Mahatma Gandhi is the struggle for India's independence. Forge of Empires Daily Tests Tests: Secrets Forge of Empires
residential Building - Residential Building
premium Residential - Premium residential building
well, since this is a chest, there will be at least 6 prizes.
It is unlikely that rare events will be, but if there are bumps, premium houses and production, robbers, possibly paint - also well.
With lousy sheep at least the fur of the block :)
It is not clear only to the picture of the Masonic symbolism.
To the attention of those who still do not have a observatory, but many apples have accumulated.
The next three days in the cell with the lock are played out observatory drawings (under the chest of 75 apples).
If you open the chest until the drawing falls (it depends on the good luck, it can fall from the first time or not falling at all), then the lock will fall.
After the castle feels, it will be possible to buy so many drawings (at a price of 75 apples for the drawing), as far as apples are enough.
Those. No need to win more, it will be possible to just buy drawings.
So There will be a chance to collect the whole set of drawings and build the foundation of this sun in the city.
Keep in mind that next time you will be able to win the drawings only in Christmas Event.
And the observatory is very important for the guide. Especially for GI with small epoch players - this is the top level priority.
It gives in the treasury of several (depending on the era) of the units of each product of this era 1 time in 24 hours.
Full treasure allows you to open new levels on the expedition, fight on the guild card and solve it. Org. Questions.
And personally, the player will help facilitate the burden of taxes paid in the treasury.
The prizes of the day are planning.
September 26. Residence of robbers
September 27. Sanctuary of Knowledge
September 28 & 29 Medium Medals
Event joined the final stage. It makes sense to hurry to attach all the clustered apples to the most delicious prizes: the lair (a barracks that allows you to build 2 free robbers, and in the presence of Alcatraz to stamp them to infinity) and the knowledge sanctuary (they give 1 at once every 24 hours - as a sundial from Exppace, but less than size).
Please note that the next three days in a cell with a lock under a large basket are played by 2 observer drawings. If you pull this prize from the basket, you can buy so many pairs of drawings for apples as you need.
Halloween 2017.
Tasks:
35. Find out the province.
Prizes:
Historical EventDedicated Mahatma Gandhi
Time spending: from 5 to 12 October.
Little event of 14 tasks in front of great Halloween.
Tasks:
1. Get 100 coins and spend 10 CO.
2. Build one building of the culture of its era or 2 previous. Spend 10 co.
3. To bring residents to delight and spend 10 CO.
4. Get 30 units. Goods and spend 10 co.
5. Buy 3 CO and spend 10 CO.
6. Build 3 residential buildings of their era or 4 previous. Spend 10 co.
7. Complete 8 times 15 minutes and 8 times the 4-hour production.
8. To explore the province or pass 12 clashes in the guild expedition. Spend 10 CO (on the RU server task may be different).
9. Make a sabotage in the 5-sectors on the world map or buy 5 CO. Spend 10 co.
10. Separate 3 sectors without a fight or destroy 75 enemy unit in battle. Spend 10 co.
11. Motivate 30 buildings and spend 10 CO.
12. Explore technology or donate 300 units. The goods of the current or previous era in the casseau guild. Spend 10 co.
13. Visit 5 Taverns of friends and collect 250 silver in the tavern.
14. Get control of the province or donate 900 units. The goods of the current era in the treasury GI. Spend 10 co.
Prize:
Portrait of Gandhi and Cultural Building Pavilion: 4x4, gives happiness and adds% to the production of hammers (increases with each era).
The pavilion is similar to the buildings from the set "Fountain Maharaja". The same indian style.
2 News:
For the sake of such a milli-way exhaust, I don't really want a draw ... to rapate the laptop screen dragging there and here. Even if the goods and medal will come across. Anyway, they have a volume of such that the microbe shut down.
2 News:
1. The long-awaited Halloween event began.
2. The game appeared "Incidents". They glow (so they are easier to discover them) and hide across the entire map (on the street of the city, in the forest park area and the sea).
By the way, I did not like the incident.
Found 2 incidents (in the forest park and in the sea): coins and resses of 480 (for the era of progress).
For the sake of such a milli-way exhaust, I don't really want a draw ... to rapate the laptop screen dragging there and here. Even if the goods and medal will come across. Anyway, they have a volume of such that the microbe shut down.
Professor, where are the conditions for the tasks of the event? Enlighten, be kind.
Halloween 2017.
The Bethe has already started Halloween 2017 in Forge of Empires. In Iven, there will be 45 tasks. Soon it will start with us.
Given how much this year of tasks (and prizes), the event will last at least a month.
Tasks:
1. Spend 5 CO and collect 150 coins.
2. spend 5 co, build 2 decor of your era or 3 previous.
3. Spend 5 CO and motivate 10 buildings.
4. spend 5 CO and collect 30 units. goods.
5. spend 5 co and complete 5-minute production in a workshop 15 times.
6. Buy 4 CO and spend 5 co.
7. Spend 10 CO, seize 2 sectors without afraid to defeat 70 units of the enemy.
8. spend 5 CO and get 150 hammers.
9. Spend 5 CO and finish 15-minute production 20 times.
10. Spend 5 CO and bring residents to delight.
11. Spend 5 CO, build 1 building of culture of your era or 2 previous.
12. spend 5 CO and complete 1 hour hammer production 25 times.
13. To spend 10 CO, study the technology or go through the first level of the guild expedition.
4. Activate one strengthening in a friend's tavern or spend 8 CO.
15. spend 5 co, get one unit of your era or 2 previous.
16. spend 5 CO, complete the production of hammers 15 times in the buildings of your era or 20 times the previous one.
17. spend 5 co and visit 13 taverns friends.
18. spend 5 CO and get 70 units. goods.
19. Spend 5 Co, build 4 residential buildings of their era or 6 previous.
20. spend 10 CO, grab the province or pass 12 steps in the guild expedition.
21. Build 10 decors and motivate 25 buildings.
22. spend 5 co, get 2 units of your era or 3 previous.
23. spend 10 CO, to explore the province or insert 700 units in the treasury. goods of their era or the previous one.
24. Complete in the workshop of 8 watch production 10 times and 4-hour production 10 times.
25. spend 5 co. Win 2 battles or sacrifice 30 products in the current or previous era in the Cassen of the Guild.
26. Build 1 commercial building of your era or 2 previous. Complete 15-minute production 20 times.
27. Separate 3 sectors without a fight.
28. Hire 3 units of your era or the 4th previous one. Collect or exchange 100 units. goods.
29. spend 5 co. Collect 1000 silver or buy 15 CO.
30. Explore one technology.
31. spend 5 co and complete 5-minute production 25 times.
32. spend 5 co. Destroy in battle 16 other units or donate 40 units. The goods of the current or previous era in the casseau guild.
33. spend 5 co. Build 3 scenery of your era or 4 previous.
34. spend 5 co. Spend 600 silver in the tavern of friends or buy 8 co.
35. Find out the province.
36. Complete 5-minute production 16 times. Complete clock production 12 times.
37. Build 2 buildings of culture of their era or 3 previous. Bring the inhabitants to delight.
38. Collect or exchange 100 units. goods. Motivate or ennoble 35 buildings.
39. Spend 5 CO and capture 3 sectors on the world map.
40. Complete 15-minute production 20 times and complete 4-hour production 12 times.
41. Hire 4 units of your era or the 5th previous one. Perform any story quest.
42. Win 5 battles in a row. Donate 100 units The goods of their or the previous era in the treasury of the guild.
43. Activate 3 gains in the tavern of friends or spend 30 CO.
44. Complete clock production 25 times.
45. Install control over the province.
Prizes:
For the first task, you will be given a unicellular decor of the Jack-lamp chapel.
For the implementation of 7 tasks - the cemetery (3x3, gives happiness).
For the implementation of 13 tasks - ghost house (2x2, takes away happiness, but gives coins).
For the execution of 20 and 30 tasks - improvements for the cemetery.
Well, the super-prize for the performance of 45 tasks is the Black Tower (4x5, takes away happiness, but gives coins + being motivated 5 products, 3 pieces and coins).
Reminder
The national liberation struggle in India was carried out by a wide range of political organizations and movements, which united the overall goal of the termination of British colonial domination.
The first organized movements for the liberation of India appeared in Bengal. Initially, they advocated the use of military force to gain independence, but later passed to the political struggle, the main milestone in the development of which was the formation of the Indian National Congress.
In the past in the 1920s, the last stage of the struggle for independence, the Indian National Congress assigned a non-violence policy promoted by Mahatma Gandhi.
For more than 30 years, Mahatma Gandhi was an inspirer and organizer of the Indian national liberation movement. His dedicated ministry of the Motherland and the Mobilical efforts of many and many followers crowned the heroic struggle of the Indian people for the national and political freedom of the historical victory. Mahatma Gandhi had a chance to see the first results of those social transformations, the achievement of which he dedicated his life.
