Modern problems of the theory of evolution presentation. Synthetic theory of evolution - presentation. Modern concepts of evolution

Evolutionary biology. Ladder of creatures according to Lamarck. Biological evolution. Steps of evolutionary ideas. Pre-Darwinian period. Scheme of classification of animals according to K. Linnaeus. J. B. Lamarck. Stage of evolutionary views. K. Linnaeus. Plant classification scheme according to Linnaeus. Ancient scientists. Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution. Ladder of beings according to Aristotle. J. Buffon. The stage of evolutionary ideas.

"The provisions of the synthetic theory of evolution" - Twins. Evolution direction. Cro-Magnons. Property of reality. Morphological criterion. Parallel evolution. Changes in populations. Climate. Lower Quaternary period. Stages of development of life in Devon. The founder effect. Aromorphoses of Archean and Proterozoic. Stages of development of life in Ordovician. Evolution factors. Convergence. Speciation trigger. "Kind" in biology. Australopithecus. Stages of development of life in Anthropogen.

"New theory of evolution" - The concept of "metaevolution". Continuous pursuit of core components. Interpretation of functioning. Minimizing the criterion is equivalent to maximizing. Energy search engine optimization process. The hierarchical system of the living. The proposed search and optimization approach. Immanent activity. Natural selection. The concept of metaevolution as a process. Live nature. Proposed concept. Apparatus for adaptive search engine optimization.

"Ideas for the development of the organic world" - Darwin discovers a fossilized giant extinct mammal. Carl Linnaeus. Darwin traveled around the world as a naturalist. Mockingbirds are different from those in Chile. Charles Robert Darwin. Georges Buffon (1707 - 1788), a prominent French naturalist. Charles Lyell, or Lyell. John Ray (1628 - 1705). Lamarck Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet (1744-1829).

"History of Evolutionary Doctrine" - Population. The main directions of progressive evolution. Antique performances. Variability. The main provisions of the theory of Charles Darwin. Independent work. In reality, the species exists in the form of populations. Directions. Object of study. What are the species criteria. Biological consequences of adaptations. Contemporary views about the theory of evolution. Evolution. Charles Darwin's doctrine of natural selection. Genetic differences.

The History of Evolutionary Ideas - Ernst Haeckel. Principles of the Darwin-Wallace theory. The first theory of evolution. Biochemical evidence. Evidence for evolution. Karl Baer and the law of embryonic similarity. Naturalist's journey. A history of evolutionary views. Similar bodies. Fossil transitional forms. Homologous organs. The main provisions of Lamarck. Biogenetic Law of Haeckel-Müller. Charles Darwin. XX century - synthetic theory of evolution.

The synthetic theory of evolution (STE) is a modern evolutionary theory that is a synthesis of various disciplines, primarily genetics and Darwinism, and is based on paleontology, taxonomy, and molecular biology. All supporters of the synthetic theory recognize the participation in the evolution of three factors:


The synthetic theory in its current form was formed: The synthetic theory in its current form was formed: as a result of the transformation of Weismann's views into Morgan chromosomal genetics: adaptive differences are transmitted from parents to offspring with chromosomes in the form of new genes As a result of natural selection.


The impetus for the development of the synthetic theory was given by the hypothesis of the recessiveness of new genes. This hypothesis assumed that in each reproducing group of organisms during the maturation of gametes, as a result of errors in DNA replication, mutations constantly arise - new variants of genes.






1. THE LOCAL POPULATION IS CONSIDERED THE ELEMENTARY UNIT OF EVOLUTION; 2. THE MATERIAL FOR EVOLUTION IS CONSIDERED MUTATION AND RECOMBINATION VARIABILITY; 3. NATURAL SELECTION IS CONSIDERED AS THE MAIN CAUSE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF ADAPTATIONS, SPECIES AND THE ORIGIN OF NAVIDATE TAXONS; 4. GENE DRIFT AND THE FOUNDER'S PRINCIPLE ARE THE REASONS FOR THE FORMATION OF NEUTRAL SIGNS; 5. SPECIES IS A SYSTEM OF POPULATIONS REPRODUCTIVELY ISOLATED FROM POPULATIONS OF OTHER SPECIES, AND EACH SPECIES IS ENVIRONMENTALLY ISOLATED; 6. SPECIES CONSISTS IN THE APPEARANCE OF GENETIC ISOLATING MECHANISMS AND IS CARRIED OUT PREVENTLY IN THE CONDITIONS OF GEOGRAPHICAL ISOLATION.


"Pure Darwinism" (LS Berg) Synthetic theory (NI Vorontsov) 1. All organisms developed from one or a few primary forms. 2. Development proceeded in a divergent manner. 3. Development proceeded on the basis of random variations. 4. The factors of progress are the struggle for existence and natural selection. 5. The process of evolution consists in the formation of new characteristics 6. The extinction of organisms occurs from external causes: the struggle for the existence and survival of the more adapted. 1. The smallest unit of evolution is the population. 2. The main driving factor of evolution is the natural selection of random and small mutations. 3. Evolution is divergent in nature. 4. Evolution is gradual and long-term. 5. Each systematic unit must have a single root. it required condition for the very right to exist. Evolutionary taxonomy builds a classification based on kinship. 6. Outside the species, evolution stops. 7. The view is polytypical. 8. The variability is random. 9. Evolution is unpredictable.


The synthetic theory of evolution is beyond question to most biologists. Evolution is generally considered to be satisfactorily explained by this theory. Nevertheless, over the past two decades, the number of publications has increased, in which it is noted that STE is inadequate to modern knowledge about the course of the evolutionary process. One of the most frequently criticized provisions of STE is its approach to explaining secondary similarities. 1. According to neo-Darwinism, all the characteristics of living things are completely determined by the composition of the genotype and the nature of selection. Therefore, the parallelism is explained by the fact that organisms inherited a large number of identical genes from their ancestor, and the origin of convergent traits is entirely attributed to selection. At the same time, it is well known that similarity traits that develop in sufficiently distant lineages are often maladaptive and therefore cannot be plausibly explained either by natural selection or by common inheritance. Independent inheritance of identical genes and their combination is deliberately excluded, since mutations and recombinations are random processes.


The evolutionary theory of Charles Darwin The mechanisms of evolution are based on three main factors: Variability Variability Fight for existence Fight for existence Natural selection Natural selection Basic principles of the theory: 1. Organisms are changeable 2. Differences between organisms are at least partially inherited. 3. The endless increase in organisms on the planet as a result of their reproduction limits a small amount of vital resources, which leads to a struggle for existence, in which not all survive. 4. As a result of the struggle for existence, natural selection occurs - those individuals who have useful properties under these conditions survive.






Each species is a closed genetic system. Representatives different types do not interbreed, and if they do interbreed, then either they do not produce offspring, or this offspring is sterile. Consequently, divergent speciation must be preceded by the emergence of isolated populations within the ancestral species.






Microevolution elementary evolutionary non-directing factors 1. struggle for existence 1. gene drift 2. natural selection 2. waves of life 3. mutation 4. isolation elementary structure - a population saturated with elementary evolutionary material - mutations elementary evolutionary phenomena - change in the gene pool phyletic evolution speciation (leads to the emergence (formation of new populations, adaptation) of species, subspecies, etc.)


1. elementary phenomena of evolution - changes occurring in a population, through recombinations, mutations and natural selection, separating this population from others. 2. The elementary material of evolution is hereditary variability in individuals of the population, which leads to the emergence of both qualitative and quantitative phenotypic differences. 3. Elementary factors of evolution - natural selection, mutations, population waves and isolation, isolation, mutation and population waves influence the evolution of a species, and natural selection directs it. The most important concepts evolution:




Patterns of Evolution: 1. The first and main pattern is the irreversible nature of evolution: Evolution is an irreversible process of the historical development of the organic world. Organisms, populations and species. Those that have arisen in the course of evolution cannot return to the previous state of their ancestors


2. The second pattern is the general direction (tendency) of the evolutionary process - Progressive complication of life forms: It consists in the continuous adaptation of the living world to constantly changing conditions the environment... In the transformation of species and the isolation of some species from others. Evolution is a process of non-programmed development of living nature


3. The third regularity of evolution - Development of adaptability (adaptation) of species to the habitat of adaptation General (the presence of limbs in terrestrial animals) General (the presence of limbs in terrestrial animals) particular ( different types limbs in relation to place and way of life) private (different types of limbs in relation to place and way of life)



Slide 1

Slide 2

History Changing scientific ideas about the origin and development of life on Earth All living things are simultaneously created by some Higher Power and are not subject to change (Creationism) Life originated a long time ago and, as a result of natural processes, was divided into a huge number of species (Evolutionism)

Slide 3

Development of evolutionary concepts Developed the systematics of living organisms. The systematic arrangement of species made it possible to understand that there are related species and species characterized by distant kinship. The idea of ​​relationship between species is an indication of their development over time. Karl Linnaeus (1707 - 1778)

Slide 4

Development of evolutionary concepts Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1774-1829) Author of the first evolutionary concept. He argued that organs and systems of organs of animals and plants develop, or degrade as a result of their exercise or non-exercise. The weak point of his theory was that acquired traits cannot actually be inherited :(

Slide 5

Development of evolutionary concepts The author of the first harmonious evolutionary concept was Charles Darwin, who wrote a book on this subject: "On the origin of species by natural selection or on the preservation of favorable breeds in the struggle for life" Charles Darwin (1809 - 1882)

Slide 6

The main logic of evolutionary doctrine Heredity Variability The ability of organisms to reproduce indefinitely Limited environmental conditions Organisms differ from each other and can transmit their characteristics to descendants Struggle for existence The fittest survive Natural selection

Slide 7

Natural selection As a result: Living systems adapt to environmental conditions There are a huge number of species of living organisms on the planet Earth. Highly organized species and species with a more primitive level of organization can coexist

Slide 8

Slide 9

Evidence for evolution: Morphological (comparative anatomical) Homologous and similar organs Atavisms Rudiments

Synopsis of a lesson in biology in grade 11 on the topic "Development of the evolutionary teachings of Charles Darwin."


Material description: I offer you a synopsis of a biology lesson in grade 11 on the topic: "The development of the evolutionary teachings of Charles Darwin." This material will be useful for biology teachers when explaining new material on this topic.

Integration educational areas
Teach children:
a) not be afraid to take the initiative;
b) learn to critically, look, think;
c) respect others and other things around you;
d) want to be honest and be yourself;
e) learn to cooperate.
It is necessary: ​​"to study in order to live" and "to live in order to learn."
Target: study of the essence of natural selection and the struggle for existence as the main factors of evolution.
Tasks:
-to acquaint students with the history of the formation and development of evolutionary ideas;
- to consider the prerequisites for the emergence of evolutionary theory, to acquaint students with the views of C. Linnaeus, J.B. Lamarck, J. Cuvier, C. Baer, ​​C. Lyell;
- to reveal the main provisions of the evolutionary theory of Charles Darwin.
Content elements: variability, natural selection, artificial selection, advanced properties, struggle for existence.
Equipment: portraits of scientists, cards for consolidating the studied material.
Lesson type: combined.
I Organizational moment:
II Updating students' knowledge:
Teacher:
1. How can you explain the dominance of ideas about the immutability of species in the 18th century? (Children's answers)
2. How do you understand what evolution is? (Children's answers)

III Learning new material:

Slide number 1
With the statement of the ancient Greek philosopher Heraclitus. “Everything is and is not, because although the moment will come when it is, it immediately ceases to be ... However, the same is both young and old, and dead and alive, then it changes into this, this, changing, becomes again themes ".
Teacher: Read the statement of the ancient Greek philosopher Heraclitus. How do you understand these words?
In the lesson we will talk about the development of the evolutionary teachings of Charles Darwin.
Slide number 2
On the slide, you see the tasks of our lesson.
To acquaint with the history of the formation and development of evolutionary ideas;
Consider the prerequisites for the emergence of evolutionary theory;
Introduce students to works of Zh-B Lamarck and other scientists.
To reveal the main provisions of the evolutionary theory of Charles Darwin.
Teacher:
The main work of Charles Darwin "The Origin of Species", which radically changed the idea of ​​living nature, appeared in 1859. This event was preceded by more than twenty years of work on the study and interpretation of the rich factual material collected both by Darwin himself and by other scientists. Today we will talk with the basic premises of evolutionary concepts, the first evolutionary theory of Jean Baptiste Lamarck, learn about Charles Darwin's theory of artificial and natural selection.
Side number 3
Basic concepts of the lesson.
Write down the basic concepts that you should learn in the lesson.
- Evolution
-Hereditary variability
-Natural selection
-Artificial selection
- Struggle for existence
Slide number 4
Portrait of Charles Darwin and the quote "The more we learn the immutable laws of nature, the more incredible miracles become for us."

Slide number 5
Charles Darwin.
English scientist naturalist and traveler. He was one of the first to realize and clearly demonstrated that all types of living organisms evolve in time from common ancestors. In his theory, Darwin named natural selection and indefinite variability as the main driving force of evolution. Dravin's ideas and discoveries form the foundation of the modern theory of evolution and form the basis of biology.
Teacher: Let's trace the main ways of the formation of Darwin's worldview and his system of evidence.
Slide number 6
Biography
1827 - Studied theology at Cambridge University for three years.
1831 - after graduating from university, he went on a round-the-world voyage on the expeditionary ship of the Royal Navy "Beagle".
During the trip he visited the Galapagos Islands and other places.
The research results were presented in the works Diary of Research, The Origin of Species by Natural Selection.
Slide number 7
Lesson study plan
1. Evolution.
2. The system of organic nature by K. Linnaeus.
3. Evolutionary theory W-B Lamarck and other scientists.
4. Advances in new areas of biology in the early 19th century.
5. Prerequisites for the emergence of evolutionary theory.
6. The main provisions of Charles Darwin.
Teacher: The term "evolution" (from the Latin evolution - deployment) was introduced in the 18th century by the Swiss naturalist Charles Bonnet.
Evolution in biology is understood as the irreversible historical development of nature. In biology, evolution is seen as a force. leading to the formation of new forms of organisms, as a process through which precellular forms of life, which arose more than 3 billion years ago, gave rise to the extremely complex multicellular organisms of our time.
Slide number 8
(portrait of K. Linnaeus) System of organic nature K. Linnaeus (1707-1778) - Swedish naturalist.


Teacher: The need to streamline rapidly accumulating knowledge has led to the need to systematize it. The outstanding Swedish naturalist Karl Linnaeus made a great contribution to the creation of the system of nature. The scientist described more than 8000 species of plants and over 4000 species of animals, established a uniform terminology and procedure for describing species.
Slide 9
As a unit of classification, he took a species - a set of individuals, similar in structure.
Allocated three kingdoms: Plants, Animals and Minerals.
Established uniform terminology.
Fixed the use of binary (i.e. double) nomenclature in science to designate species. Each species is designated with two words. For example: Domestic cat (Libyan).
He established the principle of subordination: neighboring categories are connected not only by similarity, but also by kinship, but the further from each other the categories are, the less the degree of their relationship.
The fallacy of his theory:
There are as many types as the Creator created.
In many cases, the scientist correctly combined the types of organisms according to the similarity of their structure. However, the arbitrariness in the choice of features for classification led Linnaeus to a number of errors. He was aware of the artificiality of his system and pointed out the need to develop a natural system of nature.
Teacher: The foundations of the first doctrine of the evolution of the organic world were developed and published in the work of the French naturalist Jean Baptiste Lamarck.
Slide10


-Evolutionary theory of Zh.B. Lamarck.
(1744-1829) The foundations of the first doctrine of the evolution of the organic world were developed and published in the work "Philosophy of Zoology" in 1809. French naturalist Jean Baptiste Lamarck
Slide 11
- Jean Baptiste Lamarck.
The evolutionary idea is carefully developed, supported by numerous facts, turns into a theory.
Provides evidence for the variability of species.
Erroneous mechanisms of mutability:
1) the desire of organisms to improve;
2) direct influence external environment and the inheritance of traits acquired during the life of the organism.
Teacher: In biology, a number of major discoveries were made that turned out to be incompatible with the ideas about the immutability of nature, about the absence of kinship between them.
Slide 12
Portrait of Georges Cuvier - French scientist
(1769-1832)


Georges Cuvier.
Investigated the organs of vertebrates;
Installed:
All organs are parts of one integral system;
No part of the body can change without corresponding changes in other parts;
He established that the extinction of ancient animals and plants could be the result of major geological catastrophes.
Slide 13
- Karl Baer - Russian scientist (1792-1876)


He was the first to describe the process of the emergence of tissues and organs during the development of the embryo.
Formulated the law of embryonic similarity:
"The similarity of embryos of different taxonomic groups testifies to the commonality of their origin"
Slide 14
Charles Lyell - English scientist (1797-1876)


Managed to decipher and date geological history Earth.
He showed that mountain building, volcanism, glaciers, streams, rain, wind, tides, explain the changes in the earth's surface, and therefore changes in the composition of the organic world.
Teacher: The great English scientist Charles Darwin developed a scientific theory about the evolution of living nature through natural selection based on the synthesis of a huge amount of facts from various fields of science and agricultural practice.
Slide 15
Preconditions for the emergence of Darwin's evolutionary theory.
1) Socio-economic.
2) Scientific.
Slide 16
Socio-economic prerequisites.
Industrial development in England, intensive urban growth. The development of colonies, the rapid development of breeding, the breeding of new varieties of plants and animals, numerous scientific expeditions.
Slide 17
Scientific background.
Advances in the taxonomy of plants and animals, the development of biogeography, comparative anatomy, embryology and paleontology, the emergence of cell theory and the evolutionary teachings of Lamarck.
Teacher: Darwin's evolutionary theory is a holistic teaching about the development of the organic world.
Slide 18
The main provisions of the evolutionary teachings of Charles Darwin.
Any species of plants and animals in nature tends to reproduce exponentially. In nature, there is a continuous struggle for existence. In the struggle for existence, individuals survive and leave offspring, possessing such a complex of traits and properties that allows them to most successfully compete with others. Natural selection is the driving force behind species change.
Teacher: In Darwin's evolutionary theory, the premise of evolution is hereditary variability, and the driving forces of evolution are the struggle for existence and natural selection.
Slide 19

These are changes in the characteristics of an organism due to a change in the genotype.
Combinative - as a result of the recombination of chromosomes during sexual reproduction.
Mutational - occurs as a result of a sudden change in the state of genes. The character is casual, undirected.
Slide 20
Hereditary variability (undefined)
Hereditary variation and human selection are driving forces evolution.
However, properties that are beneficial from a human point of view may turn out to be useless and even harmful in the struggle for life that takes place in the wild.
Slide 21
Darwin's doctrine of artificial selection.
Artificial selection is the process of creating new breeds of animals and varieties of cultivated plants through the preservation and reproduction of individuals with certain traits and properties valuable to humans in a number of generations.
Slide 22
Forms of artificial selection.
1. Conscious (methodical).
2. Unconscious.
Traits accumulated by artificial selection are beneficial to humans, but not necessarily beneficial to animals.
Slide 23
Conscious.
(Methodical) artificial selection.
In a methodical selection, the breeder selects one or two characteristics.
The conditions for the success of methodological artificial selection are a large initial number of individuals.
Slide 24
Unconscious artificial selection.
Man did not set a goal to breed a certain breed or variety.
For example: the worst animals were killed or eaten first, while the most valuable ones were preserved.
Slide 25
Darwin's doctrine of natural selection.
As a result of the struggle for existence, natural selection occurs - “Preservation of favorable individual differences and the destruction of harmful ones ”.
Traits that are useful only for the organism as a whole accumulate, resulting in the formation of species and varieties.
IV. Consolidation of the studied material.
Teacher: Card work
Task number 1
Which statements are true:
1. Lamarck created the best artificial system (-)
2. Linnaeus believed that species exist and do not change (+)
3. Lamarck created the first evolutionary theory.
4. Lamarck believed that organisms change from simple to complex (+)
5 Lamarck denied species variability (-)
6. Linnaeus divided all animals into 5 classes (-)
7. Lamarck believed that all characters acquired during life are inherited by descendants (+)
8. Linnaeus consolidated the use of binary nomenclature (double names) for the form (+)
Homework:
Answer questions orally.
1. As J.-B. Did Lamarck explain the diversity of species in nature?
2. What prerequisites were the impetus for the creation of evolutionary theory?
3. What are the main points of Darwin's teaching?
know the terms.

Several modes (methods) of phylembryogenesis. The main works that formed the basis of STE. Evidence for Evolution: In the 19th Century. Homologous organs. Synthetic theory. Embryological evidence. The first theory of evolution. The main provisions of Lamarck. Rudiments. Naturalist's journey. Evolution theory. Thoughts about the development of nature. Portrait of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. Severtsov's theory of phylembryogenesis. Karl Baer and the law of embryonic similarity.

"Modern concepts of evolution" - The rules of macroevolution of large groups of organisms. Forms of natural selection. Organisms. Stabilizing selection. Species diversity. Traditional biology. Synthetic theory of evolution. Animal world... The fight between different kinds... Evolution. Life. Aromorphosis. Struggle for existence. Macroevolution and microevolution. Milestones in the evolutionary development of organisms. Group adaptation. Lamarck. Disruptive (cut-off) selection.

"New Theory of Evolution" - A consequence of yesterday's kinetics. Live nature. Proposed concept. The hierarchical system of the living. Elementons. The concept of "metaevolution". Natural selection. Apparatus for adaptive search engine optimization. The proposed search and optimization approach. Interpretation of functioning. Microevolution. Regulatory mechanism of population evolution. Continuous pursuit of core components. The concept of metaevolution as a process.

"Development of evolutionary ideas" - J. Buffon. Steps of evolutionary ideas. The stage of evolutionary ideas. Ancient scientists. K. Linnaeus. Evolutionary biology. J. B. Lamarck. Ladder of creatures according to Lamarck. Plant classification scheme according to Linnaeus. Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution. Ladder of beings according to Aristotle. Biological evolution. Scheme of classification of animals according to K. Linnaeus. Stage of evolutionary views. Pre-Darwinian period.

"The provisions of the synthetic theory of evolution" - Isolation as a factor in evolution. Archanthropes. Parallel evolution. Changes in populations. Paleoanthropes. Stages of development of life in the Cambrian. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium conditions. Stages of development of life in Devon. Population. Continental movement. Convergence. Population-specific standard of living. The ecological structure of the population. Human evolution. Modern people... Doubles. Types of evolutionary processes. Climate zoning.

 

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