavlovich

From the book The newest book of facts. Volume 1. Astronomy and astrophysics. Geography and other earth sciences. Biology and medicine author Kondrashov Anatoly Pavlovich

From the book Setting up Windows 7 with your own hands. How to make it easy and convenient to work author Gladky Alexey Anatolievich

From the book "Spy Tricks" and Devices for Protecting Objects and Information author Andrianov Vladimir Ilyich

4. PROTECTION OF COMPUTERS FROM UNAUTHORIZED ACCESS TO INFORMATION Features of protection of personal computers (PC) are due to the specifics of their use. As a rule, a PC is used by a limited number of PC users who can work both offline and in

From the book A Thousand and One Household Tips author Polivalina Lyubov Alexandrovna

The main blocks and devices of computers Let's look at what a modern computer consists of. First of all, three main blocks should be distinguished, which cannot be dispensed with: system unit, monitor, keyboard. The second group consists of various peripheral

From the book How to become a writer ... in our time the author Nikitin Yuri

"Well, how many, how many books should I write?" An interesting question: how many books to write? The fact that the popular science fiction writer Isaac Asimov has written a lot of books is perceived by us and by "them" equally approvingly. I remember we even wanted to celebrate the release of the two hundred book

From the book MAN AND HIS SOUL. Life in the physical body and the astral world author Ivanov Yu M

From the book History of the European Football Championships author Zheldak Timur A.

It might be helpful to read: