Presentation of architecture in early modern times. Presentation "Renaissance. Renaissance". Early Renaissance architecture

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Italian Renaissance architecture

general characteristics Characteristic feature Italian Renaissance was the desire of architects to create harmonious and rational buildings. In the era of the Early Renaissance (when the laws of the Middle Ages were still strong), cross-domed temples prevailed. By the beginning of the 16th century, a new type of building appeared - the palazzo.

Florence and Brunelleschi Florence was called the "flower" of Italy, this city is the birthplace of the Italian Renaissance. At the beginning of the 15th century. Florence claimed the role of the main city of Italy. Many brilliant talents were born here.

Filippo Brunelleschi (1377 - 1446) Brunelleschi is the greatest architect in Italy.

Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore is a symbol of Florence. It has a huge octahedral dome - 42 m in diameter.

General view of the cathedral

Dome of the cathedral from the inside

The building of Brunelleschi's Orphanage also belongs to the construction of the Orphanage, in the architecture of which the best ancient traditions were manifested. The house is long and is framed by a gallery around the perimeter.

The architect placed round medallions depicting babies in the triangular spaces between the arches.

Leon Batista Alberti (1404 - 1472) He made a great contribution to the development of Italian architecture. Mostly I tried my hand at decorating building facades.

Church of Santa Maria Novella 1470

Palazzo Rucellai 1451

Donato Bramante (1444 - 1514) Founder of the High Renaissance in architecture. In 1503 he carried out the reconstruction of the Vatican.

Church of Santa Maria della Grazie 1497

Cathedral of St. Peter 1502 The most important architectural structure of Bramante was the Cathedral of St. Peter. In the plan it is a cross inscribed in a square, in the center of which there was a chapel.

Venice and Sansovino Venice becomes the capital of the Late Renaissance. Venetian culture is as diverse as the city itself. It is located on 118 islands, divided by 160 canals, over which about 400 bridges are thrown. Most of the buildings here are built on stilts. The houses are tightly pressed together.

Jacopo Sansovino 91486 - 1570) His main creation was the building of the library of the Cathedral of San Marco. This two-storey building is decorated according to the ancient model.

Library of San Marco, 1536

Andrea Palladio (1508 - 1580) The largest architect in Venice. A distinctive feature of P aladio's craftsmanship is the creation of porticoes between buildings. The architect is also known for creating a classic type of manor.

Church of San Giorgio, 1565

Villa "Rotunda", 1551

Questions and Tasks 1. Why is Florence considered the "cradle" of the Italian Renaissance? 2. Tell us about one of the architectural structures of the Italian Renaissance. 3. Develop a model of the ideal city in Italy. Explain.



Lesson objectives:

  • Introduce the architecture of the Renaissance;
  • Consider the features of the architecture of the early Renaissance; high Renaissance and late Renaissance;
  • Expand horizons, develop skills in the analysis of works of art;
  • To foster national self-awareness and self-identification, respect for the culture of other peoples of the planet, for the international cultural heritage.

Assignment for the lesson.

What is the significance of the architecture of the Italian Renaissance for World civilization and culture?


The name was given to the style by the artist, researcher of Italian art, who wrote the book "Biographies of the most famous painters, sculptors and architects" (1568) Giordano Vasari.

Vasari wrote: “It can definitely be argued that the ancients did not reach such a height in their buildings and did not dare to take such a risk that would make them compete with the sky itself, as the Florentine dome really seems to compete with it, for it is so high that the mountains surrounding Florence seem to be equal to him. Indeed, one might think that the sky itself envies him, for constantly and often for whole days strikes him with lightning. "


Founder of Italian Renaissance architecture

The founding father of Renaissance architecture is the architect and sculptor Filippo Brunelleschi 1377-1446. He began as the winner (with Ghiberti) of the competition for the decoration of the doors of the Florentine Baptistery.


Periods in the architecture of the Italian Renaissance

There are several stages in the development of the Renaissance in Italian architecture: early - 15th century, mature - 16th century and later.

Palladio in Vicenza. D. Arkin

Architect Vignola. Pope Julius III's villa


Early Renaissance in Italy

The architecture becomes more rigorous and rightly found in a proportional relationship. Ornament is used little, architecture is expected to be monumental, representative, and in some of the most significant structures - majesty. The late period was a further development of the previous one, but new features are also manifested in it - the desire for decorativeness, beauty and some complexity of architectural forms. A well-known contradiction arises between the desire for the official, academic rigor of architecture and the desire for picturesqueness. The latter trend was later fully developed in baroque architecture.


Early Renaissance architecture

The greatest growth in Renaissance architecture came in the 15th century. Then, antiquity began to actively and everywhere take root in the construction of buildings and this time is usually called the era of the early renaissance (early renaissance).

The principles of construction have changed, and even at the planning stage of buildings, work was carried out differently. Whereas in the Middle Ages, buildings clearly adjusted to the landscape and adjacent buildings, during the early Renaissance, architects planned strictly rectangular buildings with precise observance of symmetry. Functionality no longer had a dominant role, but the antique character, on the contrary, acquired paramount importance. Public real estate was built with many decorative elements, while private houses were built, as a rule, on two floors with an obligatory courtyard.




In the design of this dome, Brunelleschi embodied new construction ideas that would have been difficult to implement without specially designed mechanisms. A unique creation of an engineering genius - built without reinforcement, a two-layer octahedral dome covered with dark red tiles, connected by strong white ribs and topped with an elegant white marble lantern, became a symbol of Florence.

Its diameter is 42 meters, the height is 91 meters from the floor of the cathedral, the illuminated lantern is 16 meters high. The dome weighs about nine thousand tons without the heavy marble lantern.


The Church of San Lorenzo was consecrated by St. Ambrosius in 393. In 1060 it was rebuilt in the Romanesque style. In 1423 Brunelleschi was rebuilt in the early Renaissance style. The architectural composition is based on squares: four large ones form the choir, the middle cross and the wings of the transept; four more are combined into a central nave; the remaining squares, 1/4 of the large ones, form the side aisles and chapels adjoining the transept (the original project did not include rectangular chapels on the outside of the side aisles). However, some deviations from this plan can be noticed. So, for example, the length of the wings of the transept is slightly greater than their width, and the length of the central nave is not 4, but 4.5 times its width "X. V. Janson.

Church of San Lorenzo


Pazzi Chapel, Florence

rectangular in plan with a loggia on the facade and a square altar in plan. An umbrella dome is located above the central square, and the side parts are covered with a cylindrical vault. The loggia of the main façade is bounded by a portico on six Corinthian columns. The vault of the gallery is covered with a large amount of finely molded ornamentation, characteristic of the style of the early Italian Renaissance.


Interior of the Pazzi Chapel

Brunelleschi used a favorite combination of straight and rounded lines, which gives the articulation system such softness. Dome windows, medallions with arches and windows, windows above archivolts also have a round shape. The walls are not overloaded with decorations, they are much lighter than the framing (pilasters), and there is free space between them and the framing. This gives rise to the feeling of lightness and special transparency that the interior of the Pazzi Chapel evokes.


Medici palace. Architect Michelozzi. Built for Cosimo Medici il Vecchio between 1444 and 1464.

On the facades of the Medici palazzo - austere and restrained, "bared" by the relief of large rusticated stones gradually decreasing from floor to floor - a motif characteristic of the Florentine early Renaissance - orders were applied only in the form of small columns dividing double windows (the theme of double windows moved into Renaissance architecture from Roman-Gothic architecture).



High Renaissance architecture

At the beginning of the 16th century, antiquity in architecture acquired the character of absolute dominance, having received the name - High Renaissance. Now all customers, without exception, did not want to see even a drop of the Middle Ages in their homes. The streets of Italy began to dazzle not only with luxurious mansions, but with palaces with vast plantings. It should be noted that the gardens of the Renaissance known in history appeared precisely during this period.

Religious and public buildings also ceased to give off the spirit of the past. The temples of the new building, as if rose from the times of Roman paganism. Among the architectural monuments of this period, one can find monumental buildings with the obligatory presence of a dome.


St. Peter's Basilica in Rome

In terms of the cathedral, designed by Bramante, it was supposed to be a square with a Greek equal-pointed cross superimposed on it. In the center, a huge dome was conceived, with a diameter equal to that of the Pantheon.


Palazzo Farnese, Rome

Palazzo Farnese is a three-storey building, divided into three tiers-floors in the decoration of the facade, has a smooth wall surface, lined with fine plinth bricks. Rusting is used only in the corners and in the frame of the central gate arch.


High Renaissance architecture in Northern Italy

A two-story, extended-configuration building, on the first floor of which there are retail premises behind the gallery, and on the second - the library itself, is decorated with order arcades.

Library of St. Mark, Venice


Late Renaissance architecture

The final stage of the reign of the Renaissance period falls on the second half of the 16th - early 17th century. In the twilight of its existence, Renaissance architecture became more sophisticated and more elegant. This can be seen in the facades and decor of the late Renaissance buildings. The general concept of the projects has remained the same. As in previous periods, architects adhered to their unrelenting principles of symmetry. But, this approach, probably, got bored, and the fashion for sophistication and saturation with various kinds of decoration went into construction.

The functionality and practicality of such elements was absent, on buildings with and without reason, columns, half-columns and the main element of the late Renaissance - sculptures were attached.


Late renaissance

Completion of the construction of St. Peter's Cathedral

Michelangelo appreciated Bramante's idea, he reduced the total building area, greatly simplified the structure of the plan, abandoned the corner towers and secondary domed spaces, strengthened the walls and sub-dome pylons.


Capitol Square, Rome

The palace is a two-storey building with an open loggia on the first floor. Both floors are united by a high order.


Medici chapel in the church of San Lorenzo

The upper part of the tombstones is processed in the form of two symmetrically located volutes, on which the figures symbolizing Morning, Day, Evening and Night are reclining in tense poses, for the first time life-size figures were placed in the tombstones, it was these statues that aroused special admiration of the master's contemporaries.


Library Laurenziana, Florence

It consists of a lobby with a staircase and a room for storing and reading manuscripts.



Renaissance architecture

Renaissance architecture

    Renaissance architecture - the period of development of architecture in European countries from the beginning of the XV to early XVII centuries, in the general course of the revival and development of the foundations of spiritual and material culture Ancient Greece and Rome. This period is a watershed moment in the History of Architecture, especially in relation to the previous architectural style, the Gothic.

Gothic versus architecture

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Of particular importance

  • Of particular importance in this direction is given to the forms of ancient architecture: symmetry, proportion,

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as evidenced by the surviving

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a semicircle of an arch, a hemisphere of a dome, a niche,

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Development of Renaissance Architecture

The development of the Renaissance Architecture led to innovations in the use of

construction techniques and materials,

to the development of architectural

vocabulary. It is important to note,

that the revival movement

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The first representative

  • The first representative

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city, along with Venice

As you know, architecture, along with the quality and manufacture of tools, painting and plastic, is the most ancient of human skills. It is believed that the beginnings of architecture as an art arose during the period of primitive society. It was in the Neolithic era that man began to build the first dwellings, using natural materials... As a field of art, architecture took shape in the cultures of Mesopotamia and Egypt, and as an art of authorship it took shape by the 5th century. BC. in ancient Greece.


Until the middle of the 12th century, being in a synthesis with painting, sculpture, decorative arts and occupying a dominant position among them, architecture determined the style, and its development proceeded from the "style of the era", common for all types of art and for all its time, aesthetically subordinating science, worldview, philosophy, everyday life and much more, to great styles and finally - individual author's styles. The "style of the era" (Romanesque, Gothic and Renaissance) occurs mainly in those historical periods when the perception of works of art is comparatively inflexible, when it is still easily adaptable to changes in style.


The great styles - Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, Classicism, Empire / a variation of late Classicism / - are usually recognized as equal and equivalent. In fact, great styles cover now a large, now a smaller area of ​​culture, now they are limited to individual arts, now they subjugate all the arts or even all the main aspects of culture - they are reflected in science, theology, and everyday life. They can be determined by either a wider or a less broad social milieu, or a more significant or less significant ideology. At the same time, none of the great styles completely determined the cultural face of the era and the country.


