Inventions and improvements of the 19th century table. The most important technical inventions of the 19th century. Louis Pasteur invented pasteurization

Reference table the most important inventions and discoveries world contains the main dates of the most important inventions and discoveries of the world in the history of mankind. The table will be useful for schoolchildren and students in preparation for tests, exams and USE.

The most important inventions and discoveries

Paper is made in China.

Paper money appeared in China.

First use of a navigation buoy (Weser River, Germany).

The first use of compass in Europe (Italy) was recorded.

Bologna Law School for the first time in Europe received university status

The first windmills in Europe are recorded.

The first military use of gunpowder was recorded (China).

The first glasses were made in Italy.

Commodity production of alcohol was started (Italy).

The first ones that have survived to this day were made mechanical watches(England).

The first mention of playing cards in Europe (Italy).

The first book on chess theory is published (Spain).

The first aqueduct in Europe since the days of Rome was built in London.

The first telescope was built in Holland.

A spyglass and bi-knockle were created in Holland.

For the first time in Europe, the production of a sho-colada was started (France).

G. Galileo made the first telescope, with the help of which he discovered the lunar mountains, the rings of Saturn and the moons of Jupiter.

R. Hooke discovered the cellular structure of living matter.

Porcelain production started in Meissen (Germany).

The "Leyden bank" was created - the first electric capacitor, which made it possible to accumulate significant discharges of electricity.

The first pencil was made in Germany.

In Great Britain invented toilet bowl with cistern.

Briton E. Cartwright designed a weaving machine that performed all the operations of weaving.

For the first time made enameled by the court.

The French National Assembly passed a law on the metric system of measures.

The first smallpox vaccination was given in the UK.

G. Models designed a screw-carving lathe with a mechanical support, which made it possible to produce machines with the help of other machines.

The American R. Fulton built the Claire-Mont, the first steamship in the world.

The first factory for the production of canned food in cans was opened.

In Great Britain, J. Stephenson built 4Raketa, the first practically used steam locomotive.

Matches were invented in the USA.

A typewriter was made in France.

A daguerreotype, a prototype of a camera, has been constructed.

In the United States, the telegraph was created - the first application of electricity in technology - and the first telegraph message was sent.

In the United States Performed the first surgical operation using anesthesia.

The sewing machine of I. Zinger was designed.

The first box of matches is on sale.

The first stage of the metropolitan area was commissioned in London.

In Russia, DI Mendeleev discovers a periodic law, on the basis of which he composes a periodic system of chemical elements.

The first postcard was issued in Vienna.

Edison is improving the electric lamp.

A. Bell designed the first telephone.

T. Edison begins industrial production of incandescent lamps.

The first electrically driven elevator invented in Germany.

The first camera is patented in the USA modern type... The first tram was launched in Berlin.

T. Edison opens the first public power plant.

The Maxim machine gun was designed in the USA.

The first car with an internal combustion engine was manufactured in Germany.

The first high-rise building ("skyscraper", 10 floors) was built in New York.

A jackhammer and an electric chair are constructed in the USA.

An electric motor is installed in a textile mill in the United States - the first industrial use of electricity.

A. Popov (Russia) designed a radio receiver.

Brothers L. and O. Lumiere (France) invent cinematography.

VK Roentgen discovers X-rays, which are known to us today as X-rays.

The first vacuum cleaner was created in the USA.

The Wright brothers constructed the first self-years.

Discovery of radioactivity.

The discovery of blood groups in a person is the beginning of a blood transfusion.

An electrically driven drill has been designed - a revolution in dentistry.

The first refrigerator was made in the USA.

Found the causative agent of dysentery.

The Norwegian traveler R. Amundsen reaches the South Pole for the first time.

The first three-color traffic light was installed in New York.

The discovery of insulin by a group of scientists led by J. McLeod - the possibility of treating diabetes mellitus.

A. Fleming's discovery of penicillin, the first antibiotic.

The Empire State Building, the tallest building in the world for a long time (102 floors), was built in New York.

The first color film was shot in the USA.

F. and I. Joliot-Curie's report on the discovery of artificial radioactivity.

Regular television broadcasts have begun in the UK and Germany.

The first jet aircraft was created in Germany.

Creation of the first electronic computer in the USA.

Japan begins production of transistor radios - the first use of transistors in consumer products.

The DNA molecule has been discovered.

Launch of the first artificial Earth satellite.

The first manned flight into space (Yu. Gagarin).

The first manned walk into open space.

Landing of people on the moon (N. Armst-rong).

IN THE USA invented microprocessor on silicon chips.

Personal computers from Microsoft (B. Gates) appeared on sale - the first computers designed for mass consumption.

AIDS virus detected.

A worldwide computer network has been developed.

The birth of the first cloned creature - Dolly the sheep.

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Sourse of information: Alekseev D.Yu. A short guide to dates in history / SPb .: Peter, 2008. - 320s.

Scientists of the 19th century are the creators of great innovations, discoveries and inventions. The 19th century gave us a lot famous people that completely changed the world. The 19th century brought us a technological revolution, electrification and great advances in medicine. Below is a list of some of the most important inventors and their inventions that made a huge impact on humanity that we enjoy even today.

Nikola Tesla - alternating current, electric motor, radio technology, remote control

If you start researching the legacy of Nikola Tesla, you can understand that he was one of the greatest inventors of the 19th and early 20th centuries and rightfully deserves the first place on this list. He was born on July 10, 1856, in Smiljan, Austrian Empire, to a Serbian Orthodox priest, Milutin Tesla. His father, as a Serbian Orthodox priest, initially instilled in Nikola's interest in science. He knew enough about the mechanical devices of the time.

Nikola Tesla received his high school education and later entered the Polytechnic University in Graz, Austria. He dropped out of his studies and went to Budapest, where he worked for a telegraph company and then became the chief electrician in Budapest for the automatic telephone exchange. In 1884 he began working for Edison, where he received a reward of $ 50,000 for the improvement of engines. Then Tesla created his own laboratory where he could experiment. He discovered the electron, X-rays, a rotating magnetic field, electrical resonance, cosmic radio waves and invented the wireless remote control, radio technology, the electric motor, and many other things that changed the world.

Today he is the most famous scientist of the 19th century for his contributions to the construction of the Niagara Falls power plant and for his discovery and application of alternating current, which has become the standard and is still used today. He died on January 7, 1943, in New York, USA.

Luther Burbank cultivated hundreds of new plant varieties

Luther Burbank is a consistent Darwinist, even though he only had elementary education but became one of the most famous breeders of all time. The potatoes he has selected are the most widely cultivated in the world.

The turning point in his life was an event that took place in 1875 when the banker Petaluma contacted him with a request to supply 20,000 plum trees by the end of the year. The banker argued that all nurseries refused to do such work, arguing that such a project could not be completed in such a short period of time. Luther Burbank took over the job and had grown 19,500 plums by the end of the year. Over the course of his career, he has created over 800 strains of vegetables, fruits and flowers. He was born on March 7, 1849, in Lancaster, Massachusetts, and died on April 11, 1926, in Santa Rosa, California.

Joseph Gayetti invented toilet paper

Can you live without this consumer product - toilet paper? Today we cannot even imagine our life without this simple roll - what we now call toilet paper. In 1857, Joseph Gayetti began marketing a new invention as a medical product that would help people suffering from hemorrhoids. The document for this type of product was watermarked with the name of the inventor, was fragrant and contained aloe lubricant. It was the first commercially available toilet paper, and we consider Joseph Gayetti to be the inventor of modern toilet paper.

John Froelich - the first tractor

In 1890, John Froehlich and his employees decided that they had already outlived steam threshers and built the first tractor with an internal combustion engine. In 1892, a car was seen that could go back and forth on a gasoline engine with 16 horsepower. In the first year, his machine was able to thresh more than 5 tons of grain per day without any problems. Steam threshers were fire hazardous and this new tractor proved to be safer. It uses only 30 liters of fuel to thresh over 15 tonnes of grain without the risk of fire. Therefore, John Froelic is credited with inventing the first modern tractor. He was born on November 24, 1849 and died on May 24, 1933.

Alexander Graham Bell - first telephone

The first telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell. When Bell's mother became deaf, he actively studied acoustics, and at the age of 23 he moved to Canada and later to Boston, USA, where he invented the microphone and acoustic telegraph, which is called the telephone today. Bell received a patent for his invention in 1876. While there is much controversy surrounding the invention of the telephone, we cannot deny that Alexander Graham Bell was the most important contributor to the development of telephony. Bell was born on March 3, 1847, in Edinburgh, Scotland and died on August 2, 1922, in Nova Scotia, Canada.

Samuel Morse - Telegraph and Morse Code

Before Samuel Morse became a famous inventor, he established himself as a successful artist. When he was refused to put his painting on one of the interior panels of the dome of the US Capitol building, he decided to give up painting and focused on other topics that interested him: electricity and the telegraph.

He invented Morse code, dots and dashes, which are still the standard for transmitting data. Samuel Morse is famous as the inventor of the telegraph and is considered one of the largest contributors to communications in the 19th century. He was born on April 27, 1791 in Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA and died on April 2, 1872, aged 80 in New York, USA.

Alfred Nobel invented dynamite

Alfred Nobel, as the inventor of dynamite, invented two other explosives - gelignite and ballistite. He was born on October 21, 1833, Stockholm, Sweden and was one of four surviving children of eight born. Alfred, his father was an inventor and scientist.

After many years of hardship, the family moved to St. Petersburg, where Alfred received his first real education. He excelled in research, especially in the field of chemistry. When he began experimenting with nitroglycerin and after numerous minor accidents and even tragedies in which his younger brother Emil died, he was finally able to develop a stable explosive in 1867 called dynamite.

By making the right business decisions, he was able to amass immense wealth. 94% of this wealth Alfred Nobel donated to the Nobel Fund in 1895... He died on December 10, 1896, San Remo, Italy.

Humphrey Davy discovered sodium, potassium, calcium, the first electric light

Humphrey Davy was a pioneer in many fields and gave us many inventions and discoveries. For his contributions to science and humanity, he was knighted in 1812. After graduating from high school, he began research in medicine, turning to chemistry and electrochemistry later. He is the most famous discoverer of sodium, potassium and calcium by means of electrolysis and became a brilliant and famous experimenter. Some experiments with nitrous oxide, also known as laughing gas, led to his dependence on it.

Today we count Humphrey Davy as the inventor of the first electric light... In 1809, he connected two wires of a battery with charcoal for lighting in short periods of time. Humphrey Davy was born on December 17, 1778, in Penzance, Cornwall, England and died on May 29, 1829, in Geneva, Switzerland.

Thomas Alva Edison the invention of the modern light bulb

Thomas Alva Edison is an American inventor known for his contributions to the first commercially viable incandescent light bulb. In 1878, he spent months trying to obtain different filaments for the lamp to work. Finally, he and his team turned on a carbon light bulb that lasted 13.5 hours. As an inventor, Edison was also a successful entrepreneur and founded numerous companies, turning his inventions into profits. It can be said that he was a good marketer as well.

But one of the most important mistakes his life was a statement about the unsuitability of alternating current, which later turned out to be wrong. Alternating current is used to transmit power to this day. Edison was born on February 11, 1847, in Milan, Ohio, United States and on October 18, 1931, died in New Jersey, United States.

Louis Pasteur invented pasteurization

Louis Pasteur is a French microbiologist born on December 27, 1822 in France. He revolutionized food industry and we can hardly imagine our life today without many pasteurized foods such as milk, cheese, juices, wines and many others.

Although pasteurization has been known since the 12th century in China and other countries, Louis Pasteur in 1864 developed a precise method to prevent wine and beer from fermenting. Only later was his pasteurization method used for milk and other dairy products. He is also credited with discovering the principle of vaccination. He died on September 28, 1895, in France.

Scientists and inventors of the 19th century laid the foundation for

Task number 1. Look at the drawings of the two ships and determine where the Hanseatic ship is depicted, and where the caravel is. What seaworthiness did each of the ships have?

On the left is a Hanseatic ship, on the right is a caravel. The main advantage of the Hanseatic ship is its large carrying capacity. The caravel, also possessing a large carrying capacity, had high maneuverability, good driving performance and could walk against the wind.

Task number 2. Think about how Europeans imagined the world before the start of the great geographical discoveries. What continents (their separate territories), as well as parts of the world, did they know? Which seas, in your opinion, were more explored by the Europeans?

The earth seemed flat, washed by one endless ocean. As such, the concept of continents did not exist. Europeans were familiar with Europe, part of Asia, as well as the north and part of the west coast of Africa. The Mediterranean, Baltic, North Seas, as well as the part of the Atlantic Ocean, washing Europe and North Africa, were well developed.

Task number 3. Fill in the table "Technical innovations at the end of the Middle Ages."

Task number 4. Which famous navigator left this description? We know a lot about him and his voyage, and among other things, two such facts: 1. Preparing for the voyage, he painstakingly studied the composition of the famous European traveler of the 13th century. 2. On his journey, he took a translator from the Arabic language. Who is this navigator? What kind of swimming are we talking about? Explain these two facts.
“After 33 days of travel, I brought a fleet to India, which was kindly granted to me by my patrons, the king and queen. On the way, I discovered many islands and declared them the property of their Majesties, hoisting the royal flags over them, and nowhere did I meet resistance. "

We are talking about Christopher Columbus and his first expedition. Long before the expedition, Columbus was familiar with the idea of ​​the Italian astronomer and geographer Toscanelli that India could be reached by a shorter route if one sailed west across the Atlantic Ocean. Preparing for the voyage, he studied the essay of Marco Polo, who left a detailed description of the Asian countries, and took a translator from Arabic on the voyage, since at that time the Arabs held trade with India in their hands and were aware of the sea routes to India.

