Presentation on the topic "information folding methods". Learning to take notes presentation, report Take notes during the presentation

"Thinking activity in the lesson" - Soft sign. Subject-question. T. Edison. Conditions for the use of methods. Lesson. The most important task of civilization. Graduate Model elementary school. Techniques for activating mental activity. Stages of the lesson. The development of mental activity in the classroom.

"Requirements for the lesson" - Rules for motivating analysis of the lesson. Goals and methods of interaction between the teacher and students. Lesson analysis methods. Means of fixing observations in the lesson. PA options. Honored Teacher of the Russian Federation. Expert opinion. Student result. Share of independent creative work of students. Educational lesson. Name the requirements.

"Innovative lesson" - Activation of cognitive activity. Rational use of time. Problem lessons. Educational lesson as an activity system. Educational lesson. The position of the teacher. Development of cognitive skills of students. Basic requirements for the design and color of the video sequence. Technology of system analysis. Types of innovative lessons.

"Psychological climate in the classroom" - The great word "should". The results of the psychological action "Define your mood". What quality of a teacher is more important in creating a favorable psychological climate. Conflict pedagogical situations. Tips for teachers. We create a cheerful mood. The psychological climate of the lesson. Exercise "Infection". Warm up.

"Lesson at school" - Creative stage. List of EORs used in the lesson. Program compliance. How to prove that deciduous trees do not die in winter. evidence level. Identification of formed knowledge, relationships, actions, experience. Registration. Lesson. Evaluation criterion. Literacy and stylistics of the language. Depict as you understand (in different ways).

"Methods of work in the lesson" - The main links (stages) of the modern lesson. Rules for managing success in the classroom. Signs of the modern lesson. Forms and methods of work in the classroom and in extracurricular activities. Uncertainty in your knowledge. Typology of lessons. Modeling the thinking of students. Non-traditional types of lessons. Good knowledge of the material.

There are 30 presentations in total in the topic

note-taking -. educational technique, which consists in a brief written summary of the main content of the lecture, article, book, report Abstract - a special type of secondary text, which is based on the analytical and synthetic processing of information contained in the original text. The summary reveals, systematizes and summarizes the most valuable information, it allows you to restore, expand the original information. When taking notes, it is necessary to select new and important material, connect it with the old, already known, and build the material in accordance with the logic of presentation; the abstract should have a meaningful, semantic and structural integrity. In terms of volume (degree of compression), an outline can be short, detailed, or mixed; according to the degree of correspondence to the original source - integral or selective. By the number of sources processed, the abstract can be monographic or summary (review), from the point of view of presenting information, the abstract is compiled on the basis of reading or listening. Depending on the form of presentation of information in the abstract and on the degree of curtailment in the abstract of the primary text, the following types of abstracts are distinguished:

outline plan,

outline diagram,

text summary.

The preparation of the abstract includes the following steps:

Stage 1. Semantic parts are distinguished - all information related to one topic is grouped into one block. Stage 2. In each semantic part, a topic is formulated based on key words and phrases. Stage 3. In each part, the main and additional information in relation to the topic is highlighted. Stage 4. The main information is recorded in the abstract in various forms: in the form of abstracts, extracts (textual summary), in the form of questions that reveal the essence of the problem, in the form of descriptive sentences (abstract plan and abstract diagram). Stage 5. Additional information is provided where necessary.

When working on a summary, you must remember the following rules:

You should write down the name of the work (or parts of it) being outlined and its output data.

Understand the main content of the text by reading it twice.

Make a plan - the basis of the abstract.

When taking notes, leave wide margins for additions, notes, recording terms and names that require clarification.

Remember that in the abstract, individual phrases and even individual words are more important than in a detailed presentation.

Recording should be done in your own words, which contributes to a better understanding of the text.

Apply a certain system of underlining, abbreviations, symbols.

Follow the citation rules - enclose the quotation in quotation marks, give a link to the source indicating the page.

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2 to give an idea about the methods of folding information and about the methods of working on the abstract The purpose of the lesson:

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Lesson objectives: to introduce: - with specific features various methods collapsing information; - the main methods of working on the text on the folding of information; - structural components of the abstract

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Working with any source of information involves text analysis, comprehension and critical processing of the acquired knowledge and, as a final result, the creation of your own text. Such work on the text is based on the development of skills for collapsing information. What is information folding? This is a more concise summary of the content of this information (articles or books).

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Annotation - a brief description of a book or article that reveals its content, purpose and other features. Plan - the structure of the article, scheme. An example of a plan for a book is a regular table of contents. There are two types of plan: simple and complex (detailed).

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A simple plan consists of only the same symbols. For example: Numbered:1. 2. 3. Marked: - - -

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complex plan

Required for a brief explanation and proof of each item of the plan. A more complex and effective form of recording is chosen - multi-level: Roman, Arabic, alphabetic and other designations are used 1. a. b. in. 2. Be sure to formulate and write down the conclusion.

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When preparing for a speech or essay, you can also use such a method of collapsing information as writing theses. What is a thesis? Brief conclusion the main idea read; Determining the essence of what is read in your own words.

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Correctly composed theses follow one from the other. Arranged in a clear sequence. It is useful to link abstracts to the source text by specifying reference pages. You can pre-draw up a plan that will provide significant assistance in the preparation of abstracts. Do not forget to number the abstracts in order.

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More complex methods of information folding are digest, synopsis, abstract. We will look at these methods in more detail today in the lesson. Recently, the word digest has become a buzzword. Maybe some of you can tell what it means?

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A digest is a summary of some information. Even in ancient times, there was a need to quickly find the necessary information among the collections of treatises and manuscripts. And this need gave birth to one of the oldest types of literature - digests. What in translation from Latin means to divide, arrange in order, describe in detail. Digests are short summaries of the main facts and ideas contained in a manuscript. They serve as a concentrate (accumulation in one place) of knowledge.

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The most famous example is the famous digests of the Byzantine emperor Justinian, who ordered his lawyers to make extracts from the works of jurists. ancient rome. These extracts formed the basis of the code civil law which marked the beginning of all European jurisprudence.

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At present, ancient digests have received a rebirth. They were revived in new conditions and received the name "digests", which in translation from English means "brief summary". The basic techniques for compiling a digest: the main thoughts of the author, the most important facts and figures reported by him are not subject to change. As a result, it turns out, as it were, a squeeze from the source of the most urgent primary information for them or for other purposes. The very construction and design of the digest aims to make it as easy to read as possible, to make it interesting and instructive.

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A striking example of a digest is the Sputnik magazine. This is a type of publication that reprints materials from other publications in an abridged form. POPULAR SCIENCE DIGEST

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If the digest is like a squeeze of primary information, then the abstract involves the creation of a secondary text that allows the author to use the necessary information immediately or after some time. An abstract is a brief but coherent and consistent presentation of the existing content of an article, chapter of a book. The summary usually contains the main provisions, important facts, examples, figures and quotations.

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The Russian educator, philosopher Alexander Nikolayevich Radishchev very accurately defined the task of taking notes back in the 18th century. “My goal was ... with this work ... so that anyone who read this book and already thought about it could instantly imagine the whole chain of thoughts of the writer through this extract, so that the beginner, having this extract in front of him, would not be from the main subject we distract with the roundabouts and wonderful side disagreements of the writer ... "

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Note-taking consists of several stages. Introductory stage. The entire article is carefully read. While reading, the main provisions, arguments are noted. Important and precise definitions are highlighted, which are then included in the summary. After reading, it emerges overall plan articles, which must first be written down on a draft, and then the points of the plan should be transferred to the margins of the abstract.

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Drawing up a summary. The article is re-read in sections and outlined, i.e. the content of the section, its main thoughts, statements, certain provisions and arguments are briefly stated in their own words. The brightest and most precise formulations are either quoted in the summary of their proposal, or are included in the summary as quotations in their entirety. Quotations are included with an indication of the page from which they are taken. Thus, each section of the article is outlined.

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The final stage. The article is reviewed again, then the abstract is read, compared with the article. How is the abstract formatted? The abstract is kept in a special notebook. At the top is a full description of the book or article. Let's remember the rules of description together.

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The book is described as follows: Author. Name of the book. City; publisher, year of publication. - number of pages. An article from a magazine, a collection is described a little differently. Author. Article title // Journal. - the year of publishing. - Journal number. - S. (pages where this article is printed). Leave wide margins in the notebook. On the left side is a summary of the issue (outline), and on the right side are the points of the plan (or your comments).

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When taking notes, you can use two techniques 1. The author's thought is transmitted without changes, but in a more reduced volume. 2. The author's idea is stated in his own words more generally, but the main author's idea is necessarily preserved.

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So, when taking notes, you can use both methods. Only one thing is important: the main thing that the author reports, his main provisions must be conveyed without the slightest distortion of meaning. Work on the abstract flows into work on the abstract - a more complex method of collapsing information. Based on a well-written summary, you can make an abstract.

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C o n s p e c t- it's like that exposition ascertaining provisions of the text, which has brevity , connectedness and subsequence .

Mistake: a person cannot do several things at the same time (listen to a teacher, talk with a desk mate, use the phone on the Internet ...)

Conclusion: focus attention on what the teacher says, or on what is written in the textbook.

Error: students often try to write everything down verbatim. At the same time, they, of course, interrupt the teacher, asking him to repeat the previously spoken material.

We conclude:

try to understand reason (why is he sick? why is he rich?), but not consequence (Where does he get such an expensive car?)
try to catch essence said and abstractly write down the main ideas of the lecture

Error: it is necessary to write down a large amount of information  the hand gets tired, they did not have time to write down after the teacher, a large amount of space is taken up in the notebook

We conclude: create your own abbreviations, which you will use on all subjects; use it as often as possible

state- state

law- s-n

which the- to-th (to-th, to-th, to-th)

through– b/w

system– s/s

on one's own- s / st

WW– world war (WW I or WW II)

against- p-in or 

Russia– R, Britannia-Br, France– F etc.

development- r-s; develop- r-t

formation- f-s; form- f-th

process- hc

Mistake: a notebook is also a document, you should not do art in it; don't make a rainbow out of a notebook

We conclude: highlight the most important things in the abstract with colored pens and highlighters, namely the topic (required), definitions, formulas, theses, etc.

Error: when you write everything together, without dividing the text into paragraphs, subparagraphs, etc., then in the end you get shapeless mush of words .

We conclude: be guided by logic, break text into subparagraphs (usually teacher accentuates the voice the place that should be moved to a new paragraph; the text of the textbook is divided into paragraphs )  when preparing for a lesson, test, exam, you can easily find the material you need

Error: careless, obscure, "clumsy" handwriting; sloppy paste in a pen  problem with reading your own (!) abstract

We conclude: write carefully and legible; if possible, take your time

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Learning to take notes

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How to make statements
Extract - the necessary thought written out from the source Read the title of the article, comprehend it Carefully read the text and briefly write out the main thoughts as you read Strive for a short note Separate one thought from another After finishing the work, write down all the source data

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How to write abstracts
Thesis - the main judgments, conclusions, provisions that contain the key information of the text Read the text Break the text into semantic blocks. Think through the main ideas of the work State the ideas in the form of consecutive points. Formulate in your own words or find a suitable wording in the text The focus is on the conclusions of the author, detailed factual material is not included

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note-taking
An abstract is a consistent recording of information selected and considered in the process of reading. Basic requirements for writing an abstract Systematic and logical presentation of the material Brevity Persuasiveness and evidence

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Requirements and recommendations for writing and formatting text
1. It should be compact, tight 2. The text should use emphasis and delimitation 2.1. Underlining and underlining (headings, subheadings, conclusions, terms and concepts) 2.2. Indents (to designate paragraphs and points of the plan) 2.3. Space lines (to separate one thought from another) 2.4. Simple and end-to-end numbering 2.5. Highlight text using a frame (definitions, formulas, rules, laws) 3. When writing, you must use abbreviations

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Abbreviations
Common (RME, NTP) Iconic! - an important place? – doubt, it is necessary to check + positively - Negatively more, more than Y which increases decreases

