China's agricultural industry indicator. The development of animal husbandry in China. Organic food

The largest number of plants in the world is cultivated in the Celestial Empire. About 50 types of field crops, about 60 garden plants and about 80 garden species are grown in China every year. In addition, a significant part of China's land has been devoted to animal husbandry. In general, 60% of the country's population works in this industry.

Plants: arable land and fields

What is the most popular culture in China? Anyone can answer this question. In the Celestial Empire, rice is the head of everything. It is loved and appreciated there in the same way that cereals are appreciated all over the world.

The largest share of arable land in China is occupied by the following plantings:

Cereals;
Corn;
Potato;
Beans;
And much more.

Due to the diversity of climatic zones, China can afford to grow the maximum variety of food, industrial and medicinal crops. Sugar beet, cane and cotton are the outstanding representatives of plants used for further technical production.

Even in the Celestial Empire, many fruits and vegetables are successfully harvested. Soybeans and even peanuts are cultivated. The country is rich in black soil and lands with a different soil composition, so every plant in the fields of China will definitely find its place.

Animals and their content

The livestock industry accounts for only 20% of all industries Agriculture Celestial. Many Chinese outside the city keep chickens and pigs in their subsidiary plots.

Pig breeding in this state has an industrial scale. China contains 40% of the world's total pig population. Poultry occupies a large share in breeding. Draft cattle are also raised here. With such a variety of animal meat, there is still not enough meat for residents in China, the population of the country is too large, and the areas for pastures are small.

The silkworm is bred in the southern and eastern regions. Chinese silk is one of the finest on the planet. There are also beekeeping farms in China.

Fisheries are found in this state even in rice fields. The Chinese turn the coastal shoals into mini-farms for the cultivation of shrimp, shellfish and beneficial algae.

How is agriculture done in China?

The Chinese do many agricultural work by hand. To extend the spring and summer for plants in China, greenhouses are widely used.

In warm regions of the country, it is sometimes possible to take three crops per year. The government encourages small business executives with subsidies, since their products are of the highest quality and are aimed at the domestic market.

The type of agriculture is determined by the relief of the area, and not by the desires of the landowners themselves. Small private farms prevail in the mountains, and, for example, in the Heilongjiang province rural work the state is involved. There arable land is more extensive, suitable for the use of technical devices.

The overall development outlook for China's rural sector is very favorable. All the land there is used extremely rationally, sometimes options are invented for combining several industries in one area.

The main problem of the Celestial Empire is overpopulation. That is why in Chinese stores sometimes there is a shortage of meat products, which is more than compensated for by fish and rice. With the development of technologies, the methods of maintaining subsidiary plots are also being improved, then yields can grow to unprecedented heights. But the implementation of this approach is still in the theoretical area and is poorly reproduced in practice in Chinese lands and regions.

First district It covers almost the entire Northeast and territorially corresponds primarily to the vast Songliao (Manchurian) plain with fertile chernozem-like soils and forest-steppe landscapes. This is one of the main granaries of the country with crops of spring wheat and gaoliang - a variety of sorghum, which was known in China as early as the 12th century. This region also includes a part of Northern China.

Second district has grain-growing-cotton-growing specialization. Its core is the Great Plain of China (North China Lowland). The ideally flat surface of this plain, formed by the sediments of the Yellow River and other rivers, which now flow above its level in bunded beds, is a typical anthropogenic agricultural landscape, almost completely cultivated. It is the country's main cultivation area for winter wheat and cotton, the second after the northeastern soybean cultivation area, which has been cultivated here for millennia. Agriculture on the Great Plain of China, with its subtropical monsoon climate, characterized by rather cold and dry winters, is carried out under artificial irrigation. Therefore, the waters of the Yellow River, Huai He, the Great Canal, which crosses the plain in the meridional direction, are widely used for this purpose.

Rice. 104.

yellow China.

Third district has a distinct rice-growing specialization. It occupies mainly that part of East China, which is located in the Yangtze basin. Its northern border is usually drawn along the Qinling Ridge, which rises to an altitude of 4000 m and is an important climatic division, and further to the east along the river. Huaihe. Its southern border is formed by the Nanling Ridge, which separates the Yangtze and Xijiang basins. The climate in the region is subtropical, monsoon. Due to the prevalence of hilly terrain, the area of plowed land here is generally not as large as in the North China Plain, but the land adjacent to the Yangtze Valley is almost completely plowed up.

V different directions they are plowed by canals that are used for shipping, irrigation, fishing and serve as reservoirs during flood periods.

Sugarcane, tea, tobacco, citrus fruits are also cultivated here. The whole area of the Yangtze and Sichuan Basin has a name green China.

Fourth district covers the tropical part of southern China, located south of the Nanling Ridge. This is an area of a typical monsoon climate, distribution of yellow soils and red soils. For the pool r. Xijiang, the coast of the South China Sea and about. Hainan is characterized by landscapes of the humid tropics. The main grain crop here is rice, which gives two or even three harvests a year. The area also supplies a variety of tropical and subtropical fruits.

Fifth district dry China.

Finally, sixth district specializes in distant pasture cattle breeding, in which cattle graze in high-mountain pastures in summer and in valleys in winter. Geographically, it basically coincides with the world's most extensive Tibetan Plateau, the surface of which is formed by high-mountainous, mainly rubble deserts and semi-deserts. It is no coincidence that this area is called high China or cold China.

According to the conducted climatic modeling, by 2030, the average annual temperatures will increase by 0.88 ° C compared to modern ones, by 2050 - by 1.4, and in 2100 - by 2.9 ° C. These climatic changes will have their own regional features. Benefit the most from warming

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Agriculture continues to play a very large role in the Chinese economy, which employs 60.2% of the population.

Crop production is mainly grain oriented and green tea cultivation. The main agricultural regions of the country are located in East and North-East China.

Farmland makes up 52% of the entire territory of China, 2/5 of arable land requires irrigation. The northern half of China is occupied by the so-called "yellow China", with a predominance of crops of wheat, gaoliang, corn, millet, radish.

In the structure of sown land, 77% falls on grain crops. The southern half of China is occupied by "green China", the specialization of which is determined, first of all, by the sowing of rice - 20%. Rice, wheat, corn make up 80% of the total grain harvest (500 mln.

tons in 2000). About 180 million tons of rice are harvested in China annually. In the southern regions of China, rice is harvested in two, even three crops a year. Industrial crops occupy about 1/6 of the sown area.

In terms of cotton harvesting (4 million tons per year), China ranks first in the world; jute, hemp, and kenaf are also grown. Important sugar crops are sugar cane (50 million tons per year) and sugar beet.

The main oilseeds in China are soybeans, peanuts, rapeseed, and sesame.

China ranks second in the world (after India) in the production of tea (580 thousand tons per year), tobacco is grown. More than a hundred types of different vegetables are grown in China: potatoes, sweet potatoes, radishes, carrots, etc.

In the northwest, in "dry China", the prevailing type of economy is extensive nomadic and semi-nomadic cattle breeding. In the southwest, in "cold China" (Tibet), agriculture is generally underdeveloped.

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six agricultural areas.

First district can be called mainly grain-growing.

It covers almost the entire Northeast and geographically corresponds primarily to the vast Songliao (Manchurian) plain with fertile chernozem-like soils and forest-steppe landscapes. This is one of the main granaries of the country with crops of spring wheat and gaoliang - a variety of sorghum, which was known in China back in the 12th century.

This region also includes a part of Northern China.

Second district has grain-growing-cotton-growing specialization. Its core is the Great Plain of China (North China Lowland).

The ideally flat surface of this plain, formed by the sediments of the Yellow River and other rivers, which now flow above its level in bunded beds, is a typical anthropogenic agricultural landscape, almost completely cultivated. It is the country's main cultivation area for winter wheat and cotton, the second after the northeastern soybean cultivation area, which has been cultivated here for millennia.

Agriculture on the Great Plain of China, with its subtropical monsoon climate, characterized by rather cold and dry winters, is carried out under artificial irrigation. Therefore, the waters of the Yellow River, Huai He, the Great Canal, which crosses the plain in the meridional direction, are widely used for this purpose.

Its entire surface is literally dotted with large and small irrigation canals.

Rice. 104. Agricultural areas of China

In the west, the Great Plain of China is also adjoined by the Loess Plateau, which is part of this region, located in the middle reaches of the Yellow River; the thickness of the loess covers here reaches 600 m.

Its area exceeds 600 thousand km2, and 80 million people live on this territory. The main grain crop here is also winter wheat, but there are also cotton crops. The spread of loesses and yellow soils led to the fact that this entire vast area was often called yellow China.

Third district has a distinct rice-growing specialization. It occupies mainly that part of East China, which is located in the Yangtze basin.

Its northern border is usually drawn along the Qinling Ridge, which rises to an altitude of 4000 m and is an important climatic division, and further to the east along the river. Huaihe.

Its southern border is formed by the Nanling Ridge, which separates the Yangtze and Xijiang basins. The climate in the region is subtropical, monsoon. Due to the prevalence of hilly terrain, the area of plowed land here is generally not as large as in the North China Plain, but the land adjacent to the Yangtze Valley is almost completely plowed up.

The main area for irrigated rice cultivation is the alluvial lowlands along the lower and middle reaches of the Yangtze. In various directions, they are plowed by canals that are used for navigation, irrigation, fishing and serve as reservoirs during flood waters.

The real "rice bowls" are the basins of Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake. South of the Yangtze, two rice crops are usually harvested per year. In addition to rice, wheat, cotton, various legumes and oilseeds are also cultivated here. And the famous tea plantations are located on the hillsides, mainly south of the Yangtze Valley.

A special role in the west of this region is played by the Sichuan province with its center in the city of Sichuan.

Almost all agricultural crops known in China are grown in Sichuan (this word in translation means "four-flux"), and it is no coincidence that the figurative name Tianfu zhi go - the Land of Heavenly Abundance - has long been assigned to it. The most notable feature of its cultural landscape is the artificial terraces that line the slopes of hills and mountains in narrow ribbons.

This is one of the country's granaries, where, with artificial irrigation, two or three crops of rice, wheat and vegetables are harvested per year. Sugarcane, tea, tobacco, citrus fruits are also cultivated here.

The whole area of the Yangtze and Sichuan Basin has a name green China.

The main industrial crop is sugar cane.

Fifth district specializes in pastoralism and covers the area of steppes, deserts and semi-deserts of Northwest China and Inner Mongolia. Agriculture is carried out here only in oases located in the Dzhungar and Kashgar basins. This is the so-called dry China.

Finally, sixth district specializes in distant pasture farming, in which cattle graze in high-mountain pastures in summer and in valleys in winter.

Geographically, it basically coincides with the world's most extensive Tibetan Plateau, the surface of which is formed by high-mountainous, mainly rubble deserts and semi-deserts. It is no coincidence that this area is called high China or cold China. The main food crop here is the local frost-resistant barley, Zinke. And the crops of spring wheat reach an altitude of 4000 m.

Recently, much attention has been paid in the PRC to forecasts of the possible consequences of global warming for the country's agriculture.

According to the conducted climatic modeling, by 2030 the average annual temperatures will increase by 0.88 ° C compared to modern ones, by 2050 - by 1.4, and in 2100 - by 2.9 ° C.

57. Agricultural regions of China

These climatic changes will have their own regional features. Benefit the most from warming

North-East, where the growing season and crop yields will increase. The amount of precipitation will increase slightly in the arid Northwest.

The northern border of three harvests will move further north - from the Yangtze Valley to the Yellow River. But at the same time, in many regions of the country, the shortage of water resources will increase, which will only partially be compensated for by the melting of glaciers in Tibet, which feed many rivers.

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57. Agricultural regions of China

China is known as one of the world's major agricultural producers (Table 37). For geography, the study of this industry on the example of such a huge country as China is especially interesting from the standpoint of highlighting internal differences and agricultural zoning. Acquaintance with the relevant sources shows that such zoning can be more fractional and more generalized. In the second case, they usually allocate six agricultural areas.

The first region can be called mainly grain-growing.

It covers almost the entire Northeast and territorially corresponds primarily to the vast Songliao (Manchurian) plain with fertile chernozem-like soils and forest-steppe landscapes.

This is one of the main granaries of the country with crops of spring wheat and gaoliang - a variety of sorghum, which was known in China as far back as the 12th century. This region also includes a part of Northern China.

The second region has grain-growing-cotton-growing specialization. Its core is the Great Plain of China (North China Lowland).

It is the country's main cultivation area for winter wheat and cotton, the second after the northeastern soybean cultivation area, which has been cultivated here for millennia. Agriculture on the Great Plain of China, with its subtropical monsoon climate, characterized by rather cold and dry winters, is carried out under artificial irrigation. Therefore, the waters of the Yellow River, Huai He, the Great Canal, which crosses the plain in the meridional direction, are widely used for this purpose.

Its entire surface is literally dotted with large and small irrigation canals.

In the west, the Great Plain of China is also adjoined by the Loess Plateau, which is part of this region, located in the middle reaches of the Yellow River; the thickness of loess covers here reaches 600 m. Its area exceeds 600 thousand km2, and 80 million people live on this territory. The main grain crop here is also winter wheat, but there are also cotton crops.

The spread of loess and yellow soils led to the fact that this entire vast area was often called yellow China.

The third region has a distinct rice-growing specialization. It occupies mainly that part of East China, which is located in the Yangtze basin. Its northern border is usually drawn along the Qinling Ridge, which rises to an altitude of 4000 m and is an important climatic division, and further to the east along the river.

The main area for irrigated rice cultivation is the alluvial lowlands along the lower and middle reaches of the Yangtze.

In various directions, they are plowed by canals that are used for navigation, irrigation, fishing and serve as reservoirs during flood waters. The real "rice bowls" are the basins of Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake. South of the Yangtze, two rice crops are usually harvested per year. In addition to rice, wheat, cotton, various legumes and oilseeds are also cultivated here.

And the famous tea plantations are located on the hillsides, mainly south of the Yangtze Valley.

A special role in the west of this region is played by the Sichuan province with its center in Chengdu. And not only because it is one of the largest provinces in China in terms of population. But also because it occupies a rather isolated Sichuan basin fenced off by mountains, also called the Red Basin due to the spread of red earths.

Hot, humid summers and warm winters ensure year-round vegetation of plants here. Almost all agricultural crops known in China are grown in Sichuan (this word in translation means "four-flux"), and it is no coincidence that the figurative name Tianfu zhi go - the Land of Heavenly Abundance - has long been assigned to it. The most notable feature of its cultural landscape is the artificial terraces that line the slopes of hills and mountains in narrow ribbons.

This is one of the country's granaries, where two or three crops of rice, wheat and vegetables are harvested per year using artificial irrigation.

Sugarcane, tea, tobacco, citrus fruits are also cultivated here. For the entire area of the Yangtze and Sichuan Basin, the name green China was established.

The fourth region covers the tropical part of southern China, located south of the Nanling Ridge. This is an area of a typical monsoon climate, distribution of yellow soils and red soils. For the pool r. Xijiang, the coast of the South China Sea and about. Hainan is characterized by landscapes of the humid tropics. The main grain crop here is rice, which gives two or even three harvests a year.

The area also supplies a variety of tropical and subtropical fruits.

Industry and agriculture in China

The main industrial crop is sugar cane.

The fifth region specializes in pastoralism and covers the steppe, desert and semi-desert zone of Northwest China and Inner Mongolia. Agriculture is carried out here only in oases located in the Dzhungar and Kashgar basins.

This is the so-called dry China.

Finally, the sixth region specializes in distant-pasture cattle breeding, in which cattle graze in high-mountain pastures in summer and in valleys in winter. Geographically, it basically coincides with the world's most extensive Tibetan plateau, the surface of which is formed by high-mountainous, mainly rubble deserts and semi-deserts.

It is no coincidence that this region is called High China or Cold China. The main food crop here is the local frost-resistant barley, Zinke. And the crops of spring wheat reach an altitude of 4000 m.

Recently, much attention has been paid in the PRC to forecasts of the possible consequences of global warming for the country's agriculture. According to the conducted climatic modeling, by 2030, the average annual temperatures will increase by 0.88 ° C compared to modern ones, by 2050.

- by 1.4, and in 2100 - by 2.9 ° C. These climatic changes will have their own regional features. Benefit the most from warming

North-East, where the growing season and crop yields will increase. The amount of precipitation will increase slightly in the arid Northwest. The northern border of three harvests will move further north - from the Yangtze Valley to the Yellow River. But at the same time, in many regions of the country, the shortage of water resources will increase, which will only partially be compensated for by the melting of glaciers in Tibet, which feed many rivers.

Acquaintance with the relevant sources shows that such zoning can be more fractional and more generalized. In the second case, they usually allocate six agricultural areas.

First district can be called mainly grain-growing.

It covers almost the entire Northeast and territorially corresponds primarily to the vast Songliao (Manchurian) plain with fertile chernozem-like soils and forest-steppe landscapes. This is one of the main granaries of the country with crops of spring wheat and gaoliang - a variety of sorghum, which was known in China back in the 12th century. This region also includes a part of Northern China.

Second district has grain-growing-cotton-growing specialization.

Its core is the Great Plain of China (North China Lowland). The ideally flat surface of this plain, formed by the sediments of the Yellow River and other rivers, which now flow above its level in bunded beds, is a typical anthropogenic agricultural landscape, almost completely cultivated. It is the country's main cultivation area for winter wheat and cotton, the second after the northeastern soybean cultivation area, which has been cultivated here for millennia.

Agriculture on the Great Plain of China, with its subtropical monsoon climate, characterized by rather cold and dry winters, is carried out under artificial irrigation.

Therefore, the waters of the Yellow River, Huai He, the Great Canal, which crosses the plain in the meridional direction, are widely used for this purpose. Its entire surface is literally dotted with large and small irrigation canals.

104. Agricultural Areas of China

Third district has a distinct rice-growing specialization.

It occupies mainly that part of East China, which is located in the Yangtze basin. Its northern border is usually drawn along the Qinling Ridge, which rises to an altitude of 4000 m and is an important climatic division, and further to the east along the river. Huaihe. Its southern border is formed by the Nanling Ridge, which separates the Yangtze and Xijiang basins. The climate in the region is subtropical, monsoon. Due to the prevalence of hilly terrain, the area of plowed land here is generally not as large as in the North China Plain, but the land adjacent to the Yangtze Valley is almost completely plowed up.

The main area for irrigated rice cultivation is the alluvial lowlands along the lower and middle reaches of the Yangtze.

In various directions, they are plowed by canals that are used for navigation, irrigation, fishing and serve as reservoirs during flood waters.

A special role in the west of this region is played by the Sichuan province with its center in the city of Sichuan.

Chengdu. And not only because it is one of the largest provinces in China in terms of population. But also because it occupies a rather isolated Sichuan Basin fenced off by mountains, also called the Red Basin due to the spread of red earths. Hot, humid summers and warm winters ensure year-round vegetation of plants here. Almost all agricultural crops known in China are grown in Sichuan (this word in translation means "four-flux"), and it is no coincidence that the figurative name Tianfu zhi go - the Land of Heavenly Abundance - has long been assigned to it.

The most notable feature of its cultural landscape is the artificial terraces that line the slopes of hills and mountains in narrow ribbons. This is one of the country's granaries, where, with artificial irrigation, two or three crops of rice, wheat and vegetables are harvested per year.

Agriculture in China

Sugarcane, tea, tobacco, citrus fruits are also cultivated here. The whole area of the Yangtze and Sichuan Basin has a name green China.

The area also supplies a variety of tropical and subtropical fruits. The main industrial crop is sugar cane.

Fifth district specializes in pastoralism and covers the area of steppes, deserts and semi-deserts of Northwest China and Inner Mongolia.

Agriculture is carried out here only in oases located in the Dzhungar and Kashgar basins. This is the so-called dry China.

Finally, sixth district specializes in distant pasture farming, in which cattle graze in high-mountain pastures in summer and in valleys in winter. Geographically, it basically coincides with the world's most extensive Tibetan Plateau, the surface of which is formed by high-mountainous, mainly rubble deserts and semi-deserts.

It is no coincidence that this area is called high China or cold China. The main food crop here is the local frost-resistant barley, Zinke. And the crops of spring wheat reach an altitude of 4000 m.

Recently, much attention has been paid in the PRC to forecasts of the possible consequences of global warming for the country's agriculture.

North-East, where the growing season and crop yields will increase.

The amount of precipitation will increase slightly in the arid Northwest. The northern border of three harvests will move further north - from the Yangtze Valley to the Yellow River.

But at the same time, in many regions of the country, the shortage of water resources will increase, which will only partially be compensated for by the melting of glaciers in Tibet, which feed many rivers.

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What kind of crop was mainly cultivated by the Chinese and the main areas where it was cultivated

Answers:

The main grain crop here is also winter wheat, but there are also cotton crops. The spread of loesses and yellow soils led to the fact that this entire vast area was often called yellow China. The third region has a distinct rice-growing specialization. It occupies mainly that part of East China, which is located in the Yangtze basin. Its northern border is usually drawn along the Qinling Ridge, which rises to an altitude of 4000 m and is an important climatic division, and further to the east along the river.

Huaihe. Its southern border is formed by the Nanling Ridge, which separates the Yangtze and Xijiang basins. The climate in the region is subtropical, monsoon. Due to the prevalence of hilly terrain, the area of cultivated land here is generally not as large as in the North China Plain, but the land adjacent to the Yangtze Valley is almost completely plowed up. The main area of irrigated rice cultivation is the alluvial lowlands along the lower and middle reaches of the Yangtze. In various directions, they are plowed by canals that are used for navigation, irrigation, fishing and serve as reservoirs during flood waters.

Sugarcane, tea, tobacco, citrus fruits are also cultivated here. For the entire Yangtze and Sichuan Basin region, the name Green China has become established. The fourth region covers the tropical part of southern China, located south of the Nanling Ridge. This is an area of a typical monsoon climate, distribution of yellow soils and red soils. For the pool r. Xijiang, the coast of the South China Sea and about. Hainan is characterized by landscapes of the humid tropics. The main grain crop here is rice, which gives two or even three harvests a year.

The area also supplies a variety of tropical and subtropical fruits. The main industrial crop is sugarcane. The fifth region specializes in grazing and covers the steppe, desert and semi-desert zone of Northwestern China and Inner Mongolia. Agriculture is carried out here only in oases located in the Dzhungar and Kashgar basins.

This is the so-called dry China. Finally, the sixth region specializes in distant pasture cattle breeding, in which cattle graze in high-altitude pastures in summer and in valleys in winter. Geographically, it basically coincides with the world's most extensive Tibetan Plateau, the surface of which is formed by high-mountainous, mainly rubble deserts and semi-deserts.

Mypresentation.ru

It is no coincidence that this region is called High China or Cold China. The main food crop here is the local frost-resistant barley, Zinke.

And the crops of spring wheat reach an altitude of 4000 m. Recently, much attention has been paid in the PRC to forecasts of the possible consequences of global warming for the country's agriculture. According to the conducted climatic modeling, by 2030, the average annual temperatures will increase by 0.88 ° C compared to modern ones, by 2050.

- by 1.4, and in 2100 - by 2.9 ° C. These climatic changes will have their own regional features. The North-East will benefit the most from warming, where the growing season and crop yields will increase.

The amount of precipitation will increase slightly in the arid Northwest. The northern border of three harvests will move further north - from the Yangtze Valley to the Yellow River. But at the same time, in many regions of the country, the shortage of water resources will increase, which will only partially be compensated for by the melting of glaciers in Tibet, which feed many rivers.

Fast and successful development economy is due to the large volume industrial production and the correct conduct of the country's export policy.

Financial system

The main currency unit in China is the yuan. It is believed that the yuan may become a competitor to the US dollar. However, at present the yuan is directly dependent on the dollar, and the change in its exchange rate is strictly controlled by the state. Since China is the leader in export trade, the rise in the value of the yuan will negatively affect all sectors of the economy.

Now China is in first place in the world in terms of volume foreign trade... The most popular are electronics, cars, toys and textiles.

China not only successfully exports products, but also invests in the economies of other countries. For example, the volume of investments in states located on the territory of the African continent is more than a trillion dollars. In addition, Beijing is successfully implementing its projects in the construction, energy and transport sectors.

Development of economic sectors

Since the end of the 20th century, China's economy has been developing rapidly. Industry, agriculture and the service sector occupy a large part in the structure of the country's GDP. The most actively developing:

mechanical engineering;
automotive industry;
healthcare;
information technology industry;
internet commerce.

The rapid pace of development is especially noticeable in agriculture and industry.

Agriculture

All land suitable for plowing is actively used. Most of the land is grown for rice, which is the main crop. In addition to rice, soybeans, potatoes, wheat and other crops are grown in China. In animal husbandry, China is a leader in the breeding of chickens and pigs. Sheep breeding is developing rapidly. A large number of reservoirs in the country contributes to the active growth of the fish industry. The rate of development of the agricultural sector directly depends on natural factors. Constant droughts and floods threaten its further development.

Industry

Construction and industry forms the backbone of China's economy. One-fifth of the world's industrial volume belongs to China. Almost half of the country's GDP comes from these industries. The automotive industry, production of personal computers and steel. Special attention is paid to the development of the energy industry. A large number of resources are invested in the development of nuclear and alternative energy(construction of wind farms).

Impact of foreign capital on the Chinese economy

The main feature of the Chinese economy is state control over foreign investment in a number of industries. So, for example, it is prohibited to interfere with foreign partners in such industries as:

mining industry;
production of nuclear fuel and radioactive materials;
air traffic.

V social activities there is a strict ban on the presence of foreign capital in the following areas:

production of GMOs;
publishing activity;
social studies.

Government purchases are available to foreigners, but the amount is regulated by Chinese law. In the financial sphere, the "rights" of foreign investors are also limited. In banks, the volume of foreign investments should not exceed 25%, in the market valuable papers- no more than 49%. In the telecommunications and construction industry, the presence of foreign investment is not more than 50%, and in the construction sector, the participation of foreign capital is limited to the construction of office buildings, hotels and hotels.

China's economic development can rightfully be called phenomenal. China is a leader in many sectors of the economy and has a significant impact on global trade.

China - modern state on the territory of East Asia, which belongs to the most ancient world civilization.

In fact, China consists of two parts - the PRC (People's Republic of China), which is a mainland continent, and the RK (Republic of China), which controls Taiwan nearby islands.

The modern state was founded in 1949. The largest cities, which are both the main industrial and shopping centers are Guangzhou, Shanghai, Chongqing and the capital of the state - Beijing.

The form of government in China is the People's Socialist Republic. Power belongs to the chairman, who is elected by a vote of the people's representatives.

Population of China

China is a fairly mono-national country, with representatives of more than 60 ethnic groups living here, who unite themselves as a single Chinese nationality. However, the trend of interethnic marriages, which has been increasing in recent years, inevitably leads to an increase in the number of representatives of other nationalities in the country.

The total population of the country in 2010 was 1.5 billion, which makes China the largest country in the world in terms of the number of people living in it.

The constant population growth leads to a gradual depletion of resources, therefore, the state has a policy of limiting the birth rate. Its results did not particularly affect the demographic situation; as a result, Chinese citizens are gradually settling in other countries of the world, including Slavic ones.

This process negatively affects the economies of countries, as Chinese citizens take away possible jobs from representatives of ethnic nationalities, which increases the level of unemployment and poverty among the population. The level of urbanization in China is quite low - the percentage of the rural population is 65%.

Economy of China

China is a country with a fairly high level of industry. The bulk of GDP is provided by private enterprises. However, the work of enterprises depends on the import of energy resources, since natural and produced reserves cannot even satisfy the needs of the population.

The high level of trade is due to the presence of 14 duty-free zones. China is the undisputed leader in world exports. The goods that he exports are represented by a wide variety of types, in particular: cameras and video equipment (50% of those existing on the world market), cars, Appliances, clothing, footwear, household goods and furniture.

Unfortunately, the quantity of Chinese products is not always supported by quality, therefore, in many countries of the world, the import of exports from China is prohibited, which negatively affects the country's economy.

Agriculture is quite well developed in China. In China, cereals, vegetables, grapes and tobacco are grown, in the subtropical parts of the country - tangerines, pineapples and oranges.

Agricultural production is the most important branch of the PRC economy, designed to provide food to the largest population in the world. In addition, more and more of the industry's products are exported. China is a country of an ancient agricultural civilization.

Agriculture is the most important branch of the Chinese economy. The leading branch of agriculture in China is crop production. The arable land area is 100 million hectares. The main food crop is rice, which can be grown almost throughout China. In the southern and southeastern provinces of China, rice is harvested 2 or 3 times a year. Wheat is the second most important crop in China. Spring wheat growing areas are located north and northeast of the Great Wall of China, as well as in the western regions. In the basin of the Huang He and Yangtze rivers, winter wheat is grown. Also, corn, millet, gaoliang, barley are grown. The main oilseed crop is peanuts. Soybeans, peas, and beans are widespread among legumes. Tuberous crops include sweet potatoes (yam), white potatoes, yams, taro, and cassava. The production of industrial crops is of great importance for the country: cotton, sugar cane, tea, sugar beet, tobacco. Vegetable growing and fruit growing are developed. Animal husbandry in China remains the least developed sector of agriculture, but in terms of livestock, China occupies one of the first places in the world (40% of the world's pig population). The main branch of animal husbandry is pig breeding (90% of gross meat production). Other livestock sectors are less developed. The main areas of sheep and goat breeding are the north of the country, the foothills of the south and west. Sheep production supplies light industry and exported. Poultry farming, beekeeping and sericulture are developing. Shrimp, shellfish and algae are grown on the sea shallows. In terms of fish catch and seafood production, China is among the world leaders. In terms of the variety of cultivated crops, it occupies one of the first places in the world: more than 50 types of field crops, more than 80 garden crops and over 60 types of garden crops are used. The country's agriculture is traditionally plant growing, primarily grain oriented, the main food crops are rice, wheat, corn, millet, tubers and soybeans. Rice is the staple food crop for which China ranks first in the world. In the vast territory of the country, rice growing is widespread everywhere, with the exception of highlands with a harsh climate and deserts. About 33% of the sown area of grain crops is under rice, it accounts for about 38% of the total grain harvest in the country. The main rice growing areas are located south of the Yellow River. Over the centuries-old history of rice cultivation in China, about 10 thousand varieties of this cereal have been bred. The production of processed rice in the country is 125.3-134.3 million tons. Consumption - 127.42-144.0 million tons. Exports are 0.4-1.4 million tons and imports are 0.2-2.9 million tons. The carryover stocks range from 37.8 to 46.9 million tons. In the 2012/13 season, for the first time in history, the gross corn harvest in China exceeded the harvest of raw rice and amounted to. 205.6 million tons. In terms of corn harvest, the PRC ranks second in the world after the United States. On the sown area of 29.5-35.0 million hectares with a yield of 5.2-5.9 tons / ha, 152.3-205.6 million tons are produced. Exports over the past six years have steadily declined from 0.5 to 0.05 million tons, while imports have grown from 0.04 to 5.2 million tons. Domestic consumption increased from 150 to 207 million tons. The carryover stocks increased from 38.4 to 60.9 million tons. Wheat is the second most important food crop. In its collection, the PRC is also the leader in the world. On the sown area of 23.76-24.3 million hectares with a yield of 4.6-5.0 tons / ha, 109.3-121.0 million tons are produced. Exported - 0.7-2.8 million tons. Imports amount to 3.2 million tons. Consumption 106.0-125.0 million tons. Wheat carry-over stocks vary from 39.1 to 59.1 million tons.

In addition, large quantities of sweet potatoes (yams) are grown, the tubers of which are rich in starch and sugar. The cultivation of industrial crops is of great importance in China. As a result of the prevailing price structure, their production is much more profitable than grain, cotton, vegetables and fruits, even though China ranks third in the world in growing, for example, cotton. In addition, the cultivation of oilseeds, which are the main source of edible fats, is widespread in the country. The main oilseeds grown in China are peanuts, canola and sesame.

In the last decade, animal husbandry has also started to develop actively. The farmers of China have ensured such productivity in their industry that now for every inhabitant of this country there is 58.8 kg of meat, which is higher than the world average. The PRC Ministry of Agriculture says that from 2005 to 2010, the country's livestock industry provided stable supplies of eggs, milk and meat to the domestic market.

Pig breeding is the most developed in China. The total pig population reaches 400 million heads. The Great Plain of China is the main pig production area in the world. Pigs are raised here mainly on private farms of peasants and serve as the main source of meat.

By 2010, China produced 78.5 million tons of meat, 27.6 million tons of eggs and 37.4 million tons of milk. Over the course of five years, these indicators increased by 13.1%, 13.2% and 31%, respectively. If we talk about every inhabitant of the Celestial Empire, then it accounts for at least 20.7 kg of eggs - these figures bypass even the data of developed countries.

In 2010 year pig farms(more than 50 heads) and dairy farms (more than 20 heads) in China accounted for 66% and 47% of the total number of all agricultural enterprises. If we compare these indicators with 2005, we can see that they grew by 29% and 20%, respectively.

In order to preserve the existing pastures and expand their areas, from 2005 to 2010, the Chinese authorities allocated about 16.5 billion yuan. Over these five years, the area of pastures has grown by 1.5 times. Such achievements can be safely considered a real breakthrough in the field of preserving and expanding the natural fodder base for livestock. A characteristic feature of animal husbandry in China is a high proportion of draft animals and an underdeveloped dairy farming.

One of the main features of agriculture is the constant shortage of land (Figure 2). Of the 320 million hectares of plowed areas, only 224 million hectares can be used. All in all, the area of arable land is slightly more than 111 million hectares, which is about 8% of the world's arable land. According to the Chinese classification, only 21% of the land fund belongs to highly productive lands characterized by favorable conditions for plant growing: a long vegetative period, high amounts of active temperatures, and an abundance of precipitation. These conditions make it possible to grow two, and even three crops a year in the extreme South of China. The location of the country's territory in three climatic zones determines the complex geography of crop production.

Figure 2. Structure of agricultural land in China

Agricultural land			km 2
Agricultural land area per 1000 inhabitants			km 2 / 1000 people
Agricultural land area from the total area			% of the total area
Agricultural land area from land area			% of land area
Arable land			km 2
Arable land area per 1000 inhabitants			km 2 / 1000 people
Arable land area from the total area			% of the total area
Arable land area from land area			% of land area
Arable land area from agricultural land area			% of agricultural land area

A side effect of active industrial development China is the intensification of environmental problems. 38% of the country's territory is subject to soil erosion, with the affected area increasing by 1,500 square miles annually. Over the past four decades, about half of China's forests have died, and currently the country lacks clean water, and air pollution is recorded in most areas, which has a very negative impact on agricultural development.

Despite the constant shortage of land, the impressive successes achieved by the PRC in the course of economic reforms are attracting the attention of the whole world.

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