By 162, the goldfish is the killer of aircraft carriers. The fastest submarine. Power plant and driving performance

Crane K-162

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General information on jib cranes

Crane K-162

Crane K-162 (Fig. 32) with a lifting capacity of 16 t with an individual electric drive of mechanisms is mounted on a chassis truck KrAZ-257K (KrAZ-219). The chassis is equipped with a torsion bar and manually adjustable outriggers. The support-rotary device is double-row ball.

Rice. 32. Crane K-162, graphs of lifting capacity (solid lines) and lifting heights of the hook (dashed lines) with booms of length:
1 - 10.0 m On outriggers; 2 - 14.0 m on outriggers; 3 - 18.0 m on outriggers; 4 - 22.0 m on outriggers; 5 - 10.0 m without outriggers; 6 - 14.0 m without outriggers; 7 - 18.0 m without outriggers; 8 - 14.0 m with a jib on outriggers; 9 - 18.0 m with a jib on outriggers; 10 - 22.0 m with outrigger jib

Table 14
Technical characteristics of the K-162 crane with replaceable boom and tower-boom equipment

Basic boom equipment includes a rigid lattice boom. The set of interchangeable working equipment includes three modifications of rigid elongated booms, three modifications of elongated booms with jibs and tower boom equipment. Specifications cranes with the main and replaceable boom and tower-boom equipment are given in table. 3 and 14. The characteristics of the ropes are given in table. 15.

Table 15
Characteristics of the ropes

The location of the controls in the driver's cab is shown in Fig. 33. The cab is equipped with a sun visor, fan and electric oven. The roof has a folding glass. The cab is made detachable to ensure transportation by rail.

A distinctive feature of the crane kinematic diagram (Fig. 34) is the installation of an auxiliary winch VI.

Rice. 33. Location of controls in the driver's cab of the K-162 park:
1 - main hoist cargo winch motor control controller; 2 - controller for controlling the engine of the cargo winch of the auxiliary hoist; 3 - controller for controlling the motor of the swing mechanism; 4 - boom winch activation button; 5 - sound signal button; 6 - Stop button; 7 - button for switching on the shunt of the load limiter; 8 - Start button; 9 - panel of light switches; 10 - voltmeter; 11 - fan; 12 - devices for monitoring the operation of the engine; 13 - emergency stop button for the crane; 14 - frequency meter; 15 - ammeter; 16 - packet switch; 17 - universal switch; 18 - wiper; 19 - an indicator panel; 20 - load limiter relay block; 21 - button for lowering the boom; 22 - boom stop button

The crane drive is individual electric from a synchronous three-phase generator ECC5-82-4M101 with a capacity of 37.5 kW and a rated speed of 1500 rpm. The generator receives rotation from the chassis engine through the gearbox, propeller shafts, and the chassis transfer case.
The characteristics of the electric motors and brakes of the crane mechanisms are given in table. 16.

The crane is equipped with limiters for lifting the hook block and boom and a lifting capacity limiter OGP-1, a hazardous voltage signaling device ASON, departure and lifting capacity indicators and a pendulum inclinometer.

Rice. 34. Kinematic diagram of the K-162 crane:
I - gearbox; II - transfer case; III - synchronous generator; IV - swing mechanism; V-VII - boom, auxiliary and main cargo winches; VIII - oioro-rotary device

Table 16
Characteristics of electric motors and brakes

More than 50 years ago, the Soviet military submarine K-162 set a world record for the speed of movement under water - more than 80 kilometers per hour. Not a single torpedo in those days could keep up with this submarine missile carrier. Following him, the Soviet Union released more than a dozen high-speed submarine "aircraft carrier killers" into the World Ocean. But now not one of them is gone. Who and how torpedoed the domestic high-speed submarine fleet?

Exactly half a century ago, the submarine K-162 (also known later as K-222) was included in the lists of ships of the USSR Navy. The boat itself as such at that time was not yet - it was only being built on the stocks of "Sevmash". However, neither the military, nor the domestic shipbuilders had the slightest doubt that the K-162 would be completed in a few years, put into operation, and enter service.

This confidence, apparently, was based on the fact that the first nuclear submarine of the project 661 "Anchar" was to mark the appearance of Soviet Union a completely new class of submarines designed for torpedo-missile attacks on enemy aircraft carrier formations.

Let me remind you that by the middle of the last century, a new military strategy was finally formed in the United States, which provided for the creation of total domination of this country in the vastness of the World Ocean. The main tool for this was the build-up of the power of the naval offensive forces in the form of aircraft carrier strike groups (AUG). The USSR, which by that time had not yet recovered from the war, had no money to build aircraft carriers. And there were, in fact, no effective means of dealing with them in the open ocean. The firing range of torpedoes of Soviet submarines of that time did not exceed 3-4 km. And in order to fire a missile salvo at the American AUG, Soviet submarines would first have to surface, which deprived the attack on the AUG of any surprise. Therefore, the political and military leadership of the USSR set before the Soviet designers and engineers the task of creating a cruise missile, which from an underwater launch could hit large surface ships at a distance of several tens of kilometers, and the corresponding underwater carrier of this weapon.

Such a missile system P-70 "Amethyst" in OKB-52 under the leadership of Vladimir Chelomey was created in the late 60s of the last century. A low-flying anti-ship missile (ASM) with an underwater launch, of course, was inferior to ASM launched from the surface in range (up to 80 km) and in terms of warhead weight. However, at that time it was a revolutionary step. Firstly, no one in the world had such a rocket yet, and secondly, Soviet shipbuilders managed to create unique ship for carrying and launching these missiles.

The carrier of the P-70 - the submarine K-162, developed by TsKB-16 (now "Malachite") under the leadership of Academician Nikolai Isanin, at that time was, in fact, the quintessence of Soviet military engineering shipbuilding thought. In the Soviet shipbuilding school, it somehow happened that the degree of technical novelty when creating the head, and then the serial project should not exceed 20-25% compared to the previous generation of boats. In the case of the experimental boat pr. 661, the designers were expressly prohibited from using existing solutions. As a result, this boat was designed and built for more than 10 years - from the end of the 50s of the last century to December 31, 1969, when the acceptance certificate was signed and the ship entered service. But what kind of boat it was !!!

In the first "Anchar" almost 400 completely new technical solutions... Especially for him, for example, a two-shaft nuclear steam power plant with a capacity of 40 thousand liters was developed. with., on each shaft (this power was twice as powerful at that time as the power of any submarines in the world). This installation included two autonomous groups of equipment on the port and starboard sides and consisted of two reactors, two main turbo-gear units, two autonomous turbine generators and auxiliary equipment. The reserves of nuclear fuel in the reactors could provide more than four round-the-world voyages at full underwater speed without recharging the reactor core. The steam power plant was controlled by the operator remotely from the control station, by setting the required mode with automatic output to power according to the specified running mode using automated system management of protection and control. The degree of automation and telemetry on the K-162 was generally an order of magnitude higher than that used at that time on Soviet and foreign nuclear submarines. So does the degree of comfort for the crew. The K-162 was even outwardly radically different from the Soviet 1st generation nuclear submarines - cruise missile carriers (Project 659, 675). While the former were narrow and long, with pointed noses, the body of the Anchar resembled a whale with a large, rounded nose.

However, the main difference between the K-162 and all existing submarines in the world at that time was the material from which its durable hull was made - titanium. Unlike low-magnetic steels, from which hulls of all submarines in the world were built and are now being built, titanium alloy has a higher strength, non-magnetic and corrosion resistance. True, at that time, not only in the USSR, but also in the world, there were no technologies for manufacturing large titanium parts and welding them together with the necessary strength characteristics. Therefore, to build the first titanium submarine, about 120 meters long, the entire Soviet titanium industry was radically transformed. As a result, the Zaporizhzhya and Berezniki titanium-magnesium plants were able to produce large ingots weighing four to six tons for submarines, and at Sevmash, the most advanced welding production of titanium alloys with argon-helium protection was created.

The result of all these efforts was a nuclear submarine with 10 installations for underwater launching of cruise missiles, which, in state tests at the end of 1969, with a reactor power of 80% at a depth of 100 meters, developed a speed of 42 knots (77 km per hour). A year later, a new Soviet submarine officially set a world speed record under water, accelerating at the same depth to a speed of 44.7 knots (almost 83 km per hour). What this meant for a potential enemy, Russian sailors demonstrated in 1971, when the K-162 in the Atlantic Ocean "sat down on the tail" of the US 6th Fleet strike aircraft carrier "Saratoga", returning from the Mediterranean to Miami, and chased him for several hours. , periodically overtaking an aircraft carrier under water (its speed at that moment was 30 knots).

Thus, thanks to the submarine of the Anchar project, the Soviet Union received a powerful means of fighting against submarines and aircraft carrier formations of a potential enemy. These boats could swiftly approach enemy ships, effectively attack them from under the water, and just as swiftly escape from under attack. "Anchar" at that time physically could not catch up not only the enemy ships, but also the torpedoes launched by them towards the new Soviet submarines (torpedo speed in the 70s of the last century did not exceed 25 knots in target search mode and 40 knots in rendezvous mode with her).

However, the submarines of pr.661 "Anchar" never entered the series. Having served for almost 20 years, in 1988 the K-162 was withdrawn from the Navy and disposed of in the fall of 2010.

The most obvious reason that the Anchar never went into production is the cost of the boat. The titanium hull of the submarine, according to general director"Malachite" by Vladimir Dorofeev is 5-6 more expensive than a case made of low-magnetic steel. And even taking into account the enormous mobilization capabilities of the Soviet era, the economy of the USSR, obviously, could not pull the serial construction of the submarine pr.661 "Anchar". According to some reports, the cost of the first boat could be up to 1% of the annual GDP of the Soviet Union during the 60s of the last century. The second circumstance that influenced the fate of the Anchar project was the boat's acoustic signature. On the one hand, the titanium hull made this boat almost invisible to enemy sonars. But only up to a speed of 35 knots. When the boat accelerated above this speed, a strong external hydrodynamic noise appeared, created by the turbulent flow when flowing around the submarine hull. Moreover, in the area of the central post of the boat, this noise reached the level of 100 decibels. This is tantamount to the noise of a one-meter carriage passing by a few meters away from you, or a nearby roll of thunder. Moreover, no one in the world knew about this - this fact was revealed just during the operation of the K-162. And so far no one really knows what to do about it. Therefore, the speed of all large Russian and American submarines of the third or fourth generation, built in the last fifteen years, according to open data, does not exceed 35 knots.