The development of styles is asymmetric, which is outwardly expressed in the fact that each style gradually changes from simple to complex, but from complex to simple it returns only as a result of some leap. Therefore, style changes occur in different ways: slowly - from simple to complex and abruptly - from complex to simple. The Romanesque style was replaced by the Gothic for more than a hundred years - from the middle of the 12th century. until the middle of the XIII century. Simple shapes Romanesque architecture gradually transitioned into a sophisticated Gothic style. The Romanesque and Gothic styles are closely related in their development, and the most creative period in the development of these styles is the first. It was in the Romanesque period that technical inventions and a clear connection with philosophy and theology, i.e. the ideological basis of the style. Gothic is much less defined ideologically. Its aspiration upward can express the religiosity of Catholicism and heresies. Romanesque Gothic style


Within the confines of the Gothic, a renaissance then matures. Elements of the liberation of the individual, while within the confines of religion, are already present in the Gothic, especially the late ones. And yet, Gothic and Renaissance, dramatically different styles. What was maturing in the Gothic, then required a sharp change in the entire style system. The new content exploded the old form and brought to life a new style - the renaissance (or revival). Renaissance With the emergence of the Renaissance, a period of ideological quests, the emergence of an integral system of worldview, begins again. And at the same time, the process of gradual complication and disintegration of the simple begins again. The Renaissance becomes more complex and behind it is the Baroque. Baroque, in turn, becoming more complex, passes in some types of art (architecture, painting, applied art, literature) into rococo. Then again there is a return to the simple and as a result of the leap to replace the baroque comes classicism, the development of which in some countries was completed by the Empire style. baroccocooclassicismampire


ROMANIAN STYLE The word comes from the Latin romanus - Roman. The British call this style "Norman". R.S. developed in Western European art X-X11 centuries. He expressed himself most fully in architecture. Romanesque buildings are characterized by a combination of a clear architectural silhouette and laconic exterior decoration. The building has always carefully blended into the surrounding nature and therefore looked especially solid and solid. This was also facilitated by massive smooth walls with narrow window openings and stepped-deepened portals. The main buildings during this period were a temple-fortress and a castle-fortress. The main element of the composition of the choice, monastery or castle, is the tower - donjon. Around it were the rest of the buildings, made up of simple geometric shapes - cubes, prisms, cylinders. The main distinguishing element of the building is a semicircular arch



GOTICA From the Italian gotico - gothic, barbaric. Style in Western European art of the 12th-15th centuries, which completed its development in the medieval period. The term was coined by the humanists of the Renaissance, who wanted to emphasize the "barbaric" character of all medieval art; in fact, the Gothic style had nothing to do with the Goths and represented a natural development and modification of the principles of Romanesque art. Like Romanesque art, Gothic art was under the strongest influence of the church and was called upon to embody church dogma in symbolic and allegorical images. But the Gothic art developed in new conditions, the main of which was the strengthening of cities. Therefore, the leading type of Gothic architecture was the city cathedral, directed upward, with pointed arches, with walls turned into stone lace / which became possible thanks to the system of flying buttresses that transfer the pressure of the arch to the outer pillars - buttresses /. The Gothic cathedral symbolized a rush to heaven; its richest decorative decoration - statues, reliefs, stained-glass windows - should have served the same purpose.



RENAISSANCE (RENAISSANCE) At the beginning of the fifteenth century. in Florence a new architectural style- Renaissance (from the French revival) on the basis of rationalism and extreme individualism characteristic of its ideologies. In the era of R., for the first time, the personality of an architect was formed in the modern sense of the word, in contrast to the dependence of the medieval architect on the guild of masons. Distinguish between early R. and high; the first developed in Florence, the center of the second was Rome. The architects of Italy creatively rethought the ancient order system, which brought proportionality, clarity of compositions and convenience to the appearance of the building.


BAROQUE Style in art that developed in European countries in the XVI-XVII (in some countries - until the middle of the XVIII century). The name comes from the Italian barocco - quirky, strange. There is another explanation for the origin of this term: this is how Dutch sailors called the defective pearls. Dolgov's time, the "baroque" tin carried a negative assessment. In the nineteenth century. the attitude towards the baroque changed, which was the result of the work of the German scientist Wölflin.



ROKOKO The name of the style, which developed mainly in France in the 18th century, is taken from the German language. The French name comes from the word rocaille - shell, since the most noticeable external manifestation of this style was decorative motifs in the form of a shell. R. arose mainly as a decorative style associated with court festivities and the entertainment of the aristocracy. R.'s sphere of distribution was narrow; it had no folk roots and could not become a truly national style. Playfulness, light amusement, whimsical elegance are traits characteristic of R. and are especially evident in the ornamental and decorative interpretation of architecture and applied arts. The ornament consisted of intricately intertwining garlands of shells, flowers, curls. Pretentiously curved lines mask the construction of knowledge. R. manifested itself mainly in the design of the interiors of buildings, rather than their exteriors. R. is characterized by a tendency towards asymmetry of compositions, as well as fine detailing of form, a rich and at the same time balanced structure of decor in interiors, a combination of bright and pure color tones with white and gold, a contrast between the severity of the external appearance of buildings and the delicacy of their interior decoration. In R. art, a graceful, whimsical, ornamental rhythm dominates. Widespread at the court of Louis XV (the work of architects J.M. Oppenor, J.O. Meyssonnier, G.J.Boffrand) R. style up to the middle. XIX. called "the style of Louis XV".



CLASSICISM Style in European art of the 17th-early 19th centuries, which turned to the ancient heritage as a norm and an ideal model. The name of the style comes from the Latin classicus - exemplary. Usually two periods in the development of K. are divided. It took shape in the 17th century. in France, reflecting the rise of absolutism. The XVIII century is considered a new stage in its development, since at this time it reflected other civic ideals based on the ideas of the philosophical rationalism of the Enlightenment. What unites both periods is the idea of ​​the rational regularity of the world, of the beautiful, ennobled nature, the desire to express a great social content, lofty heroic and moral ideals. Kazakhstan's architecture is characterized by austerity of form, clarity of spatial solutions, geometrism of interiors, softness of colors, and laconicism of external and internal finishing of structures. Unlike baroque buildings, K.'s masters never rendered spatial illusions that distorted the proportions of the building. And in the park architecture, the so-called regular style develops, where all lawns and flower beds have the correct shape, and green spaces are placed strictly in a straight line and carefully trimmed. (Garden and park ensemble of Versailles.)



AMPIR The name comes from the French empire - imperial. The style that arose in France at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries. It is the organic culmination of the long development of European classicism. The main feature of this style is the combination of massive simple geometric shapes with items of military emblems. Its source is Roman sculpture, from which A. inherited the solemn severity and clarity of composition. Archeology originally developed in France at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries. in the era of the Great French Revolution and was distinguished by a pronounced civic pathos. During the period of Napoleon's empire, art was supposed to glorify military successes and the dignity of the ruler. From here comes the enthusiasm for the construction of various kinds of triumphal arches, memorial columns, obelisks. Porticos become important elements of the decoration of buildings. In the decoration of interiors, bronze casting, painting of shades, alcoves are often used. A. strove to get closer to antiquity more than classicism. In the XVIII century. The architect B. Vignon built the La Madeleine church on the model of the Roman periptera, using the Corinthian order. The interpretation of the forms was distinguished by dryness and emphasized rationalism. The same features characterize the Arc de Triomphe (the Arch of the Star) in the Place de l'Azve in Paris (architect Chalgren). The Vendôme Memorial Column (the column of the "Great Army"), erected by Leper and Honduin, is covered with sheets of bronze cast from Austrian cannons. The spiraling bas-relief depicts the events of a victorious war. A.'s style did not develop for long; it was replaced by the time of eclecticism.

Slide presentation

Slide text: Proto-Renaissance Proto-Renaissance is closely connected with the Middle Ages, with Romanesque, Gothic traditions, this period was the preparation of the Renaissance. This period is divided into two sub-periods: before the death of Giotto di Bondone and after (1337). The most important discoveries, the brightest masters live and work in the first period. The second segment is associated with the plague epidemic that hit Italy. All discoveries were made on an intuitive level. At the end of the 13th century, the main temple structure, the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore, was erected in Florence, the author was Arnolfo di Cambio, then the work was continued by Giotto, who designed the campaign for the Florence Cathedral. Benozzo Gozzoli depicted the adoration of the Magi as a solemn procession of the Medici courtiers

Slide text: Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore, by Arnolfo di Cambio

Slide text: Earliest of all, the art of Proto-Renaissance manifested itself in sculpture (Niccolo and Giovanni Pisano, Arnolfo di Cambio, Andrea Pisano). Painting is represented by two art schools: Florence (Cimabue, Giotto) and Siena (Duccio, Simone Martini). Giotto became the central figure in painting. Renaissance artists considered him a reformer of painting. Giotto outlined the path along which its development went: filling religious forms with secular content, a gradual transition from flat images to volumetric and embossed ones, an increase in realism, introduced the plastic volume of figures into painting, depicted the interior in painting.

