Modern problems of the theory of evolution presentation. Synthetic theory of evolution - presentation. Modern concepts of evolution

Evolutionary biology. Lamarck's ladder of beings. biological evolution. Steps of evolutionary ideas. pre-Darwinian period. Animal classification scheme according to K. Linnaeus. J.B. Lamarck. Stage of evolutionary views. K. Linnaeus. Plant classification scheme according to Linnaeus. ancient scientists. Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution. The ladder of beings according to Aristotle. J. Buffon. Stage of evolutionary ideas.

"Positions of the synthetic theory of evolution" - Twins. direction of evolution. Cro-Magnons. property of reality. Morphological criterion. parallel evolution. Changes in populations. Climate. Lower Quaternary period. Stages of development of life in Devon. founder effect. Archean and Proterozoic aromorphoses. Stages of development of life in the Ordovician. factors of evolution. Convergence. Trigger mechanism of speciation. "View" in biology. Australopithecus. Stages of development of life in the Anthropogene.

"New theory of evolution" - The concept of "metaevolution". Continuous pursuit of the main components. Interpretation of functioning. Criterion minimization is equivalent to maximization. The process of search engine optimization. Hierarchical system of life. Proposed search-optimization approach. immanent activity. Natural selection. The concept of metaevolution as a process. Nature. Proposed concept. Apparatus for adaptive search engine optimization.

"Ideas for the development of the organic world" - Darwin discovers a fossilized giant extinct mammal. Carl Linnaeus. Darwin went on a world tour as a naturalist. Representatives of the mockingbird family differ from those in Chile. Charles Robert Darwin. Georges Buffon (1707 - 1788), a prominent French naturalist. Charles Lyell, or Lyell. John Ray (1628 - 1705). Lamarck Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monnet (1744-1829).

"History of evolutionary doctrine" - Population. The main directions of progressive evolution. ancient representations. Variability. The main provisions of the theory of Ch. Darwin. Independent work. In reality, the species exists in the form of populations. Directions. Object of study. What are type criteria. Biological consequences of adaptations. Modern views about the theory of evolution. Evolution. Ch. Darwin's doctrine of natural selection. genetic differences.

"History of evolutionary ideas" - Ernst Haeckel. Principles of the Darwin-Wallace theory. First theory of evolution. biochemical evidence. Evidence for evolution. Karl Baer and the law of germinal similarity. Journey of a naturalist. History of evolutionary views. similar organs. Fossil transitional forms. homologous organs. Fundamentals of Lamarck. Haeckel-Muller biogenetic law. C. Darwin. The 20th century is a synthetic theory of evolution.

The synthetic theory of evolution (STE) is a modern evolutionary theory, which is a synthesis of various disciplines, primarily genetics and Darwinism, and is based on paleontology, taxonomy, and molecular biology. All supporters of the synthetic theory recognize the participation of three factors in evolution: Mutation Recombination Selection Generating new gene variants Determining compliance with given living conditions Creating new phenotypes of individuals


The synthetic theory in its current form was formed: The synthetic theory in its current form was formed: as a result of the transformation of Weismann's views into Morgan's chromosomal genetics: adaptive differences are transmitted from parents to descendants with chromosomes in the form of new genes Due to natural selection.


The impetus for the development of the synthetic theory was given by the hypothesis of the recessiveness of new genes. This hypothesis assumed that in each reproducing group of organisms, during the maturation of gametes, as a result of errors in DNA replication, mutations constantly occur - new variants of genes.






1. LOCAL POPULATION IS CONSIDERED AN ELEMENTARY UNIT OF EVOLUTION; 2. MATERIAL FOR EVOLUTION IS CONSIDERED MUTATIONAL AND RECOMBINATIONAL VARIABILITY; 3. NATURAL SELECTION IS CONSIDERED AS THE MAIN CAUSE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF ADAPTATIONS, SPECIFICATION AND THE ORIGIN OF SUPPARATE TAXA; 4. DRIFT OF THE GENES AND THE FOUNDER PRINCIPLE ARE THE REASONS FOR THE FORMATION OF NEUTRAL SIGNS; 5. A SPECIES IS A SYSTEM OF POPULATIONS REPRODUCTIVELY ISOLATED FROM POPULATIONS OF OTHER SPECIES, AND EACH SPECIES IS ECOLOGICALLY SEPARATED; 6. SPECIFICATION CONSISTS IN THE APPEARANCE OF GENETIC ISOLATION MECHANISMS AND IS CARRIED OUT MOSTLY IN CONDITIONS OF GEOGRAPHICAL ISOLATION.


