Alternative history of the battleships andreus pervozvanny. Battleships of the type "Andrew the First-Called"
They were built on a government loan at the expense of the shipbuilding program of 1903-1923, which was allocated from the budget to support shipyards and shipyards. By project new program it was assumed that by 1923 the Russian fleet would consist of 42 squadron battleships, 24 coastal defense battleships, 23 armored cruisers, 40 armored cruisers, 11 cruisers of the 2nd rank, 147 destroyers, 84 mine cruisers. The program determined the dynamics of fleet growth, the composition of active and retired ships. It was unclear only with their characteristics. Only in 1903 was it decided to build two ships for the Baltic Fleet according to the modified drawings of the battleships of the Borodino type. The ships were laid down in the boathouse "Galley Island" of the Admiralty shipyards ("Andrew the First-Called" in March 1904), in the boathouse of the Baltic Shipyard in St. Petersburg ("Emperor Pavel I" in October 1904). The design of the battleships provided for a displacement of 16,500 tons, a cruising range of up to 3,770 miles, a full supply of coal of 1,900 tons and a full speed of 18 knots, as well as armament of four 305-mm, twelve 203-mm guns, twenty 75-mm guns and up to twenty three guns of smaller caliber (47 mm and 37 mm). The main builder of the battleship "Andrew the First-Called" was the ship engineer, junior shipbuilder V.A. Afanasiev, and the battleship "Emperor Pavel I" - ship engineer, senior shipbuilder V.Kh. Offenberg.
The hull of the battleship was made of sheet and profiled Siemens-Marten steel, by riveting and recruited using a bracket ("checkered") typing system. The ship had a smooth upper armored deck and two more full armored decks (middle and lower), double bottom, horizontal and vertical keels, fore and sternposts. The vertical keel had a height of 1.14 meters. The horizontal keel was recruited from two sheets of steel with a thickness of 20- and 18-mm, respectively, in the middle part of the hull, decreasing to 18-16 and 16-14 mm towards the ends. The stem and stern, which formed the bow and stern ends, were made of steel castings. The double bottom was divided by floors and stringers into independent compartments and was located from the 13th to the 99th frames. Sheets of the second bottom were connected with overlap with upset edges on a double row of rivets with a diameter of 25.4 mm. In the underwater part of the hull, below the waterline, zygomatic keels passed. Transverse watertight bulkheads were located on 4, 13, 15, 18, 24, 28, 34, 40, 46, 50, 56, 58, 62, 68, 73, 86, 90 and 99 frames and were supported by vertical posts (pilers). The battleship had two side longitudinal bulkheads, which were installed 2.5 meters from the sides for 28 to 86 frames, and served as additional mine protection for the ship. In the area of the engine compartment (frames 73-86), along the diametrical plane, there was a longitudinal bulkhead 9.52 mm thick, which divided the compartments into two equal parts of the left and right sides. This bulkhead was made of corrugated (wavy shape) steel with 11 trapezoidal corrugations 400 mm deep and consisted of vertical boxes that eliminated the need for reinforcing pillars (racks). The deck beams were made of channel profile. The ship's armor protection system consisted of vertical belts along the waterline, the upper belt, gun casemates for 203-mm and 120-mm guns, 305-mm main battery turrets, 203-mm turrets and conning towers. Horizontal armor protection included armored decks: lower (carapace), middle and upper. The plates of the side belt armor along the waterline had a thickness of 215.9 mm in the middle part of the hull (34-86 frames), decreasing in the area of the bow and stern turrets of the main caliber to 165.1 mm and further to the extremities: in the bow from frame 16 to stem (7 plates) - 127 mm, throughout the stem 12.7 mm and further and aft from frame 98 to 105 (3 plates) - 114.3 mm, from frame 105 to sternframe - 101.6 mm . The back sides of the plates had bevels at a distance of 914 mm from the top and 457.4 mm from the bottom of the armor plate. The main armor belt, 3.2 meters high, fell 1.22 meters below the waterline. Its upper edge was at the level of the middle armored deck. The plates were fastened to the hull with the help of armor bolts, through a 152.4 mm thick larch wooden filing, which passed through the side plating with a thickness of 22.22 mm in the middle to 17.46 mm at the ends, lining and screwed into the plate itself . The skin under the armor in the underwater part, along the entire length, of the hull had a thickness of 9.52 mm. At the extremities, the main belt was connected to the armor plates of the other side. In total, 98 plates were installed on both sides (the extreme bow and stern were made of two halves). Their total weight was 1256 tons. Over the belt, directly on the middle armored deck, over the course of 18 to 99 frames, lay, on steel deck plating 22.22 mm thick, armored deck plates 38.1 mm thick, which decreased towards the extremities and had a thickness of 25.4- mm. The lower armored (carapace) deck with a thickness of 23.81 mm in the area of engine and boiler rooms and a thickness of 22.22 mm at the extremities, spread on steel deck plating with a thickness of 15.88 mm. To the sides, the lower armored deck had bevels, along its entire length, from armor plates 54 mm thick. Along the sides of the upper armor belt, along the entire length of the hull between the middle and upper decks, armor plates 127 mm thick were fastened in the area from 37 to 65 frames (8 plates), decreasing towards the extremities: in the bow from 37 to 18 frames (6 plates) - 101.6 mm, from 18 frames to the stem (6 plates) - 54 mm and aft from 65 to 98 frames (9 plates) - 101.6 mm, from 98 to the stern (5 plates) and one plate at the stern, in the diametrical plane, - 79.38 mm. The total weight of 69 armor plates of the upper belt was 619 tons, including 9.2 tons for armor bolts. Unlike the main belt, the top slabs were made without beveled edges and were installed directly on the upper edges of the main belt slabs. They were fastened to the steel plating of the hull, without the use of a wooden lining, with the same special armor bolts. One armor bolt accounted for 1,597 sq. meters of slab area. Casemates of 203-mm guns on the sides had armor plates 127-mm thick. To protect the casemates from longitudinal fire, 101.6 mm armored traverse plates with four armored doors 76.2 mm thick were installed. Between the guns, in the casemate, armored traverses 38.1 mm thick were placed, and an internal armored partition 50.8 mm thick with two armored doors of the same thickness was installed, separating the guns of the right and left sides. The weight of the entire casemate reservation was 237 tons. Casemates of 120-mm guns along the sides had a thickness of armor plates of 79.38 mm, and traverse armored bulkheads - 25.4 mm. Bulkheads made of armor plates 25.4 mm thick were installed between the guns. The total weight of 38 casemate armor plates was 105 tons. The combat command cabin was protected by armor that had a thickness of 203.2 mm, the pipe under it had a diameter of 1066.4 mm and an armor thickness of 101.6 mm, and the roof and floor of the cabin were covered with armor plates made of low-magnetic steel, respectively, 101 .6 mm and 76.2 mm. The height of the vertical armor plates was 2.39 meters. The viewing (sighting) holes in the slabs of the conning tower had a width of 76.2 mm and were located at a distance of 304.8 mm from the lower edge of the roof. The conning tower inside was blocked by an armored bulkhead 25.4 mm thick with armored doors of the same thickness cut into it. The weight of the vertical cutting armor was 54 tons, the roof was 15.3 tons, the floor was 10.8 tons, the armor tube was 16 tons and the internal bulkhead was 2.7 tons. The rangefinder cabin was structurally similar to the lower combat one, but the thickness of the vertical armor plates and the door was 50.8 mm, and the height of the plates was 2.12 meters. The aft, combat, wheelhouse around the circumference was assembled from 3 armor plates 1.91 meters high and 9.52 mm thick. Viewing (sight) 76.2 mm slots in vertical armor from the center line of the hole to the lower edge of the roof were 304.8 mm apart. The cutting floor was made of armor plates 38.1 mm thick, and the armored tube with an internal diameter of 0.914 meters had a height of 5.79 meters and an armor thickness of 38.1 mm. Turret mounts of 305 mm main caliber guns were protected by 7 armor plates 203.2 mm thick and 1 rear plate 254 mm thick, and were covered with armor 50.8 mm thick from above. The total weight of the armor plates of one tower was 159 tons. Turret mounts of 203-mm guns were covered from the front and rear sides with armor plates 152.4 mm thick, from the sides - 127 mm thick, and the roofs of the towers had an armor thickness of 50.8 mm. The weight of the armor of one tower was 85 tons. The elevators were protected by armor plates 25.4 mm thick. On the upper deck, between the bow and stern towers of the main caliber, from side to side, there was a two-tier superstructure. In the upper tier of the superstructure there were casemates for 120-mm guns, an engine hatch, and chimney casings. In the lower tier of the superstructure there was a ship workshop and casemates for 203-mm guns. On the residential (middle) deck there was a wardroom for officers and conductors, cabins for the commander, senior officer and mechanic, cabins for officers and conductors, an infirmary, an operating room, cabins for a doctor and paramedics, a ship's church and a priest's cabin, under-turret spaces of the main caliber towers, a dressing station and pharmacy, office, team premises. On the lower deck there were provisions rooms, a wine cellar, a steeple, a steering gear room, a dynamo room, heating pads, casings of engine and boiler rooms, a central combat post, dry provisions rooms, and a skipper's room. Ammunition cellars, compartments for bilge pumps and pumps, coal pits were arranged in the hold. Heating on the ship was provided by steam heating. Steam heating was effective at outdoor air temperatures down to -15°C, heating living and working premises to a temperature not lower than +15° - +17°C. For restocking drinking water two Krug distillers with a capacity of 62.5 tons per day were intended.
The unsinkability of the ship was ensured by dividing the hull with transverse watertight bulkheads into 11 main compartments:
- Ram compartment;
- Compartment of provisions and bow mine vehicles;
- Compartment for wet provisions and anchor chains;
- The bow compartment of the main caliber;
- Ammunition compartment;
- Bow stoker compartment;
- Aft stoker compartment;
- Ammunition compartment;
- Engine compartment;
- Aft compartment of the main caliber;
- Rumple compartment.
The drainage system, autonomous, included 11 drain pipes and 11 centrifugal pumps (they were called "turbines"), which pumped out the water that got into the compartments and threw it overboard at a level above the waterline. "Turbines" had a capacity of 500 tons of water per hour. "Turbines", with a horizontal axis, were installed on the flooring of the second bottom and were driven by a waterproof DC electric motor. Also on the ship were installed 11 Worthington steam pumps with a feed rate of 50 t / h and two portable "turbines" with a capacity of 200 t / h with their inlet and outlet hoses.
The fire system included a copper 127-mm main pipeline that ran throughout the ship, which passed under the lower armored deck. From the highway up to all four decks, branches with a diameter of 102 mm rose to the fire hydrants. The system was serviced by 6 bilge fire pumps. In order to act in case of damage, the line could be disconnected by valves into four sections, and each outgoing process was supplied with a disconnect valve under the armored deck. In case of inactivity of the steam drives, Ston's hand pumps with a diameter of 177.8 mm were used.
The heeling system included pipes that communicated with each other opposite side compartments. These pipes were not connected to either the kingstones or the drainage system and were closed only to the internal compartments of the ship. The pipes of the heeling system automatically passed the outboard water from the compartment of one side to the compartment of the opposite side, according to the type of communicating vessels.
The trim system ensured the elimination of trims on the bow and stern. The filling of the corresponding ballast tanks (4-13, 99-103 frames) was carried out through the kingstones from the cellar flooding system.
The steering device consisted of the main steam steering engine and an auxiliary electric drive, as well as a hydraulic drive to control the spools of the steam steering engine, emergency (from the aft capstan) and manual drive from the steering wheel, one rudder and a Davis screw drive control system. The Davis drive provided a rudder blade rotation of 35 ° away from the diametrical plane. In case of damage to the steering machines, the stock of the aft capstan was connected to the steering shaft and could control the steering wheel.