REMEMBER WHAT WE LEARNED

Task number 1. Solve the crossword puzzle.

Horizontally. 1. Homeland of knightly poetry. 5. Architectural style XI-XII centuries. 6. Medieval doctrine, the followers of which were looking for the philosopher's stone. 9. Poets from Provence. 11. Artist early Renaissance, whose brushes belong to the paintings "Spring", "The Birth of Venus". 12. Head of the University. 13. Brothers painters who created the "Calendar of the Duke of Berry". 14. Architectural style of the XII-XV centuries. 15. Higher educational institution, which arose in the Middle Ages. 17. Inventor of book printing. 20. Italian poet, who is called the first humanist. 21. The work of Giovanni Boccaccio. 22. The form of conducting classes in medieval universities - discussion of pre-formulated questions, in which the participants put forward their evidence.
Vertically. 2. Images composed of pieces of colored glass. 3. University teacher. 4. Head of the Faculty. 7. Subdivision of the university. 8. Knightly poets from Germany. 10. Thinkers of the Renaissance, who created a new teaching about man. 16. Knightly poets from Northern France. 18. Wandering schoolchildren. 19. Collapsible letters invented by Gutenberg.

Horizontal answers: 1. Provence. 5. Romanesque. 6. Alchemy. 9. Troubadours. 11. Botticelli. 12. Rector. 13. Limburg. 14. Gothic. 15. University. 17. Gutenberg. 20. Petrarch. 21. Decameron. 22. Dispute.
Vertical answers: 2. Stained-glass windows. 3. Master. 4. Dean. 7. Faculty. 8. Mennesingers. 10. Humanists. 16. Trouvers. 18. Vagants. 19. Letters.

Task number 2. What famous people in Florence do you know?

Dante Alighieri, Giotto, Boccaccio, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Brunelleschi, Botticelli, Cosimo Medici, Machiavelli, Savonarola, etc.

Thanks to human discoveries of recent centuries, we have the ability to instantly access any information from around the world. Advances in medicine have helped humanity to overcome dangerous diseases. Technical, scientific, inventions in the ship and mechanical engineering give us the opportunity to reach any point of the globe in a few hours and even fly into space.

Inventions of the 19th and 20th centuries changed humanity, turned its world upside down. Of course, the development took place incessantly and each century gave us some of the greatest discoveries, but the global revolutionary inventions fell on this period. Let's talk about the most significant ones who changed the usual outlook on life and made a breakthrough in civilization.

X-rays

In 1885, German physicist Wilhelm Roentgen, in the course of his scientific experiments, discovered that the cathode tube emits certain rays, which he called X-rays. The scientist continued to investigate them and found out that this radiation penetrates through opaque objects without being reflected or refracted. Subsequently, it was found that by irradiating parts of the body with these rays, one can see internal organs and get an image of the skeleton.

However, it took as long as 15 years after the discovery of X-ray for the study of organs and tissues. Therefore, the very name "X-ray" refers to the beginning of the 20th century, since it was not used everywhere before. It was only in 1919 that the properties of this radiation began to be put into practice by many medical institutions. The discovery of X-rays has revolutionized medicine, particularly in the fields of diagnosis and analysis. The X-ray device has saved the lives of millions of people.

Airplane

Since time immemorial, people have tried to climb into the sky and create such an apparatus that would help a person to take off. In 1903, the American inventors, the brothers Orville and Wilbur Wright, did it - they successfully launched their aircraft with the Flyer - 1 engine into the air. And although he lasted only a few seconds above the ground, this significant event is considered the beginning of the era of the birth of aviation. And the brothers-inventors are considered the first pilots in the history of mankind.

In 1905, the brothers designed the third version of the apparatus, which was already in the air for almost half an hour. In 1907, the inventors signed a contract with the American army, and later with the French. Then the idea came to transport passengers by plane, and Orville and Wilbur Wright improved their model by equipping it with an additional seat. Scientists also equipped the plane with a more powerful engine.

Television

One of the most important discoveries of the 20th century was the invention of the television. Russian physicist Boris Rosing patented the first apparatus in 1907. In his model, he used a cathode-ray tube, and used a photocell to convert the signals. By 1912, he had improved the television, and in 1931 it became possible to transmit information using a color picture. In 1939, the first television channel was opened. Television has given a tremendous impetus to changing the way people think and how they communicate.