As a result, the Anchar project was transformed in two directions. Even during the construction of K-162 in Severodvinsk, in Nizhny Novgorod, at the Krasnoye Sormovo shipyard according to the design of the Lazurit Central Design Bureau for carrying new cruise missiles, Amethyst began to be built nuclear boats project 670 "Skat". Due to the steel hull, they were relatively cheap, had less displacement than the "Anchar" (3580 tons of surface displacement against 5197 tons), went under water at a speed of 25 knots, but they coped with their task of guarding enemy aircraft carriers. In the 60-70s of the last century, a total of 17 such boats were built, each of which had 8 P-70 launchers. All Skaty were destroyed from 1991 to 1994.

The Anchar passed the baton at speed to the Lira nuclear submarines. They also had titanium hulls, and these small (surfaced displacement of 2300 tons) boats could reach speeds of up to 41 knots. There were no missiles on them - only torpedoes, since the boats of this series were intended to search for and destroy enemy submarines. At the same time, the boats turned out to be extremely nimble - they needed no more than 1 minute to accelerate to full speed, and in 42 seconds the boat could turn 180 degrees. According to open data, from 1971 to 1981, 7 such boats were built in Leningrad and at Sevmash. All of them were withdrawn from the fleet also in the early 90s of the last century. This is how, in fact, the history of Soviet high-speed submarines with titanium hulls ended. Further, the designers followed the path of using other technical solutions to increase the speed of submarines to 35 knots. At the same time, several submarines with titanium hulls, built in Soviet time, are still in the Russian Navy - two boats of Project 945 "Barracuda" (one of them is being modernized), two boats of Project 945A "Condor", and, presumably, one boat of Project 941 "Akula" (its strong hull is also made of titanium alloys). But that is another story.

The history of the unique "Goldfish" began in December 1959 with the decree of the party and the government "On the creation of a high-speed submarine, new types of power plants and R&D for submarines."

In Severodvinsk, for the first time, a giant combat submarine ship weighing 5200 tons was created. It was a colossal work, carried out under conditions of special secrecy. As a result, the submarine, which received the tactical number K-162, was launched only on December 21, 1968, and on December 13, 1969, it entered the factory sea trials. An interesting historical fact: in 1971, in the White Sea on a measured mile, the nuclear submarine updated its speed record to 44.7 knots, which is still an absolute speed record in a submerged position.

K-162 was in service Northern Fleet until 1988, after which it was put into reserve, and later transferred for disposal to the pier of the enterprise, from the stocks of which it was launched back in December 1968. On July 23, 2009, in compliance with Naval traditions, the civilian crew of PO Sevmash handed over the legendary nuclear submarine to the crew of the Zvezdochka CS for subsequent disposal.

At the same time, the long-term presence of the nuclear submarine afloat without repairs adversely affected its technical condition. During the settling period, there were practically no serviceable standard systems that ensure its unsinkability and explosion and fire safety. Nuclear submarine buoyancy systems degraded over time, which could lead to unauthorized flooding of nuclear submarines, in which, as a result chemical processes due to the activity of titanium, there will be an intensive destruction of equipment and pipelines, including a steam generating unit, made of steel and copper, which in turn could destroy structural barriers and spread radioactivity.

Being in an unsatisfactory technical condition in the water area of Severodvinsk and in close proximity to a city with a population of about 250 thousand people, the nuclear submarine was a potential source of nuclear and radiation pollution hazard the environment, which caused concern among the population of the region.

Pay attention to technical condition Nuclear submarine, in 2010 at the expense of the federal budget, according to the State contract between the State Corporation Rosatom and the Zvezdochka Ship Repair Center, the specialists of the enterprise carried out work on the disposal of the bow and stern ends of the ship, the formation of a three-compartment block of the reactor compartment for its further safe storage on I am floating. And again, the uniqueness of the nuclear submarine played a cruel joke with the shipbuilders. Due to the “golden” cost of SNF unloading, due to the notorious uniqueness of both the power plant and the set of reloading equipment for it. The enterprise and the State Corporation Rosatom simply did not have time to find sources of financing for SNF unloading. Given these circumstances, the work on the dismantling of the nuclear submarine had to be carried out with nuclear fuel not unloaded from the reactors.

Unloading SNF from reactors of nuclear submarines of project 661 is also unique in its kind. The reactor is unique, the refueling equipment set is unique; they were created in a single copy, intended exclusively for the "Golden Fish".

The service life of the handling equipment expired more than 15 years ago. After the reactors were recharged in 1979-80s, long-term storage of the reloading equipment and accessories was not properly organized. As a result, some of the equipment and accessories fell into disrepair, and some were irretrievably lost. The remaining part of the equipment and tooling was delivered to the territory of OJSC TsS Zvezdochka, and required repair and manufacturing of the missing tooling with checking it on test benches.

The restoration of the equipment and tooling operability, the development of a set of design and technological documentation, the unloading of spent nuclear fuel and the dismantling of nuclear submarines required large allocations, which in the foreseeable future could not be planned in the Russian budget.

Nevertheless, thanks to the efforts of the State Corporation Rosatom and the Federal Center for Nuclear and Radiation Safety JSC, it was possible to agree to include the project for unloading spent nuclear fuel from the Papa-class nuclear submarines in the list of projects of the Northern Dimension Environmental Partnership Support Fund, created under the auspices of the European Bank Reconstruction and Development.

In May 2012 Joint-stock company"Federal Center for Nuclear and Radiation Safety" within the framework of the Framework Agreement on the Multilateral Nuclear Environmental Program in Russian Federation and at the expense of the Northern Dimension Environmental Partnership Support Fund, a two-stage tender was announced for the right to conclude a Contract Agreement for the performance of works designated as “Unloading spent nuclear fuel (SNF) from reactors of a nuclear submarine of the“ Papa ”head. No. 501 ".

At the stage of preparing a competitive application for participation in the competition, the company invited scientific and design organizations located throughout the country to participate in the project. Below is a list of these organizations:

Joint Stock Company “Research Institute of Power Engineering named after Dollezhal ”- technical designer of the Papa-class nuclear submarine reactors;
Joint Stock Company “Experimental Design Bureau of Mechanical Engineering named after I.I. Afrikantov ", a leading organization for the design, operation nuclear reactors and having a licensed The educational center for the training of specialists;
ANO Aspect-Conversion - organizer and coordinator of the development of sets of design, organizational and technological documentation;
Joint Stock Company "East European Leading Research and Design Institute of Energy Technologies" - developer of technological documentation (transport and technological diagrams, technological regulations, technical safety studies, certificates of permission for the transportation of spent nuclear fuel, for handling spent nuclear fuel from dismantled nuclear submarines using protective containers of the fuel complex -18, TUK-108/1);
Joint Stock Company "Research and Development Bureau" Onega "- a designer of technological equipment and a developer technological process SNF unloading;
Joint Stock Company "Center for Shipbuilding and Ship Repair Technology" - designer of the onshore SNF unloading complex;
Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Krylov State Research Center". Issuance of an opinion on the readiness of the enterprise, the three-compartment unit with nuclear power plants, the onshore complex and the personnel of Zvezdochka CS for SNF unloading.

Based on the results of the tender, the enterprise received a Notice of acceptance of the proposal from the Customer (FCNRS JSC) and the draft Contract, which was signed by CS Zvezdochka on May 22, 2013.

The main stages of work under this contract are:

Placement of the reactor compartment unit into the floating dock. For the first time in the entire existence of the Onshore SNF Unloading Complex "CS" Zvezdochka ", the fuel will be unloaded from a ship located on a" solid "foundation (see Figure 4);
Modification of equipment for SNF unloading, including interdepartmental tests;
Development of documentation for preparation for unloading and unloading of spent nuclear fuel;
Infrastructure preparation;
SNF unloading;
RW management and preparation of 3 reactor units for afloat storage.

At the end of the project, at the expense of the Russian Federation, the reactor compartment of the dismantled nuclear submarine, head No. No. 501 with the unloaded reactors will be delivered to the place of its final resting place - a long-term storage facility for RC blocks in Sayda-Guba, Murmansk region.

The above work must be carried out in full compliance with the requirements Russian legislation, regulatory documents, international and state standards.

Before the start of work, the enterprise could face a number of problems and risks, which are caused by the uniqueness of the reactors, the unknown actual state of the spent nuclear fuel as a result of the long stay of the spent nuclear fuel in the reactors. In addition, the nuclear submarine 501 reactors and refueling equipment are non-serial products, as a result of which abnormal situations may arise during both equipment testing and SNF unloading, which will require additional resources for equipment revision and repair and (or) amendments to the documentation. These circumstances could have caused an increase in the time spent on SNF unloading.

At the same time, due to the high-quality study of the project at the preparatory stage, as well as the clear coordination of the work of subcontractors, the development and approval of documentation, the enterprise successfully passed interdepartmental tests of a set of refueling equipment and in September 2014 began to unload SNF from the first reactor, and in December the territory OJSC TsS Zvezdochka left the first special train, in the wagons of which spent nuclear fuel was placed in transport containers.

On March 18, 2015, the last spent nuclear fuel cartridge was removed from its normal location, thus putting an end to the most dangerous stage of the project.

Of course, it is still too early to talk about the complete completion of the project, but already now it is possible to summarize the interim results, the most important of which is the completion of the SNF unloading. To a large extent, it is the implementation of this unprecedented stage of work on the project that removes the existing nuclear and radiation threats to the population and the environment of Severodvinsk and the Arkhangelsk region and other neighboring regions, as well as the basins of the White and Barents Seas.

Already in May of this year, the second batch of transport containers with spent nuclear fuel will be transferred to PA Mayak. The radioactive waste will be processed and placed for safe storage, and the reactor block with the unloaded SNF will be prepared for towing to the long-term storage facility for three-compartment units in the Murmansk region. The actual operation of towing the reactor block is planned to be carried out during the navigation of the current year.

Thus, in close cooperation with the leading design organizations of the country, with the support of the coordinator of dismantling works of the State Corporation "Rosatom" and financial support from the Customer of the works represented by JSC FCNRS, the enterprise has fulfilled its role in improving the environmental situation in the North-West region, the fate of the legendary nuclear submarine and eliminating the threats posed by it ...

Authors

Baranov Evgeny Vasilievich, Manager project team for the decommissioning of a PAPA class nuclear submarine of OJSC TsS Zvezdochka
Sheptukhin Maxim Nikolaevich, Head of International Projects of OJSC "TsS" Zvezdochka "

Outdoor furniture-222

Historical data

Total information

Power plant

Armament

Outdoor furniture-222(K-162) is a Soviet nuclear submarine of the second generation, which has an absolute speed record in a submerged position of 44.85 knots (83.06 km / h). The only boat built according to the project 661 "Anchar", armed with the first cruise missiles of the submarine launch "Amethyst". For its unique qualities and high cost, it received a nickname among sailors " gold fish».

General information

The first nuclear submarine of the USSR of the second generation, the only submarine of Project 661 "Anchar". According to the codification of NATO, it received the name Papa(Russian "Dad"). This name was chosen by chance, but the project 661 submarine became a kind of progenitor of modern nuclear submarines. K-222 is the first submarine built of titanium, which in the 60s cost fabulous money, which is why the cost of the boat was colossal and amounted to 2 billion rubles at the rate of 1968, for which it received the nickname "Goldfish" ...