The anchor device included two Hall anchors, which were drawn into the side fairleads, and one spare Hall anchor, each weighing 7.68 tons, one 560 kg weight and two stop anchors - 1.76 tons each. Two dead chains with a caliber of 67.73 mm were 315 meters long (150 fathoms) and one spare chain was 210 meters long (100 fathoms). The lifting and return of anchors was carried out by a steam windlass on the middle deck (8-19 frames). On the upper deck, in the bow and stern, there were two steam spiers.
The battleship's rescue equipment consisted of two steam boats 12.19 meters long, two motor boats 12.19 meters long, two 20-oared barges 11.6 meters long, two 14-oared light boats, two 6-oared yawls and two 6- rowing whaleboats 8.5 meters long, as well as sailor berths that were knitted into a cocoon and could keep a person afloat for up to 45 minutes, and then drown.
home power plant armadillo mechanical, two-shaft with two steam engines and 25 water-tube boilers, which were located in the boiler room and two engine rooms. The machines transmitted rotation to two three-blade propellers with a diameter of 5.6 meters made of manganese bronze. Propeller shafts, if necessary, could be separated from the machine shafts using special couplings.
Steam engine "Franco-Russian" plant
vertical, four-cylinder, triple expansion steam with a working pressure of 17 atmospheres had a power of 8800 indicator hp. the piston was 1030 mm at a propeller shaft speed of 120 rpm.
Steam engine "Baltic" plant
vertical, four-cylinder, triple expansion steam with a working pressure of 17 atmospheres had a power of 8800 indicator hp. the piston was 1143 mm at a propeller shaft speed of 120 rpm.
Belleville steam water tube boiler
did not have economizers and produced steam at a pressure of 17.1 atmospheres, its heating surface was 189.74 square meters. meters, and the area of the grates is 6.15 sq. meters. When the machine was idle, the boilers were powered by a steam donk. In addition to the main boilers, the battleship also had auxiliary boilers. The full supply of fuel (coal) included 1000 tons, which allowed the battleship to travel about 2100 miles at a speed of 10 knots and 1300 miles at full speed at 16 knots.
The DC electric power system had a voltage of 105 V and included 4 Volta steam dynamos with a power of 157.5 kW each and 2 Volta steam dynamos with a power of 67.2 kW. Thanks to the compound excitation and the use of equalizing connections, the generators could operate in parallel two by two: two bows of 1500 amperes each; two feed 1500 amperes and two 640 amperes. Consumers were supplied with power through two ring mains - one for electric motors, the other for lighting (up to 1800 incandescent lamps). The highways passed along the side corridors of the lower deck from 28 to 90 frames. In case of repair emergency or combat damage, each line could be divided into eight working sections (feeders). The protective equipment consisted of fuses and automatic devices.
The armament of the battleship consisted of:
- Of 4 single-barreled 12-inch (305-mm) guns of the Obukhov plant with a barrel length of 40 calibers, located in two turrets in the bow and stern. The tool is steel, rifled, with a hydraulic drive of the lock and a piston valve. It had no trunnions, and the lock opening time was no more than 14 seconds. The compressor of the machine is hydraulic, the knurler is hydropneumatic. The tower was made in the form of an ellipse and was equipped with electric drives for aiming, loading and supplying ammunition. The turn time of the turret installation by 180 ° was 1 min at a roll of 8 °, and the horizontal firing sector was 270 °. The shells were sent using an electric breaker. Kinematically connected with the drives of the vertical guidance of the gun, the piercers could operate at loading angles from + 3 ° to - 3 °. The loading time of the gun was 50 seconds. The calculation included 10 people. The composition of the ammunition, out of 70 shots per barrel, included armor-piercing, high-explosive, buckshot and segment shells weighing 331.3 kg and charges for them weighing 106 kg of smokeless powder. The angle of maximum elevation of the guns reached + 35 °, and the projectile speed was 792 m / s with a maximum firing range of about 20.37 km. The weight of the turret with 2 guns and armor is about 300 tons.
- Of 8 single-barreled 8-inch (203-mm) Vickers guns with a barrel length of 50 calibers, located in four side turrets in the bow and stern. The tool is steel, rifled, with a piston lock. The compressor of the machine is hydraulic, the knurler is spring. The tower was completed with electric drives for aiming, loading and supplying ammunition. The turn time of the turret installation by 180° was 1 min at a roll of 8°. The shells were sent using an electric breaker. Kinematically connected with the drives of the vertical guidance of the gun, the piercers could operate at loading angles from + 3 ° to - 3 °. The lifting mechanism had one gear arc. The loading time of the gun was 30 seconds. The composition of the ammunition, out of 110 shots per barrel, included shells weighing 112.2 kg with an explosive weighing from 7.09 kg to 12.1 kg and an MRD fuse. The angle of maximum elevation of the guns reached +25°, and the projectile speed was 807.7 m/s with a maximum firing range of 17.59 km. Weight of the turret with 2 guns and armor - no data.
- Of 6 single-barreled 8-inch (203-mm) Vickers guns with a barrel length of 50 calibers, located side by side in the lower casemate. The gun was made of steel, rifled, with a piston bolt, and was mounted on a machine tool of the Metal Plant on a central pin with a vertical aiming screw mechanism, a spring-loaded knurler, and a spindle-type hydraulic recoil brake. The diameter of the circle at the centers of the foundation bolts was 2159 mm. All actions on the installation were performed manually. The installations had a firing sector of 100 °. The loading time of the gun was 24 seconds. The ammunition included shells weighing 112.2 kg with an explosive weighing from 7.09 kg to 12.1 kg and an MRD fuse. Ammunition was 110 rounds per barrel. The angle of maximum elevation of the gun reached + 20 °, and the projectile speed was 807.7 m / s with a maximum firing range of 16.67 km. The weight of the installation was 39.985 tons.
- Of the 12 single-barreled 120-mm Kane cannons of the factory with a barrel length of 45 calibers, located side by side in the upper casemate. The gun was made of steel, rifled, with a piston breech, and was placed on the machine tool of the Metal Plant on a central pin with fixed recoil devices. The pin base is a round steel casting, which was bolted to the deck. It had a circular chute with balls on which a swivel frame lay with its bottom. The height of the axis of the pins from the base of the pedestal is 1125 mm. The lifting mechanism is screw. Onboard installations had a firing sector of 100 °. Vertical and horizontal guidance was carried out manually. The loading time of the gun was about 9 seconds. The ammunition included shells weighing 20.48 kg with an explosive weighing 2.56 kg of TNT and an MRD fuse. Ammunition was 200 rounds per barrel. The angle of maximum elevation of the gun reached + 25 °, and the projectile speed was 823 m / s with a maximum firing range of 11.31 km. The weight of the installation was 8.78 tons.
- Of the 4 single-barreled 47-mm Hotchkiss guns with a barrel length of 43.5 caliber, which were intended for salutes. The gun had air cooling and a single unitary ammunition supply. The supply of ammunition was carried out manually. Calculation of the gun - 4 people. The ammunition consisted of a steel or cast-iron grenade weighing 1.5 kg. The elevation angle ranged from -23° to +25°. The rate of fire of the gun is 15 rounds/min., the initial velocity of the projectile is 701 m/s., and the maximum firing range is up to 4.6 km. The weight of the installation with a shield reached 448.5 kg.
- Of the 6 single-barreled 10.67-mm machine guns of the "Maxima" system with a barrel length of 67.6 calibers, designed for placement in boats (4) and for landing (2). The fire mode is only automatic, built on the gas exhaust principle. The rate of fire of the installation was 600 rounds / min. with an initial bullet speed of 740 m / s, the firing range reached 3.5 km, and the ceiling up to 2.4 km. The machine guns are powered by a belt, in a belt of 250 rounds. Shooting was carried out in bursts, water was poured into the barrel casing for cooling. The calculation of the machine gun included 2 people. The machine guns had a manual control system with an optical sight. Installation weight - no data.
- Of 2 single-tube, fixed 450-mm underwater torpedo tubes (TA) of the Metal Plant of the engineer Danilchenko system, installed in the side compartments at the 28th frame. The torpedo of the 1907 model of the year had a warhead weight of 90 kg, while the weight of the torpedo itself was 641 kg. The speed of the torpedo was 27, 34 and 40 knots, and the range was 2 km, 1 km and 600 meters, respectively. Ammunition consisted of 6 torpedoes.
The Geisler artillery fire control system included:
- 2 devices for transmitting horizontal angles to gun sights, twin spotting scopes with a 10x magnification and a viewing angle of 4 ° (sight posts), located on the side. In the conning tower housed giving devices. The receiving devices were installed in the central post, in the aft conning tower and on the sights of the guns.
- 2 devices for transmitting rangefinder readings to the conning tower. The division of the instrument scale corresponded to the scale divisions of the 274.32-cm and 137-cm range finder of the Barr and Strood system. Limits of indications from 1.852 km to 27.78 km. In the rangefinder cabin, distance-giving devices were installed on board, and receiving devices were placed in the conning tower, the central post, the aft conning tower and at the guns.
- 2 devices for transmitting the direction of the target and signals to the guns of the port and starboard sides with devices for receiving automatic corrections for heading angle. Giving devices were placed in the conning tower, aft conning tower and the central post. The receiving devices were suspended from each gun, one device each.
- Instruments and magnetic compasses in the conning tower, aft conning tower and control room, which showed the senior artillery officer his own course and speed, wind direction and strength.
- Howlers and bells installed at each gun. The contactor for howlers and calls was located in the conning tower and in the central post.
- Two measuring instrument stations located in the conning tower and in the central post. The stations gave voltage readings at the installation site and current consumption for the entire system.
- Two safety boxes "PK" with fuses for each group of devices and a common switch were installed in the conning tower and in the central post. The main wires from the transformer came up to them and the wires giving power to each group of devices departed.
- Switches and junction boxes for powering and disconnecting fire control system devices.
- Transformer station.
Radiotelegraph stations of the Naval Department of 1911 and the German company Telefunken were installed on the battleships.
The radiotelegraph station of the Maritime Department with a power of 2 kW provided a communication range of 300 miles (555.6 km).
The Telefunken radiotelegraph station with a power of 8 kW provided a communication range of 600 miles (1111.2 km). It became the first sample of a new generation station received by the fleet - a "sounding type", since, unlike previous spark-type stations, it allowed receiving a musical melody in the phones of the receiving station, which made it possible to confidently distinguish telegraph signs from atmospheric discharges.
The battleships of the type "Andrew the First-Called" and the battleship "Glory" (type "Borodino") were to form the main striking force of the Baltic Fleet. Even in the process of construction, in 1907, they were retrained as battleships (battleships).
Battleships were built in the boathouse "Galley Island" of the Admiralty shipyards in St. Petersburg ("Andrew the First-Called") and the boathouse of the Baltic Shipyard in St. Petersburg ("Emperor Paul I").
The lead battleship "Andrew the First-Called" entered service with the Baltic Fleet in April 1912.
Tactical and technical data of the battleship type "Andrew the First-Called"
| normal 17320 tons, full 18580 tons. | |
| Maximum length: | 140.05 meters |
| Length according to design waterline: | 138.15 meters |
| Maximum width: | 24.38 meters |
| Nose side height: | 14.56 meters |
| Midship Height: | 17.98 meters |
| Board height in the stern: | 14.01 meters |
| Hull draft: | 8.23 meters |
| Power point: | 2 steam engines of 8800 hp each, 25 boilers, 2 FSH screws, 1 steering wheel. |
| Electric power system: |
DC 105 V, 4 dynamos 157.5 kW each, 2 dynamos 67.2 kW. |
| Travel speed: | full 18 knots, economic 10 knots. |
| cruising range: | 432 miles at 18 knots, 2100 miles at 12 knots. |
| Autonomy: | 1 day at 18 knots, 7 days at 12 knots. |
| Seaworthiness: | without Borders. |
| Armament: | . |
| artillery: | 4x1 305mm guns, 14x1 203mm guns, 12x1 120mm guns guns, 4x1 47-mm Hotchkiss guns, 6x1 Maxim machine guns. |
| torpedo: | 2x1 450-mm underwater TA. |
| radio engineering: | 2 radio stations (“Telefunken” and “Maritime Department”). |
| Crew: | 957 people (31 officers, 26 conductors). |
mine artillery casemates - 127 mm,
towers of the main caliber 63.5 ... 254 mm,
towers of medium caliber 50.8 ... 177.8 mm,
conning tower 102…203 mm,
lower armored deck - 39.6 mm,
bevels - 38.1 mm,
upper deck - 31.7 mm
14 × 203 mm
12 × 120mm/45
2 × 63mm
4 × 37mm
Battleships type Andrew the First-Called- squadron battleships (EB), from 10/10/1907 enrolled in the class battleships ("pre-dreadnought type") of the Russian fleet. Designed and built taking into account the experience of the Russo-Japanese War. The initial project, completed in 1903, under the guidance of ship engineer Skvortsov, was a further development of the Borodino-type EV project, but with an increased displacement and enhanced armament. These ships were distinguished by good armor and powerful weapons. The displacement of ships has increased by four thousand tons compared to previous types. Battleships of the type Andrei the First-Called became the last battleships of the Russian fleet built. The experience of designing and building this type of LK, subsequently allowed Russian shipbuilders and the shipbuilding industry to proceed to the creation of Sevastopol type LK, which were not inferior to the best samples world shipbuilding.
History of creation
During the Russo-Japanese War, far from its theaters of operations in Russia, the construction of new ships continued ... Without waiting for the approval of the 10-year shipbuilding program presented to Nicholas II by the Minister of Marine in 1904, on the vacated stocks of the Galerny Island of the Admiralty Plant and the Baltic Plant were new identical squadron battleships (EB) "Andrew the First-Called" and "Emperor Paul I" were laid down. The lessons of the war made it necessary to make adjustments to the design and armament of these ships, originally conceived as a further development of the Borodino-type ES, but with an increased displacement and enhanced armament. Since 10/10/1907, both EBs were enrolled in the class of battleships (LK). The Naval Technical Committee (MTC) took into account the results of the preliminary generalized experience of the Russo-Japanese War in the projects of these ships, as far as their readiness allowed. This is mainly due to the protracted construction of them. Thanks to the changes made to the project, significantly improved performance characteristics(TTX) of these LCs, which made it possible to classify them as a transitional type of LC in the development of the battle fleet from EB to dreadnought type LC. During the revision of the initial project, the composition of weapons was changed: instead of 152-mm artillery, which was ineffective at increased combat distances, 14 × 203-mm / 50 guns were installed in 4 two-gun turrets and in 6 casemates; anti-mine 47-mm and 75-mm artillery was replaced by 12 × 120-mm guns installed on the upper deck in the upper casemate. The artillery of the main caliber remained the same. as on the Borodino-type ES, but the elevation angle of the guns was increased due to the use of a folding canopy in the gun turrets. The system of electrical equipment of tower installations was significantly simplified by reducing the number of contact connections, increasing the reliability of electrical elements. The Metal Plant - the manufacturer of the main caliber turret installations, for the first time guaranteed a loading speed of no more than 40 seconds, instead of 66÷70 seconds on the Borodino-type EB. The body of the main battery turret, with all mechanisms, guns and rotating armor, was completely balanced relative to the axis of rotation. Rigid drums, which served as the basis for the main caliber towers, were fastened to the armored deck to increase the rigidity of the structure. The metal mammarines that cause turrets to jam when damaged have been replaced with leather ones. Booking system based on the principle of ensuring combat stability (proposed by A. N. Krylov: "in case of damage to the hull, the ship should sink, and not capsize") has undergone significant changes: the armor belt has been extended to the stems in the horizontal direction and to the upper deck in the vertical direction; the greatest thickness of the lower belt is increased to 216 mm, the upper - up to 127 mm; fully booked decks, upper and lower casemates, including the hutch; The freeboard is devoid of any portholes. The total design weight of the armor has been increased to 35% of the ship's displacement; the design of fastening armor plates has been significantly improved, with the rejection of wooden spacers; The system for booking conning towers has been completely revised. To improve combat stability, double-bottom compartments were equipped to ensure a quick straightening of the ship when heeling caused by flooding through a hole in one of the engine rooms. Thus, it was assumed that the St. Andrew the First-Called type LK, which retained the design solutions characteristic of "pre-dreadnoughts": ram formation stem; diversity of artillery weapons; the rhombic arrangement of 203-mm artillery towers, as well as piston engines, will be less vulnerable to 305-mm artillery of that time at all combat distances.
Representatives of the series
The construction of two battleships dragged on for almost nine years. As a result, despite all the innovations, when the ships entered the fleet, they were obsolete and could not compete with the new battleships and battleships. The design of the battleship of the type "Andrew the First-Called" was very perfect for 1904, but not for 1912, since the technology for designing and building large artillery ships over the years had gone far ahead.
Design
The unsinkability of the ship was ensured by seventeen main transverse watertight bulkheads dividing the ship into 11 main compartments:
- Ram compartment;
- Compartment of provisions and bow mine vehicles;
- Compartment for wet provisions and anchor chains;
- The bow compartment of the main caliber;
- Ammunition compartment;
- Bow stoker compartment;
- Aft stoker compartment;
- Ammunition compartment;
- Engine compartment;
- Aft compartment of the main caliber;
- Rumple compartment.
The battleship had a second bottom and an anti-mine bulkhead.
Armament
Artillery
- The main caliber consisted of 4 improved 305-mm (12-inch, barrel length 40 caliber) guns manufactured at the Obukhov plant. They were located in 2 rotary two-gun turrets in the bow and in the stern.
- An intermediate caliber was represented by 8 203 mm (8-inch) Vickers guns in 4 twin-gun turrets and 6 203 mm Vickers guns in the lower casemate.
- Anti-mine caliber 12 x 120 mm Kane guns.
- Anti-aircraft armament: 6 x 10.67 mm machine guns Maxima system
Mine and torpedo armament
- Mine-torpedo armament consisted of 2 single-tube 450-mm underwater torpedo tubes of the Danilchenko system.
Power point
2 vertical four-cylinder steam engines (Steam engine of the Franco-Russian plant and steam engine of the Baltic plant) 8816 hp each With. each and 25 Belleville system water tube boilers without economizers. They were located in boiler rooms and in 2 engine rooms. Two shafts rotated three-bladed propellers. The screws were made of bronze and had a diameter of 5.6 m. The fuel (coal) supply was 1000 tons. That allowed the battleship to pass at an economical speed of 10 knots - 2100 miles or 1300 miles at a full speed of 16 knots.
Class Representatives
| Name | Place of construction | Bookmark | Launching | Entry into service | Bred | Fate |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| "Andrew the First-Called" | New Admiralty | April 28 | October 7, 1906 | April 30, 1912 | 1924 | Dismantled for metal |
| "Emperor Paul I" |
In January 1900, the Chief Ship Engineer of the St. Petersburg port D.V. Skvortsov submitted to the ITC a draft battleship, which largely overturned previous ideas about this class of warships. In terms of a displacement of -14,000 tons, the new ship significantly surpassed the Borodino-class squadron battleships under construction at that time, the 19-knot speed was higher (by 1 knot), and weapons were offered completely different (16 203-mm guns in eight towers). The project was drawn up on the instructions of the Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich. With the rank of captain of the 2nd rank, he commanded the battleship "Rostislav" on the Black Sea and, due to his grand ducal position, could afford any, even extravagant, initiative.
Appendix No. 1 How "St. Andrew the First-Called" was arranged
Application No. 1
How "St. Andrew the First-Called" was arranged
The greatest length of the ship was 140.2 m; along the waterline - 1 38.38 m, between perpendiculars 132.3 m. These values are calculated based on the constant spacing, 4 ft (1.219 m) and the positions of the zero frame (aka the bow perpendicular) at the rear edge of the stem (or the cut of the underwater mine apparatus), aft perpendicular along the axis of the rudder stock (sp. 109), the extreme edge of the stern at 113 sp. and the extreme edge of the stem at minus 2 of the frame. Due to repeated changes in the project in different documents, there may be discrepancies in these values. The width of the hull, which was 24.38 m, remained a stable design value. With the normal supply of coal of 850 tons provided for by the original project and the draft on tests of 26 feet (7.925 m), the displacement was 1 6600 tons. "coal was 27 feet (8.23 m), and the corresponding displacement was 1 7400 tons. It has to be considered design. In real conditions, reflecting all types of overloads familiar to the Russian fleet, the displacement of the ship with a draft of 8.84 m bow and 8.53 m stern was 1 8500 tons (Ships List 1914). The same information - 18580 tons with a bow draft of 29.2 ft (8.9 m) and a stern of 28 ft (8.53 m) is given by the reference book compiled by the Moscow State School of Staff in 1917.
The hull of the ship (made of ordinary Siemens-Marten steel with a resistance of 41–47 kg / mm 2 ) was recruited according to the traditional in the world and domestic shipbuilding - longitudinal-transverse or, as they said, bracket ("checkered") system. This system was a complex of transverse (frames), longitudinal (stringers) and sheet ties that formed a "checkered" or, one might say, honeycomb layer of the set. The stem began in the bottom of the ship between the 6th and 7th frames, continued until the end with a ram tusk (10.4 m long) and rose to the height of the average armored deck to almost 11 m. The manufacture and installation of such a casting has always served as an indicator of the level development of shipbuilding.
The design of the hull seized by the stems basically repeated the experience and the main decisions of the designs of the previous battleships of the Tsesarevich - Borodino series. Significant differences were the use of a smooth upper deck without a forecastle, three full armored decks, a modification of the armor system of the internal longitudinal bulkhead at the side, and a more streamlined division of the hull braces in accordance with the degree of their participation in ensuring the strength of the hull. This subdivision reflected the principle of a beam of equal resistance (which is the well-known leaf spring) with a decrease in the thickness of the hull links from its middle part - the “main section”, limited by frames 42–73, to the extremities. The spacings of frames 42–30 and 73–85 made up two second sections, sp. 30–18 and 85–97 are two-thirds, and from sp. 18 and 97 to the ends - two fourths. The vertical keel had a height of 1.14 m.
Together with the vertical keel, the rigidity of the hull was provided by stringers (seven per side). The role of the stringer was also played by the shelf under the armor - a horizontal section along the length of the side, which served to install side armor plates. Located between the stem and the ram bulkhead, 8 frames served as reinforcements for the ram stem and the forward mine apparatus installed here. Their spacing was reduced to 2 ft. The set, formed by frames and stringers, was covered with outer skin. Eleven of her belts had a thickness from 7/8 to 1 1/16 dm. Rivets for their connection had a diameter of 1 dm. The checkered layer, formed by frames, stringers and floors, was covered with a second bottom, extending from 13 to 99 sp. It passed to the lower armored deck and had a thickness of 5/8 to 7/16 dm (at the ends). Sheets of the second bottom were connected with overlap with upset edges on a double row of rivets.
Three main decks of the ship ran from bow to stern.
The lower armor deck was made of two layers of steel. On the lower layer with a thickness of 5/8 dm along the entire length of the deck, a second layer of armored steel was superimposed with a thickness of 1 5/16 dm along the length of the boiler and engine rooms and at the ends of 7/8 dm. The thickness of the 7th (w. 30–90) and 8th (w. 34–88) belts of the upper layer was 1 ? dm. This means that the thickness of the horizontal section of the deck was 40 and 38 mm in total, and 54 mm on the bevels. It is assumed that in the course of subsequent improvements, this last value could be increased to 79 mm (Vinogradov S.E. "The Last Giants of the Russian Imperial Fleet", St. Petersburg, 1999).