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Abbreviations
3. The use of only consonant sounds of the word Pr.vs. - First of all Ptch. - because M.b. - maybe D.b. - should be 4. Only the letters of the beginning and end of the word R-i are used - reaction Development - development of Ch-k - person Ek. - ecological

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Types of abstracts
An outline plan is a retelling of what has been read or heard in the form of a plan. Characteristics of the abstract: short, simple, quickly drawn up and filled out; teaches you to choose the main thing, clearly and logically express thoughts, makes it possible to assimilate the material even in the process of studying it. All this makes it indispensable for the rapid preparation of a report or speech. However, it is difficult to work with him after a while, since the content of the material is poorly restored in memory. Stages of work: Make a plan of the read text or use the ready one. Explain briefly and conclusively each point of the plan, choose a reasonable and effective form of recording. Formulate and write down the conclusion.

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Definition of the term "analyzer". Characteristics of the evolution of analyzers. The role of analyzers in the adaptation of the organism to the environment. Analyzer structure: departments, their location and functions. Conclusion. 1. Analyzers are complex nervous mechanisms that provide the perception and the most subtle analysis of all stimuli perceived by the body from the external and internal environment. 2. In the process of evolution, the sense organs, possessing a primitive sensitivity, which allowed them only to perceive stimuli and respond to it with a certain physiological reaction, gradually turned into analyzers. First of all, this was due to the acquisition by organisms of the ability to move independently. Movement contributed to frequent and significant changes in living conditions, and in order not to die, the body had to learn to quickly capture all changes and analyze them subtly. The consequences of solving these problems were: differentiation of the sense organs, their concentration in the head section of the body, coordination of their activity with movements (proven with examples).

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Sample plan-outline Plan-outline Introduction to the topic "Analyzers"
3. Thanks to the analyzers, the body receives information about the state and changes in the external and internal environment, in the form of stimuli that cause corresponding sensations in the cerebral cortex. On the basis of sensations, certain responses are formed that allow the body to adapt to these specific conditions of existence (to prove with examples). 4. The analyzer consists of three main sections: the nerve fiber receptor of the CBP center. The receptor perceives irritation and turns it into a nerve impulse. The nerve fiber conducts the nerve impulse to the center of the analyzer. The cortical region converts nerve impulses into sensations. 5. Conclusion: Thanks to the analyzers, animals and humans distinguish between beneficial and harmful effects environment on the body. This allows him to more perfectly adapt to the conditions of existence. In connection with the development of GNI in humans, the function of analyzers has become much more complicated, because. at the heart of all nervous activity of a person lies the analytical-synthetic work of the brain.

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Types of abstracts Citation summary
A citation summary is an abstract created from quotations. Characteristics of the abstract: is built from the author's statements, from the facts stated by him; used to work with the original source; you can refer to it multiple times. But it does not contribute to active mental work, as a rule, it serves only as an illustration of the topic under study. Stages of work: Read the text, mark the main content in it, the main thoughts, highlight those quotes that will be included in the abstract. Using the rules for abbreviating quotes, write them out in a notebook. The form of the entry may be different, for example: ... (quote); ... (quote); (conclusion); main questions; evidence (citations); conclusions. 3. Read the written text, check it with the original. 4. Make a general conclusion

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Abstract types Reference abstract
The reference abstract is a reflection of the presentation of information contained in the text in the form of reference signals - words, symbols, drawings. Stages of work: Read the text carefully. Divide it into semantic parts - blocks. Put a question for each part. Answer the question with reference signals, arranging them in the form of a logical circuit. Characteristics of the abstract: brief, teaches you to choose the main thing, clearly reflects cause-and-effect relationships, develops logical thinking and figurative ability to model information. It is indispensable when repeating the material for the test, exam.

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Types of abstracts Free abstract
A free abstract is a combination of extracts, quotations, theses. Characteristics of the abstract: it requires serious effort in compiling; contributes to the assimilation of the material to the highest degree, requires the ability to actively use all types of records: plans, theses, extracts. Stages of work: Using the available sources, select the material on the topic of interest, study it and comprehend it deeply. Make the necessary extracts of the main thoughts, quotations, make theses. Using the prepared material, formulate the main provisions on the topic.