The submarine was the quintessence of all the advanced technologies of that time: automation, telemetry, hydrodynamics. Unlike its predecessors, which had a pointed nose, the boat looked like a giant torpedo. It was with K-222 that the familiar "cetacean" form of modern nuclear submarines began.

Prerequisites for creation

The creation of this submarine was the USSR's response to the new US military doctrine, in which the main offensive power of the army was transferred to the fleet, where the main combat unit was an aircraft carrier strike group. The USSR could not build its aircraft carriers due to the high cost and labor intensity of production, so it was decided to rely on the submarine fleet.

A significant disadvantage of submarines in the late 50s - early 60s was that in order to launch missiles at enemy ships, the submarine had to surface, thereby unmasking itself and depriving the attack of the element of surprise. To solve this problem, academician Vladimir Chelomey developed the P-70 "Amethyst" submarine launch rocket. However, for the possibility of launching a rocket from a submerged position, it was necessary to sacrifice its flight range, which was 80 km. The design bureau was given the task of creating a new boat with high speed characteristics, which could, in a short time, approach the aircraft carrier group for launching missiles and quickly evade a retaliatory strike.

Design

The design of the submarine began in December 1959 at TsKB-16 under the leadership of Nikolai Isanin. Later he was replaced by N. Shulzhenko. By order of the Central Committee of the CPSU, when designing a new submarine, it was forbidden to use previously used technologies, devices and engineering solutions. On the one hand, this made it possible to obtain a boat with unique capabilities at that time, but, in turn, it took time to develop new technologies, which led to an increase in the design time for a new submarine. The submarine designers turned to a new science for that time - ergonomics: life-size models of control posts were assembled on land.

For the construction of the K-222, titanium was used for the first time. In the 60s, the USSR did not have sufficient capacity for the production of the required amount metal titanium, and there were no ways of processing it, so the construction of the boat was greatly delayed. Many industrial technologies were used for the first time, which often led to tragedies. For example, during the welding of two titanium parts in an argon atmosphere, several welders suffocated due to inexperience.

Build and test

In 1961, the project of the submarine was approved, after which they began to release working drawings;
In 1962, on May 3, she was enlisted in the lists of ships of the USSR Navy as KrPL K-18;
In 1963, on December 28, in workshop number 42 on the North machine-building enterprise an experimental cruising submarine of project 661 was laid down in the city of Severodvinsk;
In 1965, on January 27, she was re-enlisted in the lists of the Navy ships as KrPL K-162;
In the fall of 1965, a crew was formed;
In 1968, on December 21, she was launched and enlisted in the 339th separate brigade of BelVMB submarines under construction and being repaired;
In 1969, on December 13, at 2:30 in the morning, the boat went out for sea trials, during which, with a reactor power of 80%, a speed of 42 knots was reached in a submerged position. During these tests, it was discovered interesting feature: at boat speed over 35 knots, a strong hum of up to 100 decibels appeared, comparable to the roar of a jet plane. As it was later established, the hum appeared due to the turbulent nature of the flow around the boat. According to eyewitnesses, when the boat returned to the pier, all the paint flew off it, was torn off Entrance door wheelhouse fences, three hatches in the superstructure were torn off and even smoothed out welds on the case.
In 1969, on December 31, the acceptance act was signed;
In 1970, on January 9, the boat officially became part of the Red Banner Northern Fleet.

Description of construction

The strong body, made of titanium alloy, was divided into nine compartments: the 1st (upper) and 2nd (lower) compartments, which have a figure-eight cross-section formed by two intersecting circles with a diameter of 5.9 m each (they housed torpedo tubes with spare ammunition and quick loader); 3rd - living quarters, catering, wardroom, batteries; 4th - central processing unit, power control post, residential block; 5th - reactor; 6th - turbine; 7th - turbine generator; 8th - compartment of auxiliary mechanisms (refrigerators, compressor machines, water desalination plant); 9th - steering drives and bilge post.

Frame

The bow outboard arrangement of missile silos for underwater launch in combination with torpedo tubes predetermined a completely new shape of the bow end - a spherical one instead of the usual sharp-nosed one. This led logically to the teardrop shape of the hull to the stern. The aft end of the boat was bifurcated in the form of two axisymmetric conical fairings of the shafts with a distance of about 5 m between them (in everyday life this solution was called “trousers”). Hydrodynamic optimization of the shape of the aft end was achieved by lengthening it with small angles of departure of the waterline in the center plane and using elongated propeller shafts with fairings that allow the installation of propellers of the optimum diameter for a given speed of rotation.

Power plant and driving performance

The main power plant of the boat was two nuclear reactor on thermal neutrons of water-moderated type with a capacity of 2 × 177.4 MW. The reactors consisted of a V-5R steam generating unit with a steam capacity of 250 tons of steam per hour and a GTZA-618 turbo-gear unit. Additionally, the boat had 2 autonomous three-phase AC turbogenerators OK-3 with a capacity of 3000 kW each.

Crew and habitability

According to the crew, excellent conditions were created inside the boat: brilliantly clean wardroom, relaxation room, shower room, sauna, titanium toilets. The chief designer for the hull, N.I. Antonov, was very proud that the conditions for the crew were created on the submarine no worse than on the surface ship. New automation and telemetry systems helped to control the submarine. In places of observation dangerous to human health, the sailors were replaced by cameras.