Medium armored deck on sp. 18–99 had two layers of flooring - the lower 7 /8 dm and top 1 ? dm and 1 ? dm. The rest of the deck sheets made of chromium-nickel steel had a thickness of 1 dm.
The upper armor deck was made of steel sheets with a thickness ? dm. Outside the casemates of 8-inch guns, it was reinforced with an upper layer of chromium-nickel steel 1 inch thick.
The hinged deck outside the casemate of 120-mm guns had a bottom layer with a thickness ? and top? dm from chromium-nickel steel. The side plating of the 8-dm casemate was assembled from steel sheets 3/8 dm thick, the casemate of 120-mm guns - ? dm. The height of the side of the 120-mm casemate at the extremities was increased to 10 feet. 6 in., thus reaching an elevation of 3 feet for the end guns, which provided an angle of fire of up to 125 °. This casemate was divided by a longitudinal bulkhead made of Krupp non-cemented steel 1 dm thick, and separating half-bulkheads 1 dm thick were installed between the guns.
The main transverse waterproof bulkheads were located at 4, 13, 15, 18, 24, 28, 34, 40, 46, 50, 56, 58, 62, 68, 73, 86, 90 and 99 sp. Longitudinal side bulkheads (from each side) were located over 28 to 86 sp. 2.5 m from the side. The longitudinal bulkheads of the corridor behind the side armor of the lower armored deck were located from 1 3 to 99 sp. 6 feet from the steel jacket behind the armor. The diametral bulkhead 3/8 dm thick in the engine room (73–86 sp.) was made of corrugated (wavy) steel with 11 trapezoidal corrugations about 400 mm deep. Folded from vertical boxes, it eliminated the need for reinforcing racks.
The steel shirt behind the main belt had a thickness of 7/8 dm in the middle to 1 1/16 dm at the ends. The wooden lining under the armor was made of larch longitudinal bars with a thickness of 6 dm or more. The shirt behind the armor of the underwater part along the entire length of the hull had a thickness of 3/8 dm. Casings of chimneys, rising from the lower armored deck to a height of 7 ft 6 dm above the hinged deck, and were located between sp. 36? - 43? and sp. 52? - 6 6.
The lower armor belt with a height of 10 feet 6 inches with a draft of 27 feet passed below the load waterline by 4 feet. Its upper edge was at the level of the middle deck. The back sides of the plates had bevels - at a distance of 3 feet above and 1 foot 6 inches below the load waterline below. From each side of the plate had the following thicknesses: along the stem up to 16 sp. (7 plates) - 5 dm at the load waterline, 3 ? dm at the top and bottom edges; on sp. 16.5-34 (7 plates) - 6 ? dm and 4 each ? dm; on sp. 34–86 (2 1 plate) - 8 ? dm and - 6 dm; by 86–98.5 sp. (5 plates) - 6 ? and 4 ? dm; for 98.5-105 sp. (3 plates) - 4 ? dm and 3 ? d m; from 105 sp. to the sternpost - 4 dm and 2 ? dm. In total, 98 plates were installed on both sides (the extreme bow and stern were made of two halves). Their total weight was 1256 tons.
The upper armor belt was located along the entire length of the hull between the middle and upper decks. Their height is from 8 ft 9 ? dm in the middle part of the hull increased to the bow to 11 ft 9 dm and to the stern to 9 ft 10 1/8 dm. The thicknesses of the slabs were: from the bow to 18 sp. (6 plates from the side) - 3 1/8 dm; on sp. 18–37 (6 plates) - 4 dm; on sp. 37–65 (8 plates) - 5 dm; on sp. 6598 (9 plates) - 4 dm; from sp. 98 to the aft end (5 plates) and aft symmetrically along the center plane (1 plate) - 3 1 /8 dm. The weight of 69 plates on both sides, according to the specification, was about 594 tons. According to one of the surviving drawings, which included 68 plates along with the stern, their total weight was 619 tons, including 9.2 tons for armor bolts. One armor bolt accounted for 5.24-6 square meters. feet of slab area. In contrast to the main belt, the slabs (also made of Krupp case-hardened steel) were made without beveled edges, and were installed not on the shelf (and without wooden linings), but directly on the upper edges of the main belt slabs. They were fastened directly to the shirt with the same special armor bolts according to the drawings approved by the ITC.
Casemates of 8-dm guns were protected from the sides with armor 5 dm thick, and from the extremities - by traverses 4 dm thick. The slabs were about 9 feet 3 inches high. All plates, except for four 3-inch doors in the traverses and 2-inch plates under the embrasures of the guns, were made of Krupp cemented armor. The weight of the entire casemate reservation was 2 3 7 tons. The guns in the casemate were separated by bulkheads with a thickness of 1 ? dm, and the casemate - with a diametrical 2-dm bulkhead with two of the same 2-dm doors. Casemates of 120-mm guns were protected from the sides with armor 3 1/8 dm thick, the rear wall with sheets of 1-dm steel. A 1-inch bulkhead was installed between the guns. The weight of 38 plates was 105 tons.
The armor of the rotating parts of the turrets of 12-dm guns consisted of 7 vertical plates 8 dm thick and one rear 10 dm. The roofs of the towers had a thickness of 2 ? dm, filing 4 dm. The total weight of the armor of one tower was 159 tons. The fixed armor of the supply pipes had a thickness of 4 dm to 5 dm. The weight of the armor of the supply pipes of the lower tier of the bow tower was 35 tons, the stern - 32.6 tons, the upper tier, respectively, 66.7 tons and 61 tons.
The rotating parts of the turrets of 8-dm guns on the front and back sides had a thickness of 6 dm, side 5 dm, roofs of the towers 2 dm, filings 2 and 3 dm. The weight of the armor of one tower was 85 tons.
The conning tower was protected by 8-inch slabs connected at the joints with dowels, an aft door of the same thickness and 4 feet high. The height of the vertical armor plates was 7 feet 10 inches. The sighting holes in the slabs of the conning tower 3 dm wide were located at a distance of 12 dm from the lower edge of the roof.
The armored roof and floor of the conning tower were made of low-magnetic steel with a thickness of 4 dm and 3 dm, respectively. A hole was cut in the floor for a pipe of cast steel (internal diameter 3 ft 6 dm and thickness 4 dm), which served to protect the steering gear, conductors and speaking pipes. The internal bulkhead of the cabin with its doors were made of 1-dm low-magnetic steel. The weight of the vertical cutting armor was 54 tons, the roof was 15.3 tons, the floor was 10.8 tons, the armor tube was 16 tons, and the internal bulkhead was 2.7 tons.
The rangefinder-running cabin was structurally similar to the lower combat one, but the thickness of the vertical armor plates and the door was 2 dm, the height was 6 ft. 11 ? dm, doors - 3 ft 9 dm. The bow plate was made of low-magnetic steel, the rest of the Krupp non-cemented. Sight holes 11 inches high in vertical armor from the middle line of sight to the lower edge of the roof were spaced 1 foot 9 inches apart. The roof was made of low-magnetic steel 2 dm thick.
The aft artillery cabin around the circumference was assembled from three slabs of Krupp cemented steel 6 ft 3 dm high and 3 1 /8 dm, connected, as in a rangefinder, into a castle. The sighting 3-inch holes in the vertical armor from the middle line of the sight to the lower edge of the roof were 12 inches apart. The floor of the cabin from Krupp non-cemented armor with a thickness of 1 ? dm had a hole for an armor tube (made of cast steel with an internal diameter of 3 feet, a height of 19 feet and a thickness of 1 ? dm), designed to protect conductors and speech pipes. The pipe exit at the armored and light floor was covered 2 ? dm armored coaming.
The load of the squadron battleship "Andrew the First-Called".
Displacement 16,483 tons, speed 18 knots, armament 4 12-inch, 12 8-inch and 20 120-mm guns (tons)
| By project | Valid | |
| 1. Steel body | 5266,4 | 4966,9 |
| 2. Wooden body parts | 257,5 | 279.3 |
| 3. Internal arrangement (furniture, cellars) | 126,9 | 272.7 |
| 4. Good things | 128.2 | 165.9 |
| 5. Auxiliary ship devices and mechanisms | 239,7 | 274,9 |
| 6. Separate mechanisms and devices for ship life | 483,4 | 472,4 |
| 7. Supply: anchors, chains, skipper and other accessories | 222,0 | 222,0 |
| 8. Boats | 43,3 | 38,5 |
| 9. Masts, topmasts, yardarms, rigging | 20.0 | 30.5 |
| 10. Tower reinforcements related to the hull (supply pipes) | 362,2 | 397,0 |
| 11. Mechanisms of 12-inch and 8-inch towers | 852,0 | 852,0 |
| 12. Armor 12-inch and 8-inch towers | 998,7 | 1041,2 |
| 13. Armor of the side, traverses, casemates, boiler casings, side bulkheads | 2401,1 | 2515,4 |
| 14. Armor of conning towers | 128,0 | 133,0 |
| 15. Armor decks and armored grates | 1161,5 | 1477,6 |
| 16. Main mechanisms and boilers | 1831,1 | 1831,1 |
| 17. Machine materials | 20,0 | |
| 18. Coal at normal supply | 803,2 | 800,0 |
| 19. Ship's stores | 170,0 | 130,0 |
| 20. Artillery and ammunition | 1370,6 | 1360.8 |
| 21. Mine device and stocks | 62,1 | 53.9 |
| 22. Crew | 125,0 | 125.0 |
Ship design course compiled by Professor K. Boklevsky for students of the shipbuilding department of the St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute, St. Petersburg, 1904/1905. Lithographed edition of the Mutual Aid Fund for Students of the Polytechnic Institute. 1905., p. 436).
The elevators for supplying 8-inch and 120-mm ammunition to their guns were protected by armored 1-inch pipes installed at a distance of 2 inches from the elevators. The pipe around the circumference consisted of two parts connected by external butt strips. On top of the elevator hatch, each pipe protruded 4 dm. Four armored pipes for elevators of 8-inch guns weighed about 4.9 tons, four pipes of 120-mm elevators weighed about 5.3 tons.
The armament of the ship was manufactured by the Obukhov Plant (four 12-inch guns with a barrel length of 40 calibers, fourteen 8-inch guns with a barrel length of 50 calibers, twelve 120-mm guns with a barrel length of 45 calibers, as well as four 47-mm salute cannons and six 3-line machine guns Maxim systems, of which four are boat and two landing).
According to the specifications and the "Ship List" for 1914, the firing range of the 12-inch turret guns at an elevation angle of 35 ° was 110 cabins, the rate of fire was 1.2 rounds per minute, the set per gun was 70 shells and charges. Turret 8-inch guns at an elevation angle of 25 ° had a firing range of 95 cab., Casemate (elevation angle of 20 °) - 90 cab., Rate of fire 2 and 2.5 rounds per minute, respectively, combat reserve - 110 shots per gun of both types of installations .
120-mm guns at an elevation angle of 20 ° had a firing range of 65 cabins, a rate of fire of 7 rounds per minute, and an ammunition capacity of 200 rounds. The specification provided for the 120 mm guns to reach elevations of 25°, but the local conditions of the installations, apparently, did not allow this. The descent angles of the guns according to the specification were for 12-inch and 8-inch guns: - 5 °, for 120 mm - 7 °.
The battleship "Andrew the First-Called" (Longitudinal section of the hull from 64 to 111 sp).
Tower installations are among the most complex combat devices, which, due to the variety of operations performed, saturation with mechanisms, remain especially outstanding works of the human mind today. The installations of "Andrew the First-Called", like the type of ship itself, completed the stage of their development. In the Russian fleet, the St. Petersburg Metal Plant had the most experience. The design he proposed for "Andrew the First-Called" represented the development of the type of towers for the battleships of the previous Borodino series. Retaining the former two-gun type and the elongated-cylindrical shape of the rotating part of the turrets, the factory in the design for 12-inch guns achieved the elimination of its especially vulnerable unit adjacent to the sides of the turret rotating with it "canopy". The need for this canopy, which on the battleships of the Borodino series served to cover the well of the fixed barbette of the tower, has now been eliminated due to more proportionate ratios of the contour of the tower in plan with the barbette located above it. Now the barbette fit into the dimensions of the rotating part of the tower and was completely covered by vertical armor plates hanging over them. This reduced the risk of the turret jamming when a projectile hit the junction of the armor and the barbette. Even closer to the type of the newest were the towers of 8-inch guns, on which a roof bevel was provided from the frontal part, which increased the possibility of ricocheting a projectile that hit it.
But, however, the main drawback inherited from the previous types remained unremovable - their cylindrical, albeit elongated construction. This made it necessary to cut through embrasures of a much larger size in the vertical frontal armor than with its inclined position. Accordingly, the weakening of the slab by the embrasure cutout and the probability of hitting the servants of the tower were less. The manufacture of circular armor with two embrasures forced, for technological reasons, to manufacture end plates from two halves with a joint in the most vulnerable place - between the embrasures. Vertical slabs were also unfavorable from the point of view of resistance to projectile impacts. At short and medium distances, where the velocity of the projectile is high, the impact on the plate is normal, and not at a large angle, as it would be with an inclined plate. At large distances, the meeting angle is no longer significant, since the impact of the projectile occurred at a speed that decreased significantly during the flight. In cylindrical towers, the problem of balancing was also more difficult to solve, which is why the towers of St. Andrew the First-Called were distinguished by an elongated shape.
Battleship "Andrey the First-Called" Longitudinal section of the turret for 12-inch guns From the collections of the library of the State Maritime Technical University (former Leningrad Shipbuilding Institute)
Vertical guidance (both guns or separately), as well as horizontal, was carried out electrically or manually with the appropriate gear shift. In the first way, the 12dm tower, with a roll of 8 °, turned 1 80 ° for 1 minute. Manual rotation by the action of additional chain wheels under the same conditions and efforts on the handles of 10 people was carried out in 8 minutes.
The supply of shells and charges inside the turret to the guns both by electric drives and manually, with the possibility of independent actions for each gun, was carried out by mechanisms of three kinds: chargers that climbed along guides fixed to the supply pipe and the tower table; winches that power the chargers; special movable (interconnected) chutes for the preparation of shells and fixed chutes for the preparation of semi-charges.
Battleship "Andrew the First-Called" Cross-section of a turret for 12-inch guns From the collections of the library of the State Maritime Technical University (former Leningrad Shipbuilding Institute)
A device for loading, that is, sending shells and semi-charges into the gun chamber, consisted of piercers driven by winches. Charging could take place both by the action of an electric drive and manually. Breakers represented complex system drives, including gear arcs, gears, chain wheels. Kinematically connected with the drives of the vertical guidance of the gun, the piercers could operate at loading angles from + 3 ° to - 3 °.
The supply of semi-charges from the charging cellars to the turret room of the aft tower was carried out manually, and the bow - by means of a special lifting device - by a lifting frame. Within the tower installations, six voice pipes (diameter 3 dm) were wired. From the cabin of the tower commander, the pipes went to the central post and to both commandor cabins by branching a common pipe, from the right and left commandor cabins - to the place of manual rotation of the installation, from the right and left upper charging posts - to the places of loading of the corresponding chargers. The weight of the bow turret armor was 260.7 tons; stern - 252.6, the weight of the structure and mechanisms of each tower without guns - 224 tons (All tons are English).
Bomb magazines for 1 2-inch guns were located directly under the towers - in the turret compartment. The shells were placed radially in a ring around the turret bulkhead between the platform and the lower deck. The cellar of each turret was designed for 156 shells, which were placed in nests between the radial posts that served as reinforcements for the turret. The racks could hold 75% of the combat set of 38 dm gun shells and 25% of 32 dm armor-piercing shells. ? dm. It also provided for the storage of training cast-iron shells about 32 dm long.
Of the three charging cellars of the bow turret provided on the ship, two were located in the hold under the turret (18–24 sp.) And one on the platform in front of the turret compartment (18–21 sp.).
For the stern tower, two cellars were allocated along the sides on the "reduced cockpit" (90–95 sp.). Their semi-charges in cases were stored on shelves of metal racks, two to the depth of each. The capacity of the cellars of each tower was 120 combat and 36 training shots. The design of the 8 dm turrets basically repeated that adopted for 12 dm guns, but the mechanical feed, which was distinguished by the use of an endless feed belt, had, according to the experience of feeding in casemates, replaced by a more efficient manual one.
Battleship "Andrew the First-Called" Plan of the internal arrangement of the turret for 12-inch guns (From the collections of the library of St. Petersburg Shipbuilding University)
Mine weapons included two underwater traverse mine vehicles of the Metal Plant of the engineer Danilchenko system. The devices were installed near the bulkhead at 28 sp. and 12 ft 3 in below the load waterline. Compressed air from pumps with pressure up to 110 atm. could be fed into mine tanks, into air guards of mine vehicles and into towers of 12-inch guns. Six Whitehead mines (torpedoes) with a diameter of 45 cm were stored three by three near their vehicles in their room on swivel brackets (along the bulkhead 28 sp. from the starboard side, on racks at 25 sp. from the port side and on carts right there in the compartment. Six combat charging compartments and explosive cartridges were stored in a mine cellar in the hold on the starboard side (sp. 24–28).The cellar could be flooded from the kingston at 27–28 wt. at the end of firing practice) used two rotary ladder-beams of bow command ladders and hand winches. Mines on a cart were delivered under the bridge over the center of the mine hatch, where, having picked it up with a sling, they lowered it into the hatch at 27–28 sp., and transferred it to the compartment. To protect the mine from impacts during the descent, a metal casing was put on it with an internal wooden lining that was tightly attached to the mine body. circles. The nomenclature of mine weapons also included a mine storeroom, mine indicators and mine sights installed in the conning tower.
For more than 30 years, the Whitehead mines on the St. Andrew the First-Called, considered an integral part of the battleship (despite the doubts expressed), lasted until 1916. Then only the opinion about the incompatibility of torpedoes with the purpose of the battleship became generally accepted.
The main steam engines of the ship - of a vertical type or, as they often wrote in the specifications, "with vertically inverted cylinders", were located in two compartments separated by a corrugated bulkhead between 73 and 86 sp., That is, for 15.85 m. Out of a desire to be safe and due to less design and technological experience, the Francorussky plant for the machines designed and built by it (specification power 2x8800 hp) set noticeably increased cylinder sizes (in brackets, the values \u200b\u200badopted by the Baltic plant for the "Emperor Paul I"), high, medium and low pressure: 1070 (934), 1615 (1524), 1940 (1753). The piston stroke of 1030 (1143) mm was also less. The specification speed was 120 rpm. The pressure in the spool box of the high pressure cylinder was 16 kg/cm 2 , coal consumption - not less than 1 kg (2.44 Russian pounds) for each indicator horsepower. The machines were supplied with two independent air pumps of the Black system. The total area of the cooling surface of the main refrigerators was 1950 m 2 (21,000 square feet).
In the engine rooms, there was also one Worthington bilge-fire pump (pressure 8 atm, flow 50 t/h), one fresh water pump of the Worthington system (supply 150 t/h), one Worthington auxiliary pump (25 t/h) for supplying water from reserve tanks with subsequent pumping into reserve and pressure tanks. The loss of water in the boilers was also replenished by two evaporators of the domestic R. Krug system. The main circulation pumps (two in the engine room) pumped water through the four main coolers. They could also act as drainage means. Feed water from the main air pumps was supplied to warm boxes equipped with 5 R. Krug water heaters.
25 water-tube boilers, traditionally used in the Russian fleet of the French Belleville system without economizers, had a total heating surface area of 4743.63 m 2 , grates 153.71 m 2 . The boilers belonged to the group of wide-pipe boilers (the diameter of the water-heating pipes is from 102 to 116 mm) with a small (about 8°) inclination to the horizon. Distinguished by a small water capacity (about 8% of the total weight of the boiler), they were once advertised as "non-explosive", but at the same time they needed especially careful care and monitoring of their work. Any mistake could result in a burnout of the tubes and the removal of the boiler from operation. With the extreme difficulty of training qualified stokers (due to the low level of literacy in the country) and the constantly feverish fleet of incomplete engine teams, frequent accidents were not ruled out.
In terms of ease of disassembly - detaching straight tubes from box-elements - boilers were considered inferior only to boilers of the French Collet-Nicoloss system (see the author's book "Cruiser" Varyag "", L., 1975; L., 1983), but this is a convenience disassembly with an abundance of threaded connections and their "sticking" turned into practice with great laboriousness of work and the risk of damage to the pipes. Threaded connections, causing an almost irreparable loss of water in the joints, reduced the efficiency of the boilers. By the time St. Andrew the First-Called was built, the Belleville boilers had already passed the peak of their popularity and were supplanted in the world by more technological, convenient, simple, reliable types of Yarrow, Norman, Babcock-Wilcox.
But the mechanical department of the MTK, which was distinguished by its particularly routine views, insisted on maintaining the type of Belleville boilers and, contrary to all considerations of efficiency and economy, was going to use them on the dreadnoughts being designed at that time. A.N. Krylov told how he had to resort to a special organizational trick in order, with the help of the votes of the mechanical engineers of floating ships, to make a decision in the MTC to install less heavy and more productive Yarrow boilers on dreadnoughts, and not Belleville, which the mechanical department of the MTC insisted on. And, perhaps, it was precisely the example of the deliberately outdated decisions of "St. Andrew the First-Called" that A.N. Krylov the courage to fight for technical progress in the dreadnought project.
The old-fashioned steering gears with a tiller trolley shifting from side to side, "implemented" according to the French model of the "Tsesarevich" on the ships of the Borodino series, were abandoned. Instead, they returned to the Davis screw-driven system, mastered on the previous ships of the Borodino series. Steam and electric drives to the steering wheel, thanks to the transmission invented by the engineer of the Baltic Shipyard N.A. Fedoritsky, could control the steering wheel both individually and jointly, reinforcing one another. Device N.A. Fedoritsky consisted of a converter (152 hp motor-generator) installed in the aft dynamo room (90 hp) and a steering motor (120 hp) installed in the cockpit (99-104 hp at the starboard side ) in a waterproof enclosure. Four steering wheels served to control the steering wheel: in the wheelhouse and conning tower, in the central post and the steering compartment. Electric drives for controlling the spool of the steam steering engine of the N.K. system were also located here. Geisler connected to a system of steering indicators.
The normal supply of coal, provided for by the initial design load, dated January 25, 1903, was 850 tons, but the actual capacity of 19 coal pits, according to the drawing of 1908, was 1584.79 tons. According to the Ship List of 1914, with a displacement of 1,8500 tons normal stock was 1,500 tons, and "reinforced" - 1,738 tons. Similar data - 1,400 tons and 1,500 tons (with a displacement of 18,580 tons) were also given by the List compiled at the Moscow State School in 1917. It is obvious that when the battleships of the Borodino type ", which again turned out to be an inevitable overload, the "normal" reserve became a very conditional value, determined in accordance with the limits of draft and the circumstances of navigation. The "reinforced" stock was taken, apparently, only on very long voyages.
The ship's drainage system included 11 centrifugal pumps ("turbines"), with a flow rate of 500 tons per hour, which could pump water out of 18 compartments formed on the ship by transverse and longitudinal bulkheads. Each turbine (with a horizontal axis) was installed on the floor of the second bottom and was driven by a DC electric motor with a power of 35–39 hp. in waterproof design. The turbines were located either in enclosures, where water came through the bypass valves from adjacent compartments, or directly in the ammunition cellars, in the boiler and engine rooms, in the tiller and aft compartments. Overboard, water was removed through the drain pipes, which passed in the double-bottom space, between 5 and 6 stringers. The inlet and outlet pipes were made of seamless red-copper pipes, valves, clinkets, tees and branch pipes, flanges and other parts were made of gunmetal (an alloy of red copper with tin and the addition of zinc). Each drain pipe was supplied with a clinket at the side and a non-return valve. Rods from clinkets were brought to the middle deck. Two portable discharge turbines were also provided, with a supply of 200 tons / hour with their own intake and discharge hoses. Air tubes were used to control the presence of water in the compartments, and measuring tubes were used in each double-bottom watertight compartment.
The drainage system, which serves to remove small masses of water from the hold, included 11 Worthington steam pumps with a feed rate of 50 tons per hour. The pressure in the mains was 8 atm. The drain pipes of all pumps were brought overboard under the shelf of the lower armored deck and were supplied with outboard and non-return valves at the side.
The fire system included a copper 127-mm main pipeline carried throughout the ship. Going under the lower armored deck (in the corridors of the steam pipes), it is at the ends at 28 and 91 sp. rose under the beams of the middle deck, from the highway up to all four decks, branches with a diameter of 102 mm rose to the fire hydrants. The system was serviced by six bilge-fire pumps of the drainage system. In order to act in case of damage, the line could be divided into four sections by dividing valves, and each outgoing process was supplied with a disconnecting valve under the armored deck. Fire hoses were connected to the fire hydrants in the decks. In case of inactivity of steam drives (when the ship had no steam), two traditional (from the time of the sailing fleet) Ston hand pumps with a diameter of 7 dm were provided. For "safety rains" in all similar shafts of engine and boiler rooms, as well as for periodic washing of command latrines, water from the main was taken from offshoots with a diameter of 64 mm.
The flooding of 7 7 ammunition cellars and two ballast tanks (on the second bottom at the extremities) was carried out from kingstones with an uncoupling valve attached to each, to which, in turn, a valve or valve box of a group of cellars was attached. Kingstons were opened with flywheels, the stems from the flood valves installed with them were brought to the middle deck, where they were locked. Each kingston and its uncoupling valve could be locked on locks.
The heeling system solved two problems: automatic reduction of the heel by passing water from compartment to compartment and straightening the ship by flooding the compartments of the opposite side. The automatic bypassing of water from one of the flooded engine rooms to the opposite ones made it possible to reduce the resulting roll from 13.5 ° to 5.5 °. Controlled flooding of side compartments 40–73 sp. Their rods were brought to the middle deck. These two systems, together with the idea of a continuous side armor, were undoubtedly one of the most significant incarnations of the lessons and experience of the past war.
The trim system ensured the elimination of trims on the bow and stern. The filling of the corresponding ballast tanks (4-13, 99-103 sp.) was carried out through the ship's kingstones, already named in the cellar flooding system. The stems from the flood valves to the kingstones were also brought to the upper deck.
The salt water pipeline included pumps (10 tons per hour) that supplied water from the kingstones to the collector (red copper pipe with a diameter of 3 dm), from which pipes (with disconnect valves) went to consumers: to bathtubs, latrines, washbasins, heaters, baths to showers, to sinks in the galley. The collector passed under the beams of the upper deck from the left side, the pumps were installed in similar shafts of the boiler rooms on the lower armored deck.
The coastal and desalinated water pipelines worked according to the same scheme (two pumps - a collector - consumers), but water was taken from tanks in the double-bottom space (40–43 wt.) and from tanks filled with desalination machines, respectively. Shore water was supplied to baths, washbasins, heaters, bathhouses to showers, to sinks in galleys and buffets, and desalinated water was supplied to galleys, lagoons, buffets, samovars, ammunition cellars, engine and boiler rooms. All pumps were used by the Worthington system (desalination water - 5 tons / hour) and duplicated to ensure uninterrupted operation. Dirty water and vent systems also ran throughout the ship and were supplied with appropriate drains to the overboard scuppers.
The steam heating system with coil heaters extended to all living quarters of both officers and teams, as well as boiler rooms and engine rooms. The system was powered by expanders installed on the fresh steam pipe of auxiliary mechanisms and the corresponding junction boxes. Pipes were run from them to heating pads, heaters, samovars, to the ship's dryer, to the laundry, to its apparatus, to kingstones and outboard valves for blowing them out.
The live steam pipeline ensured the operation of all auxiliary mechanisms of the main machines and the entire extensive composition of the previously named auxiliary mechanisms and drives. Steam from the main steam boilers was supplied to two main pipes that ran under the lower armored deck on both sides from bulkheads 34 to 86. Corresponding branches led from them to consumers.
Corresponding, repeating the line for supplying steam to consumers, was the system for removing the steam they used from consumers, which went into its main pipe. From it, steam was released into the atmosphere through its own pipe. Equally developed was the system of pipes through which all auxiliary mechanisms were blown. The ship literally breathed steam, being a monster emitting steam from everywhere.
Such an overwhelming predominance of steam drives (only towers and a backup drive to the rudder were electric) with the century of turbines and electricity already fully come, was one of the differences between the two pre-dreadnoughts, as if retreating into the last century. And in this sense, "Andrew the First-Called" and "Emperor Paul I" could not enrich the dreadnoughts with useful lessons and good examples. It was a truly impressive parade of high achievements, which the technology of steam piston engines came to the threshold of its development. And the ships, once on this threshold, seemed to be passing the baton of progress to those who came to replace them. But the experience was also great, which could be used with undoubted benefit on dreadnoughts. Together with the hull design, armor system, ensuring the unsinkability and straightening of the ship, tower and casemate installations, communications equipment and everything related to maritime practice"Andrew the First-Called" also had useful experience in the ventilation of cartridge cellars.
The ventilation system of the cartridge cellars consisted of five independent groups, each located autonomously in its own impenetrable compartment. To maintain stable storage of smokeless powder at a temperature not exceeding 25 °C (outside air temperature +40 °C). Each group was supplied with its own refrigeration unit. Its set in each of the five groups of cellars (sp. 15-25, 28-34, 46-50, 68-73, 86-103) included one compressor with an electric motor, one evaporator, one double-acting circular pump with an electric motor, four air coolers with fans and four exhaust fans. Alya each cellar, in addition, provided for one air cooler and one intake and exhaust fan.
The ventilation system of the ship's premises solved problems that had not yet been set in the Russian fleet. The air exchange required by hygiene and living conditions of people had to be provided in a cramped subdivision of compartments of a five-deck ship in the absence of air entry routes, which were usually portholes. The former stumbling block for designers and builders of almost all ships of the Russian fleet, the ventilation on the "Andrew the First-Called" by the very design was doomed to constant, but unsuccessful improvements. Only the air conditioning system could help, but even if it existed in nature, one could not even dream of it. As Admiral V.A. once said Belli, "in Russia there has always been a lack of money," and at the time described, money for the fleet was especially lacking. And it was no small feat for the officers and sailors of the two pre-dreadnoughts to live and serve with a lack of ventilation and the virtual absence of natural lighting in the cabins, cockpits and compartments.
Having been repeatedly improved, the ventilation system, together with the air inlet and exhaust ducts of the pipelines, included 64 stationary fans. 6 portable fans were also supposed (mainly in case of damage to the cooling system and ventilation of the ammunition cellars).
The refrigeration unit was equipped refrigeration equipment, similar to that used in ammunition cellars. Her cell was isolated from steel cladding hulls with lapidite and sheathed with pine boards from the inside. In its three compartments, meat, fish, and vegetables intended for the entire crew (not excluding the commander) were stored. The fourth contained cheese, butter, snacks, fruit, eggs, and bottled liquids. The temperature in each compartment could be maintained within the range of +4° to +2°C or -2° to -4°C.
Simultaneously with regular operation, the installation could produce up to 8 pounds of ice in molds in 5 hours, while working only on ice - up to 20 pounds in 5 hours.
The windlass device on the middle deck (8-19 sp.) consisted of two steam engines and a windlass driven by them and a spire brought to the upper deck. The aft spire on the lower armored deck (sp. 99-103), powered by its two machines, was also steam. The capstan baller, connected to the steering shaft, could control the steering wheel in case of damage to the steering gears.
Steering with the help of the Aevis drive ensured the rotation of the rudder blade by 35 ° away from the diametrical plane and was provided by steam and electric drives. The spools of the steam steering machine could be hydraulically controlled from the conning tower and the central post. Manual control from the steering compartment was also provided.
The ship's power plant consisted of six steam dynamos of the DC compound system, with a voltage of 105 V. The machines were supplied by the Revel plant of the Volta society with steam drive machines from the Moscow Phoenix plant. The consumers of energy were all the mentioned electric drives, as well as the lighting network (up to 1800 incandescent lamps), four lamps of special lighting, two spotlights with a diameter of metal mirrors 907 mm from Sauter and Harse. Two 640 amp dynamos with 1 25 hp engine. one was located on the middle deck on the starboard side (sp. 24–28), the other on the lower deck in the center plane (sp. 68–73). Four 1500 ampere dynamos were located on both sides of the bulkheads of the engine room on the cockpit: two on sp. 23–28, two per sp. 86–90. Due to the large number of steam mechanisms, the total power of the power plant (four dynamos of 157 kW and two of 67 kW) - 764 kW, turned out to be the same as on the Borodino battleship. Experience in installing dynamos in a single unit of the entire power industry in the engine room, as was done on last battleships series "Borodino", was not applied. Considerations of survivability or the layout of the main machines could have an effect. Independent stations of each dynamo were equipped with the necessary instrumentation, lines and circuit breakers for parallel connection two bow dynamos of 1500 amperes each, two stern dynamos of 1500 amperes each and two of 640 amperes each in pairs. At the stations of the lower dynamos of 1500 amperes, means were provided for connecting spare drives to the electric motors of the towers 1 2-inch and 8-inch guns and steering gear.
Sewerage of electric current was carried out along two ring highways - one for electric motors, the other for lighting. Both highways passed along the side corridor of the lower deck from 28 to 90 sp. In case of repair, emergency or combat damage, the highway could be divided into eight segments that continued to operate.
Control and communications were carried out from three cabins (combat, rangefinder, aft artillery) in the surface part and two posts inside the hull - a central one and a post in the steering compartment. In-ship communication was carried out by a developed system of communication pipes, which included, in addition to intra-turret, a line of negotiations between command and combat posts. In particular, from the conning and navigation cabins, the speaking tubes were led to the main artillery posts, to both engine rooms, to the steering motor station, to the central post, to the artillery and rangefinder cabins (on the right and left sides), to the onboard rangefinder posts of the right and left side. Almost the same number of pipes were laid from the central post. Engine and boiler rooms, dynamo stations, main bow and stern compasses, and the main bow - with compasses in the wheelhouse and conning tower, the conning tower with both mine vehicles, unloading posts for elevators 1 20-mm and 8-dm casemate guns with the corresponding casemates served by them and their cellars. In order to transmit alarm signals on the ship near the most important combat posts, a total of 42 loud ringing bells were installed.
The cabin bell system was divided into eight separate circuits: to watch (from the cabins of the admiral, chief of staff, commander, senior officer and wardroom); admiral and commander's quarters; officers' quarters ("numbering apparatus in the officer's canteen for 40 numbers for calling orderlies in all officer cabins, in the wardroom and in the bathrooms"); to the ship's office (buttons from the desks of the commander, senior officer and auditor); to the printing house (from the cabins of the chief of staff and three flag officers); emergency bells (four bells in the officers' quarters and a button on the bow bridge); call sergeant majors and boatswain. The system of calls and buttons for compasses was used when working to destroy their deviation.
Mine indicators of the N.K. Geislers were installed to transmit orders from the conning tower, from mine sights to traverse mine vehicles. Steering indicators and steering wheels also from the company "N.K. Geisler and Co." transmitted orders to the steering compartments with a simultaneous indication of the position of the rudder blade. They were installed one at a time in the wheelhouse and conning tower, in the central and steering posts. The steering guidance system was connected to a system of electric motors to control the spool of the steam steering machine, using switches where necessary.
Orders to the engine rooms could be transmitted via one of the three electric telegraphs of the N.E. Geisler and Co. company, equipped with columns with response indicators. They were located in the wheelhouse and conning tower, the third - in the central post. Each engine room had two receivers with loud chimes.
Radio communication by the time the ship entered service was already a full-fledged means of communication and control, which had gone far ahead of the scandalous experiments in the use of radio during the war with Japan. Two radio stations installed on the ship with a power of 2 kW of the Naval Department system and a power of 8 kW of the German Telefunken system provided a communication range of 300 and 600 miles. The 8-kilowatt station became the first example of a new generation station, the "sounding type", received by the Navy. This station, unlike the previous spark type, made it possible to receive a musical melody in the telephones of the receiving station, which made it possible to confidently distinguish telegraph signs from atmospheric discharges. The range of the station was now steadily increasing. For intra-squadron communications, special low-power raid stations were used, the signals of which turned out to be inaccessible for interception. The beginning of the use of underwater communication between ships was also expected.
Significantly, in comparison with dotsushima times, both quantitatively and qualitatively, the composition of basic rangefinders has changed. There were now four times more of them on the ship than according to the original norm of the ITC of 1902. The traditional types of exchange of visually visible signals - flags on signal vaults, conditional figures - balls and cones - were fully preserved and further developed. The signaling with flashes of special electric lamps, which was used even before the war with Japan, was improved, provided for by the "Rules of signal production" republished in 1909 and 1911 and books of one-, two- and three-flag signals. We were preparing to use signals with colored smoke, "stars" and tubes-torches of the Sem system - to illuminate the trajectory and the place where the shells hit. The war prevented the completion of these experiments.
Masts, boats, anchors, useful things. The masts of the ship amazed everyone with their unseenness and outwardly resembled the masts of American dreadnoughts. But neither the masts of these ships, nor the hyperboloid masts of the Russian engineer V.G. Shukhov were not used in the Russian fleet.
The masts of "Andrew the First-Called", not repeating any of the samples named here, were quite original. In the specification, the masts are called "tubular". There is no information about any intelligible justification for such an extravagant choice (English simple tripods were already known), about calculated and experimental (up to the shooting of a full-scale or model design) studies of the strength, survivability and vibration resistance of the mast. There is no place in the specifications for justifying decisions; it was not yet accepted to attach explanatory notes to projects.
From the specification it followed that the ship had two "tubular masts", on the saling of which an "observation post cabin" was installed, as well as a wooden topmast and one metal "tubular yardarm" (as in the document), reinforced under the saling for signals. The mast with a height of 100 feet from the hinged deck (from the cargo waterline of 124 feet) was made of steel tubes with a diameter of 6 dm to 4 dm. On the mast, "ten connecting belts" were provided for in height. Saling was made of steel sheets 3/16 dm thick. It was attached to the mast top sheet with angle steel. The felling was carried out from sheets 1/6 dm. The conical shape of the topmast had a diameter of 14 4/5 dm, its height from the saling was 50 feet. Metal rails had a diameter of 5 dm and 4 ? dm. Outside the mast, a ladder was provided, and in the saling there was a neck for a manhole with a light cover.
The description of the "Emperor Paul I" makes it possible to clarify that its mast consisted of 12 links interconnected by a "yoke" made of box-shaped and sheet steel and attached with a box-shaped steel cross. It is obvious that such a connection of tubular elements that are inconvenient for constructive connection, and even only exclusively on riveting, turned out to be quite bulky, heavy and hardly provided adequate rigidity. Complicated, unlike the masts of V.G. Shukhov with their rectilinear elements, there was also the whole structure - with an ellipse (about 13.3x9.3 feet) at the base and a circle (about 3.8 feet in diameter) along the saling cut. This conspicuous non-constructiveness has become the reason for repeated proposals to replace the masts with one central one.
Boats and anchors, since ancient times, after oars and sails, which constituted the main item of supply for the ship, retained their traditional type: the first - from the time of the squadrons of Ushakov and Nakhimov, the second - adopted by the fleet after protracted reflections and doubts in 1880-90, when Hall's anchors were on fleets of the world were accepted everywhere. In equipping the boats, the breath of the new age was felt by the smells of gasoline and kerosene that appeared on the ship. Together with traditional rowing ships - faithful and hardy relics of the sailing era, row-sailing 20-oared barges, 14-oared light boats, 6-oared whaleboats and 6-oared yawls - "sixes" that have survived to this day (each type has two boats) - the ship also received two representatives of technical progress - a 40-foot steam boat (this type began to develop from the 60s of the XIX century) and a 40-foot motor boat - the brainchild of the beginning of the XIX century. motor era. Moreover, one of the barges was equipped with a kerosene engine with a propeller.
The trend of progress was also reflected by the new type of anchor device adopted on the ship. "Andrew the First-Called" became the first ship of the line of the fleet, which received not only modern Hall anchors, but also the right to draw them into the side fairleads without the grueling operations of taking the anchor "on the cat", "on the fish" and others, which turned the cleaning of the anchor into a protracted and dangerous adventure . Now, in equipping the anchor device, the ship has become on a par with the requirements of the 20th century. The anchor device of "St. Andrew the First-Called", which became convenient and trouble-free, included two anchors and one spare anchor of the Hall system, each weighing 480 pounds, one 35-pound verp, two 110-pound stop anchors. Two dead chains with a caliber of 2 2/3 dm (69.85 mm) had a length of 150 fathoms. (same spare anchor chain 100 soots). The lifting and release of anchors was served by a capstan machine on the middle deck, two shortened Legof stoppers, two side fairleads that allowed anchors to be pulled into them, two deck fairleads for passing chains to the capstan, four turnbuckles for pulling anchors into the hawse with a lashing stopper in the stowed position, two chain cap stoppers and two chain stoppers with verb-gakami.
From the extensive range of practical things, numbering 18 positions, it should be noted the steering wheel, which was distinguished by a semi-balanced design. Sizes of interest external differences of the ship - 15 dm height of overlaid cast copper letters of the name of the ship and 28 ft and 20 ft height of the flagpole and guisstaff.
A feature of the ship, like its peer "Emperor Paul I", was the use of deck portholes.
They, known even in the sailing fleet, were supposed to at least partially correct the consequences of a too extremist design decision. In officer cabins and team quarters, portholes were installed from cast copper, with a glass clearance of 6 dm. The portholes of the officers' quarters opened on hinges and closed on three winged winglets. Alya sewn glass from the side of the deck provided for steel lattice covers, attached to the outer rings. Metal pallets with a glass bottom were hung under the porthole to drain water. In the rooms, the teams did not use battens, and the porthole was screwed into place with the outer ring. In place of the porthole, when it was removed, lattice ventilation covers and pallets were installed. All windows were covered with armored covers. In officer quarters, the armor cover was put in place of the outer ring and fastened with bolts. The covers of the portholes in the team premises were screwed, like the porthole, into the outer ring.
So it was, provided, of course, not in all details, either ahead of its time, or irreparably lagging behind it, the pre-dreadnought ship of the line "Andrew the First-Called".
The Japanese in Tsushima sank three Russian battleships with artillery fire and severely damaged two more. The conclusion that both opponents made was almost the same: numerous medium-caliber shells complement the action of large-caliber "suitcases" well, causing damage to pipes, superstructures and other unarmored objects. Russian ships were completely unprepared for such an impact. Fires and shrapnel made it impossible to shoot or fight for survivability, and a lot of water flowed through the gaps in the unarmored side, creating a threat of capsizing.
Most Russian specialists agreed on one issue: it is necessary to create ships that are reliably protected from at least medium-caliber shells. But by the time the volleys of the Russian-Japanese war died down, two battleships (“Emperor Paul I” and “Andrew the First-Called”) were already on the stocks of St. Petersburg, the booking of which corresponded only to “dotsushima” standards.
Their construction was suspended, and the ships decided to redesign. One variation of the following
gave after another; in total, 17 options (!) Of new projects were considered, until both shipbuilders and naval sailors were satisfied. They took a little bit from each project: a new English system
constructive protection, American openwork masts and a fire control system, a new German armor system, our own improved system for ensuring unsinkability and stability, side fairleads with Hall anchors without rods.
The result was deplorable: the construction of "Andrei" and "Paul" dragged on for more than eight years. In 1912, when they entered service, both battleships turned out to be as outdated in relation to modern requirements as they were at the time of the laying.
It was all the more offensive that the Russian designers created an almost perfect ship, but for the time of Tsushima. The reservation was especially impressive. It was hardly possible to find an armadillo anywhere, in which the armor covered over 95% of the freeboard area! The main side belt with a height of 3.06 meters in the middle part, of which 1.22 meters went under water, consisted of 49 armor plates. It thinned to 152 mm towards the lower edge, up to 127 mm towards the bow, and up to 102 mm towards the stern. The upper belt, with an average height of 2.66 m, had a thickness of 127-102 mm. at the extremities - 79 mm.
Casemates of 203-mm and 120-mm guns were protected by 127-mm armor along the sides, 102-mm along the traverses, and the bulkheads between these guns were 38 and 25.4 mm thick, respectively. The casemate of the intermediate artillery in the diametrical plane was divided by a 2-inch longitudinal bulkhead, and the rear walls of the casemates of 120-mm guns had a thickness of 25.4 mm. There was not a single porthole in the hull: the designers decided not to weaken the armor plates.
Horizontal armor consisted of lower and middle armored, upper and hinged (aka the roof of casemates for 203-mm guns) decks. 24-mm armor plates were laid on the lower deck from 34 to 90 frames, and 22-mm armor plates were laid at the ends, which, together with the flooring of the deck itself, gave a total thickness of 40 and 38 mm. The middle deck between the side corridors was assembled from 25-mm armor plates, and 38-31-mm plates were laid on its 22-mm deck above the side corridors, forming two separate rows along each side with a thickness of 54 and 60 mm, respectively. The upper deck within the casemate had a thickness of 6.4 mm, and outside it, taking into account the reservation - 32 mm. The hinged deck and the roof of the casemate of 120-mm guns were protected by 19-mm sheets. Only a small area in the upper part of the stern had no protection.
Turret installations of the Civil Code were armored with plates 203 mm thick - the frontal part and side walls, 254 mm - the rear wall (it is also a counterweight), 63.5 mm - the roof. Turrets of 203-mm guns had a front and rear wall thickness of 152 mm, side walls - 127 mm, roofs - 50.8 mm.
For vertical armor, mainly Krupp cemented armor was used, for horizontal armor - chromium-nickel armor steel. The total weight of the armor was 33% of the total displacement.
The unsinkability of the ship was ensured by seventeen main transverse watertight bulkheads. reaching the middle deck, as well as the second bottom and the longitudinal anti-mine bulkhead, which was 2.6 meters from the outer skin. Add-ons tried to be kept to a minimum, as far as the original project allowed.
Very important changes have taken place in the artillery. Although the 12-inch guns remained the same, they were able to be equipped with new shutters that reduced
interval between shots from two minutes to 45 seconds. From the experience of the war, it became clear that the six-inch guns were still weak in order to inflict extensive damage in the powerful structure of the battleship hulls. Therefore, the average caliber was 8 inches with a barrel length of 50 calibers (10.1 m). developed by Vickers. Their rate of fire reached 3 rounds per minute. These guns were intended to destroy large ships, and the 120-mm Kane guns with a rate of fire of 10 rounds / min, located in the upper casemate, were supposed to take on the reflection of mine attacks. The ship's set of shells per barrel was: 305-mm - 70, 203-MM - 110, 120-mm - 200 pieces.