It should be added that Rosing is not alone in inventing the television. Back in the 19th century, the Portuguese scientist Adriano De Paiva and the Russian-Bulgarian physicist Porfiry Bakhmetyev proposed their ideas for developing a device that transmitted images through wires. In particular, Bakhmetyev came up with a diagram of his device - a telephotographer, but he could not assemble it due to lack of funds.

In 1908, a physicist from Armenia Hovhannes Adamyan patented a two-color apparatus for transmitting signals. And at the end of the 20s of the 20th century in America, the Russian emigrant Vladimir Zvorykin assembled his television set, which he called the "iconoscope".

Internal combustion engine car

Several scientists worked on the creation of the first gasoline car. In 1855, German engineer Karl Benz designed a car with an internal combustion engine, and in 1886 received a patent for his model vehicle... Then he started producing cars for sale.

The American industrialist Henry Ford also made a huge contribution to the production of automobiles. At the beginning of the 20th century, companies appeared that were engaged in the production of cars, but the palm in this area rightfully belongs to Ford. He had a hand in the development of the low-cost Model T car and built a low-cost assembly line for the vehicle.

A computer

Today we cannot present our daily life without a computer or laptop. But just recently, the first computers were used only in science.

In 1941, the German engineer Konrad Zuse designed the Z3 mechanical apparatus, which worked on the basis of telephone relays. The computer practically did not differ from the modern model. In 1942, the American physicist John Atanasov and his assistant Clifford Berry began developing the first electronic computer, but they failed to complete this invention.

In 1946, American John Mauchly developed the ENIAC electronic computer. The first cars were huge and took up entire rooms. And the first personal computers appeared only in the late 70s of the 20th century.

Antibiotic penicillin

A revolutionary breakthrough took place in 20th century medicine when, in 1928, English scientist Alexander Fleming discovered the effects of mold on bacteria.

Thus, the bacteriologist discovered the world's first antibiotic penicillin from the molds Penicillium notatum - a medicine that saved the lives of millions of people. It is worth noting that Fleming's colleagues were mistaken, believing that the main thing is to strengthen the immune system, and not to fight microbes. Therefore, antibiotics have not been in demand for several years. Only closer to 1943, the drug found widespread use in hospitals... Fleming continued to study microbes and improve penicillin.

Internet

The World Wide Web has transformed human life, because today, probably, there is no corner of the world where this universal source of communication and information would not be used.

Dr. Lickleader, who led the US military information exchange project, is considered one of the pioneers of the Internet. The public presentation of the created Arpanet network took place in 1972, and a little earlier, in 1969, Professor Kleinrock and his students tried to transfer some data from Los Angeles to Utah. And despite the fact that only two letters turned out to be transmitted, the beginning of the era of the worldwide network was laid. Then the first appeared Email... The invention of the Internet became a world famous discovery, and by the end of the 20th century there were already more than 20 million users.

Mobile phone

We cannot imagine our life now without mobile phone and I can't even believe that they appeared quite recently. American engineer Martin Cooper became the creator of wireless communication. It was he who made the first cell phone call in 1973.

Literally one decade later this remedy communication has become available to many Americans. The first model of Motorola's phone was expensive, but the idea of ​​this method of communication really liked people - they literally signed up to buy it. The first tubes were heavy and large, and nothing was displayed on the miniature display except the dialed number.

After a while, the mass production of various models began, and each new generation was improved.

Parachute

For the first time, Leonardo da Vinci thought about creating a semblance of a parachute. And after several centuries, people have already begun to jump from balloons, to which half-opened parachutes were hung.

In 1912, American Albert Barry jumped out of an airplane with a parachute and landed safely. And engineer Gleb Kotelnikov invented a knapsack parachute made of silk. They tested the invention on a car that was in motion. Thus, a drag parachute was created. Before the outbreak of the First World War, the scientist patented his invention in France, and it is rightfully considered one of the important achievements of the 20th century.

Washer

Of course, the invention of the washing machine greatly facilitated and improved the life of people. Its inventor, American Alva Fisher, patented his discovery in 1910. The first mechanical washing device was a wooden drum that rotated eight times in different directions.

The predecessor of modern models was presented in 1947 by two companies - General Electric and Bendix Corporation. The washing machines were uncomfortable and made noise.

After a while, Whirlpool employees presented an improved version with plastic pads that muffled the noise. In the Soviet Union, the Volga-10 washing device appeared in 1975. Then, in 1981, the production of the Vyatka-avtomat-12 machine was launched.

 

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