At the same time, the great devotee with spiritual pain was aware that political independence from external management does not allow neither interreligious or interethnic, nor social problems of India. The announcement of the Indians on the night from 14 to August 15, 1947, when the three-color flag of independent India was solemnly raised over the Red Fort in the center of Delhi, it became only the beginning of a complex and thorny path of the creation of an independent strong state. The spiritual leader of the country of Gandhi felt it like no other.
For all mankind, Mahatma Gandhi remained the "apostle of non-violence" forever. The personality of Mahatma and his doctrine had a huge impact on many national leaders who headed the liberation movement in the East. Gandhi socio-political methods were widespread both on the African continent and in Latin America. In the United States, movement against racial and national discrimination is also based on the ideals and principles proclaimed Gandhi. Here's how Martin Luther King was expressed about him: "Love was a powerful tool of public change for Gandhi. It is in the meaning that Gandhi gives love and non-violence, I found a method of social reforms, which was looking for for many months. I realized that this is the only moral and practically the right method available to the oppressed people in the fight for liberation. "
Mahatma Gandhi (1869-1948) is one of the leaders and ideologues of the independence of India from the UK. Overly devoting himself to the national liberation movement, Gandhi formulated the philosophy of non-violent struggle - Satyagraha, which became the spiritual and moral and socio-political foundation of supporters of peaceful transformations.
The goals and methods of Gandhi's struggle were close to some utopian directions and holiance. Gandhi himself noted: "Three contemporaries had a strong influence on me: Raychandba with his immediate communication with me, Tolstoy," the kingdom of God within you "and Röuskin his book" At the last feature. " So in the life of one person, the views of Hinduism, Christianity and Socialism were surprisingly awake.
The principal feature of the national liberation struggle of Mahatma Gandhi was that he rejected any forms of violence. Preaching more than three decades of his philosophy, the great devotee contributed to the moral renewal of Indian society. His sublime ideals and principles, changing social stereotypes, influenced the alignment of political forces in the country. Thanks to the wide folk front of non-violent resistance, as well as the reasonable activity of the political core at the crucial moment, in 1947, India was independence from Britain in peaceful way.
"In this small, physically weak person, there was something solid as steel, uncompressed like a rock, something that could not cope with any physical strength, no matter how big it was ... He possessed then the royal grandeur who inspired the survive reverence ... He always said simply and essentially, without unnecessary words. On the listeners, the absolute sincerity of this person was operating, his personality itself; It seemed that inexhaustible sources of the inner strength were hidden in it ... Having gained the inner world, he radiated him on the surrounding and walked along the winding pathways of life faintly, hard step, " - wrote Javaharlal Nehru.
As a child, Mahatma Gandhi called Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. He was born on October 2, 1869 in the Gujarat Principality of Porbandar. Gandhi ancestors belonged to the Vaisham (merchant class) - the third Caste-Varna of Hinduism. Gandhi's father held the post of Minister in a number of principalities of the Kathiyavar Peninsula. The worldview of Gandhi was under the influence of Hindu religion, in the family of her customs strictly observed.
Upon reaching 19, Gandhi was sent to England for legal education. After graduating from it in 3 years, in 1891, Gandhi returned to his homeland, having received law practice in Bombay. But already in 1893, Gandhi goes to serve as a counseling of the Gujarat trading firm in South Africa.
Faced with the facts of the oppression of Indians, Gandhi heads the fight against racial discrimination and organizes peaceful demonstrations, as well as petitions with the requirements of the government. This first experience of non-violent resistance brought real successes: some discriminatory laws against South African Indians managed to cancel.
The tactics of non-violent struggle, developed in South Africa, Gandhi called SatyaGrakh. In two wars, Anglo-Burst (1899-1902) and Anglo-Zulusskaya (1906), Gandhi creates sanitary detachments from the Indians who help English soldiers. With his actions, he wanted to demonstrate the loyalty of Indians to the UK, although the struggle of drills and Zulusov considered (according to his own recognition) just. According to Gandhi, these actions had to convince the British to abandon the colonization of India and provide her self-government.
In the South African period, Gandhi gets acquainted with the works of L. N. Tolstoy, comes to the correspondence with him. This has a great influence on him. Subsequently, Gandhi has repeatedly emphasized what L. N. Tolstoy himself believes to his teacher and the spiritual mentor.
In 1915, Gandhi returns to his homeland. Here, he gets closer to the Party Indian National Congress (Inc.) and soon occupies the position of one of the key leaders of the national liberation movement of India, it becomes a moral inspirer and ideological leader Inc.
World War II 1914-1918 Specially affected the life of Indian society. The contradictions between the local population and the colonialists sharply aggravated. And after the Great October Socialist Revolution, a massive anti-imperialist movement began in India. It helped Gandhi to realize that in the fight against the colonizers for any social and political concessions, it is necessary to rely on the general sections of society that only the support of the masses will allow the national-liberation movement to achieve the independence of the country.
Since that time, Gandhi and his followers began to drive around throughout the country, act on crowded rallies with calls to resistance to the domination of the UK over India. At the same time, Gandhi supporters condemned the class approach and revolutionary calls for the fight against colonizers. They preached the resolution of social conflicts peaceful lawsuit.
These methods of non-violent resistance were quite reasonable Indian bourgeoisie. And therefore, created at the end of the XIX century. Hindu bourgeois and intellectuals Inc. accepted and supported Gandhi. Under the leadership of Gandhi Inc., from 1919 to 1947, he turned into a serious social movement, becoming a massive and influential national anti-imperialist organization - this is one of the main historical merit of Gandhi, as it happened due to the unconditional trust of a huge number of people to personality and the ideas of Gandhi himself. Not by chance, Gandhi received the high name of Mahatma - "Great Soul".
The first Mohandas Karamcda Gandhi called Mahatma Rabindranat Tagore. And this high assessment of Gandhi Great Writer accurately expressed the attitude of the Indian people to his great son.
The philosophy and educational activities of Gandhi brought a new stage in the development of spiritual and religious humanism of the twentieth century. His ideas to achieve peace, good, the happy life of people were equally significant for most peoples.
Since childhood, Gandhi learned to behave according to the rule, expressed in Indian aphorism "there is nothing above the truth." He also learned that non-commissioned harm and violence is the highest virtue ("Akhins Paramo Dharma"). Although the principle of "Akhins" is well known in the Hindu parts of India, it is most strictly used by Vaishnavista and especially the Jainists (the influence of which turned the birthplace of Gandhi, Gujarat, to the country of strictest vegetarianism).
In London, Gandhi diligently studied all the great and valuable, which created the West: works of French and English philosophers, books of the Old and New Testament. Gandhi writes: "The New Testament produces a peculiar impression, especially the Nagorny Sermon who conquered my heart. I compared it with a pit. "And I tell you, do not oppose (do not resist) evil: But if someone will hit you on the right cheek, turn to it and the other ..." My inexperienced mind tried to unite the teachings of the Gita, "Light Asia" and the Nagorno Sermon. Such self-denial was for me the highest form of religion, which attracted me most. "
Already by the time of departure from London to India, in 1891, all the basic principles of his life are firmly established; Accordingly, I took shape and habits. He becomes a supporter of the life path, which, in his opinion, is the best, promoting the development of the world under the guidance of great people, and on which the East and West can get close. The subsequent years of the life of Gandhi in India, South Africa and, finally, again in India should be considered in the light of the practical application of its initial beliefs and their development in all aspects of his life.
During this period, Gandhi studied the interpretation of Christianity made by Tolstoy and Ryskin, and its use in individual and public life. The Book of the Tolstoy "The Kingdom of God within us" pushed Gandhi to understand the practical application of the principle of non-resistance. Also, Gandhi experienced the influence of the American reformer in the field of morality and the writer Henry David Toro, whose written "civil disobedience" he read with admiration. It is interesting to note that the Toro itself, and his friend Ralph Waldo Emerson was in a large extent influenced by Bhagavatgitis and Upanishad.
Discrimination legislation, compiled by British rulers, actually deprived Indians of civil rights. Gandhi decided that it was possible to change this reality through the use of principle being evil through love. To do this, he developed and applied practice of passive civil resistance: It was proposed to ignore immoral laws, despite the court pursuit, the threat of imprisonment and all kinds of suffering, but not to experience the desires of retaliation, thawed hatred or anger. Gandhi hoped that in this case, even the most cruel rulers would eventually soften, realize their mistakes and correct them. Gandhi put very high hopes on his own method, since he had a deep faith in the spiritual kindness of the British people, who, as he thought, could be developed with the help of morality - by showing in the effective form of the authenticity of the offense and the rightness of his case.