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Types of abstracts Thematic abstract
A thematic summary is a summary of the answer to a question or a summary of educational material on a specific topic. Characteristics of the abstract: it can be overview and chronological; teaches to analyze different points of view on the same issue, to use existing knowledge and personal experience; used in the process of working on a report, message, abstract. Stages of work: Study several sources and make a selection of material from them on a specific topic or chronology. Mentally arrange the read material in the form of a plan. Using this plan, summarize the conscious material in your own words.

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A living organism cannot exist without interacting with external environment. At the same time, from the environment, the body is simultaneously affected by many factors: favorable and unfavorable for the body. In order to preserve itself and best adapt to its environment, the organism must quickly and subtly recognize the factors affecting it. To this end, in the process of evolution, living organisms gradually developed and reached a certain perfection in humans, special sensory organs - analyzers. I.P. Pavlov called the analyzer the integral set of all neurons involved in the perception of stimuli and the conduction of the resulting excitation impulses to the cells of the cerebral cortex, including these cells themselves. The structure and operation of analyzers are quite complex. Each analyzer consists of: - a receptor (peripheral section) - an afferent or efferent fiber (conductor section) - CBP cells (cortical section that analyzes nerve impulses). Receptors are a kind of scouts that collect information outside and inside the body, encrypting it into nerve impulses.

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Sample Thematic Abstract Thematic Abstract Introduction to the topic “Analyzers”
The conductor department is a liaison officer who transmits encrypted dispatches to headquarters. The cortical region of the brain is the headquarters of the army, where the reports will be deciphered and used to plan responses. Possessing narrow specialization, each receptor sends to the brain only information about a particular property of the object; it cannot perceive the object as a whole. The image of an object is recreated in the brain based on the readings of many receptors. There are receptors in all organs, they perceive a variety of properties of objects, phenomena, events: external receptors distinguish between light, sound, temperature, pressure, body position in space, smell, taste, etc. internal - blood pressure, blood pH, condition gastrointestinal tract, muscle condition, etc. But as a result of all these completely different stimuli, nerve impulses arise in the receptors, the nature of which is the same - electrical. The nerve impulse traveling along the auditory nerve is no different in nature from the nerve impulse from the visual, tactile or olfactory receptor. But there is no confusion, because each of the excitations goes to the brain along a strictly defined path to its center.

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Sample Thematic Abstract Thematic Abstract Introduction to the topic “Analyzers”
Due to the difference in the types of energy perceived by the receptors, their device is not the same. Receptors can be very simple branches of nerve endings in the form of hairs, plates, spirals, etc., and more complex, in the form of specialized cells: rods and cones in the retina, auditory cells of the organ of Corti, etc. This ensures high sensitivity of the receptor to an adequate stimulus. For example, a rattlesnake picks up a temperature change of 0.001C, some fish react to odorous substances, the concentration of which is 10 -N mg / l, and in the visual analyzer. So, after the impact of the stimulus on the body, its analysis immediately begins, which is characteristic of all parts of the analyzer. Primary Analysis occurs on the periphery in receptors that respond to strictly defined stimuli. A secondary, more complex analysis is carried out in the spinal cord. The most complex analysis occurs in different parts of the brain, especially in the areas of the CBP.

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Sample Thematic Abstract Thematic Abstract Introduction to the topic “Analyzers”
Signals entering the central nervous system through all analyzers are important for the regulation of functions in the body, they cause new reactions. In others, are they correcting and coordinating reactions that are already under way? Thirdly, they leave traces that are used in subsequent activities, days, months and years later. In addition, nerve impulses entering the central nervous system maintain its tone at a high level. In the absence of stimuli, a person’s ability to concentrate attention, think logically, and perform mental tasks is impaired, while hallucinations and a sleepy state occur. Thus, analyzers are the main organ for obtaining information by the body about its external and internal environment, which allows the body through the central nervous system to optimally adapt to changing environmental conditions.

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