Armament

The scheme of movement of the missile "Amethyst" to the target

The main armament of the K-222 was 10 P-70 Amethyst anti-ship submarine missiles. Inclined launchers (PU) were located side by side in the bow of the submarine, 5 pieces each, between the strong and light hull of the submarine. P-70 was the first in the world with a cruise missile with an underwater launch, which made it possible to hit enemy surface ships within a radius of 80 km. The warhead could be either a cumulative high-explosive (weighing 1000 kg) or nuclear (200 kg). It was the possibility of an underwater launch that made it possible to consider the K-222 and Project 670 Skat submarines as the first anti-aircraft submarines.

Additional weapons were 4 bow torpedo tubes of 533 mm caliber, arranged in a 2 × 2 scheme with 12 torpedoes ammunition. The standard load is eight anti-ship (53-65) or anti-submarine (SET-65) torpedoes in conventional armament and four anti-ship nuclear torpedoes (T-5 / 53-58).

Communication, detection, auxiliary equipment

On board the ship there was an all-latitude navigation complex "Sigma-661", providing underwater and ice navigation. Automatic control of the ship was carried out by means of the control system for the course and depth "Shpat", the system for preventing emergency trims and failures "Tourmaline", as well as the control system for general ship devices and outboard openings "Signal-661". The MGK-300 "Rubin" hydroacoustic complex ensured the detection of noisy targets with the simultaneous automatic tracking of two of them, with data output to the missile and torpedo armament control systems. Provided circular detection of enemy GAS signals operating in an active mode, as well as their identification with the determination of bearing and distance. To detect anchor mines, the ship had a GAS "Radian-1". To monitor the air and surface conditions, the submarine was equipped with a high-aperture anti-aircraft periscope PZNS-9 with an optical coordinate calculator. The lifting device made it possible to raise the periscope from a depth of up to 30 m at a speed of up to 10 knots and waves of up to 5 points. There were radars RLK-101 and MTP-10, as well as a system for determining nationality "Nichrome". For two-way ultra-high-speed secret radio communications with coastal command posts, other ships and aircraft interacting with a submarine, there was a modern (by the standards of the 1960s) radio communication equipment. The ship was equipped with a radio reconnaissance system that provides search, detection and direction finding of operating enemy radio stations.

Service history

In 1970, on December 14, the boat arrived at its permanent base in West Litsa. By that time, during the trial operation, the boat had already covered about 40,000 miles, of which about 30,000 were under water.
In 1970, on December 18, the boat went out for tests, during which a new speed record was set under water. With the blocked emergency protection of the turbines and the reactor power of 97%, a speed of 44.7 knots (82.88 km / h) was reached at a depth of 100 m. chief designer Shulzhenko, and Alexander Skvortsov, an engineer of the manufacturer of turbines of the Kirov plant, was on duty at the turbine control post.
In 1970, on December 29, the submarine was enlisted in the 11th DPL of the 1st FLPL of the KSF, based in Zapadnaya Litsa.
In March 1971, the team was tasked with entering the Motovskaya measuring line and fixing the boat's speed at maximum power not only by its instruments, but also by the observation of hydrographic vessels. Unfortunately, because of the storm, the ships were unable to go to sea. Nevertheless, the senior on board - the chairman of the experimental operation commission E. Bouillon allowed to develop the course at 100% of the power of the reactors. Two tacks were made, a speed of 44.85 knots (83.06 km / h) was reached, and on the third tack they failed to control the turbines. The senior on board decided to end the risky mode of movement. Thus, the world record for the speed of diving - 44.7 knots remained in the official documents.

In the autumn of 1971, a long-distance voyage was made with full autonomy across the Atlantic Ocean. During this campaign, the famous curiosity happened with the 6th American Aircraft Carrier Strike Group. K-222 began to pursue the US aircraft carrier "Saratoga" ( USS Saratoga CV-60). An attempt by the aircraft carrier to escape pursuit at full speed (30 knots) did not bring any results. Moreover, the submarine has exponentially gone ahead of the aircraft carrier and its escort group, thereby demonstrating its driving performance.
In 1972 to 1975, it was undergoing average repair in the city of Severodvinsk.
In 1974, during sea trials, she again showed a speed of about 45 knots.
In 1975, in January, she returned to her place of permanent deployment in Zapadnaya Litsa. After entering the basing point, a breach of the tightness of one of the fuel rods was found. Decontamination measures were carried out for three days.
In 1975, in April, she took part in the Ocean-75 exercise.
In 1977, on July 25, it was reclassified into a large submarine.
In 1978, on January 15, a new tactical number was assigned Outdoor furniture-222.
In 1980, on November 30, while undergoing repairs in the city of Severodvinsk, due to an error in the installation of the reactor control and protection system, there was a sharp increase in temperature and pressure in the reactor and the primary circuit system with depressurization of the latter, the personnel were not injured. Due to the impossibility of replacing the contour, the question arose about the impossibility of further operation of the submarine, but the gap in the contour was eliminated.
In 1984, the 327th crew of the Project 661 submarine was disbanded. In the same year, in June, it was assigned to the 50th submarine of the 9th ESPL of the KSF based on the Ara Bay (Vidyaevo), and in December it was decommissioned.

In 1988 she was put on a joke in the city of Severodvinsk. Listed in the 339th brSRPL BelVMB.
In 1989, on March 14, she was expelled from the Navy.
In 1999, on November 7, the flag of the Navy was lowered. The ship was handed over to the civilian crew of the Sevmash enterprise.
In 2008, on June 23, it was transferred from FSUE PO "Sevmash" to FSUE MP "Zvezdochka" for further disposal.
In March 2015, the dismantling of the only project 661 submarine was officially completed.

Commanders

All submarine commanders were part of military unit 81251.

Photo	Commander	Life time
	Captain 1st rank Yu.F. Golubkov	1965-1975
	Captain 1st rank V.S. Lishchinsky	1975-1985
	Captain 1st rank V.P. Filatov	1985-1989

In 2008, the Sevmash enterprise began dismantling the K-222 nuclear submarine. At first glance, this was an ordinary event. Submarines, like any other equipment, use up their resource and are written off. Not all submarines manage to become a museum, most are cut to pieces. The boat K-222, previously numbered K-162, could not become a monument to itself and was scrapped. So sadly ended the fate of the record-breaking submarine, which gave its country not only several achievements, but also a number of useful technologies.

boats K-162 began in 1959, when the USSR Council of Ministers issued a decree "On the creation of a new high-speed submarine with a new type of power plants and the development of research, development and design work for submarines ". A very difficult task was set before TsKB-16 (now SPMBM "Malakhit"). It was required to create a submarine, the characteristics of which would be superior to those of previous submarines, and also to solve a number of technical issues. The main tasks facing the designers were as follows. Provide the possibility of rocket firing from an underwater position, as well as achieve the maximum possible underwater speed. It is noteworthy that in the terms of reference for the new project there was an unspoken ban on the use of existing materials, equipment and weapons. In other words, the customer, represented by the Ministry of Defense and the Council of Ministers, wanted to see a completely new design made using new technologies.

The chief designer of the project, which received the index 661 and the name "Anchar", was N.N. Isanin. From the fleet, the project was supervised by the captain of the 2nd rank Yu.G. Ilyinsky. The work on creating a new high-speed boat was very, very difficult. Almost four hundred organizations took part in the project in one way or another: shipbuilders, metallurgists, electronic engineers, etc. By joint efforts in 1960, a pre-draft version of project 661 was prepared. It is noteworthy that in the course of preliminary work, almost two dozen main and auxiliary versions of the project were worked out. At this stage of development, all the nuances of the design and equipment were actively discussed. For example, new submarines were proposed as the main armament for the new submarine. cruise missiles"Amethyst", old surface-launched missiles, or modified torpedoes with increased range. In addition, steel, aluminum or titanium could become the main construction material. As a result of analyzing the possibilities and prospects of each option, it was decided to make a new boat out of titanium and equip it with Amethyst cruise missiles with an underwater launch capability.

Soon after the completion of the pre-draft design, the preparation of a full-fledged "white" project began. In 1961, it was approved, and about a year later, the construction of the lead submarine began at the Northern Machine-Building Enterprise. It is worth noting that the official laying of the K-162 nuclear submarine took place only at the end of 1963. The fact is that during assembly work the first structural elements revealed some technical flaws. It took additional time to fix them. And even after the solution of these problems, the construction of a new submarine went on for a long time and with great difficulties. First of all, the delay in the deadline was affected by the lack of titanium, which was needed not only for the new submarine, but also for the construction of some aircraft and missiles. As a result, the K-162 submarine was launched only in December 1968.

Project 661 involved the creation of a double-hull submarine with extensive use of titanium parts in the design. The light hull of the boat had a circular cross-section, but its stern part was made according to the "bifurcated stern" scheme. Two fairings carried the shafts of two propellers, spaced from each other by five meters. This scheme received the unofficial name "pants" and was later used in several projects of submarines. Inside the lightweight body was placed a durable one that had an original design. In the bow of the submarine, it consisted of two partially overlapping horizontal cylinders (the section of this design resembles the number 8). Each of them had a diameter of five and a half meters, but due to overlapping sections, the height of the entire structure was equal to nine meters, which coincided with the diameter of the cylindrical middle and aft part of the solid hull. Interestingly, the "pipes" of the bow of the rugged hull were considered separate compartments. In the upper cylinder - the first compartment of the boat - torpedo tubes of 533 mm caliber, a stock of torpedoes, loaders, etc. were placed. In addition, the first compartment housed a missile control post. The second compartment contained part of the batteries and hydroacoustic equipment. In the third compartment (located immediately after the "eight-shaped" part of the robust hull) there were living quarters and other batteries. The fourth compartment was intended for the central post, the power plant control post and several auxiliary rooms. The fifth compartment was given for the reactor, the sixth - for turbines, the seventh - for turbine generators and switchboards, and the eighth housed compressors, auxiliary equipment, etc. Finally, in the stern, in the ninth compartment, rudder drives were mounted. The bow rudders were placed at the front of the boat and, if necessary, retracted under the light hull.

When developing a reactor for Project 661, two options were considered: water-moderated and with a metal coolant (an alloy of lead and bismuth). As a result of comparing the complexity of structures and prospects, the first option was chosen. With less efficiency, such a reactor could be built within a few months and did not require additional investment of time and money. As a result, the boat received two reactors with its own steam generating units (V-5R, 250 tons of steam per hour), turbo-gear units GTZA-618 and turbine generators alternating current(380 volts, 50 hertz) OK-3 with a capacity of 3000 kilowatts each. Despite the use of the already mastered water-water scheme, several original technical solutions were used in the design of the reactors of the project 661 boat, which increased the efficiency of the work. Finally, a rather bold decision was the expulsion from the power equipment standby diesel generators. In case of problems with the main power plant, the submarine was equipped with two groups of silver-zinc batteries, 152 cells each.

The new project of a high-speed submarine implied the use of the latest electronic systems... So, navigation in the surface and underwater positions was planned to be carried out using the all-latitude system "Sigma-661", automatic control the course and depth were assigned to the "Shpat" complex, and general ship systems and devices were controlled using the "Signal-661" system. The "ears" of the new submarine was the MGK-300 "Rubin" hydroacoustic complex. He could simultaneously accompany two targets and at the same time issue data on them to the weapons control system. The detection of mines was carried out by the "Radian-1" system. For visual observation of the environment, the project 661 submarine was planned to be equipped with a PZNS-9 periscope with a built-in coordinate calculator. Finally, the equipment of the boat included two radar stations and a system for determining nationality "Nichrome".

In the first compartment of Project 661 boats, four 533-mm torpedo tubes with auxiliary equipment and ammunition load of 12 torpedoes were placed. Torpedo fire control was assigned to the Ladoga-P-661 complex, and the design of the vehicles made it possible to attack targets from a depth of up to 200 meters. The main armament of Project 661 boats were to be the P-70 "Amethyst" anti-ship cruise missiles, developed at OKB-152 under the leadership of V.N. Chelomeya. In the bow of the boat, on the sides of the "eight" of the first two compartments, ten containers with missiles were placed, five per side. The missiles were intended to be launched from a submerged position. For this, the boat had to go to a depth of 30 meters and fill the container with water. At the command of the submarine's crew, the rocket left the container with the help of the starting engine, and after lifting into the air, the sustainer solid-propellant was switched on. All missiles could be fired in two volleys with an interval of several seconds. Despite the difficulties with development and testing, the Amethyst missile became the world's first anti-ship missile with an underwater launch. It is noteworthy that the missile containers were not located vertically, but at an angle of 32.5 ° to the main plane of the submarine. The fact is that with a vertical launch, it would be necessary to complicate the missile control system in order to bring it to a horizontal low-altitude trajectory. With an oblique launch, this task was much easier, which influenced the placement of missile containers.

The complexity of the development and construction of a new boat, the design of which was dominated by titanium parts, led to a rather high cost of the project. Because of this, even before the end of the assembly, the submarine K-162 was nicknamed "Goldfish", hinting at the cost of metal raw materials. Nevertheless, at the end of 1968, the submarine was launched, and a little later, its tests began. In 1969, during tests, the K-162 was able to reach an underwater speed of 42 knots (about 78 km / h). At the same time, the power plant operated only at 80% of its full capacity. Thus, the calculated indicator maximum speed given by the initial terms of reference, was exceeded by four knots.

On December 18, 1970, the submarine that entered service with the USSR Navy set a world speed record, which has not been broken to this day. With manual control of the turbo-gear unit and reactor protection, it was possible to bring the power plant to 97% of its maximum power. At a depth of 100 meters, this allowed the boat to accelerate to 44.7 knots (82.8 km / h). Before and after the K-162, not a single submarine in the world went at such a speed. When accelerating to high speeds, several interesting phenomena were observed. For example, upon reaching the threshold of 35-36 knots, hydrodynamic noise appeared from the eddies of the oncoming stream flowing around the boat. This unexpected phenomenon could unmask the submarine when performing a combat mission, but it was considered sufficient payment for high speed... In addition, in a number of cases, the submarine could evade pursuit by enemy ships.

Soon after the secret record was set, the crew of the K-162 boat had the opportunity to test the speed potential in practice. In the fall of 1971, during the K-162 campaign in the Atlantic Ocean, the paths of the Soviet submarine and the American aircraft carrier Saratoga crossed. As a result, an entry appeared in the logbook of the American ship, stating that for several hours he tried to break away from an unknown submarine, but could not do it even at full speed, at a speed of 30 knots. The sub, in turn, maneuvered around the aircraft carrier, but did not lag behind. Commander K-162 1st-Class Captain Yu.F. After this incident, Golubkov noted that the characteristics of the boat made it possible to choose the most convenient position for attacking enemy ships.

The service of the submarine K-162, with interruptions for repairs, continued until 1984, when it was laid up. In 1978, the boat was renamed K-222, and under this number she finished her service. In March 1989, the "Goldfish" was expelled from the combat strength of the navy, and ten years later the flag was lowered. Then, for several years, K-222 stood at the pier awaiting disposal, which began in 2008.

Unfortunately, the submarine K-162 or K-222 remained the only ship of Project 661. Along with its high running characteristics, it turned out to be too expensive for mass production. The rugged titanium case, for all its advantages, was very difficult to manufacture. In addition, by the end of the eighties, the main armament of the submarine, the P-70 "Amethyst" missile, had become obsolete. It is also worth noting that by the same time a potential enemy had new sonar systems capable of guaranteed detection of the K-162 at sufficiently large distances. The high noise of the boat at high speeds only exacerbated this situation. In the light of the development of anti-submarine aviation, the high-speed submarine simply did not have a chance. Therefore, the "Goldfish" was left alone, and then written off.

Nevertheless, the experience gained in the design and construction of the K-162 was not in vain. The developments in titanium structures were actively used in several further projects, and weapons in the form of P-70 missiles were used on Project 670 Skat submarines.

Based on materials from sites:
http://deepstorm.ru/
http://atrinaflot.narod.ru/
http://vmfrussia.ru/
http://flot.com/
http://vpk.name/

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