The power plant consisted of two triple-expansion steam four-cylinder engines of 8816 hp each, which drove two three-bladed propellers with a diameter of 5.6 m.
However, the first exits to the sea confirmed fears for the seaworthiness of the ships. For example, "Andrew the First-Called" on July 14, 1910, although it was calm against a strong wind, it took a lot of water into the forecastle. According to the commander’s recall, in good weather at a speed of 17-18 knots, the “Emperor Paul I” tank was hit by “a mass of water in the form of a continuous continuous rain of spray, flooding not only the upper deck, but also 12- and 8-inch towers, the lower bridge , conning tower and 120-mm casemates that even fell on the deck, not to mention the hinged deck, on which there was solid water.
Another serious drawback was poor habitability due to poor ventilation design. This issue became especially acute after the increase in the team from 750 to 950 people. The lattice masts vibrated strongly on the move, and from being close to the pipes, their upper parts became so hot that they blocked access to observation posts.
February 25, 1911 "Andrew the First-Called" and "Emperor Paul I" were enlisted in the current fleet in the brigade of battleships formed at the same time, along with the battleships "Glory" and "Tsesarevich". But for another year and a half, the ships continued to hand over to the customer individual auxiliary mechanisms, systems, equipment, as well as eliminate the shortcomings identified during the tests.
It is clear that it is impossible to improve absolutely all characteristics without sacrificing anything. As a result of the large area of the reservation, its thickness suffered. Even the main belt of "Andrei" and "Paul" poorly protected against 12-inch shells at most combat distances.
The appearance of dreadnoughts made the Russian battleships, which had been designed and built for so long, "second-rate". A couple of years later, guns of caliber 343, 356 and 381 mm were created, which could penetrate the Andrey's armor from almost any distance. And medium-caliber guns, against which so many measures were taken, generally ceased to threaten large ships due to greatly increased combat distances.
"Andrew the First-Called" and "Emperor Paul I" actually entered the campaign as part of a brigade in May 1912 and began to work out the tasks of combat training. On July 21, 1914, in connection with the upcoming entry into service of battleships of the Gangut type, she received the name of the 1st brigade of battleships, and on April 5 of the following year she was renamed the 2nd brigade (which existed until March 1919).
To the first world war both battleships made only a few combat exits and never had contact with the enemy. At the very beginning of the war, they cut off the openwork lattice masts of the "American" model (as unmasking these battleships), replacing them with simple sparless "sticks". In January 1916, an order was received to surrender torpedoes with all accessories as unnecessary. In the autumn of the same year, four 76.2-mm anti-aircraft guns were installed.
Throughout the war, the ships were defended in the bases, occasionally making transitions from one to another, which, against the backdrop of the deteriorating political situation in the country, had a negative effect on the mood of the teams. During the outbreak of the February Revolution of 1917, many officers of the Baltic Fleet became victims of sailors, and the personnel of the 2nd battleship brigade were most active in killing their officers.
This was followed by the October events, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the loss of all Baltic naval bases by Russia. In order to avoid capture by the German army, on April 5-10, 1918, "Andrew the First-Called" and "Emperor Paul I" (from April 16, 1917 - "Republic") made the famous transition from Helsingfors to Kronstadt as part of the ships of the combined detachment. On May 16, both battleships, along with four dreadnoughts, were included in the Naval Forces Kronstadt, and on September 9, the "Republic" was handed over to the port for storage.
Almost a year longer he was in the Active Detachment "Andrew the First-Called".
In June 1919, he happened to fire the only live fire in his career - at compatriots who rebelled against the Bolsheviks at the Krasnaya Gorka and Gray Horse forts. In total, the battleship fired one hundred and seventy 305-mm and four hundred and eight 203-mm shells at the “enemies of the revolution” and “class alien elements”. On August 18 of the same year, "Andrey" received a torpedo on the port side from an English torpedo boat that broke into the Kronstadt raid. The ship was put in for refurbishment at the Baltic Shipyard, which was never completed.
The devastation that reigned after the civil war, the collapse of industry, the lack of funds, experienced engineers and skilled workers who went abroad in search of food, some in the village, with the general neglect of both battleships, made their return to service impossible even as floating batteries. In addition, Comrade Lenin did not like the fleet at all, considered it unnecessary, and after the Kronstadt uprising of 1921, he was completely disappointed in the “sailors”. Soon the last Russian battleships were scrapped.
warships of the world
Edition of the almanac "Ships and battles" St. Petersburg 2003
On pages 1-4 of the cover are photographs of the battleship "Andrew the First-Called" in various periods of service.
Those. editor V.V. Arbuzov
Lit. editor SV. Smirnova
Concealer B.C. Volkova
1. Project of the Grand Duke
In January 1900, the Chief Ship Engineer of the St. Petersburg port D.V. Skvortsov submitted to the ITC a draft battleship, which largely overturned previous ideas about this class of warships. In terms of a displacement of -14,000 tons, the new ship significantly surpassed the Borodino-class squadron battleships under construction at that time, the 19-knot speed was higher (by 1 knot), and weapons were offered completely different (16 203-mm guns in eight towers). The project was drawn up on the instructions of the Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich. With the rank of captain of the 2nd rank, he commanded the battleship "Rostislav" on the Black Sea and, due to his grand ducal position, could afford any, even extravagant, initiative.
The project embodied the generally accepted, albeit too hasty, conclusion from the experience of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895. on the advantage of rapid-fire artillery. Now, instead of 152-mm cartridge guns, more effective and not as striking as before, inferior to them in rate of fire (2.54 rounds per minute versus 3.97 for 152-mm) 203-mm guns were provided. Constituting a single and main caliber for the ship (4 152-mm, 16 75-mm, 14 47-mm guns and 4 machine guns were also provided), these guns reminded of previous experiments and the use of a single caliber. So it was in the implemented projects of Russian three-turret frigates of the "Admiral Lazarev" type (1867), three-turret squadron battleships of the "Catherine II" family (1882), German three-turret squadron battleships of the "Brandenburg" type (1891).
There were two more, remaining unfulfilled, domestic projects of four-tower squadron battleships. In 1883, Lieutenant L.A. Rasskazov unsuccessfully urged Manager I. A. Shestakov to add a fourth pair of 305-mm guns to the project of the battleship "Ekaterina P" and turn the ship into a four-turret one (with two installations on each side). The admiral postponed the lieutenant's project. An even more daring solution - already a completely dreadnought layout of four paired 305-mm barbette installations along the diametrical plane in his project of 1884 - was proposed by Lieutenant V.A. Stepanov (1858–1904).
Such is the prehistory of the first ships of the conditionally dreadnought class, which, it would seem, Russian officers and ship engineers could not help but know. But what is so simple and clear today looked completely different in the eyes of the people of that time. On the proposals of L.A. buried in the archives Rasskazov and V.A. Stepanov people simply could not know. At best, titles original projects should have seemed only solitary, long-forgotten manifestations of the exotic in shipbuilding. It was to this pattern of thinking that ship engineers were accustomed to the routine and inertia that prevailed everywhere in shipbuilding at that time. And for good reason, apparently, bold projects were then proposed not by ship engineers, accustomed to a subordinate and improvised position, but by more creatively relaxed naval officers.
And although the loading time of the 305-mm gun, which was in the 80s. up to 15–20 min, by the beginning of the 20th century. decreased to almost 1 minute, the world routine - both domestic and foreign - continued to consider 305-mm guns almost an auxiliary caliber, designed only to complete the success achieved in a variety of fast-firing 152-mm guns mounted on battleships.
This concept was followed by the vast majority of squadron battleships of the world, and although some of them already bore the stamp of "rehabilitation" of large-caliber guns (two or four 234-274-mm guns were added to 4 305-343-mm guns), remained intact the most fashionable caliber is 150-164 mm guns. A step forward in this direction was the Vittorio Emanuele-class battleship project, in which the outstanding naval engineer V. Cuniberti (1854-1913) provided for 12 203-mm guns in six side turrets. Two single-gun (305 mm) turrets were installed at the extremities. The guns of these towers were supposed to complete the success of the victory achieved by the massive fire of 203-mm guns. These battleships-cruisers of the Vittorio Emanuele type were laid down in September 1901.
The fate of D.V.'s project turned out to be different. Skvortsova. His discussions in the MTC in January and April 1900 revealed a depressing divergence of views among the leading admirals. So, the chairman of the ITC, Vice Admiral F.V. Dubasov acknowledged that homogeneous artillery in combat terms is better than heterogeneous artillery adopted on modern squadron battleships. Head of GUKiS Vice Admiral V.P. Verkhovsky insisted on the predominant use of 152-mm guns. According to the admiral, the main thing is to achieve a high percentage of hits, and according to this indicator, 152-mm guns will far surpass the traditional four 305-mm guns. For some reason, the admiral did not compare the differences in the power of the gap between 305-mm and 152-mm shells.
Being at the mercy of the fashion for rapid-fire guns, V.P. Verkhovsky, apparently, was not familiar with the saying of Admiral A.A. Popova: "Ships are built for guns." And these guns were supposed to be of the largest possible caliber. He also forgot the recognition of another famous admiral G.I. Butakov, made back in 1855 on the pages of the "Sea Collection" (No. 10): "It is difficult to hit from a long distance, but hitting can cause great harm." When voting for a single 203-mm caliber on the project, Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich, Vice Admirals V.P. Verkhovsky, I.M. Dikov, K.K. De Livron, N.I. Skrydlov.
Rear Admiral D.G. spoke in favor of the 305-mm and 152-mm guns. Felkerzam and the artillery department of the MTK, Vice Admirals F.V. Dubasov, I.N. Lomen, Rear Admiral F.I. Amosov. Rear Admirals N.N. Loman, K.S. Ostetsky, captain 1st rank A.A. Virenius considered the armament of 305-mm end and 203-mm side guns to be more useful. There were no supporters of a single 305-mm caliber among those gathered. The expediency of building only one ship according to the proposed project was also doubtful, although for squadron combat one best walker does not matter, since the squadron move depends on the worst walker. There was no agreement even in comparing the weight characteristics of ship's boilers.
Such was the intellectual potential of the Russian admiral on the eve of the war with Japan. None of those present were able to show that enlightenment of consciousness and a sense of foresight, which in the project of the Grand Duke could make the ideas of the dreadnought be seen. And therefore, the fate of the project was decided with disarming simplicity. For this, it turned out to be enough for the GUKiS to report to the MTC that the financial resources of the Naval Ministry are very limited and a battleship with a displacement of 14,000 tons can be built to replace one of the Borodino-class battleships ordered by the Baltic Shipyard. Meanwhile, all the artillery for these battleships, including the 12-inch turrets. and 6 dm. guns have already been ordered. In the case of a new project, all these orders would have to be canceled.
It is clear that the damage to the treasury caused by the change in orders could not be compared with the huge advantage that the project (if such a miracle happened) gave the fleet a ship armed with only 305-mm guns. Moreover, such a change would be even more profitable for factories. Indeed, the labor intensity of work on the manufacture of a limited number of 305-mm guns and their turrets, in comparison with many 152-mm or 203-mm turrets, was significantly reduced. But the factories were not ready for such a big feat as the redesign of several battleships of the Borodino type already under construction and intended for construction for three or four turrets of 305-mm guns. A radical change in the project for battleships No. 7 and 8 was also not ruled out, for which the vast experience accumulated by the Baltic Shipyard in designing cruisers of the Rurik family, battleships of the Oslyabya type and only recently approved by the emperor was an initiative project of a tower cruiser. It was only necessary to continue the path of initiative and creativity. It would be a great engineering feat.
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