As we know, this method of non-violent struggle ultimately led to success. However, this success was determined not at all with the spiritual kindness of the British. The success was preceded by the long-term preparation of Gandhi himself, training associates on their personal example, readiness to go to any victims and inflexibility in the affairs of truth and justice.
Gandhi believed that since he from the bottom of his heart, devotedly serves society and teaches the same followers, he must refuse money and pleasures, to lead a simple and restrained and his personal example of learning from other such life. These beliefs of Gandhi implemented in practice, in major social experiments. In South Africa, he founded a farm in the village and attracted followers of different nationalities, denominations, different color of the skin for the organization of the commune based on the principles of simple life and high idea.
This commune was a large international family with a common table and a common property and lived thanks to the work of each member according to his (or her) abilities. In South Africa, Gandhi tried as many professions as it is hardly possible to imagine possible for one person for one life. He worked as a teacher, an accountant, publisher, a gardener, a hairdresser, a tailor, a shoemaker, a nanny, an overworn grandmother, a therapist, etc.
Several times during the wars of Gunda Gandhi used its influence among the Indian people to organize the body of field hospitals, he himself led them himself, he chose the wounded and cared for them. Disinterested work enriched his heart, deepened his convictions, increased the number of his followers and supporters, and his silent self-denial won the admiration of the peoples of the whole world. People began to make sure that the highest ideals of religion and morality can be applied even in political life.
During these years, Gandhi formulated the basic life principle for himself, whom he tried to stick throughout his life: "Never demand from a person that you are not doing myself."
That is how, in reflections and experience, the basic principles of the Gandhi philosophy (are shown below).
First, the person is the highest value. That is, it is necessary to treat a person with respect, without doing any exceptions. The Indian thinker considered humanity as one, and not as a totality of various peoples or religions. In his opinion, all people are equal, and everyone has the right to respect. Therefore, Gandhi led an implacable fight against caste inequality and did everything possible to improve the life of "untouchables".
Secondly, any person has a conscience and, it means, everyone is ready to recognize the desire for the better, to the development of personality, to combat violence and bad phenomena in everyday life. But it is worth not to show no return evil.
Thirdly, just to realize the desire for growth - little. Regular self-improvement and manifestation of the principles of non-violence in life should occur, in practice.
Gandhi argued that a person's reaction for injustice has three forms: response aggression, passivity, active non-violence. Answer anger contradicts the principle of respect for a person. Passivity - also, since the inert submission of evil makes it only stronger. And here active non-violence Allows you to destroy fear, insisted on your own life position, and not to move away from it, and as a result, to achieve results.
Let's give 10 quotes from the teachings of Mahatma Gandhi
Forgive - more courageously than punish. Weak cannot forgive. Forgive is a strong property.
Slide the hatred of love, a lie - truth, violence - patience.
The principle of "OKO OK" will make the whole world blind.
The only tyrant I accept in this world is a quiet inner voice.
Happiness is when what you think are saying and do, is in harmony.
Live as if you die tomorrow; Learn as if you live forever.
You should not lose faith in humanity. Humanity is the ocean; If a few drops in the ocean are dirty, the ocean does not become dirty.
One oz of practice is more valuable tons of sermons.
What is the difference for the dead, orphans and homeless people, in the name of what arbitrariness and destruction work - in the name of Totalitarianism or in the name of democracy and liberalism?
Your beliefs will be your thoughts. Your thoughts will be your words. Your words will be your actions. Your actions will become your habits. Your habits will become your values. Your values \u200b\u200bwill be your destiny.
The moral principles produced by Gandhi in many years of public struggle served as the foundation of his philosophical teaching. Gandhi has the idea of \u200b\u200bmass non-violent resistance to social arbitrariness for the first time acquires the form of political struggle. Gandhi is long selecting the name for this movement and stops at the term "Satyagrah", which means "hardness in truth".
In the book "My Life" Gandhi recalled: "As I fought, I still could not find a suitable term. Then I announced a contest among the readers of Indian Opignon for the best deal in this sense. Maganlal Gandhi [Junior Son Gandhi. - N. H.] composed the word "Satagraha" (Sat - Truth, Agrah - Hardness) and received a prize. Trying to make the word more understandable, I changed it to "Satyagraha", and this term in the language of Gujarati has become the designation of our struggle. " Satyagraha is a word combining both the fortress and sincerity, and determination, and conviction, as no other exactly expressed the essence of the concept of resistance. This is not a compliant passivity, non-subsection of a weak in front of a strong, but not the hostile principle of the "OCO EYO". Herriadling and violence is opposed to the power of the Spirit and the inner conviction in its right.
The basic principles of Satyagraha and were developing during the political struggle of Gandhi in the Republic of South Africa. Historically, events developed as follows.
Posted on August 22, 1906 by the Government of Transvaal, the draft law on registration of all individuals of Indian nationality (starting from 8 years of age) caused a deep outrage of Gandhi. Under this law, the entire Indian population under the threat of arrest and expulsion should have left the fingerprints in the police registry and get special documents. The police on this law were endowed with special powers: they received the right to invade the Indians and even penetrate the documents for the traditionally inviolable female half. After reading the draft law, Gandhi said: "It is better to die than to agree with such a law."
Indian indignation was not the limit, many threatened that they would shoot anyone who would dare to break into their house. Gandhi offered another way of resistance: "We will not refer to world public opinion, the Indians themselves are able to stand up for themselves. Let everyone who swear not to obey the shameful law will decide for themselves whether he has enough hardness, despite any persecution and even death, keep this oath. The struggle will continue for a long time, perhaps years, but I boldly declare that even if a small part of people remains loyal to His Word, our struggle can end only one - victory. "
Despite the warning of Gandhi, that if the law is accepted, many Indians will announce Satyagrah, the government this discriminatory law approved.
In response to this, on January 1, 1908, the Indians went on a rally in Johannesburg. At the rally, the agendas for the police were demonstratively burned. Gandhi as the organizer of Satyagrahi and the rally was arrested and thrown into prison. Together with him arrested many members of the rally. But the opposition only flared up: the repressions did not stop the people's perturbation.
When Gandhi goes out of prison, he decides to start Satyagrat across South Africa. In 1913 he managed to organize the strike of Natalle miners. After that, the waves of strikes spread throughout the country. The government applied against the miners weapons, many of the workers for the refusal to work during strike were shot. Mass arrests began. Thousands of people, including women and adolescents, were in the dungeons. The conditions for their content were unbearable, many died. Gandhi was again arrested and, being in prison, tried to encourage people and facilitate the suffering of patients with prisoners. But the protest movement was no longer stopped, and the authorities had to free Gandhi.
Coming out of prison, Gandhi announces the famous "peaceful campaign of protest" from Natal to Transval. On November 6, 1913, the multi-thousand column began his way. The campaign itself was already a demonstrative violation of the law, since the Indians were forbidden to move from one province to another, and the campaign could end for them a prison and expulsion. But the courage and determination of the Gandhi, who went ahead of a thousandth stream, inspired and strengthened the participants in the campaign, the number of which grew every day. The troops aimed at suppressing a hike, did not dare to shoot, and tried to overclock the column, driving on people with horses. When the participants fell on the ground, the military was confused, because the horses did not go through people lying on Earth.
News of the riots in South Africa quickly spread the world and blew up the public opinion not only in Europe, but also America. Many famous political figures supported Indians. Patched with outraged letters in the press A. Einstein, B. Show, B. Russell. The suppression of the protest of Indians created for the Government of the South Africa too broad negative resonance. The authorities had to make concessions. On June 30, 1914, the most insulting laws were canceled for Indians. It was a serious political victory - Gandhi showed the effectiveness of the principle of non-violent resistance.
So historically crystallized at the beginning of the 20th century a new tactic of non-violent struggle for independence. This method of peaceful resistance to the colonial domination was expressed in two forms: non-standardity and civil disobedience. The main idea of \u200b\u200bGandhi was to the desire to psychologically affect the enemy through the refusal of violence (Akhins) and the willingness to transfer pain and suffering.
The meaning and purpose of the social and psychological technology of Satyagrathi is to transform the opponent in an ally and a friend. Gandhi claimed that the appeal to conscience is more effective than threats and violence. He emphasized that violence sooner or later leads to an increase in violence, non-violence interrupts the spiral of evil and makes it possible to transform the enemy in a like-minded man. At the same time, Gandhi pointed out that Satyagrah is not weapons of weak, but on the contrary, weapons are the strongest spirit, because it requires those who decide, will and readiness for not easy testing.
This is how it describes one of the most important episodes of the initiated Gandhi Satyagrathi A. Sukharev: "Characch, traditional Indian spinning battlement becomes the symbol of the new Satyagrahi.<...> On the call of Mahatma, the whole country goes to self-sufficiency, refusing to buy English goods, including expensive fabrics. Mahatma himself sits down for the spinning line and makes himself clothes and shoes. Indians do not violate the laws, they simply do not cooperate with the authorities. They only buy Indian goods (let those worse in quality!), Burn the English fabrics that have ever bought ... For a whole nation, it became a spiritual breakthrough, an internal discovery. It turns out that their political and economic dependence on England is the result of their cooperation with colonizers!
