Private farm growing mushrooms. Growing mushrooms as a business. Where is the best place to grow mushrooms?

Mushrooms are a fairly popular product in the cuisine of many countries. Dishes from them are prepared as in establishments Catering as well as at home. Today we want to talk about the prospects that growing mushrooms gives an entrepreneur as a permanent or additional business. There are several technologies that do not require large labor costs and material investments. However, it is impossible to achieve real success in the cultivation and sale of mushrooms without mastering some of the secrets of such an enterprise.

Business - growing mushrooms, all the more tempting because you can do it without interrupting your main job. This is due to such factors:

Plantations do not require constant care, and there is no need to be near them all day;
The knowledge contained in the public literature may be sufficient;
Cultivation skills are acquired quite quickly;
Most residents of private houses have everything they need in production. Missing accessories can be bought ready-made, at a low price.

As the main business, entrepreneurs start growing mushrooms infrequently. Large volumes of harvest for a beginner often become beyond their power, and a young business ends, instead of development and prosperity. In addition, it is difficult to find regular wholesale buyers. Only if there are agreements with large retail chains, restaurants, procurement industries, it is possible to develop a business to the level of an average economy. We will talk about how to grow mushrooms in production and at home below.

Mushroom cultivation technology

Usually they practice growing champignons, oyster mushrooms or mushrooms for sale. The simplest technology is the cultivation of oyster mushrooms. For commercial purposes, it is wise to grow mushrooms indoors year-round. It is common to grow mushrooms in the basement, but an ordinary utility room that can be ventilated is also suitable. The room must be divided into two parts. In one of them, the mycelium will grow, and in the other, the crop itself will be sold. Before planting the mycelium at home, the walls, floor and ceiling are treated with lime and well ventilated.

Mushrooms grow in a special substrate, which is made from sunflower seed husks, sawdust, straw and other things. The material for the soil mixture is crushed and scalded with boiling water. The finished substrate is placed in polyethylene bags. The mycelium is also placed there. Holes are made along the entire diameter of the bag, in increments of about 15 cm.

The first stage of mushroom germination is a month, at a temperature exceeding 20 degrees and air humidity close to 100%. After this time, the bags are transferred to a room with a temperature regime of 12-18 degrees.

In the room you need to provide ventilation and timely humidification. There are special devices for this, but at the beginning of the activity, an entrepreneur can use ordinary buckets of water and a household fan.

It is necessary to illuminate the mushrooms in bags 12 hours a day. To do this, fluorescent lamps are installed in the room.

Work indoors, even at home, must always be carried out in personal protective equipment. Through the respiratory tract, harmful spores can enter the human body, causing an allergic cough.

After harvesting, the substrate in bags is changed. About 3 kg of mushrooms are usually collected from one bag weighing 10 kg. In a year, the yield of such a plantation is from 80 to 100 kg of the finished product.

Growing mushrooms will cost a little more. The technology is different in that the substrate is impregnated with water with the addition of jam, cornmeal or starch. So the mushrooms will receive all the vitamins they need for growth. You can plant mycelium not only in bags, but also in jars. Growing champignons requires even more fertile soil - compost. Mushroom pickers with experience prepare it themselves, and it is better for a novice entrepreneur to buy it ready-made.

A separate article deserves a technology that provides for the cultivation of mushrooms in natural conditions on stumps. Mushrooms do not produce large yields in such conditions from a commercial point of view, but due to their environmental friendliness, the product is in demand among certain segments of the population and can be simultaneously tested as an additional business. The agricultural technique of growing mushrooms on stumps is quite laborious, which is compensated by the corresponding price of the product.

How to start mushroom production?

We have already written about the fact that you can start a mushroom growing business in your own utility room of a private courtyard. For the development of production on a larger scale, it will be possible to rent a spacious room: a former cowshed or a warehouse. On average, to accommodate 15 tons of substrate in 10 kg bags, 500 sq.m. area. The room will not require special repairs, but it is better to seal the seams so that there are no drafts. The mushroom growing shop is equipped with a ventilation and lighting system. In the process of growing, mushroom pickers use fertilizers and compounds to fight diseases.

Shelving must be installed in the room. They, most likely, will need to be made to order, taking into account the characteristics of a particular production area.

Mushrooms in bags are usually placed both on the floor and on racks. So the payback on rental costs will be faster. The company's mandatory expenses include:

employees' wages;
Expenses for lighting and heating;
Fare.

With considering monthly expenses and depreciation of purchased equipment 100 tons production can bring its owner 10 thousand dollars a month. In any case, it is better to start a business from small areas, and better - your own.

We have already mentioned that regular wholesale buyers are one of the keys to success in the mushroom business. There can be several implementation paths:

In public catering establishments: cafes, restaurants, canteens at recreation centers, sanatoriums;
In supermarkets and retail chains;
Sales to resellers on the market (recommended for products grown on stumps).

Another source of income that accompanies the mushroom business is the sale of the spent contents of the bags. The substrate serves as an excellent feed for livestock and fertilizer for the garden.

How much can you earn growing mushrooms

Growing mushrooms is a highly profitable business, the performance of which, with a competent organization, exceeds 250%. The average profitability is 80% of the cost.

How much money is needed to start

The size of the initial investment depends on the cultivation method used: automatic or manual. The most common and inexpensive method is the use of mycelium in bags or special containers. To implement such a business idea, no more than 30 thousand rubles will be required. If an entrepreneur has the opportunity to start large-scale mushroom cultivation, it is worth using special briquettes. With automated cultivation, investments will amount from 100 thousand rubles:

Premises for rent (if necessary) - 30 thousand rubles;
Purchase of briquettes - 60 thousand rubles;
Business registration and other expenses - 10 thousand rubles.

How to choose equipment for growing mushrooms

Equipment is purchased after choosing a cultivation method. Using manual labor there is no need to buy special devices and devices. It is enough to equip the room with racks, hooks for hanging bags.
The automated process requires the purchase of:

Climate control systems;
Elements for installation of ventilation and watering;
Transporter.

Which OKVED to indicate when registering an activity

In accordance with the updated all-Russian classifier of types of activity, when registering the cultivation of mushrooms, the OKVED code 01.12 is indicated.

What documents are required to set up a business

Registration of individual entrepreneurship is a rational way to legitimize activities. For registration in tax office a stationary package of documents is provided.

Marathon where you will create passive income v live from scratch and learn specific strategies for investing in apartments, houses, garages, cars and even profitable sites

To begin

Growing mushrooms as a business is suitable for an entrepreneur with a small start-up capital. Mushroom growing has every prospect of growing into a profitable business, provided that not only money is invested in it, but also professional knowledge.

[ Hide ]

The relevance of the mushroom growing business

The mushroom growing niche is being actively explored by entrepreneurs. This is due to the fact that the business does not require large start-up costs, and the products are in high demand all year round. Despite the obvious relevance of this type of activity, at present the market can be called low-competitive.

Compared to the cultivation of other plant crops, mushroom growing does not require the construction of special expensive greenhouses. In addition, the cultivation technology itself is quite simple and can be mastered even by an inexperienced entrepreneur. All this allows you to quickly earn and recoup investments.

Growing mushrooms becomes profitable for the following reasons:

there is no need to provide expensive care;
it is possible to organize a small farm at home;
fast ripening rate of the crop: from 3 weeks;
there is a winter season of "high prices".

Before organizing a mushroom growing business, you should decide on their assortment and types, each of which requires special care.

What mushrooms to choose for cultivation?

Oyster mushrooms Champignons White mushrooms Truffles

In the Russian market, the following types of mushrooms are most often chosen for cultivation:

oyster mushrooms;
Champignon;
Forest mushrooms;
truffles.

Oyster mushrooms are a very popular and most unpretentious species. It attracts a novice entrepreneur with its high yield: up to 14 kg of mushrooms can be harvested from one square meter. In this case, the first collection is possible in a month. Oyster mushrooms are a valuable species containing many nutrients and vitamins. However, in the process of growing, some of its shortcomings appear.

Disadvantages of oyster mushroom:

fragility: this mushroom is difficult to transport over long distances;
exactingness to a special temperature regime and the fastest possible delivery;
unexpressed mushroom aroma;
possible allergy to spores.

Many mushroom growers agree that champignons are more difficult to grow than oyster mushrooms. They require special quality mycelium and growth media. In addition, mushrooms need special humidity and temperature conditions. Mushrooms grow in racks and boxes. Within a month they reach the required growth and after three months they are already harvesting their crops.

The most common wild mushroom for cultivation is porcini. This is the most valuable mushroom in terms of taste, which can be grown only when conditions of the natural environment are created. The germination of this species is possible only in symbiosis with the roots of trees, so the cultivation of the white fungus occurs in groves and coniferous forests.

Growing truffles is an extremely profitable and, at the same time, an extremely risky business. They grow under oak trees. Seedlings are placed under sterile conditions and then transported to the farm. The fungus requires special, enriched with various elements, compost.

According to entrepreneurs, you should start with the most unpretentious, but no less tasty and nutritious mushrooms - oyster mushrooms. In the future, it is also possible to organize the production of truffles and some types of forest mushrooms.

Necessary conditions for growing oyster mushrooms and.

Description and analysis of the market

Until 2014, the mushroom market in Russia consisted almost entirely of imported products. After the introduction of import restrictions, foreign products reduced their volumes, which made it possible to increase the cost of grown on their own mushrooms to domestic producers, without reducing demand. The magazine "School of mushroom growing" for 2015 published data on an increase in the production of oyster mushrooms by 17% compared to the data for 2014 of the same period.

Today, the market volume in Russia is about 60 thousand tons. About 160 thousand tons of mushrooms are required to cover import substitution. Such data, together with the low level of competition in the market, is a good indicator for organizing your own farm.

Market analysis shows that the demand for products depends on the location. The most successful for making money are small cities and even arid villages - those places where there are also few forest mushrooms grown in natural conditions.

The most common mushrooms grown in Russia are champignons and oyster mushrooms. The most popular format for doing this business are small farms, with a yield of 3-5 tons per year.

The largest Russian producer of oyster mushrooms "Kaskad" is located in the Rostov region. The leaders in terms of production are the Central, Volga and Southern Federal Districts.

According to the data marketing research"Analysis of the world and Russian market mushrooms and mushroom products. Forecast until 2014”, by EVENTUS Consulting, the volume of domestic production should increase by 2.5-3 times.

Reasons:

relatively low consumption of mushrooms per person and the growth potential of this indicator;
the ability of manufacturers to compete on price and types of products;
growth economic indicators and desire for healthy lifestyle the life of the population.

The target audience

The target audience of this type of activity is both individuals over 30 years old, striving for a healthy and varied diet, as well as large enterprises and suppliers.

Among them:

grocery stores and supermarkets;
catering establishments;
animal enterprises;
mushroom wholesalers.

Competitive advantages

The competitive environment in this area can currently be defined as low. However, the market is evolving and you should define your own advantages.

They can become:

constant support of high quality and freshness of products;
uninterrupted delivery of mushrooms;
monitoring and introduction of new technologies into production;
use only proven suppliers of mycelium;
the ability to work with both legal entities and individuals;
discounts for bulk purchase;
flexible pricing policy.

To minimize losses and provide an additional assortment to the buyer, an entrepreneur can open his own mushroom processing line or the production of semi-finished products.

Advertising campaign

To promote a product on the market, it is necessary to make it a recognizable brand with its own history. The basis for the formation of the company's image is the presence of an informative website with product characteristics and elements of corporate identity.

title;
logo;
corporate video with footage of production and products.

To work with legal entities and representatives of large retail chains, it is important:

produce good quality information materials;
develop a strategy for presence in the online environment;
develop methods of additional competitive advantages.

To advance among individuals can be used:

accommodation outdoor advertising at points of sale;
holding promotions and tastings;
development of social networks and attraction with non-standard content.

Step-by-step instructions for opening a mushroom farm

To implement the idea of \u200b\u200bgrowing mushrooms at home, you must:

Analyze the market.
Write a detailed business plan.
Pass the state registration and choose the form of taxation.
Select mycelium and find substrate suppliers.
Develop a technology for making compost.
Find and prepare a room.
Start growing products and adjust technology.
Search for marketing channels.
Produce sales of products and establish contacts with wholesale customers.

Documentation

Business registration involves the possibility of registration in several forms:

Individual entrepreneurship (IP);
Society with limited liability(LTD);
Peasant farming(KFH).

The IP form allows you to both grow and sell mushrooms.

certified application by a notary in the form No. P21001;
an application for the transition to the ESHN or USN (otherwise it will be OSNO by default);
copy of all pages of the passport.

The LLC form makes it possible to attract additional financial assets across government programs and loans.

Requires the following documents for registration:

application in the form No. Р11001;
charter of LLC;
a decision to open an LLC or a protocol, if there are several founders (partners);
receipt of payment of state duty;
copies of the founders' passports certified by a notary;
application for the transition to the unified agricultural tax or simplified tax system (the default will be general).

KFH is a simplified form of LLP (limited liability partnership), as well as IP and LLC are endowed with legal force.

OKVED codes, under which the mushroom growing business falls:

01.13 "Growing vegetables, melons, root and tuber crops, mushrooms and truffles";
01.13.6 "Cultivation of mushrooms and truffles".

After growing a batch of mushrooms, it is necessary to obtain documents for the products.

Namely:

quality certificate;
declaration of conformity with the state standard;
phytosanitary certificate;
conclusion about the radiological examination.

Mushroom farm room

The organization of mushroom growing is beneficial, among other things, due to the absence of high costs for finding and preparing premises.

At home, a suitable room can be:

basement;
barn;
cottage or village house;
abandoned agricultural or industrial buildings.

Basic requirements for the premises:

air temperature from 12-25°C;
air humidity not less than 85%;
availability of communications: electricity and water supply;
connected heating and ventilation.

For small rooms, additional air humidification is not required. However, for large-scale production a special humidification and conditioning system is required. Inside large rooms, cultivation chambers are also used, which allow maintaining an optimal microclimate.

Production zones:

a warm zone for sprouting mycelium with an irrigation system and good ventilation;
cool area for planting mushrooms.

If you plan to produce compost yourself, then you need to organize an additional area with a grinder and equipment for pasteurization.

Equipment and inventory

For growing mushrooms at home, equipment and supplies are required:

Name	Quantity, pcs.	price, rub.	Amount, rub.
Hammer crusher
Humidifier
Heater
steam generator
Exhaust fan
pasteurization container
Polyethylene bags
garden pitchfork
Formalin solution, kg
Household boxes
refrigerators compartment

Hammer crusher 35 000 rub. Humidifier 20 000 rub. Steam generator 38 000 rub. Polyethylene bag 250 rub.

For large-scale production, additional equipment will be required:

climatic installations depending on the cultivated species;
autoclave for the manufacture of mycelium;
special equipment for pasture of mushroom fruiting bodies;
substrate preparation machines;
racks for camera equipment;
Packaging equipment.

Mycelium

The choice of mycelium should be approached especially carefully, since the yield and income of the entrepreneur depends on its quality.

Mycelium is the seed material, which is the vegetative body of fungi, consisting of thin, branched filaments called hyphae.

It is worth buying mycelium only in specialized laboratory companies. At the initial stage, it is recommended to purchase from several suppliers with a good reputation and draw a conclusion based on your own experience.

The supplier is selected according to the following criteria:

availability of licenses and quality certificates;
Availability positive feedback from buyers;
product quality;
average market value.

The shelf life of mycelium is up to 120 days at a temperature of +2 degrees, so its purchase is carried out several times a year.

When buying, you should pay attention to the following product characteristics:

strain and variety of fungus;
speed and percentage of grain fouling;
storage period;
mold resistance;
internal temperature + 20-22 degrees;
absence of black or green spots with an ammonia smell.

Mycelium is used to prepare the substrate. Over time, you can make it yourself. This process is quite complicated and requires additional premises and professional skills. However, substrate components are inexpensive, so if done well, making seed can save a lot of money.