"Pure Darwinism" (L.S. Berg) Synthetic theory (N.I. Vorontsov) 1. All organisms developed from one or a few primary forms. 2. Development was divergent 3. Development was based on random variations. 4. Factors of progress are the struggle for existence and natural selection. 5. The process of evolution consists in the formation of new features. 6. The extinction of organisms occurs from external causes: the struggle for existence and the survival of the fittest. 1. The smallest unit of evolution is the population. 2. The main driving factor in evolution is the natural selection of random and small mutations. 3. Evolution is divergent. 4. Evolution is gradual and long-term. 5. Each systematic unit must have a single root. This required condition for the very right to exist. Evolutionary systematics builds a classification based on kinship. 6. Outside the species, evolution stops. 7. The view is polytypical. 8. Variability is random. 9. Evolution is unpredictable.


The synthetic theory of evolution is not in doubt among most biologists. It is believed that evolution as a whole is satisfactorily explained by this theory. Nevertheless, over the past two decades, the number of publications has increased, in which it is noted that STE is inadequate to modern knowledge about the course of the evolutionary process. One of the most frequently criticized provisions of STE is its approach to explaining secondary similarity. 1. According to neo-Darwinism, all signs of living beings are completely determined by the composition of the genotype and the nature of selection. Therefore, parallelism is explained by the fact that organisms have inherited a large number of identical genes from their ancestor, and the origin of convergent traits is entirely attributed to the action of selection. However, it is well known that similarities that develop in fairly distant lineages are often maladaptive and therefore cannot be plausibly explained either by natural selection or by common inheritance. Independent inheritance of identical genes and their combination are obviously excluded, since mutations and recombinations are random processes.


Ch. Darwin's evolutionary theory The mechanisms of evolution are based on three main factors: Variability Variability Struggle for existence Struggle for existence Natural selection Natural selection The main provisions of the theory: 1. Organisms are changeable 2. Differences between organisms are at least partially inherited. 3. The endless increase of organisms on the planet as a result of their reproduction limits the small amount of vital resources, which leads to a struggle for existence in which not everyone survives. 4. As a result of the struggle for existence, natural selection occurs - those individuals that have properties that are useful under given conditions survive.






Each species is a closed genetic system. Representatives different types do not interbreed, and if they do interbreed, they either do not give offspring, or this offspring is barren. Therefore, divergent speciation must be preceded by the emergence of isolated populations within the ancestral species.






Microevolution elementary evolutionary factors guiding non-guiding 1. struggle for existence 1. genetic drift 2. natural selection 2. waves of life 3. mutation 4. isolation (leads to the emergence (formation of new populations, adaptations) of species, subspecies, etc.)


1. elementary phenomena of evolution - changes occurring in a population through recombinations, mutations and natural selection, separating this population from others. 2. The elementary material of evolution is hereditary variability in individuals of a population, which leads to the emergence of both qualitative and quantitative phenotypic differences. 3. elementary factors of evolution - natural selection, mutations, population waves and isolation isolation, mutation and population waves affect the evolution of a species, and natural selection directs it. Key Concepts evolution:




Patterns of Evolution: 1. The first and main pattern is the irreversible nature of evolution: Evolution is an irreversible process of the historical development of the organic world Organisms, populations and species. Those who have arisen in the course of evolution cannot return to the previous state of their ancestors


2. The second pattern - the general direction (trend) of the evolutionary process - Progressive complication of life forms: Consists in the continuous adaptation of the living world to constantly changing conditions environment. In the transformation of species and the isolation of some species from others. Evolution is a process of non-programmed development of living nature


3. The third pattern of evolution is the development of adaptability (adaptation) of species to the habitat of adaptation General (the presence of limbs in terrestrial animals) General (the presence of limbs in terrestrial animals) private ( different types limbs in connection with the place and way of life) private (different types of limbs in connection with the place and way of life)



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History Change of scientific ideas about the origin and development of life on Earth

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Development of evolutionary ideas Developed a taxonomy of living organisms. The systematic arrangement of species made it possible to understand that there are species-relatives and species characterized by distant kinship. The idea of ​​kinship between species is an indication of their development over time. Carl Linnaeus (1707 - 1778)

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Development of evolutionary ideas Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1774-1829) Author of the first evolutionary concept. He argued that the organs and organ systems of animals and plants develop or degrade as a result of their exercise or non-exercise. The weak point of his theory was that acquired traits cannot actually be inherited :(

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The development of evolutionary ideas The author of the first coherent evolutionary concept was Charles Darwin, who wrote a book on this subject: "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or on the Preservation of Favorable Breeds in the Struggle for Life" Charles Darwin (1809 - 1882)

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The basic logic of the evolutionary doctrine Heredity Variability The ability of organisms to reproduce indefinitely Limited environmental conditions Organisms differ from each other and can transmit their characteristics descendants Struggle for existence Survival of the fittest Natural selection

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Natural selection As a result: Living systems adapt to environmental conditions There are a huge number of species of living organisms on planet Earth Highly organized species and species with a more primitive level of organization can coexist

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Evidence for evolution: Morphological (comparative anatomical) Homologous and analogous organs Atavisms Rudiments

Abstract of a lesson in biology in grade 11 on the topic "Development of the evolutionary teachings of Ch. Darwin."


Material Description: I offer you a summary of a lesson in biology in grade 11 on the topic: "Development of the evolutionary teachings of Ch. Darwin." This material will be useful to biology teachers when explaining new material on this topic.

Integration educational areas
Teach children:
a) not be afraid to take the initiative;
b) learn to critically, look, think;
c) respect others and others around you;
d) want to be honest and be yourself;
d) learn to cooperate.
Need: "learn to live" and "live to learn."
Target: study of the essence of natural selection and the struggle for existence as the main factors of evolution.
Tasks:
- introduce students to the history of the formation and development of evolutionary ideas;
- to consider the prerequisites for the emergence of evolutionary theory, to acquaint students with the views of K. Linnaeus, J. B. Lamarck, J. Cuvier, K. Baer, ​​Ch. Lyell;
- to reveal the main provisions of the evolutionary theory of Charles Darwin.
Content elements: variability, natural selection, artificial selection, advanced properties, struggle for existence.
Equipment: portraits of scientists, cards to consolidate the studied material.
Lesson type: combined.
I Organizational moment:
II Actualization of students' knowledge:
Teacher:
1. How can one explain the dominance of ideas about the immutability of species in the 18th century? (Children's answers)
2. How do you understand what evolution is? (children's answers)

III Learning new material:

slide number 1
With the saying of the ancient Greek philosopher Heraclitus. “Everything is and is not, because although the moment will come when it is, it immediately ceases to be ... However, the same is both young and old, and dead and alive, then it changes into this, this, changing, becomes again topics."
Teacher: Read the saying of the ancient Greek philosopher Heraclitus. How do you understand these words?
In the lesson we will talk about the development of the evolutionary teachings of Charles Darwin.
slide number 2
On the slide you see the tasks of our lesson.
To acquaint with the history of the formation and development of evolutionary ideas;
Consider the prerequisites for the emergence of evolutionary theory;
Introduce students to works of J-B Lamarck and other scientists.
To reveal the main provisions of the evolutionary theory of Ch. Darwin.
Teacher:
Charles Darwin's main work On the Origin of Species, which radically changed the idea of ​​wildlife, appeared in 1859. This event was preceded by more than twenty years of work on the study and comprehension of the rich factual material collected both by Darwin himself and by other scientists. Today we will talk about the basic premises of evolutionary ideas, the first evolutionary theory of Jean Baptiste Lamarck, learn about Charles Darwin's theory of artificial and natural selection.
Side number 3
Basic concepts of the lesson.
Write down the main concepts that you should learn in the lesson.
- Evolution
- hereditary variability
-Natural selection
-artificial selection
- Struggle for existence
slide number 4
Portrait of Charles Darwin and quote "The more we know the immutable laws of nature, the more incredible miracles become for us."

slide number 5
Charles Darwin.
English naturalist and traveler. He was one of the first to realize and clearly demonstrate that all types of living organisms evolve in time from common ancestors. In his theory, Darwin called natural selection and indefinite variability the main driving force of evolution. Dravin's ideas and discoveries form the foundation modern theory evolution and form the basis of biology.
Teacher: Let's trace the main ways of forming Darwin's worldview and his system of evidence.
slide number 6
Biography
1827 - studied theology for three years at the University of Cambridge.
1831 - after graduating from the university, he went on a trip around the world on the expedition ship of the Royal Navy "Beagle".
During the trip, he visited the Galapagos Islands and other places.
The results of the research were outlined in the works Diary of Research, The Origin of Species through Natural Selection.
slide number 7
Lesson plan
1. Evolution.
2. The system of organic nature by K. Linnaeus.
3. Evolutionary J-B theory Lamarck and other scientists.
4. Successes in new areas of biology at the beginning of the 19th century.
5. Prerequisites for the emergence of evolutionary theory.
6.Basic provisions of Ch. Darwin.
Teacher: The term "evolution" (from the Latin evolution - deployment) was introduced in the 18th century by the Swiss naturalist Charles Bonnet.
In biology, evolution is understood as the irreversible historical development of nature. In biology, evolution is seen as a force. leading to the formation of new forms of organisms, as a process by which precellular life forms that arose more than 3 billion years ago gave rise to the extremely complex multicellular organisms of our time.
slide number 8
(portrait of K. Linnaeus) The system of organic nature of K. Linnaeus (1707-1778) - Swedish naturalist.


Teacher: The need to streamline rapidly accumulating knowledge has led to the need to systematize them. A great contribution to the creation of a system of nature was made by the outstanding Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus. The scientist described more than 8,000 plant species and over 4,000 animal species, established a uniform terminology and order for describing species.
Slide 9
For the unit of classification, he took the form - a set of individuals similar in structure.
He singled out three kingdoms: Plants, Animals and Minerals.
Established a uniform terminology.
He consolidated the use of binary (i.e. double) nomenclature in science to designate species. Each species is designated by two words. For example: Domestic cat (Libyan).
He established the principle of subordination: neighboring categories are connected not only by similarity, but also by kinship, but the further the categories are from each other, the less their degree of kinship.
The fallacy of his theory:
There are as many species as the Creator created.
The scientist in many cases correctly combined the types of organisms according to the similarity of their structure. However, the arbitrariness in the choice of features for classification led Linnaeus to a number of errors. He was aware of the artificiality of his system and pointed out the need to develop a natural system of nature.
Teacher: The foundations of the first doctrine of the evolution of the organic world were developed and published in the work of the French naturalist Jean Baptiste Lamarck.
Slide 10


-Evolutionary theory J.B. Lamarck.
(1744-1829) The foundations of the first doctrine of the evolution of the organic world were developed and published in the work Philosophy of Zoology in 1809. French naturalist Jean Baptiste Lamarck
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- Jean-Baptiste Lamarck.
The evolutionary idea is carefully developed, supported by numerous facts, and turns into a theory.
Provides evidence for the variability of species.
Erroneous mechanisms of variability:
1) the desire of organisms to improve;
2) direct influence external environment and inheritance of traits acquired during the life of the organism.
Teacher: In biology, a number of major discoveries were made that turned out to be incompatible with the ideas about the immutability of nature, about the absence of kinship between them.
slide 12
Portrait of Georges Cuvier - French scientist
(1769-1832)


George Cuvier.
He studied the organs of vertebrates;
Installed:
All organs are parts of one integral system;
No part of the body can change without a corresponding change in other parts;
He established that the extinction of ancient animals and plants could be the result of major catastrophes of a geological nature.
slide 13
- Karl Baer - Russian scientist (1792-1876)


For the first time he described the process of the emergence of tissues and organs during the development of the embryo.
Formulated the law of germline similarity:
"The similarity of the embryos of different systematic groups testify to the commonality of their origin"
Slide 14
Charles Lyell - English scientist (1797-1876)


Managed to decipher and date geological history Earth.
He showed that mountain building, volcanism, glaciation, streams, rain, wind, tides, explain changes in the earth's surface, and hence changes in the composition of the organic world.
Teacher: The great English scientist Charles Darwin developed a scientific theory about the evolution of wildlife through natural selection based on the synthesis of a huge amount of facts from various fields of science and agricultural practice.
slide 15
Prerequisites for the emergence of Darwin's evolutionary theory.
1) Socio-economic.
2) Scientific.
slide 16
Socio-economic background.
The development of industry in England, the intensive growth of cities. The development of colonies, the rapid development of selections, the breeding of new varieties of plants and animals, the conduct of numerous scientific expeditions.
Slide 17
Scientific background.
Advances in the taxonomy of plants and animals, the development of biogeography, comparative anatomy, embryology and paleontology, the emergence of cell theory and Lamarck's evolutionary theory.
Teacher: Darwin's evolutionary theory is a holistic doctrine of the development of the organic world.
Slide 18
The main provisions of the evolutionary teachings of Charles Darwin.
Any kind of plants and animals in nature tends to reproduce exponentially. In nature there is a continuous struggle for existence. In the struggle for existence, individuals survive and leave offspring with such a complex of features and properties that allows them to compete most successfully with others. Natural selection is the driving force behind species change.
Teacher: In Darwin's evolutionary theory, the prerequisite for evolution is hereditary variability, and the driving forces of evolution are the struggle for existence and natural selection.
Slide 19

These are changes in the characteristics of an organism due to a change in the genotype.
Combinative - as a result of the recombination of chromosomes in the process of sexual reproduction.
Mutational - occurs as a result of a sudden change in the state of genes. The character is random, undirected.
Slide 20
Hereditary variability (indeterminate)
Hereditary variation and human selection are driving forces evolution.
However, properties that are useful from a human point of view can be useless and even harmful in the struggle for life that takes place in the wild.
slide 21
Darwin's theory of artificial selection.
Artificial selection is the process of creating new breeds of animals and varieties of cultivated plants by preserving and breeding individuals with certain traits and properties that are valuable to humans in a number of generations.
slide 22
Forms of artificial selection.
1. Conscious (methodical).
2. Unconscious.
Traits accumulated by artificial selection are beneficial to humans, but not necessarily beneficial to animals.
slide23
Conscious.
(Methodological) artificial selection.
With methodical selection, the breeder selects according to one or two traits.
The conditions for the success of methodical artificial selection are a large initial number of individuals.
slide 24
Unconscious artificial selection.
Man did not set a goal to breed a certain breed or variety.
For example: the worst animals were killed or eaten first, while the most valuable ones were preserved.
Slide 25
Darwin's doctrine of natural selection.
As a result of the struggle for existence, natural selection occurs - "Preservation of favorable individual differences and destruction of harmful ones.
Characters are accumulated that are useful only for the organism as a whole, as a result of which species and varieties are formed.
IV. Consolidation of the studied material.
Teacher: Work on cards
Task number 1
Which statements are true:
1. Lamarck created the best artificial system (-)
2. Linnaeus believed that species exist and do not change (+)
3. Lamarck created the first evolutionary theory.
4. Lamarck believed that organisms change from simple to complex (+)
5. Lamarck denied the variability of species (-)
6. Linnaeus divided all animals into 5 classes (-)
7. Lamarck believed that all traits acquired during life are inherited by descendants (+)
8. Linnaeus fixed the use of binary nomenclature (double names) for the species (+)
Homework:
Answer questions orally.
1. As J.-B. Lamarck explained the diversity of species in nature?
2. What prerequisites served as an impetus for the creation of evolutionary theory?
3. What are the main provisions of Darwin's teachings?
know the terms.

Several modes (methods) of phylembryogenesis. The main works that formed the basis of STE. Evidence of evolution: In the nineteenth century. homologous organs. synthetic theory. embryological evidence. First theory of evolution. Fundamentals of Lamarck. Rudiments. Journey of a naturalist. Evolution theory. Thoughts on the development of nature. Portrait of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. Severtsov's theory of phylembryogenesis. Karl Baer and the law of germinal similarity.

"Modern concepts of evolution" - Rules of macroevolution of large groups of organisms. Forms of natural selection. Organisms. stabilizing selection. species diversity. traditional biology. Synthetic theory of evolution. Animal world. Fight between various types. Evolution. A life. Aromorphosis. Struggle for existence. Macroevolution and microevolution. Milestones in the evolutionary development of organisms. Group adaptation. Lamarck. Destructive (cutting off) selection.

"A new theory of evolution" - A consequence of yesterday's kinetics. Nature. Proposed concept. Hierarchical system of life. Elementons. The concept of "metaevolution". Natural selection. Apparatus for adaptive search engine optimization. Proposed search-optimization approach. Interpretation of functioning. Microevolution. Regulatory mechanism of population evolution. Continuous pursuit of the main components. The concept of metaevolution as a process.

"Development of evolutionary ideas" - J. Buffon. Steps of evolutionary ideas. Stage of evolutionary ideas. ancient scientists. K. Linnaeus. Evolutionary biology. J.B. Lamarck. Lamarck's ladder of beings. Plant classification scheme according to Linnaeus. Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution. The ladder of beings according to Aristotle. biological evolution. Animal classification scheme according to K. Linnaeus. Stage of evolutionary views. pre-Darwinian period.

"Positions of the synthetic theory of evolution" - Isolation as a factor in evolution. Archanthropes. parallel evolution. Changes in populations. Paleoanthropes. Stages of development of life in the Cambrian. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium conditions. Stages of development of life in Devon. population. Movement of the continents. Convergence. Population-species standard of living. Ecological structure of the population. Human evolution. Modern people. Doubles. Types of evolutionary processes. climate zoning.

 

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