First, the British showered Gandhi ridicule, but soon they begin to experience shock - they do not notice them, their traditions are not honored, their trading companies carry colossal losses. It comes to the fact that the Indians do not notice the heels of the Welsh Prince, who comes to India. The streets of cities die out when there is a high guest, the incarnation of the sacred royal power ".
The principle of civil disobedience implies a conscious violation of the laws contrary to morality. The main type of civil disobedience is non-payment of taxes. Consciously causing a non-violent way to resist punishment (arrest and imprisonment), a member of Satyagrahi is preparing to patiently endure suffering. At the same time, it is assumed that simultaneously manifests persons and friendliness against law enforcement officers, they do not in any case provoke into aggression.
The principle of non-cooperation means the refusal of any agreements and contacts with unfairly working power structures. At the same time, non-standardism is addressed not to the representatives of the authorities themselves, but their unworthy and unfair actions. Supporters of Satyagraths can cooperate with the authorities in what are considered fair and legitimate, and so to convince the authorities of the authorities to abandon the bad deeds. At the same time, Gandhi emphasizes that the Satyagrahi wrestler must have an unlimited ability to endure suffering without the desire to take revenge on them.
The rejection of the acquisition and use of English goods has become one of the most effective methods of non-standardity. After him, it was already supposed to move towards the failure of tax payments to the population.
However, non-payment of taxes go beyond the movement of non-cooperation. This, in Gandhi, is already the transition to the principle of disobedience to tax legislation. Gandhi understood that this is a much more dangerous step, and warned against the transition to this method of resistance. In December 1920, Gandhi said: "I argue that the masses are not ready to stop paying taxes. They are not enough to own self-control. If I could be confident in non-violence on their part, I would also ask them to stop paying and would not spend the free moments of the people's time. "
In this regard, Gandhi stressed that participation in non-violent resistance requires from his supporters of high moral qualities. And formulated the system of vows, which must give a supporter of Satyagrath, who marks what to give a vow can only have a person with spiritual power. Gandhi wrote that the main principle is here - "At any cost to do what should be done. The one who justifies himself is that he can do something "as far as possible," shows moral weakness. If in advance it is supposed to do "as far as possible," then it means the willingness to give in to the first temptation. You can not stick to the installation "As far as possible".
According to Gandhi, the adherent of Satyagrath gives vows, which are the foundation for the development of his spiritual power. The first four vows: truth, non-violence or love, chastity, rejection of property. The rest of the vows: courage, courage; moderation (including food); don't steal necessary work; equality of religions; antineprickability; Self-discipline.
So, in the complex political struggle of civil disobedience and passive resistance, the philosophical concept of Gandhi was evolved. Satyagraha is a peaceful, but irreconcilable struggle without malice and shots. In this struggle, supporters of resistance have no other weapons, except for their own life. The non-violent resistance begins when people cannot do otherwise, because they will take honor and right to a decent life.
The struggle for India's independence began to gain massiveness with the return of Mahatma Gandhi to his homeland in 1915. He became a national hero. His political victories in South Africa not only gave the Indians a sample success of non-violent resistance strategy, but also made Gandhi "spiritual father" of India and the leader in combating the colonial regime.
And this struggle with the end of the First World War exacerbated, especially because the British authorities have canceled all political "relaxation", which were given to the Indians during the war, when India sent 985 thousand soldiers to the British army. It is this cruel step on the part of Britain and gave impetus to the development of the non-violent struggle program, which has grown out of Gandhi to the philosophy of non-violence - Satyagrat.
The outstanding role of Mahatma Gandhi in the organization of mass non-violent resistance campaigns in the 20-40s brought him in India with universal love and respect. During this period, Gandhi not only became ideological leader Inc., but also unfolded the persistent campaign of religious reconciliation of Hindus, Muslims and Christians of the country in the name of a single and free India. In many respects, precisely, thanks to the influence and perseverance, Gandhi in the country was formed and strengthened wide and active, and precisely nationwide, the anti-colonial front.
The formation of this front was largely determined by the fact that India in that era was almost completely peasant and deeply religious country. The peasants not only constituted the overwhelming part of its population, but also the working class formed into this era, and most of the artisans, and a significant part of the urban and rural bourgeoisie, "many of them were recent peasants and preserved strong peasant roots. Gandhi, with his deep understanding of traditions, beliefs and psychology of folk languages, with the brilliant knowledge of the texts of the holy books and the poetics of the country's religious and cultural heritage, with accurate addresses to this legacy in the folk mass heritage, always knew how to find the right words to express their ideas affecting Hearts.
Sometimes Gandhi is trying to imagine in some "primitiveness" of his socio-philosophical constructions. These accusations are clearly unfair. Gandhi became Mahatma for the reason that he was completely used in his philosophy and political agitation deep, rooted in the consciousness of mass layers of ancient Indian culture and was able to combine the religious, moral and ethical and socio-political content of this culture in his teaching about Satyagrach. The stated Gandhi principles of non-violent resistance were deeply consonant with folk religious, moral and social ideals. Including those historical utopians of the social system of justice and universal benefits, which were described in the canonical sacred texts.
Gandhi found the right images and words, because they scored them from the cultural and historical and religious tradition. Therefore, his ideas and appeals turned out to be understood and close to the peasant, and the artisan, and the worker, and the merchant. They were transmitted from mouth to mouth, became the "new folk folklore" and quickly spread throughout the country.
We emphasize that the Philosophy of Gandhi not only declared the nucleus of the liberation process of non-violence, but also strongly denied the class struggle, considering it a dangerous mechanism for the destruction of anti-colonial folk unity. It was this feature of Gandhism that determined the active participation in the movement of not only folk bottoms, but also the wide layers of the bourgeoisie and the noticeable part of the Indian aristocracy, acutely interested in the peaceful elimination of British colonial domination.
Political opponents often reproached Gandhi in the fact that he was compromised with the British authorities and did not use the opportunities for mass non-violent resistance to the end. However, Gandhi very accurately felt the mood of the masses and understood when the threat of overheating protests to the violent register arises. And in these cases, with their authority, he strongly suspended the protest, conscious, how much the movement can discredit itself and destroy if it starts to grow into bloody excesses.
The story has shown that these concerns of Mahatma Gandhi were not in vain - the violation of the principle of non-violence was the tragedy of movement. In 1947, the British policy of provoking conflicts between the Hindus and Muslims led to the growing interreligious clashes, and then actually turned into an interfaith civil war, which carried out millions of lives. The result of this war was the division of a country for a religious basis into two states: India and Pakistan. Gandhi himself became a victim of this war: in January 1948, shortly after the approval of India's independence, he was killed by religious fanatic hindu.
Returning to India from South Africa in 1915, 54-year-old Gandhi became ideological and moral leader of the liberation movement.
On May 25, 1915, Gandhi founded Ashram Satyagrathi called Kocrab near Ahmadabad. In April 1917, he organizes the first Satyagrahi campaign in Champara. In 1919, releases the first issue of the newspaper "Young India".
Note that this is the era of the Great October Revolution, the echo of which quickly got to India and caused the aggravation of the anticolonial struggle. The Indian National Press with a clear delight described the revolutionary rise around the world, addressed to the prospects for the national liberation struggle. So, for example, the Abhjudaya Allahabad newspaper on March 24, 1917 wrote: "The Russian Revolution convinces us that there is no power in the world that the life of nationalism could not overcome".
Of course, it could not not be alarmed by the British colonial administration. The vice-king of India Chelmsford announced in the British government about the need to change policies in India. In particular, a law was conducted through parliament, expanding the composition of voters to central and provincial meetings, as well as providing Indians the quota of places in executive councils with the vice-king and provincial governors. In a number of provinces, the Indians became the heads of the Departments of Enlightenment and Health, and also occupied posts in other departments.
Against this background, Gandhi's political activity could not remain unnoticed. Two Satyagrahi campaigns spent in India in India and participating in the organization of a working union in Ahmadabad turned Gandhi to one of the most famous figures of Indian anticolonial resistance. The influence of Gandhi gandged in the Indian National Congress, with which Mahatma has worked ever wider. Gandhi published a lot in the Indian press, often spoke on rallies.
At the same time, Gandhi never missed its main goal - to raise wide masses on active non-violent resistance, which considered the main mechanism of the country's promotion to independence. However, he was convinced that such promotion is possible only when combining all the political forces of society under a unified national leadership. Therefore, Gandhi was an opponent of the class struggle and a decisive supporter of maintaining the general peace and always advocated a compromise peaceful settlement of constantly emerging economic, social, ethnic, religious conflicts.
And conflicts have enough, which was facilitated by the deep religious and custom disconnection of Indian society. And therefore, Gandhi paid special attention to the statement in the country's mass ideology of the patriotic unity of Hindus and Muslims, ethno national and caste groups. One of the practical political forms of the formation and demonstration of such a national unity of "Hartals" (on Hindi - "Closure"), that is, the campaigns simultaneous, the widespread closure of shops and workshops for prayer and fasting. Hartals, held in many cities in the country in April 1919, became the start of the new stage of the development of revolutionary events in India. There was a transition from economic strikes of the 1918 workers - to massive performances of the wide layers of the urban population, which in some places were flowed into armed uprisings.
Increed a strike struggle: in 1920-21, 400-600 thousand people were used in India. Workers have increasingly conducted solidarity strikes. In Bombay, Jamshedpur and other industrial centers, the oppressed layers of Indian society went on protest demonstrations. In some places, new organizations of trade unions arose. Objectively developed conditions for the organization of the Obcenta Protsentr.
At the turn of 1920, a new stage of the national liberation movement began in India. This stage is associated primarily with the activities of the Indian National Congress (Inc.), which began to turn into a mass batch. The ideological inspirer and the head of the Congress was Gandhi. Inc in his struggle with the colonizers, hesitated the wide campaigns of "non-violent non-cooperation" with the authorities and "civil disobedience" - Satyagrat.
The charter of INC adopted in 1920 proclaimed the goal of the Inc. Achievement of Swamja (partial independence of India in the status of the British Dominion) "peaceful and legal means". At the same time, the Swargeist Group began to use the political struggle in the country's parliament to achieve this goal.
In 1927, Inc. put forward the slogan struggle for the complete independence of India from Britain, which marked a new rise in the national liberation struggle in the country, and in 1931 adopted a program of bourgeois-democratic reforms. During this period, the Inc intensified the left-nationalist fraction, headed by Ch. Bosom and J. Nehru.
In 1934, the Congress Socialist Party, which developed a program of radical transformations, including a socialist nature, was distinguished inside the INC. The struggle against compiled by the colonizers of the reactionary Constitution 1935 was actively supported by the Communists, who understood the need to strengthen a single anti-imperialist front in the country.
At the same time, the main method of struggle still remained Satyagraha. Gandhi stressed that her participants do not impose their goals to opponents, but encourage the enemy to reconsider their views and abandon injustice. In this Gandhi saw the fundamental advantages of his concept of non-violent struggle: the decision taken voluntarily and consciously - firmly; The parties to the conflict does not arise the temptation soon to revise it. Another advantage of Satyagrath was that it does not require a weapon or large material means; She, therefore, gives everyone the opportunity to take part in the fight for justice.
Of course, the ideal scheme of Satyagrath, based on non-violent self-sacrifice, was far from the practice of mass movement. Not all of his participants possessed such a hot faith in the principles of non-violence, so that for the sake of them to part with life. But sacrificing life still had rarely and a little. And the campaigns of Satyagrahi increasingly turned out to be politically effective.
That is, Mahatma Gandhi offered the people of India a fundamentally new way of reviving the country. He rejected both the unpromising and path of armed uprising, and the path of petitions to colonizers, proclaiming the "third path" Akhins, non-violence. Gandhi repeated that Akhins means an internal decision of a person, which is based on the recognition of the highest value of life to man and everything alive. Gandhi appealed: "In the world there is no struggle between good and bad people, but the struggle between life and death, good and evil in the soul of every person. Everyone is able to refuse evil in his support, and evil powerless against this decision. At the same time, the refusal to participate in the affairs of evil leads a person on the path of construction of a new world - the world of good. "
Practice of Satyagrath, however, was far from simple. One of the main difficulties was the need to maintain a fraction of non-violence, but at the same time increase the heat of struggle. And here from Gandhi required not only the sequence, but also ingenuity. One of the main directions of Satyagrahi was expanding campaigns of the boycott of actions and state institutions of the colonial administration. The boycott of elections, and the boycott of official techniques, and the boycott of English ships, English schools and colleges, and the boycott of the English goods, and refuses to lead with the British of the case, to serve in their administration and recorded in the army, and refuses to honor the titles, posts and British government awards. Gandhi himself demonstratively returned the British rewards received for the service in South Africa.
One of the most striking episodes of the policy of "non-standardity" was the refusal of Indians to participate in the meeting of the heir of the British throne of Prince Wales, who arrived at the visit to India on November 17, 1921. When Prince Wales landed in Bombay, Gandhi announced Hartal - "Day of Prayer and Post". And then in all cities where the prince came, it was on the day of his meeting the streets and bazaars of empty, shops and workshops closed - there was a post and prayer everywhere. This publicly and silently "expressed" disrespect for the arrival of the prince became unheard of insult. And the Indians, apparently, for the first time, allowed to fully realize the strength and influence of their "non-violent non-standardity." And it was especially important that the protest shares of non-standardity - and at this moment, and later, and the Indian National Congress and the Muslim league were headed jointly.
At the same time, Gandhi always strictly warned comrades about the danger of the outstanding movement of disobedience into an uncontrolled violent phase. But on February 4, 1922, an incident occurred, which put the mass shares of Satyagrath on the face of a breakdown. After execution of the peasant protest police, the outrageous peasant crowd burned several policemen drunk. Gandhi sharply condemned this certificate of self and announced the termination of the campaign of civil non-standardity. The trust in the authority of Mahatma was so great that the passions of the rebellion immediately cooled.
Efficiency and mass support for the movement of non-violent non-standardity Dali Gandhi The opportunity to make British power to have enough tough political requirements. At the turn of 1930, Inc. put forward a demand for the country of the Dominion status (self-governing territory of the British Empire). January 26, 1930 was declared Independence Day.
From "Oath on Independence Day":
"We consider it an integral right of Indian people, like any other people, the right to freedom, the right to use the fruits of their work and the right to the necessary funds for life. These rights are needed by the people in order for him to have all the opportunities for its development. We also believe that if any government deprives the people of these rights and oppress it, the people have the right to change such a government or abolish it. The British government in India not only deprived the Indian Freedom Freedom, but basses their policies on the operation of the masses, undermined the economic, political, cultural and spiritual life of India. We are therefore, that India should break the bonds connecting it with England, and to achieve Purna Swamja, that is, complete independence.<...>
We recognize, however, that the most effective way to our freedom lies not through violence. Therefore, we must prepare for the fight by termination, as far as possible, all types of voluntary cooperation with the British government, and should also prepare for the movement of civil disobedience, including tax evasion. We are convinced that it is only for us only to stop voluntary assistance and tax payments, without resorting to violence even in cases of provocations, as this inhuman regime is doomed. "
In the same 1930, Gandhi put forward the British administration Requirements: to reduce the tax tax, reduce the salary of English officials, cancel the government monopoly on salt, to free all political prisoners. And after the refusal of the authorities to satisfy these requirements of Gandhi began a new one, the largest Satyagrah is the so-called salt hike.
In the spring of 1930, Gandhi went on the roads of India at the head of the growing columns of comrades. On the seaside, the participants of the hike were evaporated with salt an ancient handicraft, that is, directly violated the law on salt monopoly and proved that they could do without English goods.
The colonial authorities initially did not take this action seriously. But when the salt began to scout millions of Indians across the coast of India, the situation very quickly acquired far from a comic turn. Trade in English goods was almost completely paralyzed. The orders of the government frankly sabotaged.
And then, in the Dharshan district, the participants of Satyagrath, led by the son of Gandhi Manidal, made an attempt to take salt vanitsa. The protester column met the police squad, armed with thick sticks with iron tips. But the demonstrators went to the chain of the police and fell under their blows. Other people got up to the places wounded and killed and, without resisting, again went under blows.
The authorities arrested Gandhi and tens of thousands of traffic activists. But it did not stop Satyagrah. In response to the campaign of violence from the authorities, the All-Indian Hartal began. Stopped the work of the factory, railways, post office, educational institutions, trade. The British administration had to free Gandhi and other Inc. leaders and - for the first time in the history of India - to start negotiations.
In March 1931, Vice-King of India Lord Irving and Mahatma Gandhi signed an agreement, providing for the cessation of civilian disobedience campaign on the conditions of amnesty for all political prisoners, the abolition of government monopoly on salt, permits to promote India's independence from England, recognition of INC as an official political Party. Power fulfilled almost all these requirements. And only after that, Mahatma Gandhi announced the suspension of Satyagrath. It was a very large political victory of the national liberation movement.
In 1932, Mahatma Gandhi again in prison. And from here sharply opposes the adoption of compiled by the colonial authorities electoral lawwhich shares the Casta of untouchables and other Hindus. Gandhi announces the indefinite hunger strike against this law. In the fact that this action of Gandhi is crowned with success in the country, where the tradition of a caste division of society has three thousand years, "almost no one believed. But love and confidence in Mahatma Gandhi, as well as concerns for his health, were stronger than tradition. Millions of people went to the houses unacceptable, made meals together with them, got sick with untouchables, borrowed a prison rejection with letters and telegrams of support. And London gave way, changing the electoral law. Only after that, Gandhi stopped the hunger strike.
In August 1935, the British Parliament adopted a policy of political reforms in India. The reform included the expansion of the participation of India's citizens in elections to 12% of the population by reducing property and other qualities, as well as the provision of fairly wide rights to local legislatures. Other changes in the constitution, which the Inc. was achieved were not taken. However, the campaign of non-violent resistance passed by this time has already significantly undermined the colonial regime.
In the elections to the central and provincial legislative assemblies under the new electoral system in 1937, Inc. received most elected places in 8 out of 11 provinces of India and formed local governments. This not only provided the Inc. the opportunity to acquire and accumulate the experience of parliamentary political struggle, but also became a major step in the party to mastering the authorities in the country.
In the late 30s and early 40s, Mahatma Gandhi leads individual Satyagrat. He calls on public speeches to the need for India's independence from England, announces a hunger strike and writes letters with a call to peace and freedom. For this Gandhi spends a lot of time in prison.
Since the beginning of World War II, the national liberation struggle in India continued in new, significantly changed conditions. Gandhi, although it does not occupy any official posts in Inc, is still a national leader and the main inspirer of this struggle. He, like no other, understands and feels that this struggle for a new free India comes to the final and decisive stage. Gandhi writes: "Since the beginning of the war, the time of the full branch of India from England came," and put forward the slogan "away from India!". Inc. supported this slogan and demanded the immediate provision of India India.
Welcoming the adoption of the party's decision on an uncompromising struggle for the liberation of India, Gandhi uttered his famous words "act or die."
The name of Gandhi remained a symbol of dedication and sacrifice in the name of independence. However, his ideas of non-violence, as well as his views on the basics of statehood (the ideal of complete equality of citizens within the framework of autonomous self-adequate communities) were estimated by the majority of the Allies on Inc. and even many associates more critical. Against the background of war and increasing protest movements, the Inc. Leaders have lost faith in the effectiveness of non-violence and its further prospects, and Gandhi gradually lost control over protest masses.
The political advancence of India was actively occupied by new leaders of the anti-colonial protest - J. Nehru, Ch. Bos and others, ready to use strict methods of national liberation. By the end of the war, the revolutionary struggle in India still retained the framework of the non-violence of Gandhi. Nevertheless, Gandhi tried to return the struggle in the direction of her Satyagrath, hoping that after the war, England would voluntarily provide India the status of Dominion, and that this would provide free elections and the adoption of a new constitution.
However, these hopes of Mahatma Gandhi were not justified. The status of Dominion was not, the national liberation struggle sharpened against the background of mass protests against the use of Indian troops to suppress the liberation movement in Indochite and Indonesia. Inc.'s leaders demanded the termination of the British intervention in Southeast Asia. Another factor in the exacerbation of the political situation in India was the fate of the Indian National Army (INA), which was established in Burma during the period of Japanese occupation by one of the leaders of Inc. Chanda Bosom, with the support of the Japanese command for the war against the British.
In 1945, English troops took in a number of 20 thousand people. In captivity in full. I could not leave the fact of the presentation of the presentation of Ingun against Great Britain. But the British did not dare to judge the whole army, realizing the risk of consequences. As a result, the colonial administration decided to convey to the court of the military tribunal only three of the highest officers of Interna from the three main religious communities of the country - Hindu, Muslim and Sikha.
This combined all three denominations in the fight against the British. Instead of a purely military court, the Tribunal became an essential political event. For the Indian masses, the defendants became alive heroes who quit the challenges of India to the battlefield. Even Gandhi - the apostle non-violence - expressed their admiration for them. Inc. heads made an initiative to create a special committee for defendants. It includes 17 lawyers, including J. Nehru. Nehru identified the nature of the trial as follows: "The people will be the chief judge and an arbiter in this matter." The sentence was very soft. Inizers of Ina were recognized as guilty, but their punishment was only in the dedication and dismissal from the army, as well as in deprivation of rights to receive various public benefits.
The process over the command of Ina combined almost all the political forces of the liberation movement. The defense of the accused Inc. was supported by even the Muslim league, headed by Muhammad Ginnoe, despite the fact that the League was in an acute conflict with Inc. because of his project allocating from free India of the individual state of Muslims - Pakistan. They supported the protection of Inna's commanders and other generals of the generals: social parties, "Akali gave", "Hindu Mahasabha". As a result, the Communists who condemned Bosa for cooperation with the Japanese allies of the Nazis were in India in full political isolation.
Trying to weaken political tension in the country, the British at the end of 1945 declared elections to central and provincial legislative assembly. And succeeded in the political split of the anti-imperialist forces. The largest of these forces - Inc. and the Muslim league - published elections with mutually exclusive political programs.
A wave of perturbations against British colonial domination reached apogee in 1946. By this time, the army begins to connect to the anti-imperialist movement. In India, there were about one million soldiers of Indian origin. The British in the army was two times less than the Indian soldiers.
The culmination moment was the uprising of the sailors of the military fleet. In February 1946, excitement began on the Talwar ship. Gandhi supported the rebel seafarers, although he tried to keep them from violent action. The troops caused by the authorities, consisting of Indian soldiers, refused to shoot in the rebels. And then the sailors of Calcutta, Madras, Karachi, Visagapatahama joined the uprising. Military pilots were supported in Bombai Rest, and at the same time the universal strike of workers began in the city. On the streets of Bombay, Calcutta, Karachi, Madras launched barricades.
The position of Great Britain in India turned out to be very serious. The colonial authorities appealed for help from the leaders of the national liberation movement - Gandhi, Pitel, Ginnes. As a result, the Inc. and the Muslim league proposed the rebel to fold the weapons, and Gandhi performed as one of the intermediaries in the negotiations between the rebel and the Anglo-Indian authorities.
The uprising in the army and the active speeches of the Indian people against colonialism forced the British Premier Etley to make a declaration on the readiness of England to provide India Dominion's right and create a Commission for the provision of India independence. In May 1946, a draft constitutional reform was prepared, according to which India was declared a single dominion of Britain, although with essentially limited political authority.
In June of the same year, elections were held in the legislative bodies. Inc. received 70% of mandates in them, Muslim league - 30%. In August, J. Nehru proposed to create a temporary government, which, except the Hindus, included representatives of Sikhs, Christians and Parsis. The Muslim League refused to enter the government, stating that it does not reflect the interests of Muslims, and therefore she will continue to fight for the creation of Pakistan.
An announcement of the Muslim league "Direct struggle" for Pakistan sharply complicated Hindu-Muslim relations. And the proclamation on August 16, the day of the struggle for the creation of the Muslim state Pakistan - opened a series of bloody conflicts between the Hindus and Muslims throughout the country. Three thousand people were killed in Calcutta, ten thousand were injured. The excitements were transferred to Eastern Bengali, then in Bihar. A particularly strong scope of the clash between the Hindus and Muslims was accepted in Bombay and Punjab in early 1947.
On February 20, 1947, the Prime Minister Etley announced the Declaration on India, which contained the transfer plans to the "Indian hands". At the same time, the UK proposed a plan for the division of India ("Plan Mountbetten"), in accordance with which two Dominion was created in India - Indian Union and Pakistan. The 563 principalities, which made India, received the right to choose, which of which of the created dominions they want to enter.
Inc.'s leaders, despite the disagreement and warning of Gandhi, adopted British proposals for the division of India. After June 3, 1947, the Vice-King of India L. Mountbetten proclaimed the section of British India and the creation of two independent states - India and Pakistan, a massacre of religious grounds broke out in the country and huge crowds of refugees appeared. On the roads of the country in opposite directions, endless columns of people expelled from their places were walking. Only in Punjab, the number of victims of the pogromov reached half a million people. According to official data, about 700 thousand people were killed during this forced resettlement.
The last years of the life of Mahatma Gandhi gave a struggle for the unity of the country and the prevention of its split. He was one of the few managers of the liberation movement, which were fully trying to confront the course for the dismemberment of India on a religious basis. The country section meant for Gandhi the complete and final wreck of his ideas of Hindu-Muslim unity. Nevertheless, at the session of the All-Indian Committee of the Congress, Gandhi joined the majority, voted for the Mountbetten plan on the transfer of power to two independent states. However, he took this Gandhi as his personal tragedy.
On August 15, 1947, India's independence was proclaimed, she received the status of Dominion as part of the British Commonwealth of Nations. With the direct support of Gandhi, the first government of India was headed by Javaharlal Nehru. The formation of the basic structures and institutions of Indian statehood began. But it happened in the conditions of the incessant Hindu-Muslim massacre. Pogroms and expulsion of the population went in the Principles of Jammu and Kashmir, in Bengal, in other territories.
Gandhi did everything depends on him to stop and prevent community-religious clashes. On the day of the independence of India, he was located in Calcutta, where Hindu-Muslim pogroms were happening more than once. To achieve an intercommunal world, Gandhi announced another - the fifteenth in his life - a hunger strike. This hunger strike ended only when representatives of all communities of the city swore at the bed of weakened from famine Gandhi to not allow in Bengal interreligious excesses.
Another hunger strike Gandhi declared Delhi, trying to prevent clashes between political parties and communities throughout the country. But his influence on Indian masses was already clearly insufficient. Religious ethnic clashes in India continued.
Perhaps despair forced Gandhi alone to go on foot in the country, passing hundreds of villages, referring to fellow citizens with calls to the world, prudence and mutual tolerance. At the same time, Gandhi demanded the creation of normal living conditions in India for Muslims. Radical Hindu organizations for this reason were accused of Gandhi in the treacherment of the interests of the Indians and the transition to the side of Muslims. On January 30, 1948, during the beginning of the evening prayer, he was killed by three shots of Hindu fanatics, a former member of the Hinda Mahasabha party.
In India, while Life, Gandhi was called "Father of Nation » which "embodied the ancient spirit" of India.
Gadhi's doctrine was an integral part of the political culture of independent India. Already after the conquest of India's independence and adoption of the Constitution, the Gandhi slogans of universal benefits (Sarvodia) and non-violence (Akhins) were based on the basis of a socially-oriented state course of J. Nehru. Since then, the heads of Inc. insist that it was the Indian National Congress that is the main heir to the exercise of Gandhi about non-violence.
With all his life, Mahatma Gandhi tried to prove that the doctrine of non-violence was not a weakness, but by force, not cowardice before the colonizers, but the courage and dedication of fighters for independence. The idea of \u200b\u200bpersonal responsibility to himself and others, personal responsibility for everything that happens in the country, for the fate of India, was the main thing in the political struggle of an outstanding thinker and the Indian Patriot.
Gandhi was born in a colonial country that awakened to the struggle for self-affirmation. The epoch, when his consciousness was formed, broke the tradition. The spiritual law should manifest itself in politics - this is the innovation of Gandhi. In proclamation of political activity, the responsibility of God suggests the absolute need to comply with religious principles - love, truth, non-violence - and is the fundamental difference between Gandhi views from most religious systems.
The non-violence for Gandhi is not only the method of resistance, the tactics of the struggle, but also the main principle of a holistic worldview, the doctrine of the meaning of individual and public life, the basis of social and political ideal. By making non-violence with the principle of not only personal, but also public behavior, Gandhi gave him an offensive character. From the failure of evil violence, he moves to non-violent resistance. To determine this type of socio-political behavior, the concept of "Satyagrah" was found, meaning "unshakable in truth", "Connection of truth and hardness".
For the participant of Satyagrath, non-violence is an unshakable principle. Violence is not allowed not only in actions, but also in words and even in thoughts and desires. The condemnation of sin is combined with love for a sinner. Public contradictions are permitted in the same way as family disagreements - belief, concessions or, as a last resort, appeal to non-violent resistance.
However, the love of the enemy in Gandhi is combined with the acute rejection of injustice. Participate in non-violent resistance passively - unacceptable. Satyagraha assumes an open proclamation of requirements and their effective support for non-violent way. The participants in the movement consciously go to suffering, up to death, in the name of justice. Followers of Satyagraths seek their behavior to actively influence other people, not to force them by force, but to induce the evil. The means of exposure to cause the enemy of moral defeat.
Many Indians perceived Gandhi as God, descended from heaven to free the India. The ability of Gandhi to convince people to help them change for the better seems supernatural. He was not accidentally called the Mahatma - the Great Soul. A small, very thin man, in any weather wrapped only with a piece of dominant canvas, with a children's smile and big outflowed ears, - he hit his inner power, wisdom and endless kindness.
Rabindranat Tagore - the Great Contemporary and a friend of Gandhi - determined the ability of Mahatma Gandhi to affect people like this: "He got up at the threshold of huts of thousands of disadvantaged, dressed in the same way as they. He appealed to them in their language, here finally was a living truth, and not quotes from books ... In response to the call of Gandhi, India revealed again for great accomplishments, just as it was in early times when the Buddha proclaimed The truth of empathy and compassion among all living things. "
It is these human and spiritual qualities that Mahatma Gandhi, who he became: Chief and the banner of the national liberation of India.
In Forge of Empires, new tasks appeared - the so-called daily tests, for the execution of which for the day you can get good prizes.
Kings and Queen playing on the beta server are already familiar with these quests, the main feature of which is that they must be fulfilled only per day.
On the first day, for technical reasons appeared in the game later midnight, so that the task is left for a few hours less.
In the daily test window, there are settings where you can specify a convenient time for you to start a new test: you need to click on the icons of two gear in the upper right corner, and the corresponding window will open.
However, it is written and change the time of starting tasks to the closest (for example, if you have finished the quest at 17.00 and want to start a new daily at 18.00) will not come out - the following test will begin not earlier than every other day.
Before starting the quest, you can choose one of the two proposed award options. When performing seven daily buildings in a row (each for some game days) you will get one of the prizes from the challenge chest, where it can be
- sanctuary of knowledge (probability of 7%),
- well desire (7%),
- robbers Log (11%),
- refresh set (20%),
- 2 items of storage of buildings (25%),
- 50 Co (30%).
When you pass the daily test, you do not have to start all seven jobs first, but one execution will be sent to you.
Tests for testing: Secrets Forge of Empires
In the "daily" quite often, the tasks in which it is necessary to complete production, so in the city it is necessary to build as many resource buildings as possible to spend less time on testing. For example, the quest will fall out to the completion of five 8-hour productions, 11 hours or 20 five-minute.
The tasks for the collection of goods are very easy to perform, simply making exchanges on the market, where 100-200 products can be in one loose.
Make sure that you always have several units in the army to fulfill the tasks for the destruction of enemy troops.
Perform a bonus activation test in the tavern faster, choosing "Additional move in the negotiations in the guild expedition", the benefit of the bonus will last only 15 minutes. If silver is not enough, you can choose the strengthening of the "coin inflow", which costs 200 silver, but it lasts four hours, so to activate the second bonus you will have to wait.
A tasks are often found, to fulfill which it is necessary to put goods in the treasury, so be sure to keep them in stock. Such tests are a pleasant news for guilds, where there are vintage participants who do not seek to replenish the treasury by goods.
Some downloads include tasks for secting sectors on the Continent map. Those who are used to sitting in the same epoch for years and has already opened the province of their level, apparently, these quests will have to skip.
Motivate the buildings of other Forge of Empires players (friends and neighbors), as well as visit the taverns now better after performing the daily test, since otherwise you just can not pass the quest because the opportunity to visit the tavern or motivate the building will appear with you Only in a day.
What depends on the development of the city and success in the passage of the game. In the game process Forge of Empires, repeating tasks are involved - quests, for the execution of which you will receive - medium strategic glasses, diamonds, goods, resources, coins.
Bonus Development
Forge of Empires tasks, repeating quests.
Beginner players are trying to fulfill each quest - it is not necessary to do it. The list of tasks Forge of Empires is divided into two types - plot (required for execution) and bonus (circular quests) with the button - cancellation. Unprofitable can be boldly to cancel, skip, but the resource tasks are to collect a certain number of coins, resources, a couple of things from the production buildings, to spend CO - it is better to twist several times a day. Video example in front of you.
That is why I recommend - not to put military, but resource and production buildings - from 3 to 12 commodity and pair of production - "Kuznetsov" in bronze (as much as possible), "Butchers" - in the Iron Age, "shoe workshops" - in Early Middle Ages and so on. These quests, tasks in Forge of Empires are permanent, go in a circle, you can perform several dozen times per day, missing unnecessary. This is a weighty bonus for the development of the main city - packages of strategic glasses, a constant influx of goods and of course, free diamonds for expanding territories. To increase the tributaries of diamonds, several auxiliary worlds can also be used, a diamond earned in any of the additional worlds can be spent mainly.
In order to significantly increase profits from each quest, it is necessary to build SHATO Sun, at the level 1, get an increase of + 50%, on a 10th + 150%. If cities in add. The worlds are built correctly, sharpened under the constant scrolling of repeating quests, the chateau can be called a mandatory great structure. For the basis - desirable, in the early epochs, it may simply be enough for him. The bonus also applies to Forge of Empires's events and customer cards, the awards are not increasing in the guild expedition.
Strategic, so be a strategist - use the development bonuses in full. I will add a useful chip from myself - the one who first adds a truthful list of tasks for the next FOE event, let him attach its refresh to the list. Link (invite friends), diamonds can be earned and so. In the following parts of Hyde, we carefully consider the map of the continents, ways to pass the guild expedition and its useful prizes, learn how to earn a lot of CO, medals and diamonds.
One of the most striking examples of the unity of many people is the liberation of India from the colonization of the UK, which has happened not so long ago - in the twentieth century.
Very few know about this historical fact, since, despite unprecedentedness, his study is not included in the school curriculum, professional educational institutions and universities of the CIS and countries with a higher material standard. But we have the extremely negative and most unsightly moments of human life, such as wars, Holocaust, Holodomor, the Personality of Dictators, and what bloody paths they sought power on the world arena.
It would seem that the paradox: anyone they ask - everyone wants to live happily. Then why do we pay such a lot of attention to the study of impartial examples from the life of society and do not pay attention to the good, kind and worthy of the high title "Man"? But I do not want to agree with such a state of affairs in society, so let's consider an example of genuine humanity, courage and the inner resistance of the unity of people, which without a single shot, non-violent methods could free one of the most numerous countries on earth from colonization to another state.
It all started with the fact that Mohandas Gandhi's young Indian lawyer literally thrown out of the first-class racist-minded British.
The educated and very erudite Hindu knew that such a manifestation is only part of the Big Iceberg of the contempt of the British to the Hindu, especially in South Africa, and Mohandas decided to eradicate this injustice. But he was alien to terrorist attitudes, so he decided to go non-violently through civil disobedience to unfair laws that infringement of the rights of the Hindus. The latter, by the way, not only did not have the right to ride the first class, but did not even go on sidewalks. And they were obliged to carry with them an additional identity card, which did not have other citizens of the British Empire. And the first, where Gandhi decided to start the elimination of these injustices, there was a campaign of civil disobedience in 1906, which was called "SatyaGrakh" (translated from Sanskrit "Persevement in Truth").
According to Gandhi, satyagraha - means for a practical and conscious violation of unfair laws: "Stop truth, the forces of truth, the forces of love, the power of the soul" and further: "Triumph of Truth, the victory of the truth, the victory of the truth by the powers of the soul and love." The main idea is in the desire to influence prudence and the conscience of the enemy through:
- refusal of violence (Akhims)
- readiness to transfer pain and suffering
Purpose satyagrathi was Transformation of the opponent in an ally and friend - it was believed that the appeal to conscience is more efficient than threats and violence. In accordance with the theory of Gandhi, violence sooner or later leads to an increase in violence, non-violence interrupts the spiral of evil and makes it possible to turn the enemy in a like-minded person. Gandhi considered satyagrah Not as weapons weak, but on the contrary, as a weapon of the strongest spirit.
The symbol of the new Satyagrah became Charch, the traditional Indian spinning wheel. On the call of Mahatma, the whole country goes to self-sufficiency, refusing to buy English goods, including expensive fabrics. Mahatma himself sits down for the spinning line and makes himself clothes and shoes. Indians do not violate the laws, they simply do not cooperate with the authorities. They only buy Indian goods (let those worse in quality!), Burn English fabrics that have ever bought.
For a whole nation, it became a spiritual breakthrough, an internal discovery. It turns out that their political and economic dependence on England is the result of their cooperation with colonizers! First, the British showered Gandhi ridicule, but soon they begin to experience shock - they do not notice them, their traditions are not honored, their trading companies carry colossal losses. It comes to the fact that the Indians do not notice the heels of the Welsh Prince, who comes to India. Cities Streets die out when there is a high guest, the embodiment of the sacred royal power.
And if you first want to follow the idea of \u200b\u200bGandhi, it was a little, then over time they became more and more. People united the fact that they saw the sincerity of Mohandas Gandhi's intentions, despite the beatings and permanent arrests, the loss of prestigious work and other things for which an ordinary person lashes tenaciously throughout its transferential earthly existence.
By the way, it should be mentioned that the Gandhi family was deeply religious. But the priest in their arrival did not use only one sacred writing during his worship services - he used everything was at hand. And during the same speech in front of the parishioners, he could first quote the guita, then the Bible, then the Koran, Vedas - and that was all of course, as if there was no difference from which writings to read. And if you think about it, then in fact: what's the difference? God is one. And all the prophets carried the same truth - just to our time interested persons en mastered her in different sacred Scriptures, at the same time distorting the Word of God and hiding the grain of truth in the pile of pile. Apparently, therefore, the clergy from the parish visited by Gandhi, and had to use all available sources to, a break of tons of spoiled, to convey to parishioners precious grains of a single truth.
Be that as it may, and such a unique approach to worships have greatly influenced Mohandas's worldview. And when he conceived to achieve a fair attitude towards the Hindu from the British, he probably knew that this idea was entirely and fully corresponded to the fact that the Lord God had commanded his own. Just the commandments were turned out to be interpreted by the colonists, because of what the British allowed themselves to be inhuman attitude towards their neighbors, which any Holy Scripture would love to love themselves, and not stick them and keep them in slavery.
In 1919, when Gandhi already lived in India and was one of the leaders of the national liberation movement, the law of Rolett was released. He allowed the British authorities to enforce justice against the participants of the liberation movement without trial, the investigation and without advocacy. Those. The imperialists believed themselves unlimited powers regarding the citizens of India unwanted. It is not difficult to guess that the appearance of this so-called "law", which, in fact, was a true lawlessness, outraged people across India. Gandhi went to their like-minded people across the country with speeches on rallies and calls for non-violent disobedience, thereby organizing the first all-industrial Satyagrah. This made Gandhi well-known and respected by all Hindu, whom, as a result, people called Mahatma (Great Soul).
In addition to this Gandhi, refusing all his privileges and freebies, fought with caste division, rooted among the Hindu, and Yaros defended the right of "untouchables" to work normally and live alongside any other Hindu. Such human zeal to justice even among the Hindu Mahatma won genuine reverence on a par with saints. And the most interesting thing is that the British could not do anything with this semi-digit little man, because It was not to do with all the worldly - the main thing for him was internal, intangible, which is impossible to take away.
Mahatma Gandhi sincerely loved people. They felt it - and listened to the fact that he offered them to free them from the Iga British imperialists. As a result, the multi-million population of India made the sagging existence of the colonists simply unprofitable. People refused English goods and services, undermined the British monopoly and, most importantly, did not show aggression. Therefore, the occupiers, on the one hand, were angry at the "damned kouli" (workers of the Hindus, cheap chawl), but on the other hand, the conscience talked to them that they really don't really treat this poor nation, suffered by the throat of the British yoke .
In 1936, Gandhi began to publish his weekly newspaper called "God's Children"Through which he could convey his ideas to compatriots without long jets on the vast territory of India, rallies and endless arrests. Unfortunately, he did not have an Internet at hand, but without this powerful tool, Mahatma still succeeded as a result of 4 ourselves of civil disobedience, many acts of unnecessary violence and murder of Hindu British, illuminated in the world press, undermining the British business in India And demonstrations of the world of the true face of the colonists to ensure that the UK itself gave India's independence in 1946. Notice, for this I did not need to register a civil war, to become partisans, to act against human morality and the power to implement a coup. Not. Only firm and unshakable persistence in disagreement with the injustice and the lack of violent methods were made that it was never happening in modern history. And if there were such examples in the history of mankind, then someone will "randomly" them or very intentionally forgot to describe in history books.
In the example of the non-violent acquisition of India of its independence from the vicious, unnatural and immoral colonial regime, there is a large lesson for all people who seem that they cannot do anything without having strong protection. Without having money, status and even like-minded people, with whom they could do at least something to improve life in their society. But, as the story shows, the right thing is enough just to start - and from all over the world, unslogenated people will respond, who will definitely support the one who took responsibility to start. The example of half-naked Gandhi, who sewed his clothes himself, lived in Ashrama, did not have an army, wealth and even the Internet, but at the same time he had an adamant determination and a firm choice to achieve justice is a visual example of what one ordinary person is capable of many more accomplishments.
In addition to the fact that the story of Gandhi teaches that one should never be afraid to start a good deed one, she still teaches and inexhaustible strength of love and inner resistance. Love even to those who are a guide of injustice, otherwise it will be impossible to show them themselves how wrong they do. After all, there are no winners in the dispute - only losers. But if one of the opponents externally does what you need, but internally infinitely loves his temporary opponent, the latter will surely see his wrong. And perhaps it will even change - and will become your other and companion! So let's go to the light of God - and to create the necessary actions today aimed at the unity of all peoples and overcoming any negative moments of life of our society, without fear of what may not work! For it is said: "Act for good - and you will definitely be strengthened!"
All personal belongings of Indian policies and philosopher Mahatma Gandhi.
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