The main stages of preparing the substrate at home:

Straw or sawdust are steamed in hot water at the rate of 1 kg of mycelium per 10 kg of substrate.
The resulting mixture is cooled, combined with mycelium and placed in plastic bags. The mycelium is crushed without opening the bags and its temperature is equalized with the substrate. The laying of the mycelium and the opening of the package is carried out under sterile conditions with the treatment with a disinfectant solution.
In the resulting bags with a clean object, holes of 0.5 cm are made at an angle of 45 degrees at a distance of 10-15 cm. Mushroom blocks are installed so that the sides with slots are ventilated and are not on the side of the wall.
Bags of 10-12 kg are sent to the shelves in a room without light penetration at a temperature of +18-20ºС. During the incubation period, the room is not ventilated. It is mandatory to carry out daily cleaning with chloride solutions.

Staff

Often, mushroom production begins as family business. This reduces the cost of wages and allows you not to worry about the responsibility of employees.

However, with the expansion of production, additional staff of qualified specialists will be needed. On average, it takes 1 worker to harvest up to 100 kg per day.

Thus, the composition of the staff of the mushroom farm:

Position	Number of people	Salary, rub.	Monthly payment fund, rub.
production worker
support worker

Production responsibilities include:

harvesting;
monitoring of growing processes and timely adjustment;
reporting;
creation of conditions for the productive functioning of production;
formation of applications for the purchase of mycelium and cultivation of compost.

The auxiliary worker is the main production assistant and performs the operational instructions of the manager.

Financial plan

Mushroom growing is a business with an average start-up cost. The amount of investment, recurring costs and income depends on the planning of scale. Drafting financial plan with exact numbers will help to calculate the main indicators and make the project profitable. Download ready business plan It is possible on many sites, but all indicators should be adjusted to the characteristics of a particular region.

How much does it cost to open a mushroom farm?

Startup costs will be:

Item of expenses	price, rub.
Premises for rent
Repair and communication
Purchase of mycelium and substrate
Purchase of equipment
Registering an enterprise and obtaining the necessary licenses

Searching for sales channels and establishing contacts
Other types of expenses, including contingencies
Salary to staff for the first month

Recurring costs

Monthly cost items will be:

Income

To calculate the profitability per month, you should determine the income from one cycle. There can be 4-6 such cycles per year.

10 tons of substrate give about 2 tons of mushrooms. The average selling price is 150 rubles. per kilogram. Thus, the net profit per month will be 150 thousand rubles.

Business income per month 42 thousand rubles.

Calendar plan

The plan for launching the enterprise is designed for 4 months. A feature of the calendar plan will be the receipt of additional certificates for products, which are possible only after the cultivation of the first batch. Similarly with the establishment of distribution channels.

Stage	1 month	2 months	3 months	4 months	5 months
Market analysis	+	+
Business plan preparation		+
Registration of a package of documents		+
Obtaining Additional Permissions		+			+
Premises for rent		+
Repair work		+	+
Purchasing and stocking		+	+
Recruitment		+
Establishment of sales channels					+
Opening				+

Risks and payback

The payback period of the project with a stable yield and organized marketing is 16 months.

After the project reaches the break-even point, the following prospects can be distinguished:

increase in selling prices for products;
increase in production volumes;
expansion of views;
availability of additional distribution channels and wholesale customers.

Like any business related to the cultivation of products, mushroom growing is associated with certain risks.

Risks and ways to minimize them:

Unsold goods and damage to the presentation. You should think over the distribution channels in advance and purchase a refrigerator for short-term storage of products.
Insufficient yield. You should study the market for bioadditives and, if necessary, change the supplier of mycelium.
Unforeseen costs associated with lack of experience. It will help the study of special literature and acquaintances in order to exchange experiences.
The growth of competition. It is necessary to monitor the observance of the balance "price - quality" and work on expanding the service.

A business with low competition is attractive to an entrepreneur as highly profitable. But it is often associated with the lack of development of a niche and the lack of professional knowledge of the organizer himself. Systematic study of the specifics of activities and operational change negative factors will lead to the expansion of the business and its successful functioning.

Looking for ideas for own business many come to growing oyster mushrooms at home. In this article, we will take a detailed look at the costs, profitability and feedback of this activity. Is it worth the effort or does it require serious investments and a large enterprise?

Advantages and disadvantages

This business is in many aspects an ideal option for beginners to get acquainted with entrepreneurship. It requires a minimum start-up capital and allows you to start working with small volumes, increasing them over time. Moreover, at the very beginning it is possible to grow mushrooms exclusively for personal use, and as soon as the technology is debugged, enter the market.

The following benefits should also be noted:

You can grow mushrooms in countryside, as well as in the city.
High demand for the crop.
The widest opportunities for development and expansion of business.
No need for employees at least in the early stages.
No need for a wide list of business contacts.
Relatively stable income.

Among the minuses is the problem with the sale of really large batches of mushrooms (although the problem will not start soon, it all depends on the growth rate). You will also need at least minimal knowledge on the subject (they can be accumulated in the process).

It should also be noted that such an important factor as seasonality. In summer and autumn, sales often decline, and starting from the middle of winter, when the population runs out of their own stocks, demand grows.

Reasons for choosing oyster mushroom

Leaving aside nutritional value, taste and usefulness, it is worth noting that compared to the more popular chanterelles, mushrooms, champignons and others, oyster mushrooms are quite easy to grow, and the growth rate is high. If under natural conditions the harvest of mushrooms can be obtained in 2-2.5 months, then in artificial conditions this period is halved.

Cultures bear fruit in several waves, the weight of one bunch can reach 200 grams, and record holders grow up to several kilograms, or even more.

A separate plus is that the fungus can grow on almost any substrate: on stumps, straw, sawdust, even sunflower husks. In some countries, oyster mushrooms are grown even on paper waste. Modern technologies allow us to further expand this list.

Market selection

Among the more obvious options are:

Self-sale in the markets. In this case, you will have to take care of finding a free trading place, make and correctly place advertising, attract the attention of potential buyers. Implementation in this case goes at a retail pace. As an advantage - the ability to set their own prices with an eye to competitors, if any.
Sales through grocery stores and supermarkets. In each fairly large city there is a trading network or a separate point that is interested in the wholesale purchase of mushrooms. Unfortunately, most often they offer very low prices. Over time, it will be possible to switch to more favorable terms of cooperation, and the accumulated base of regular customers will remain with you, even if you break off cooperation with the outlet.
Sale to restaurants. Mushrooms are traditionally in high demand in restaurants. The reason is simple - such establishments cook only from the freshest products. Cooperation will make it possible to sell large batches of mushrooms quickly and profitably. The rest can be sold by the first or second method.

Needless to say, no matter what option it was ultimately decided to resort to, grown mushrooms must be of the highest quality.

Company registration

Before starting work, you must register a business. To do this, select the OKVED code 01.12.31.

This type of business involves three options legal form: IP, LLC or KFH, that is, a peasant farm. All three have their pros and cons. Such a form as a personal subsidiary plot is not suitable in this case.

IP

Allows you to grow mushrooms and sell crops.

To register, you will need to pay a state fee of 800 rubles, apply for the transition to the simplified tax system or the unified social tax system, and also prepare an application in the form No. P21001, which will need to be certified by a notary.

A photocopy of all significant pages of the passport should be taken care of in advance.

Ltd

Gives the right to attract investments through loans for Agriculture and through government programs.

For registration, it is necessary to pay a state duty in the amount of 4,000 rubles, submit application No. P11001, prepare the charter of the LLC and a decision on its opening, certify copies of the passports of all founders with a notary, write an application for switching to the chosen form of taxation.

The authorized capital of the enterprise must be at least 10,000 rubles.

Documentation

Documentation of your own farm has an important role in this matter. Mushroom business in Russia does not provide for obtaining a special certificate.

However, in order to become a successful seller of your products, you will need the result of a laboratory study. You can get it from the food lab. Its employees often additionally ask for the preparation of a security protocol. For him, you will already need to do an analysis for the presence of radioactive substances and heavy metals.

Documenting the cultivation of oyster mushrooms on an industrial scale (albeit in your own basement) is an expensive and slow business. Moreover: the protocol issued as a result will need to be updated every 3 months.

Room selection

The choice of premises for creating a mushroom plantation should be carried out as responsibly as possible. It is preferable to choose sufficiently humid, but not too hot places. If we are talking about the very beginning of a business, then a basement or cellar of a house may come up. As the business develops, old cowsheds, vegetable stores and similar buildings can be purchased and converted. In extreme cases, you can buy a special greenhouse.

Room requirements:

Residual moisture.
High-quality ventilation, but without drafts (if no other option is suitable, you can make several holes in the lower part of the wall and extend the hood).
The ability to adjust the temperature (especially important in winter).
Mandatory disinfection before planting.

A few words about the size of the room. About 20 tons of compost for growing is placed in a truck. In order to fully distribute it and fully put it into action, you will need an area of 200 with a little square meters. The internal space is divided into sections, in which multi-level (depending on the height of the ceiling) racks are installed.

Each truss must have at least two aisles. According to the first, the harvested crop will be exported, it can be made narrower, the second should be much wider - the soil will be loaded along it.

Additional premises include a boiler room, a pair of refrigerators for storing collected mushrooms, an area for packaging and a variety of technical rooms: change houses, a toilet and others. As a result, the total area of the farm grows to almost 1-1.5 thousand square meters. Of course, at first, you can get by with more modest premises.

If you plan to grow oyster mushrooms year-round and completely on your own, you will have to provide for several additional premises:

Inoculation room, where mushroom blocks will be formed from the finished substrate in bags, into which mycelium is then sown.
Incubation room for sprouting mycelium.
Cultivation room for forcing the fruiting body (the largest room, the blocks are strung on rods, laid out on multi-tiered racks or suspended).

The first thing you need is a high-quality ventilation and air conditioning system, which will be used to maintain optimal temperature and humidity.

Water-heating boilers are used for additional heating in winter. Ideally, it is recommended to purchase several full-fledged climate units that will help regulate the atmospheric parameters for mushrooms at different stages of ripening.

for storage finished products refrigerators are used. It is very important that they keep mushrooms only for a period of three days. In addition, for proper air circulation, they must be filled no more than half.

The premises will require a large number of shelving. Also, depending on the specific variety, bags or boxes will be required for production.

Staff

The vast majority of responsibilities rest with the owner. It is he, at least at the start, who deals with delivery and sales. Very often at the beginning of work, when several relatives are involved in the business, one is responsible for the supply, while the rest are directly involved in growing, fertilizing, planting, etc.

As the farm grows and the production of mushrooms expands, it will become increasingly difficult to cope with everything. At a certain stage, inviting new employees to your small business will become an urgent need. However, there are no special requirements for employees in this matter - they will only need conscientiousness, lack of bad habits and a medical record.

Considering that none educational institution Since the country does not have a department of mushroom science, it will be simply impossible to find a qualified specialist. Of course, there is always a chance that an experienced person will come across. In this case, it is highly recommended to set his wages depending on the output.

It is difficult to say what the total number of employees for breeding will be required. For growing oyster mushrooms at home, one assistant will be enough. If we are talking about a harvest of a centner daily, then you will need to attract at least a couple of employees.

At the same time, they will deal only with the mushrooms themselves, while additional forces will be required for the sale of products, the preparation of raw materials for production and the position of an accountant. Of course, one person, if desired, can combine several roles.

Approximate calculation

Approximate analysis of expenses and income large enterprise can be seen in the table.

	*Starting costs*	*Sum*
1	Renting or buying a piece of land or a building	1,000,000 rubles
2	Purchase of equipment	500 000 rubles
3	Company registration, advertising costs	100 000 rubles
	*Monthly expenses*
1	Employee salary	150 000 rubles
2	Advertising	5 000 rubles
3	Maintenance costs	15 000 rubles
	*Income*
1	Profit from processing at the wholesale price of 1 kg of mushrooms at 14 rubles	1,400,000 rubles

There are two important points to note here:

These calculations assume a large farm with about 100 tons of growing compost, if the scale is reduced, the costs will be lower.
The data are given based on one processing cycle, but there can be up to four in a year.

Summarizing all of the above, it can be noted that the net profit for one two-month growing cycle will be up to 780 thousand rubles. As a result, according to experts, the full payback period of the oyster mushroom farm will be about two years.

Those interested can download another .

Competition and risks

Separately, it is worth noting the issue of competition. Currently, its level on the market can be assessed as quite low, which, coupled with low requirements for starting a business, makes it especially profitable for beginners. Imported products left the domestic market not so long ago, but the price level has been preserved, and the demand for mushrooms is consistently high.

Competition should be feared for the most part from larger manufacturers engaged in industrial breeding. However, there are not so many of them on the market today, so there is no need to fear serious opposition to expansion. The risks in this area are also not too high, given the undemanding investment.

conclusions

The main advantage is high profitability. The advantage is that there is no need for significant investments at the initial stage. At the same time, the income is quite good - it reaches 650 rubles from each processed square meter in 1.5 months.

Another undeniable advantage is ease of use. Oyster mushrooms require much less care than other mushrooms, including and.

Experienced businessmen, however, do not deny the presence of a number of difficulties, but they all relate to initial stages process improvement and marketing. After settling these points, everything becomes much easier and all that remains is to harvest and sell the crop.

Video: technology for growing oyster mushrooms.

Growing champignons
Cultivation of oyster mushrooms
mushroom processing
How much can you earn
What equipment to choose
OKVED
Do you need permissions

General information about the mushroom business

Mushroom business every year is of increasing interest among small businesses. There are reasons for that. The main one is the growth in the consumption of mushrooms in our country. The culture of mushroom consumption is growing, it is increasingly added to salads and hot dishes or consumed in pickled form.

At the same time, the collection of mushrooms in natural conditions is gradually reduced. There are several arguments in favor of the profitability and prospects of the mushroom business:

Mushrooms are an extremely productive and fast growing agricultural crop. So, subject to the technology, you can get up to 100 kg of champignons per 1 sq. m. In monetary terms, this means a revenue of $ 300 per 1 m2. That is, with only 100 sq. m. can be "raised" up to $ 300,000 per year.
For the cultivation of most mushrooms, waste from agriculture and the processing industry is used. The mushroom industry not only solves the problem of waste disposal, but also receives virtually “gratuitous” raw materials.
Great sales opportunities. Mushrooms are one of the few products whose production is much more difficult than their marketing. Here are just a few real buyers: retail chains, processing plants, grocery stores, cafes and restaurants, markets. In extreme cases, you can do your own processing of mushrooms (pickle or make a hodgepodge with vegetables). But more on that below.
And, the most interesting thing: during the crisis, the import of mushrooms dropped sharply. And the share of imports until 2014 was as much as 85% of the total consumption of mushrooms in the Russian Federation. This only means one thing: the number of domestic mushroom producers will grow steadily.

In this article, we will look at 5 of the most popular and real ways to make money on mushrooms.

Growing champignons

The most popular "commercial" variety of mushrooms is champignon. In terms of performance and taste, it has practically no equal.

The great popularity of this mushroom and a large amount of information on its cultivation make the mushroom business one of the most proven. The substrate for growing champignons is a mixture of horse manure, chicken manure, gypsum and straw.

The substrate or compost can be produced independently, in the conditions of a mushroom farm. This, at least, will be more profitable than buying compost on the side. But the mushroom mycelium of champignons will have to be bought from specialized enterprises, since its cultivation requires special laboratory conditions.

It will be interesting: How to start a mushroom growing business

Mushroom cultivation technology

Mushrooms grow very quickly. During the day, the mushroom adds 100% in growth, that is, it becomes twice as large. And all this happens in almost complete darkness. An important condition is access to oxygen, since the growth of champignon directly depends on this.

In general, special requirements are imposed on the creation of a microclimate for the production of champignons. That is why the attempts of many novice farmers lead nowhere. It is enough to make a mistake in irrigation doses, temperature conditions or humidity levels, and the mushroom may not sprout.

By the way, about watering. Spot watering boxes with planted champignons with a jet of water is unacceptable. Mushrooms are watered using the method of uniform spraying of water over the crops, thereby simulating rain. If you correctly follow the technology, then it is quite possible to achieve a yield of more than 100 kg per 1 sq. m. per year.

With an average selling price of $3/kg, one square meter brings up to $300 per year. Growing champignons at home on an "industrial scale" is described in detail in the following video:

Cultivation of oyster mushrooms

Any mushroom grower will say that growing oyster mushrooms is several times easier and cheaper than growing champignons. Oyster mushroom is less whimsical than champignon and does not require any special microclimate.

The main condition is humidity and good ventilation. And, of course, heating, for the possibility of year-round production. Almost any room is suitable for obtaining a mushroom, including a wooden house, basement, greenhouse, barn or industrial building.

The minimum requirements for equipment allow you to start almost from scratch, subject to the availability of premises in the property. Oyster mushrooms are grown in bags of 10-12 kg. The bags are stacked in rows on racks. Sawdust and shavings are used as a substrate, which can be taken free of charge at local sawmills. The cost will be for shipping only.

Also for additional food acquire bran (they need about 10% of the volume of sawdust). Oyster mushroom mycelium costs about 100 rubles. / kg and is purchased on the Internet or from large mushroom farms. For 1 sq. meter requires approximately 6 kg. Of the other expenses: plastic wrap, twine for blocks, substrate.

The cost also includes the cost of electricity, the delivery of raw materials and contingencies. In total, according to some calculations, about 700 rubles are required per square meter. investment. For a year, subject to the technology, up to 50 kg of oyster mushrooms can be removed from one square meter. From 100 sq. m. can produce 5 tons, respectively. The mushroom is sold at retail for 180 rubles/kg or 130 rubles/kg. wholesale.

It will be interesting: How to start a business growing oyster mushrooms

Cultivation of oyster mushrooms is waste-free production. Spent mushroom bags are sold to the local population for livestock feed. There is truth in oyster mushrooms and back side- their spores can cause allergies and worsen human health.

At the same time, the disease can overtake not only those who are directly involved in mushroom growing, but also people living nearby. If oyster mushrooms are grown in the basement, then people living on the second and even third floors can be allergic. A "businessman" can ignore the issue of filtration and ventilation of the premises, because of which his neighbors and relatives will suffer.

Opinions on the dangers of cultivating oyster mushrooms vary greatly. Someone says that during the fruiting period of the mushroom (which is about one week in a month), oyster mushroom spores can enter the lungs and turn them into a mushroom block. But this is, of course, exaggerated. In fact, oyster mushroom spores cause common allergies, as can the fur of a domestic cat.

All the mushroom grower needs to do is to use a respirator, as well as place the production away from the living quarters. It is also impossible not to say about the complexity of the technology. It only at first glance may seem that growing oyster mushrooms is an easy task.

In practice, some people take years to develop the technology for obtaining stable crops. The most common mistakes are related to the wrong choice of substrate, poor nutrition of the fungus, as well as ignoring the sterilization of the substrate, which causes bacteria and infections in the mushroom block.

Shiitake cultivation technology

According to some experts, there are now all the prerequisites for the profitable cultivation of shiitake mushrooms.

Shiitake is an edible mushroom species of the genus Lentinula of the Negniuchnikov family, the consumption and cultivation of which is common in Japan and China. This is one of the tastiest and healthiest wood mushroom varieties.

Its consumption slows down the aging process in the body, has an anticarcinogenic effect and improves immunity. In our country, the demand for shiitake far exceeds the supply.

Many restaurants of Japanese cuisine in Moscow and St. Petersburg are ready to buy this mushroom at high prices of 500 - 600 rubles / kg. It is believed that growing shiitake is not much more difficult than oyster mushrooms, and the economic benefits can be several times higher.

Yes, the cost of growing shiitake exceeds the cost of oyster mushrooms, but the selling price is significantly different. Oyster mushroom wholesale costs a maximum of 200 rubles / kg, while shiitake is sold for at least 500 rubles, and in some retail stores you can see the price tag of 1000 r. and more. "Navar" you can estimate yourself.

Shiitake is grown on cellulose-containing substrates - hardwood, sunflower husks, straw from cereals, on corn cobs and stalks, and even on waste paper production. The mushroom is shade-loving, so it does not grow under the open sun.

Comfortable temperature for cultivation of shiitake is from +11 to +25 gr. Some summer residents, as a hobby, grow shiitake even on the street, having built a canopy over a mushroom plantation. The same mushroom block can be used in the summer, and sent to a warm room for the period of frost.

The following video details how to prepare a substrate block for growing shiitake at home:

The incubation period for shiitake is much longer than for the same oyster mushroom. The formation of the first primordia of oyster mushroom takes 14 days, while for shiitake, incubation lasts from 1 to 3 months. As for the yield, the calculation is approximately the following.

Under the condition of loading with a substrate of 200 kg per 1 square meter, you can get up to 40 kg from 1 square. m. every 45 days. That is, in a year, the approximate yield is 300 kg per 1 sq. m. To ensure this effective use area of the room, it is necessary to purchase special metal racks and organize a microclimate system.

Not all mushroom growers succeed in this. The main problem for a novice farmer who decides to grow shiitake is that it is difficult to find a working technology for obtaining a mushroom. There are practically no reputable farms engaged in the production of shiitake in our country. Therefore, in order to gain experience in this matter, you may have to visit foreign countries.

It will be especially difficult with the acquisition of mushroom mycelium. In our country, in 99% of cases, shiitake mycelium is sold by resellers, from which the price for it is indecently high.

mushroom processing

In order to make good money on mushrooms, it is not at all necessary to grow them. On the shelves of supermarkets, you can see a large assortment of pickled and frozen mushrooms. It's no secret that the lion's share their producers do not grow the mushroom on their own, but only buy it on the side.

It’s easier for everyone to pack and freeze mushrooms. Mushrooms are especially good for these purposes. Registered trademark, a small workshop for 50 - 70 sq. m., packaging equipment is purchased (two-stage weighing batchers), several workers are hired - the business is ready.

A more complicated way is the production of pickled mushrooms. In this case, it is imperative to include a competent technologist in the staff. Because 90% of success will depend on the marinade recipe. High profitability, according to experienced players, can be obtained by making mushroom hodgepodge. For example, mix mushroom with cabbage. For a 500 gr. cabbage requires only 1-2 mushrooms.

The main difficulty here is to find distribution channels for products, that is, to gain access to the shelf space of supermarkets or small intra-city grocery chains. It is for this reason that not all mushroom farmers are engaged in processing - it is easier for them to hand over a mushroom to a wholesale dealer for a penny.

Mushrooms can be purchased in two ways. The most basic is to purchase goods in bulk from farmers. Mushrooms oyster mushrooms and champignons are practiced in almost every region. In some regions of the middle zone, mushrooms can be purchased from the local population during the natural collection season (August - September).

To do this, it is necessary to establish collection points in villages and villages, the places of which are famous for mushroom abundance.

Production of mushroom mycelium and compost

In connection with the growth of the mushroom industry, a promising idea will be the production of raw materials for growing mushrooms - compost and mycelium. The easiest way to produce mushroom compost for mushrooms. At the initial stage, horse manure and straw are mixed.

During the week, the mixture is watered and turned over to saturate the compost with moisture to the maximum and activate the biological and chemical processes. At the same stage, chicken manure is added to the mixture to increase the nitrogen content and gypsum, which neutralizes acidity. After 1-2 weeks, the compost is immersed in the so-called composter.

A chocolate brown substrate is obtained. The compost is then pasteurized to remove the insects and their eggs. The mixture is kept in the chamber at +58 gr. Celsius. Then it is cooled to +25 gr. Meanwhile, microorganisms convert ammonia into nitrogen protein - the very nutrient for fungi.

Compost can be sold both in containers and packed in bags of 2-5 kg. Approximate price of compost: 16 - 40 rubles / kg. The substrate for oyster mushrooms is also in good demand. The substrate is a block of polyethylene sleeve (film) in which the substrate is located: cereal straw, bioadditive and mycelium.

Most often, blocks are made weighing 10 kg and sold at an average of $ 5 apiece. If investments allow, then in parallel you can start selling equipment for growing mushrooms. Climatic equipment, racks, boxes and containers, shockers, humidification systems are in demand.

They even sell mushroom growing technology, all kinds of training CDs and courses.

The production of mushroom mycelium may turn out to be more profitable, but this is a difficult business to organize, requiring appropriate investments. In order to produce growing mycelium, it is necessary to create virtually sterile conditions, since any ingress of foreign microorganisms is unacceptable.

This can be achieved only in laboratory conditions, in specially prepared rooms. If you manage to adjust the technology, consider 90% of the work already done. The sale of mushroom mycelium is virtually guaranteed, since every mushroom farmer is your potential client.

Step-by-step opening plan - where to start

When deciding to build a mushroom growing business, the first step is to decide what kind of mushroom you will produce.
Registration of a business entity.
After the niche of production is determined, it is necessary to choose a room for growing.
This is followed by the choice of soil and the purchase of mycelium - seedlings.
Mushrooms grow quite quickly - in about a month you will receive the first harvest, so it is more expedient to decide on the sale of the product at the first stages.

How much can you earn

The amount of net profit depends on the scale at which you grow mushrooms. To simplify the calculation, let's take an area of 100 m 2. About 6 tons of mushrooms grow on such an area within two months.

The wholesale price is about 50-60 rubles per kilogram. Thus, the profit will be 360,000 rubles. After deducting all expenses (120,000 - 150,000 rubles), the net profit will be up to 200,000 rubles. But it is worth paying attention to the fact that in addition to growing, you need to take care of the sale of such an amount of product. .

How much money do you need to start

The amount of investment depends on several criteria - how you will grow mushrooms - manually or using briquettes, depending on the expected yield and the area involved, as well as on the choice of region. Approximate financial costs will be:

Renting space up to 60 m 2 - 5-8 thousand rubles.
Purchase of mycelium - 12 thousand rubles.
Purchase of compost - 22 thousand rubles.
Container (bags, boxes) - 7 thousand rubles.
Microclimatic equipment - 20 thousand rubles.
Refrigeration equipment - 50-70 thousand rubles.
Transportation costs - 10 thousand rubles.
Preparation and execution of documents - 20 thousand rubles.
Utilities - 25 thousand rubles.

Thus, the preliminary calculation assumes costs in the amount of 194 thousand rubles. A more accurate calculation depends on the volume of production, the region in which you decide to open your business.

What equipment to choose

For this type of business, it is necessary to purchase ventilation, air conditioning systems, air humidifiers, steam generators and pasteurization devices.

Expensive and special equipment is used in the cultivation of the so-called Dutch method, but this type of activity is not suitable for small and medium-sized businesses, as it requires large investments and the presence of additional personnel.

When growing in a container way, special equipment can include wooden containers treated with specialized agents against mold. With the most common and simple bag method, it will be enough to acquire a large number of ordinary bags.

Professional business plans on the topic:

Mushroom growing business plan (14 sheets) - DOWNLOAD ⬇

OKVED

V All-Russian classifier types of economic activity, the cultivation of mushrooms refers to agricultural production, the classifier number is A.01.12.31.

Documents for opening a mushroom business

To start a business, you need to open an IP. The form of personal subsidiary farming (LPS) for this type of business is not suitable, since there is no registration.

Which tax system to choose

Agricultural production has a system of taxation ESHN - a single agricultural tax and implies a rate of 6 percent of income.

Do you need permissions

Permits are not required to open a business, but the following documents are required to sell your products:

Compliance with GOST.
Phytosanitary certificate.
radiological protocol.
Transportation and storage guide.

It might be useful to read: