Khokhloma painting history. Khokhloma: how it's done. The most Russian painting from Semyonov, Nizhny Novgorod region. The history of the emergence and development of painting

Why was another article about Khokhloma painting written? In order for the reader to be able to understand that "Khokhloma" is produced and signed only by JSC "Khokhloma painting" in the city of Semenov, Nizhny Novgorod region. Everything else is pseudo-khokhloma (counterfeit, fake), or is a "Khokhloma" painting. However, first things first ... So ...

Khokhloma, or Khokhloma painting, is the name of a style of hand-painted woodwork and national ornament known for its bright floral patterns. The style and ornament are distinguished by red and gold over a black background and an effect that makes wooden utensils and furniture heavy in appearance, as if metal. Khokhloma is one of the most famous types of Russian decorative painting all over the world. Although the items are wooden, they look like gilded metal.

History

The Khokhloma style of painting appeared in the 17th century in the area that is today called the Koverinsky district of the Nizhny Novgorod region. The first documentary mention of the handicrafts of Khokhloma is considered a letter from boyar Morozov to the bailiff from 1659, which contains an order as follows: "One hundred painted dishes, polished with powdered pewter, both large and medium, the same kind as they did before, not forgetting twenty large painted wine bowls, twenty medium and twenty slightly smaller.".

The handicraft craft owes its origin to the Old Believers, who, fleeing persecution, took refuge in the local forests. However, even before the Old Believers, local residents made dishes from soft wood. Among the fleeing schismatics there were also icon painters who taught the local masters the technique of painting.

Soon a trading settlement and a workshop were organized near the village of Khokhloma, and handicrafts were produced and sold.

It is said that many of the lathes were originally driven by watermills and were installed along the banks of the fast rivers Kerzhney, Linda and Uzol. There were also hand-drawn machines and horse-driven machines.

Contemporaries described the life of the old masters like this. Artisans lived in close-knit communities. A peasant could have his own "dyeing house", from which a mile away smelled of paint, and the entrance was cluttered with baskets with finished products... The richer peasant had a "dye house" equipped with two huge ovens, numerous drying racks and a spacious basement. Men, women and children participated in priming, oiling and painting.

Observations of the court physician G. Remann during his visit to the Markareev fair, the largest in Russia in 1805, give us some idea of what was being produced at that period. “Among the many items, I was surprised by the huge bowls one and a half arshins in size, carved from wood, but not showing the slightest sign of cracking, despite the scorching heat and strong reflection of the sun's rays from the sand where they lay. There were smaller bowls with lids, which included up to forty smaller ones, nested one inside the other. "

Most of Khokhloma's products were originally intended for everyday use... However, the popularity of Khokhloma cookware turned out to be such that the production expanded to other regions in order to meet the rapidly growing demand. Nizhny Novgorod Provincial Gazette in 1855 wrote: "There is a wonderful activity in the Khokhloma region; one village harvests timber, another makes timber, and a third paints them."... More than five hundred workshops of woodworking enterprises were located only in the Semenovsky district.

The illustration shows original items with Khokhloma painting, taken from the official website of JSC "Khokhloma painting" goldenhohloma.com.

At the beginning of the 20th century. Khokhloma production died out, but was revived in Soviet times... The craftsmen united in an artel in the 1920s - early 1930s. In the 1960s, a factory called "Khokhloma Artist" was built near the village of Khokhloma and the industrial association "Khokhloma Painting" in the city of Semyonov. These two factories became the center of the Khokhloma craft in Russia, producing mainly dishes, furniture, and souvenirs.

Unique works of art can be seen in the Khokhloma Museum, opened in Semyonov in 1972. Among the exhibits of the museum there is a huge spoon measuring 2 meters 67 centimeters and a bowl one and a half meters in size.

Gold background technology

Surprisingly, craft activities that began as a true folk tradition over 300 years ago are still flourishing and remain largely true to their roots, albeit on a more organized scale. The production technology of Khokhloma dishes and painting has not changed much over 300 years.

Khokhloma is characterized by the original technique of painting wood without the use of real gold. Work with wooden products is carried out in several stages, and it is not easy to achieve the gilding effect.

Products carved or carved from wood are primed with a liquid clay solution and coated with linseed oil. At the next stage, the product is coated with drying oil and dried. This step is repeated 3-4 times. The next stage is tinning, or polishing with metal powder. Initially, the product was coated with tin powder, resulting in a uniform, silvery surface. Today, aluminum powder is successfully replacing tin.

A floral pattern is applied with a brush with heat-resistant paints on a metallized coating, a silvery background, not yet gold. After painting, the products are varnished and fired in the oven. The high temperature, sintering the yellow varnish with the previously applied primer, turns the product into a bright gold.

Features of the Khokhloma painting and technique

Gold, black and red, sometimes green are typical paints for Khokhloma painting. This combination can be found in many other works of ancient Russian arts and crafts, but for Khokhloma these colors are especially important: red adds warmth and softness to artificial gold, and black emphasizes its shine. In addition, the cutlery has no corners and clear lines and thus has almost no glare and beautifully diffuses light.

Two painting techniques are also typical: surface (red and black over gold) and background (golden silhouette on a colored background).

Surface painting includes traditional herbal and deciduous ornamentation. Herbal motifs include elongated, curving strokes and thinner, ornate tendrils in red or black over a gold background. Deciduous elements are composed of oval leaves and berries, usually scattered around the stem. The background painting is based on the use of a gold background to depict the ornament, and black or red is used as a silhouette.

Khokhloma artists paint products without preliminary sketches and preparatory drawings. Khokhloma images are decorative and convey the beauty of wildlife in the most generalized way. Images of flowering bushes and berries have always been considered a symbol of prosperity, prosperity and happiness in Russia, therefore they are still carefully preserved by the masters of Khokhloma.

The motives of the Khokhloma painting are simple and poetic. Flowers and bunches of berries, intertwined with broad grasses and golden tendrils, are softly traced across the wooden surfaces. Some of the compositions are restrained, others are generous; but everything reflects the love of the Russian people for nature and the desire for beauty. Khokhloma products are distinguished by their bright, festive character due to the distinctive combination of scarlet, black, silver and gold. The unique color combination gives the wooden cookware a tremendous value.

Pseudohokhloma

Pseudohokhloma is a counterfeit product. True Khokhloma dishes and souvenirs are produced and signed only at the enterprise with the long name "Order of the Badge of Honor of JSC Khokhloma painting", located in the city of Semenov, Nizhny Novgorod region. Everything else, similar to the authentic Khokhloma painting, is considered pseudo-Khloma, often in appearance indistinguishable from the originals.

Khokhloma painting - old folk craft, which is about 300 years old. It got its name from the village of the same name in the Kaverninsky district, located in the north of the Nizhny Novgorod region.

"Khokhloma, Khokhloma, our wondrous miracle!"

The historic village of Khokhloma, known in our time all over the world, got its name from a small river flowing here, since the 17th century it has been famous for its largest trading area in the Trans-Volga region, stone storage sheds and lacquered utensils and utensils in a special way, the sales center of which was. The goods brought here from the surrounding villages, known for their unique production, were dispersed far beyond the boundaries of this area. A specific pattern inherent only in this place, applied to the products in a special way, began to be called Khokhloma painting, or simply Khokhloma. The name is included in sayings and proverbs. The primordially Russian craft complements the list of crafts that make the culture of Russia rich, inimitable and unique, becoming on a par with Palekh, Gzhel, Zhostovo and Gorodets paintings, bobbin lace.

The skill of the Old Believers

Khokhloma painting has its own history, myths and legends. This craft is closely associated with the Old Believers. According to some versions, the "leaked" - people who fled from Nikon's reforms and the terror that followed the innovations, settled in wild, uninhabited forest places in the vicinity of Nizhny Novgorod. According to one of the legends, a mysterious old man came to the Kerzhen forests and founded the first skete there. The fugitives brought with them not only the old faith, but also their skills and abilities. The skill of decorating books and writing icons, techniques inherent only to Old Believers (for example, "the skill of a fine brush") intertwined with the traditions of local Zavolzhsky masters. Many believe that the secret of making gold dishes was brought to these lands by the "leaks" in the 17th century. However, there is an opinion that Khokhloma painting was known in an earlier period, and that the merit in its appearance belongs exclusively to local craftsmen.

Khokhloma legends

Who exactly invented the ability to produce "golden dishes" without the use of precious metal has not been established. According to one of the legends, it was the fugitive icon painter Andrei Loskut. In order not to fall into the hands of the soldiers sent for him personally by Nikon, the craftsman burned himself, having previously transferred his skills to the local residents. The bright colors for which the Khokhloma painting is famous is the memory of the ascetic, the soul of a folk craftsman can be seen in them. According to another legend, the tsar himself wished to have a master from the Volga forests in his service, who could make fabulous dishes, and also sent a soldier. But this myth is kinder - the magician disappeared, but, like Andrei Loskut, he passed on his skills to the inhabitants of the neighboring villages. And what are these villages that have entered the history of folk crafts in Russia? The most famous of them are Big and Small Trinkets, Cartilage and Glibino, Mokushino and Sabbats. Each of them produced products, the common name of which is Khokhloma. The painting in each village had its own distinctive features, its own "tricks". Now the village of Kovernino is considered the birthplace of Khokhloma.

"Khokhloma bush"

This amazing art is very peculiar. The painting makes light wooden tableware look like a heavy gold piece. The utensils themselves, despite the fact that they are made of wood, are heat-resistant and very hardy in use.

External beauty, endurance made her very popular. The nearby Trinity-Sergius Monastery was buying goods in bulk. According to documentary evidence, in addition to the villages of Khokhloma and Skorobogatovo, about 80 settlements located on the banks of the Uzol and Kerzhenets rivers worked for him. It was easier for the wholesale buyer to trade the goods further. This was facilitated by the proximity of the Volga - the largest trade route of that time.

Specific production technology

Khokhloma is a painting on wood with a very interesting manufacturing technique. Products of the desired configuration were cut from undried blocks or baklush. They were called "linen", which was then dried, and only then was primed with liquid clay. The masters called her vapa. Of course, each village had its own tricks - someone added chalk to the clay, someone added flour glue. Their own techniques existed at each stage of manufacturing. The primed product was covered with several layers of linseed oil with intermediate drying. During the day, the products were covered with drying oil 3-4 times, which was applied only by hand with special tampons made of animal skin, most often calf. It was on this stage that the strength of the painting depended in the future. After the last light drying (to the stage of "slight tack"), the tinning process began. The aluminum powder applied with a swab and rubbed in firmly adhered to the sticky surface.

"Khokhloma painting - painting of scarlet berries"

The next stage is actually "painting under Khokhloma", which is made only with oil paints. Cinnabar and soot (red and black) - Business Cards this mural.

Allowed, of course, in small quantities, solely to enliven the pattern, and colors such as brown, yellow, orange, light green. A prerequisite is painting with squirrel brushes, providing the maximum subtlety of the lines. Painted items must be covered with a special varnish in 4-5 layers and then fired for 4-5 hours at a temperature of 150-180 degrees. It is this final firing, which gives the varnish a honey tint and the aluminum powder underneath the color and shine of gold, that is the highlight of the process. It should be noted that the tree for painting was taken from local varieties - linden, birch, ash.

Characteristic ornaments

There are two types of writing inherent only in this painting - riding and background. Each of them has its own ornaments. These types differ, first of all, in that when riding on horseback, black, red and other patterns are obtained at the end applied to a gold background. And with the "background", on the contrary - the gold ornament is applied to a black or red background. The patterns typical for riding writing are "herbal painting", "under the leaf", "under the grass" and "under the carrot". It also happens "under the berry". And when writing in the background, two types of ornament are used - "under the background" and "kudrina"

Each ornament has its own specifics, history and application tricks, which all together make the painting known as "Khokhloma" recognizable and characteristic. Painting for children is inherent in any craft. Clay products have separate directions, known as "children's toys", for example, Dymkovo or Kargopol. In the Khokhloma painting, there was no such separate direction. But, of course, craftsmen in each village painted toys for their children. Both children's dishes and, obviously, there were larger forms, like a chair or a cradle, and if you believe the verses, both tables and tables were painted "under a Khokhloma". Of course, modern production uses all the achievements of science and technology, which helps to reach new heights in this field.

The original art of Russia

As already noted, the art of the Trans-Volga masters is included in the most popular three folk crafts of the “painting” direction - Gzhel, Khokhloma, Palekh. But, gzhel - production and painting ceramic products... "Gzhel kust" is an area that unites 27 villages located 60 km from Moscow, whose residents have been engaged in this craft for a long time. Palekh lacquer miniature also got its name from locality located in the heart of Russia. The fate of these crafts is similar - this is how Russian talents manifested themselves. But if painting on ceramics is Gzhel, then painting on wood is Khokhloma and Palekh.

Khokhloma - an old Russian folk craft; bright, colorful painting on wood with the obligatory presence of a golden color. Not by chance the symbol of Khokhloma is the fiery Firebird, fairy bird with plumage, shining gold. Another name for the painting is “golden khokhloma”.

Khokhloma Firebird.

History

Russia is famous for folk crafts, and Khokhloma - the most famous type of Russian folk painting.

The history of the craft begins in the 17th century, and its homeland is the left bank of the Volga, Nizhny Novgorod villages and villages. The emergence of fishing on the Nizhny Novgorod land is associated with the appearance in these parts of the followers of the "old faith", hiding from persecution in the forests of the Volga region.

Among the Old Believers there were many icon painters who knew the secret of making "golden" icons without using gold. Wooden icons were first covered with silver powder, then boiled linseed oil - drying oil - was applied to them and sent to the oven. After being processed in the oven, the icon acquired a delightful golden color.

The mass production of wooden tableware, painted using the icon painting technique, began with the appearance of a material that was cheaper than silver - tin, and then aluminum powder. Nizhny Novgorod peasants, who have long mastered the art of volumetric woodcarving, mastered the "gold" painting and turned the dishes they produce into bright and elegant works of decorative and applied art.

Patterns decorated all types of Russian wooden utensils: spoons, ladles, bros, trays, plates, bowls, bowls, toes.

Spoons, bowls and everything in the world.

The Nizhny Novgorod lands are not very fertile, therefore, the occupation of folk crafts has become a new source of income for the majority of peasants in the villages and villages of the Trans-Volga region. Produced by them the dishes were brought to the large trading village of Khokhloma for further sale. The name of the trade originated from the name of the village. From Khokhloma, elegant dishes were sent along the Volga to other cities and countries.

So, the spread of products with Khokhloma painting was facilitated by several reasons:

abundance of forest;
the proximity of the Volga - the main trade artery;
the spread of the art of gold painting on wooden products in the Trans-Volga region;
local traditions of the art of volumetric woodcarving.

Already in the 19th century, the glory of the Nizhny Novgorod masters of Khokhloma crossed the borders of Russia, and thanks to the World Exhibition in Paris in 1889, they learned about the golden Khokhloma not only in Europe, but also in Asia and America.

Painting technique

Wooden utensils must not be used unpainted: hot food cracks the wood and the utensils become unusable. Khokhloma painting - the most festive and elegant example of coloring wood products.

Khokhloma tableware production stages:

making utensils of the desired shape;
drying;
white clay primer;
application of drying oil to the surface;
aluminum powder grout;
painting;
applying a special varnish several times;
hardening in an oven until golden brown.

When painting use oil paints: ocher, cinnabar, soot, carmine, red lead. The main background colors are red and black; additional colors: light green, brown, yellow.

The master applies painting to a huge spoon.

Khokhloma products decorate with floral ornaments, consisting of:

ripe berries: raspberries, mountain ash, currants, strawberries, gooseberries;
stems;
colors;
leaves.

Floral ornament.

The main types of ornament:

"Grass" - a pattern of blades of grass, which curly, gather to one spine;
"Leaf, under a berry" - a fancy interweaving of leaves, berries, flowers and stems;
"Kudrina" - a painting in which curly golden curls of leaves, flowers, berries are repeated on a red or black background;

Sometimes images of animals and birds are woven into the drawing.

Khokhloma painting centers- the city of Semyonov and the village of Semino, Nizhny Novgorod region. Their factories produce both dishes and household items: boxes, tables, cupboards, stools, vases.

At the Nizhny Novgorod fair.

Products with Khokhloma painting are a wonderful gift, bright and festive. Therefore, it is important to be able to distinguish real from fake Khokhloma. An authentic product is warm to the touch and has an even, smooth surface.

KHOKHLOMA - AN OLD RUSSIAN FOLK TRADE

Khokhloma is an old Russian folk craft that was born in the 17th century on the left bank of the Volga, in the villages of Khokhloma (hence the name of the painting), Big and Small Bezdeli, Mokushino, Sabbats, Glibino, Khryashchi. Currently, the homeland of Khokhloma is the village of Kovernino in the Nizhny Novgorod region.

Golden Khokhloma!

One of the most famous paintings in Russia. Perhaps not, there is a person who has not held a painted wooden spoon in his hands or has not seen the beautiful and surprisingly rich Khokhloma products. But where did this fabulously beautiful painting come from? What craftsman came up with the idea of putting silver on wood, and then varnishing it, achieving a golden glow? This is what the material collected in this paragraph is devoted to.
The painting of wooden dishes appeared in Russia a long time ago - in the 16th century. They produced it in large quantities, in hundreds, thousands of pieces, since the tree quickly wore out, and in everyday life, dishes are needed. It was sold "at Makarii", in Moscow and in Ustyug the Great.
Art historians attribute the origin of the Khokhloma craft to the second half of the 17th century.
The first mention of this village is found in the documents of the 16th century. Even under Ivan the Terrible, Khokhloma was known as a forest area called "Khokhlomskaya Ukhozheya" (Ukhozheya is a place cleared from the forest for arable land).
Since ancient times, wooden dishes have been in great use among the Russian people: ladles and brackets in the shape of a floating bird, round brothers, dinner bowls, spoons of various shapes and sizes have been found in archaeological excavations as far back as the X-XIII centuries. There are samples that date back several millennia.
In ancient times, in the dense Trans-Volga forests near the trading village of Khokhloma, the first settlers who were hiding from persecution were "flown away", that is, fugitives who took refuge here from persecution for the "old faith", from the tsarist tyranny, landlord oppression. Among them were both artists and masters of handwritten miniatures. It was not easy to feed on peasant labor on the meager land, and fugitive people got used to painting wooden dishes, which were sharpened by local craftsmen here from time immemorial. Previously unknown painting has fabulously transformed the modest kitchen utensils. But especially beautiful and inimitable were the various supplies, bowls and brothers that came out from under the brush of one famous master. It seemed that his painting absorbed the sun's rays - golden, which are at noon, and red - cinnabar at dawn.
It was said among the people that the artist painted his dishes not with a simple one, but with a magic brush woven from the sun's rays. The bright, festive tableware was loved not only by the residents of the area, but its fame spread throughout Russia. Seeing the Khokhloma dishes, the tsar immediately guessed who was painting it, and sent guards to the Trans-Volga forests. The warned painter managed to escape, but he taught the local residents the intricacies of an extraordinary craft and left them paints and a magic brush. This is the old legend about the origin of the bright and original art of Khokhloma painting, which is often called golden, fiery, or fiery. And this is not accidental; Khokhloma's art could not have been born without fire, without tempering products in a Russian oven.
This legend explains how a close relationship arose between the Trans-Volga and northern Old Believers, which had a great influence on the art of Khokhloma.
The proximity to the big river and the fair created favorable conditions for engaging in various trades and trade. On the banks of the river, fairs were held, to which goods were brought from the north and from the south of Russia. The territory of the region looked like a large workshop. The inhabitants of the Zavolzhsky villages, scattered in the Nizhny Novgorod and Kostroma provinces, were engaged in various trades. Peasants who produced the same things settled nearby in nearby villages, and every week they sold their products to a large trading village. Products were brought here from all over the area. They came from Kostroma and Vetluga, brought a variety of items with paintings and carvings. But chips were in great demand - wooden spoons, cups, bowls. Dyers at such fairs bought wooden blanks and sold their products. Turners and spoonmen exchanged their goods for wood for further work. Finished products merchants bought it, loaded it onto carts in summer and sleds in winter, and carried it to the fair "to Makarii".

Christmas balls with Khokhloma painting.

Khokhloma is an old Russian folk craft that was born in the 17th century in the Nizhny Novgorod region. Khokhloma is a decorative painting of wooden dishes and furniture, made in red, green and black on a gold background.
The painting looks bright, although the background is black. Used paints such as ... red, yellow, orange, a little green and blue, and of course a black background. Gold color is very often used. Traditional elements of Khokhloma are red juicy berries of rowan and strawberry, flowers and branches. Birds, fish, and animals are not uncommon.

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Gold bowls. Khokhloma painting

The master began his work by beating the baklush - he prepared wooden bars (baklushi) from linden, aspen or birch. Wooden spoons and ladles, cups and salt shakers were turned from them. The dishes not yet decorated with painting were called linen. The linen was primed and dried several times, and then painted in yellow, red and black colors. Floral designs, flowers, berries, and lace twigs were popular motives. Forest birds on Khokhloma dishes reminded the peasants of the Firebird from Russian fairy tales, they said: "The Firebird flew past the house and touched the cup with its wing, and the cup became golden.".

After drawing the pattern, the items were covered with linseed oil two or three times, tin or aluminum powder was rubbed into the surface and dried in an oven. After hardening by heat, they acquired a honey tint and really shone like gold.

At the beginning of the 18th century, dishes began to be brought to the Makaryevskaya fair, which attracted sellers and buyers from all over Russia. Khokhloma products turned out to be known throughout the country. Since the 19th century, when guests from all over Europe and Asia began to come to the Nizhny Novgorod fair, painted tableware has appeared in many parts of the world. Russian merchants sold products in India and Turkey.

Snowy background and blue patterns. Gzhel

Snowy background and blue patterns. Gzhel. Photo: rusnardom.ru

Snowy background and blue patterns. Gzhel. Photo: gzhel-spb.ru

Snowy background and blue patterns. Gzhel. Photo: Sergey Lavrentiev / Photobank Lori

Gzhel clay has been known since the time of Ivan Kalita - since the XIV century. Local craftsmen used it to create "vessels for pharmaceutical needs", dishes and children's toys. At the beginning of the 19th century, factories for making porcelain appeared in the Gzhel volost. The first enterprise was founded here in 1810 by merchant Pavel Kulichkov. First, painting on porcelain dishes was colored, but in the middle of the 19th century, a fashion came to Russia for blue and white Dutch tiles and Chinese porcelain of the same shades. Soon, blue patterns on a snowy background became a distinctive feature of the Gzhel painting.

To check the quality of porcelain, before painting, the product was dipped in magenta - red aniline paint. The porcelain was stained an even pink color, and any crack was visible on it. Craftsmen painted with cobalt paint - before firing it looks black. By using special technician using only brush and paint, the artists created over 20 shades of blue.

Gzhel plots are lush roses (they were called "eagles" here), winter landscapes, scenes from folk tales. Children are sledding, Emelya is catching pike in the pond, the villagers are celebrating Maslenitsa ... After drawing the picture, the dishes were glazed and burned. Pink items with black patterns took on their traditional look.

Luminous brooches and boxes. Fedoskino lacquer miniature

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Alexander Kotukhin, miniaturist

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