Presentation of the development of views on the origin of life. Presentation Modern ideas about the origin of life on Earth. The theory of the origin of life

Spontaneous generation The hypothesis of spontaneous generation "was widespread in Ancient China, Babylon and Egypt as an alternative to creationism. After the impossibility of spontaneous generation of mice was proved by the end of the 17th century, atheists continued to believe in the spontaneous generation of bacteria. The debate about whether or not bacteria can spontaneously germinate from dirt continued until the second half of the 19th century. Only Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) experimentally proved the impossibility of spontaneous generation of bacteria. Back

Under what conditions is it possible for living organisms to appear? C. Darwin g "... the absence of living organisms." AI Oparin in 1924 "... the absence of free oxygen in the atmosphere."

Stanley Miller apparatus. Stanley Miller and Sidney Fox designed an apparatus that contained gases from the primary atmosphere. Through this mixture, they passed electrical discharges. Sov. scientists A.G. Pasynsky and T.E. Pavlovskaya (1956) showed the possibility of the formation of amino acids under ultraviolet irradiation of a gas mixture of formaldehyde and ammonium salts

Under what conditions is it possible for living organisms to appear? Answer the questions. 1. What processes on the ancient Earth led to the formation of a gas shell on it? 2. What is the composition of the primary atmosphere? 3. Why did the Earth cool down? 4. What substances accumulated in the ocean? 5. What, according to scientists, led to the appearance of organic compounds? 6. Why did the composition of matter in the ocean change?

Stages of the emergence of living organisms 1. Formation of amino acids and monomers for organic molecules 2. Formation of biopolymers, such as proteins, carbohydrates and fats, capable of forming complexes - coacervate drops. 3. Coacervates. 4. The emergence of the ability to self-replicate (based on matrix synthesis)

Stages of the emergence of living organisms Model experiments carried out by A.I. Oparin and colleagues with coacervate drops released from an aqueous solution of various organic polymers have shown that these systems have the ability to absorb a variety of energy-rich substances from the surrounding solution and, due to them, grow, increasing in size and weight.

The theory of life

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The emergence of life. Theories of origin. Theories of the origin of life. Scientific. Creationism. Evolutionism. Intermediate theories. Briefly about creationism: Creationism was most widespread in Ancient Greece and Ancient Egypt. Ancient Greece... Everything came from eternal Chaos. Ancient Egypt. BUT there are still many gods in the religion of Ancient Egypt. Let's remember monotheism. Monotheism is one of the directions of creationism. Monotheistic religions include: Christianity Buddhism Islam. The concept of monotheism: Consider the example of Christianity. Initially, all beings, including humans, lived in a wonderful world - paradise. - Theory of Life.ppt

The emergence of life

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The emergence of life on earth. Hypotheses for the origin of life. Creationism. Considers the emergence of life as a manifestation of the will of God. Spontaneous generation. Panspermia hypothesis. Biochemical evolution hypothesis. Life in the Earth. The Earth as a planet, according to most scientists, has existed for 5 billion years. Influence of space on living beings. Cosmic radiation also affects weight and offspring variability. Experiments have shown that birds are able to navigate by the stars and by the magnetic field. Seagull in flight. - The emergence of life.ppt

Origin of life

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Theories of the origin of life. Louis Pasteur's experiments. Spontaneous origin of life. Refutation of the theory of spontaneous generation. L. Pasteur boiled various nutrient media in a flask. Despite the access of air, spontaneous generation was not observed. However, Pasteur conducted experiments not only to refute the theory of spontaneous generation. The work was prepared by a student of grade 10 "A". Dmitriukova Ekaterina. Creationism. Creation theory speaks of the origin of life as the created world of God. Stationary state theory. The steady state theory states that there has always been life on Earth. The theory of panspermia. - Origin of Life.ppt

The theory of life on earth

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The emergence of life on Earth. Theories of the Origin of Life on Earth: The Theory of Biochemical Evolution. The theory of panspermia. The theory of the stationary state of life. However, the stationary state hypothesis fundamentally contradicts the data of modern astronomy. The theory of spontaneous generation. Ancient world. Since ancient times, mankind has resolved the issues of the origin of life quite unambiguously. In Babylon, however, people believed that worms appear on their own in the channels. Antiquity. Middle Ages. Renaissance. By the 16th century, the theory of spontaneous generation of living organisms reached its climax. Refutation of the theory of spontaneous generation. - Theory of life on Earth.ppt

The origin of life on Earth

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The origin of life on Earth. Theories of the origin of life on Earth. Theories of the origin of life. Divine theory. Space theory. The theory of spontaneous generation. The essence of the theory. Development of life on Earth. Archean era. The traces of life are insignificant. Proterozoic era. Organic remains are rare and scarce, but they belong to all types of invertebrates. The appearance of primary chordates - a subtype of cranials. Palaeozoic. Ordovian, 60 Cambrian, 70 Marine invertebrates thrive. Widespread distribution of trilobites, algae. Silurian, 30 Lush development of corals, trilobites. The appearance of jawless vertebrates - corymbs. - The origin of life on Earth.ppt

The theory of the origin of life

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Theories of the origin of life on Earth. Introduction. Spontaneous generation of life. The scientist boiled various media in water in which microorganisms could form. Pasteur attached a sealed flask with a free end to an S-shaped tube. Spores of microorganisms settled on a bent tube and could not penetrate into the nutrient medium. Biopoiesis theory. Miller and Yuri's experience. It was conducted in 1953 by Miller and Urey. Sugars, lipids and nucleic acid precursors have also been found. The experiment was repeated several times in 1953-1954. Subsequent rains dissolved the polypeptides. - Theory of the origin of life.ppt

Origin of life theories

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Let's talk about theories of the origin of life. Let's consider the main theories using an example of an elementary scheme. The origin of life on Earth. Biogenesis. Abiogenesis. Creationism? Spontaneous generation. Panspermia. Refutation with self-generation i. Evolutionism. What are the main differences between biogenesis and abiogenesis? So ... Living from living. Living from non-living. Think about panspermia. A word about creationism. Biochemical evolution. Founder: A.I. Oparin (1894-1980). - Theories of the origin of life.ppt

Theories of the emergence of living things

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Public lesson. My best lesson... Hypotheses for the origin of life. The stages of the emergence of the solar system. Debate. Distribution of duties. Group work in the classroom. Lesson structure. Game regulations. Work of judges. Rules of Judicial Ethics. Lesson stage. Modern hypotheses. The history of ideas about the origin of life. History of performances. Theories of origin. Scheme of the transition of chemical evolution. The problem of nature. Additional question. Matter. Nebula. - Theories of the origin of the living.ppt

The emergence of living organisms

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The initial stages of life development. A - aromorphosis I - idioadaptation D - degeneration. The earth is an atomic gas cloud. The earth is a red-hot compacted body (surface temperature is more than 10,000 C). Cooling the planet. Heavy showers. The emergence of reservoirs. A set of conditions. The temperature of the planet's surface is high enough. Active volcanic activity. Lightning electrical discharges. Ultraviolet radiation. Synthesis of organic substances from inorganic compounds in the aquatic environment. Coacervate droplet = a clot of organic matter. The disintegration of a single drop into two or more smaller ones. - The emergence of living organisms.ppt

How life began on Earth

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The emergence of life on Earth. Topic: Development of ideas about the origin of life. To form knowledge about the main hypotheses of the origin of life on Earth. To form knowledge about the 1st and 2nd stages of biochemical evolution. Both the Earth and life are created by the Supreme Mind. Microorganisms were brought in from space along with meteorites, and then - evolution. Hypotheses of abiogenesis. Life has arisen repeatedly as a result of spontaneous generation. Hypotheses of biogenesis: Basic hypotheses of the origin of life on Earth. Theories of abiogenesis have lasted for many centuries. Hypotheses of abiogenesis: spontaneous generation. What will happen? - How life appeared on Earth.ppt

The emergence of life on Earth

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The emergence of life on Earth. Lesson objectives. Lesson plan. 1. The history of ideas about the origin of life on Earth. The idea of the origin of life on Earth of scientists - philosophers of antiquity and the Middle Ages. Theories of biogenesis and abiogenesis. The hypothesis of spontaneous generation of life. 2.Analysis of the definition of life by F. Engels and modern scientists. Definition of life according to F. Engels. Life criteria. Definition of life according to modern concepts. The place of the biological form of the movement of matter among other forms. 3. Prerequisites for the emergence of life on Earth. Evolution of chemical elements in outer space. - The emergence of life on Earth.ppt

The origin of life on earth

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Integrated lesson. The origin of life on Earth. So how did life appear on our planet? Michelangelo Buanarotti: The Creation of Adam. The hypothesis of the spontaneous origin of life. Old engravings: on the left - the transformation of fruits into fish and birds; on the right - into the ducks. Stationary hypothesis. Earth and life have always existed, forever. Species have always existed, but they could die out, or change their numbers. Panspermia hypothesis ("seeds everywhere"). Hypothesis of Biochemical Evolution. Stages of the emergence of life on the planet (according to Oparin): Geophysical stage. "Big Bang". - The origin of life on Earth.ppt

Origin of life hypotheses

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Lesson topic: Development of ideas about the origin of life on Earth. Hypotheses about the origin of life on Earth. How did life begin on Earth? What views and hypotheses exist about the origin of life on Earth? What is life? Fri? Drich E? Ngels (November 28, 1820 - August 5, 1895, London) - German philosopher, one of the founders of Marxism, friend, associate and co-author of Karl Marx. Mikhail Vladimir Volkenshtein (October 10 (23), 1912, St. Petersburg - February 18, 1992, Moscow) - Soviet physicochemist and biophysicist, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Valenti? N Nikolaevich Parm? N (born April 18, 1948, Brandenburg) is a Russian scientist. - Hypotheses of the origin of life.ppt

Hypotheses of the origin of life

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Human origins. Hypotheses. Hypotheses of the origin of life: Creationism. Divine creation of the world. Spontaneous generation. Pan-death hypothesis. Stationary state. Oparin-Koldin theory. Hypothesis of biochemical evolution, or "coacervate hypothesis". A.I. Oparin gave primacy in the education of life to proteins, and J. Haldane - to nucleic acids. - Hypotheses of the origin of life.pptx

The emergence and development of life

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The emergence and initial development of life on Earth. F ales. Water is everything ... Anak simand r. The origin of all that exists is "apeiron". HERAKLIT. The basis of everything is fire ... DEMOKR and t. The beginnings of the Universe are atoms and emptiness. Aristotle. The world consists of five elements: earth, water, air, fire, and ether. Assembly of coacervates. Experimental coacervate drops. S External environment... A The substance enters the drop. B Reaction product. Z External environment. Scheme open system... Conclusions. Life arose on Earth in an abiogenic way. Biological evolution was preceded by a long chemical evolution. - The emergence and development of life.ppt

Theories of the origin of life on Earth

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The origin of life on earth. Life fills every corner of our planet. For billions of years, life has been walking across the Earth as a unique self-organizing system. Today science knows about 4.5 million species of animals and plants. Since time immemorial, the origin of life has been a mystery to humanity. Preconditions for the emergence of life on Earth. Such gaseous-dusty matter is found in interstellar space at the present time. Hydrogen is the predominant element in the universe. One of these conditions is the size of the planet. An example of such planets is the companion of the Earth - the Moon. - Theories of the origin of life on Earth.pptx

Problems of the origin of life on Earth

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The emergence of life on Earth. History of ideas about the origin of life. Conditions for the emergence of primitive living things. Representations of ancient and medieval philosophers. Works by L. Pasteur. Theories of the origin of life. History of carbon. From carbon to proteins. The possibility of the formation of complex organic compounds. Age of the Earth. The emergence of primary organisms. Coacervate droplets. Life development. The emergence of multicellular organisms. - Problems of the origin of life on Earth.ppt

Development of ideas about life on Earth

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Development of ideas about the origin of life on Earth. Heads in caps. Life. The way of existence of protein bodies. Properties of the living. Hypothesis. Problematic issues. Democritus. Jan Van Helmont. Francesco Redi. Gottfried Leibniz. Anthony van Leeuwenhoek. Lazzaro Spallanzani. Louis Pasteur. Forms. Soviet biochemist. The theory of biochemical evolution. Experiments. Charles Darwin. The process of existence complex systems... Divine creation of the world. German scientist. Stages of the process of the emergence of life. English biologist. Oparin's hypothesis. The living comes only from the living. Life in the Earth. - Development of ideas about life on Earth.ppt

Panspermia theory

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The theory of panspermia - life on our planet is brought from outside, from the Universe. The hypothesis was put forward in the middle of the 19th century. Hypothesis. The emergence of life on Earth was also explained with the help of panspermia. Proof. Technogenic panspermia. Current evidence for panspermia. Fred Hoyle's proposal. As a result, the universe remains unchanged on average. - Theory of panspermia.ppt

The Big Bang Theory

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The emergence of life on earth. The Big Bang Theory. Creationism spontaneous generation steady state theory panspermia theory biochemical evolution. Theories of the origin of life on earth. Molecules of organic substances combined with each other, forming chains of nucleic acids. Apparently, such complexes were the prototype of future cells. Biochemical evolution. The Big Bang theory was proposed by scientists Friedman and Lemaitre. The space quickly expanded, t of the scattering high-energy particles began to decrease. The Big Bang period is conventionally called the time interval from zero to several hundred seconds. -

MODERN CONCEPTS OF THE BEGINNING OF LIFE

HYPOTHESES OF THE ORIGIN OF LIFE ON EARTH

To acquaint with the main hypotheses of the origin of life;
Develop the ability to generalize, draw conclusions, independently work with popular science literature and textbooks;
Show how the views on the origin of life have changed with the accumulation of knowledge.

"Life is a way of existence of protein bodies, an essential moment of which is a constant exchange of substances with the external nature surrounding them, and with the cessation of this metabolism, life also stops, which leads to the decomposition of protein"

There are quite a few theories of the origin of life on Earth, they can be divided into groups

1. Creationism

2. THEORY OF SELF-GENERATION

3. STATIONARY STATE THEORY

4 THEORY OF PANSPERMIA

5. THEORY OF BIOCHEMICAL EVOLUTION

Divine world creation.

Creationism (creation) –

religious-philosophical

a concept in which everything

living beings and the planet itself

whole created by God.

The hypothesis of creationism is outside the field of scientific research, since it is irrefutable: it is impossible to scientifically prove, both that God did not create life, and that God created it.

Spontaneous generation of life

For millennia

people believed in spontaneous

the birth of life, considering it

the usual way of appearing

living beings from non-living

384-322 BC.

For example, Aristotle attributed lice origin from meat, earthworms - from the silt of ponds.

described how, in three weeks, he created mice.

For this you just need:

a dirty shirt, a dark wardrobe and a handful of wheat, and human sweat to start the process.

Francesco Redi 1626 -1698 Italian naturalist and physician.

He conducted an experiment with vessels in which he put meat, left some of the vessels open, others closed with a cloth. In the open vessels the flies laid their testicles and the larvae of the flies appeared there, in the closed vessels there were no larvae.

Thus, the impossibility of spontaneous generation of living organisms was finally proved.

L. Pasteur's experiment with curved-necked flasks

According to the stationary state hypothesis

The earth did not arise

but existed forever.

The earth never arose, but existed forever; she was always able to maintain life, and if she changed, then very little; species have always existed as well. This hypothesis is sometimes called the hypothesis. eternism(from lat. eternus- eternal).
Nominated by the German scientist W. Preyer in 1880

Panspermia theory It has

Panspermia theory It is believed that life was brought to Earth from the outside with meteorites, comets or even UFOs.

UFO appearance on Earth
Rock carvings depicting objects similar to rockets and astronauts
Meetings with aliens
Finds of meteorites containing organic compounds

Biochemical evolution theory has the largest number of supporters among modern scientists

Alexander Ivanovich Oparin

In 1924 A. I. Oparin in his work "The Origin of Life" put forward coacervate hypothesis, according to which initial stages chemical evolution have been associated with the formation of protein structures.

Subsequently, the PRIMARY atmosphere of the Earth was again formed from heavier volcanic gases

It consisted of

water vapor Н 2 О

carbon dioxide CO 2

ammonia NH 3

methane CH 4

In 1924 the Russian scientist A.I. Oparin proposed the first concept of chemical evolution

In 1953, the American scientists G. Urey and S. Miller synthesized amino acids, nucleic acids and simple sugars under conditions close to the atmosphere of the young Earth. Under laboratory conditions, they exposed a mixture of carbon dioxide, ammonia, methane, hydrogen and water to electric discharges. Biologically important organic compounds were obtained during the experiment

In the atmosphere of the Earth and in the waters

primary ocean

from inorganic substances formed simple organic matter: amino acids, simple carbohydrates, alcohols, nitrogenous bases, fatty acids

Stanley Miller

The result is the synthesis of amino acids, urea, lactic acid

Electric discharges (60,000 V)

Pressure (n Pa)

Temperature (+ 80˚С)

Gas mixture (CO 2, CH 4, NH 3, H 2, water vapor)

the stage of chemical evolution is the synthesis of proteins-polypeptides that could be formed in the waters of the primary ocean.

Proteins-polypeptides

amino acids

Properties of coacervates

Selectively absorb from environment substances
Increase in size
Not capable of self-replication

Coacervate drops

the emergence of a membrane, nucleic acid molecules capable of self-reproduction

Probionts

English biochemist, geneticist and physiologist. The author of the hypothesis about “ primary broth ", one of the founders of population genetics

Hypotheses of abiogenesis: hypothesis of biochemical evolution

Evolution at the level of RNA molecules in coacervates was millions of years... This is how the ancient world of RNA came into being. Mutations and recombinations in RNA populations have created increasing diversity in this world.

In parallel, the evolution of bonds between RNA and the synthesis of polypeptides is taking place, ensuring their more reliable existence.

At the next stage, DNA appears, their double-stranded structure ensures stability and accurate replication (doubling).

New discoveries of RNA functions

The discovery of new functions of RNA, or rather the so-called small RNAs, has become a major scientific event. In 2003, new evidence was found that RNA molecules are not just intermediaries between DNA and proteins in the process of protein synthesis. There are more and more arguments in favor of the fact that RNAs are able to regulate ("turn on / off") certain genes, thereby playing crucial role in the process of differentiation of the organism, as well as its current life.

Many of the theories that have been voiced today use almost the same data, but emphasize different aspects. Scientific theories can be over-fantastic on the one hand, over-skeptical on the other. Theological considerations also find their place within this framework, depending on the religious views of their authors. Each of the hypotheses has its own strengths and weak sides, but none gives a precise answer to the question of the origin of life.

The emergence of life on Earth History of ideas about the origin of life. Contemporary views about the origin of life. Theories of the origin of protobiopolymers. Evolution of protobionts. The initial stages of biological evolution. The emergence of life on Earth History of ideas about the origin of life Theories of the origin of protobiopolymers. Evolution of protobionts. Philosophers' views Modern ideas about the origin of life Initial stages of biological evolution. Formation of planetary systems Works of L. Pasteur Primary atmosphere of the Earth Theories of eternity of life Sources of energy and age of the Earth Theories of the origin of life Environmental conditions on the ancient Earth It is often argued that now there are all the conditions for the emergence of primitive living things that once existed. But if now in any body of water containing all the necessary ammonium and phosphate salts and accessible to light, heat, electricity, etc., a protein capable of further increasingly complex transformations was chemically formed, then this protein would be immediately destroyed or absorbed, which was impossible in the period before the emergence of living things. Charles Darwin Representations of Ancient and Medieval Philosophers. The general level of knowledge in the ancient world was not high, and the ideas prevailing at that time were distinguished by their fantastic nature. So, Empedocles (5th century BC) attributed to trees the ability to carry eggs. It is not surprising, therefore, that even such a prominent scientist as Aristotle (4th century BC) expressed similar, absurd from our point of view, views. For example, Aristotle Works by L. Pasteur. The works of L. Pasteur were a turning point in the history of the doctrine of the origin of life. The question of spontaneous generation was resolved, and the principle "all living things from living things" for all known creatures could be considered fair and not knowing more than one exception. Along with this, old ideas about the origin and eternity of the Theory of the origin of life reappeared. All religions, and in particular the Christian, teach that plants, animals and people at the "creation of the world" were created by God approximately the same as they are now. Consequently, according to religious beliefs, our planet was inhabited from the very beginning by the same species of living beings. The church's assertion was refuted by the great English scientist Charles Darwin. He was able to scientifically prove that all modern highly organized creatures evolved from organisms, more simply arranged, through evolution, that is, through consistent development. The study of fossil remains preserved in the earth's crust from the living creatures that once inhabited our planet fully confirmed Darwin's teachings. The earth has not always been inhabited by the same species of living beings. Living beings today arose as a result of the successive development of relatively simple living organisms. The older the fossil remains of organisms, the easier device these organisms. How did the primary organisms - the ancestors of all life on Earth - arise then? Darwin himself paused before such a question. At the end of the last century, F. Engels suggested that such primitive living beings could arise only as a result of the development of lifeless matter. At the end of the last century, F. Engels suggested that such primitive living beings could arise only as a result of the development of lifeless matter. However, at that time, scientists still could not concretely imagine the successive stages of development of inanimate matter into living organisms. This was possible only in the 20th century, when a sufficient amount of scientific information was accumulated. History of carbon. The history of the formation of the Earth shows that during the formation of our planet and in the first periods of its existence, huge quantities of the simplest organic substances arose on the surface of the earth. It is now generally accepted in astronomy that the Earth and other planets of the solar system were formed from a giant cloud of gas and dust matter. Such gaseous matter exists in interstellar space even now. Astronomers have learned to determine its composition. It contains methane (CH4). It is possible that there are also more complex hydrocarbons. When the particles of the gas-dust cloud united to form large planets (Jupiter, Saturn), methane and other gases were retained in the primary atmosphere of the planets being formed. There, astronomers are still detecting these gases. And in the composition of the Earth - it is a relatively small planet - carbon remained only in the form of graphite and carbides (compounds of carbon with metals). When carbides interact with water, hydrocarbons are formed, and water was also part of the Earth - in the form of hydrates of various rocks. Consequently, hydrocarbons and their simplest derivatives inevitably had to form on Earth long before the appearance of living things on it. From carbon to proteins. The age of the earth is determined by science different ways within 5 billion years, life on it has existed for more than 2 billion years. Thus, for the longest period of its existence, our planet was lifeless. And hydrocarbons and the simplest organic substances arising from them began to appear on the earth's surface from the very beginning of its formation. They served as the initial link in that long chain of transformations that ultimately led to the emergence of a large number of various and sometimes very complex substances on the earth's surface, in its water envelope and in the atmosphere. The very nature of hydrocarbons already contains the possibility of such transformations. But for them to happen, you need a sufficient flow of energy from the outside. Such energy on the earth's surface was available in several forms: the radiant energy of the Sun, in particular ultraviolet light, The possibility of the emergence of complex organic compounds in the conditions that were on the earth's surface in the initial periods of its existence can be proved even by direct laboratory experiments. Recently, the American researcher S. Miller artificially reproduced the environment of the primary atmosphere of the Earth: he passed quiet electrical discharges through a mixture of methane, hydrogen, ammonia and water vapor. The result is amino acids - the main constituent parts of a protein molecule. The Indian scientist K. Bahadur in a similar experiment obtained amino acids by exposure to sunlight. This experience, by using ultraviolet rays, was significantly refined by our scientists at the Institute of Biochemistry. A. N. Bach of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The experiments of the Japanese scientist Sh. Akabori also showed how, under the conditions of the primary periods of the Earth's existence, protein-like substances could be formed from the combination of amino acids, more precisely, from their closest predecessors. Age of the Earth The age of the Earth is determined by science in various ways within 5 billion years, life on it has existed for more than 2 billion years. Thus, for the longest period of its existence, our planet was lifeless. And hydrocarbons and the simplest organic substances that arose from them began to appear on the earth's surface from the very beginning of its formation. They served as the initial link in that long chain of transformations that ultimately led to the emergence of a large number of various and sometimes very complex substances on the earth's surface, in its water envelope and in the atmosphere. The very nature of hydrocarbons already contains the possibility of such transformations. But for them to happen, you need a sufficient flow of energy from the outside. Such energy on the earth's surface was available in several forms: the radiant energy of the Sun, in particular ultraviolet light, electrical discharges in the atmosphere, the energy of atomic decay of natural radioactive substances. The emergence of primary organisms When such protein-like substances appeared on Earth, began new stage in the development of matter - the transition from organic compounds to living beings. At first, organic matter was in the seas and oceans in the form of solutions. They did not have any structure, any structure. But when solutions of proteins or other similar organic compounds are mixed with each other, special semi-liquid ones are released from the solutions, although coacervate droplets are liquid, but they have a certain internal structure. The particles of matter in them are not arranged randomly, as in a solution, but with a certain pattern. With the formation of coacervates, the rudiments of an organization arise, although it is still very primitive and unstable. For the droplet itself, this organization is of great importance. Any coacervate droplet is capable of capturing certain substances from the solution in which it floats. They chemically bind to the substances of the droplet itself. Thus, the process of creation and growth takes place in it. But in any droplet, along with creation, disintegration is also observed. One or another of these processes, depending on the FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF LIFE. The structure of these primary living organisms was much more perfect than that of coacervate droplets. Yet it was incomparably simpler than even the simplest of today's living creatures. Natural selection, which began in coacervate droplets, continued with the advent of life. Centuries, millennia passed, and the structure of living beings improved more and more, adapted to the conditions of existence. At the dawn of life, both plants and animals were the smallest single-celled creatures, similar to the bacteria living in our time, blue-green algae, and amoeba. A major event in the history of the successive development of living nature was the emergence of multicellular organisms, that is, living beings consisting of many cells combined into one organism. Gradually, but much faster than before, living organisms became more complex and diverse. The end ... Worked on the presentation: Ibragimova Khazina, student of the 10th grade of the gymnasium №13

Theme: "Modern ideas about the origin of life on Earth."

Target:

continue to form students' knowledge about the origin of life on Earth;
to acquaint with the main provisions modern theory A.I. Oparin;
develop the ability to analyze the proposed information;

Equipment: Microsoft presentation Office PowerPoint Modern Concepts of the Origin of Life on Earth.

During the classes

Organizing time.

Greetings.

- Preparing the audience for work.

Motivation for learning activities.

Communication of the topic and purpose of the lesson.

Testing the knowledge of students.

Teacher : The problems of the origin and development of life on Earth have long attracted the attention of all philosophers and naturalists. What were the first views on the origin of life on Earth?

Student: a story about the first views on the issues of the origin of life on Earth using the materials of the presentation.

Presentation. Slide number 3,4,5,6

Teacher: How did the concept of the origin of life develop later?

Student: An account of Francesco Redi's experience using an animated video clip.Presentation. Slide number 7

Teacher: So, for the first time, an attempt was made to prove the inconsistency of abiogenesis, spontaneous generation of living organisms, but this did not destroy the idea of spontaneous generation of life. Who continued the development of F. Redi's ideas in the future?

Student: An account of the experience of Louis Pasteur using an animated video clip.Presentation. Slide number 8

Teacher: So, after the rather convincing experiments of F. Redi and L. Pasteur, the position of abiogenesis was finally refuted and the ideas of biogenesis were confirmed, which raised a number of new questions: how and when did life initially arise on Earth.

What hypotheses were formed about the initial appearance of life on Earth?

Student: In search of an answer to the question - "How and when did life arise on Earth?" the following main hypotheses were formed:

1. Life on our planet is brought from outside, from the Universe -this is the Panstpermia Theory.

2. Life on Earth has always existed, but it has undergone various cataclysms -it is the theory of a steady state.

3. Life arose on Earth as a result of biochemical processes in the conditions of a still young planet. This modern hypothesis is calledthe theory of biochemical evolution.

Presentation. Slide number 9

Teacher: All these theories of the origin of life on Earth exist, each of them is interesting in its own way and deserves attention. But today we will discuss the latest, modern theory of the origin of life on Earth.

IX. Learning new material.

So, the topic of the lesson is "Modern ideas about the origin of life on Earth."

Purpose: to get acquainted with the main provisions of the modern theory of A.I. Oparin

(write the date and topic of the lesson in a notebook)

Presentation. Slide number 10.11

Teacher: Modern views on the origin of life on Earth were formed during the first half of the 20th century. And a great contribution to the development of modern theory - the theory of the evolution of living matter was made by our domestic scientist-biochemist A.I. Oparin.

(Message about Oparin).Presentation. Slide number 12

Teacher: Presentation. Slide number 13

So, Oparin proposed a theory - the theory of the evolution of living matter, which was later supported by many scientists around the world. The main ideas of his theory are:

Initially, life arose in the oceans as a result of chemical evolution, i.e.... abiogenically;
The development of living matter and the emergence of a wide variety of life forms occurred in the process of biological evolution, i.e. biogenic.

How did life appear on Earth? In what conditions did its formation and development take place?

Now I suggest you carefully watch the video clip about the origin of life on Earth, after watching which, you have to fill in the table "Conditions for the emergence of life on Earth."

Viewing a video clip. Disc “Fundamentals of General Biology. Grade 9 "

Teacher: Fill out the table "Conditions for the emergence of life on Earth"based on the material of the film and the textbook on pages 122-123

(filling in the table)

Discussion of the table.

Presentation. Slide number 14

Securing the material.

Presentation. Slide number 15

What stages in the origin of life on Earth did Oparin singled out in his theory?
Is it possible now to form life in a non-biological way?
Testing.

Lesson summary.

Presentation. Slide number 16

Grading.

Homework.

Section 33.
MAKE FIVE TESTS TO CHECK KNOWLEDGE ON THE TOPIC.

Generalizing lesson on the topic: "Fundamentals of the doctrine of heredity and variability"

B - I

Part "A"

Choose one correct answer from the four suggested

Thanks to mitosis, the number of chromosomes in the cells of the body:

Doubles;
Reduced by half;
It turns out to be the same;
Changes with age.

In the process of cell division, the most significant transformations undergo:

Ribosomes;
Chromosomes;
Mitochondria;
Lysosomes

The nucleus of an animal's egg cell contains 16 chromosomes, and in the nucleus of the sperm of this animal:

24; 2) 8; 3) 16; 4) 32

The totality of all external and internal signs of the body is:

Gene pool; 2) Genotype; 3) Phenotype; 4) DNA code

Human hair color is controlled by paired genes that are located on homologous chromosomes and are called:

Dominant; 2) recessive; 3) allelic; 4) linked

The predominant trait that manifests itself in offspring hybrids is called:

Dominant; 2) recessive; 3) hybrid; 4) mutant

Indicate the genotype of a person, if by phenotype it is fair-haired and blue-eyed (recessive traits):

1). AABB; 2) AaBb 3) aavb 4) Aavb

When crossing guinea pigs with genotypes AAbv and aaBB, you will get offspring with the genotype:

ААВв 2) ААВв; 3) AaBB; 4) aaBB

When dogs with black and red hair were crossed, 5 puppies appeared, and all of them were black, which indicates the appearance of:

Independent Inheritance Law;
Uniformity rules;
The intermediate nature of inheritance;
Sex-linked inheritance

If, during monohybrid crossing in the second generation of hybrids, a splitting according to the phenotype 1: 2: 1 is observed, then this is a consequence:

Incomplete dominance;
Complete domination;
The interaction of genes;
Chained inheritance

Part "B"

Choose a few correct answers:

How is mitosis different from meiosis?

Two consecutive divisions occur
One division occurs, consisting of four phases
Two daughter cells are formed, identical to the mother;
4 haploid cells are formed;
Homologous chromosomes and homologous chromatids also diverge to the poles.

Choose the correct statement:

A haploid organism can be heterozygous;
A haploid organism cannot have homologous chromosomes;
Gametes are heterozygous;
The law of gamete purity is violated for diploid organisms;
In diploid organisms, the gene is represented by two alleles.

Establish the sequence of phases in mitosis:

Prophase
Telophase
anaphase
Metaphase

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