Slide text: Secular centers of science and art began to emerge in cities, the activities of which were outside the control of the church. The new worldview turned to antiquity, seeing in it an example of humanistic, non-ascetic relations. The invention of printing in the middle of the 15th century played a huge role in the spread of ancient heritage and new views throughout Europe. The renaissance arose in Italy, where its first signs were noticeable back in the 13th and 14th centuries (in the activities of the Pisano, Giotto, Orcagna, etc.), but it was firmly established only from the 20s of the 15th century. In France, Germany and other countries, this movement began much later. By the end of the 15th century, it reached its peak. In the 16th century, a crisis of the ideas of the Renaissance was brewing, which resulted in the emergence of Mannerism and Baroque.

Slide text: Periods of the Italian Renaissance Proto-Renaissance (2nd half of the 13th century - 14th century) Early Renaissance (1410/1425 of the 15th century - the end of the 15th century) High Renaissance (late 15th - first 20 years of the 16th century) Late Renaissance (mid-16th century - 90s of the XVI century) Northern Renaissance - XVI century

Slide text: General characteristics A new cultural paradigm emerged as a result of cardinal changes public relations in Europe. The growth of the city-republics led to an increase in the influence of estates that did not participate in feudal relations: artisans and artisans, merchants, bankers. All of them were alien to the hierarchical system of values ​​created by the medieval, largely ecclesiastical culture, and its ascetic, humble spirit. This led to the emergence of humanism - a social and philosophical movement that considered a person, his personality, his freedom, his active, creative activity as the highest value and a criterion for assessing social institutions.

Slide text: Renaissance Renaissance

Slide text: Renaissance, or Renaissance ns - an era in the history of European culture that replaced the culture of the Middle Ages and preceded the culture of modern times. The approximate chronological framework of the era - the beginning of the XIV - the last quarter of the XVI centuries and in some cases - the first decades of the XVII century (for example, in England and, especially, in Spain). A distinctive feature of the Renaissance is the secular nature of culture and its anthropocentrism (that is, interest, first of all, in a person and his activities). Interest in ancient culture appears, its “revival” takes place, and this is how the term appeared.

Slide text: In southern Europe, the Counter-Reformation triumphed, which looked with apprehension at all free-thinking, including the glorification of the human body and the resurrection of the ideals of antiquity as the cornerstones of the Renaissance ideology. In Florence, worldview contradictions and a general feeling of crisis resulted in the “nervous” art of contrived colors and broken lines - Mannerism. Mannerism reached Parma, where Correggio worked, only after the artist's death in 1534. The artistic traditions of Venice had their own logic of development; until the end of the 1570s. Titian and Palladio worked there, whose work had little in common with the crisis phenomena in the art of Florence and Rome

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Slide Text: Late Renaissance Late Renaissance in Italy covers the period from 1530s to 1590-1620s. Some researchers classify the 1630s as the Late Renaissance, but this position causes controversy among art critics and historians. The art and culture of this time are so diverse in their manifestations that it is possible to reduce them to one denominator only with a great deal of convention. For example, the Encyclopedia Britannica writes that "The Renaissance as an integral historical period ended with the fall of Rome in 1527".

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Slide text: Antique is now studied more thoroughly, reproduced with greater rigor and consistency; serenity and dignity replace the playful beauty that was the aspiration of the preceding period; reminiscences of the medieval disappear completely, and a completely classical imprint falls on all creations of art. But the imitation of the ancients does not drown out their independence in artists, and they, with great resourcefulness and liveliness of imagination, freely rework and apply to business what they consider appropriate to borrow for themselves from ancient Greco-Roman art.

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Slide text: Michelangelo's "Vatican Pieta" (1499): in a traditional religious story, simple human feelings are brought to the fore - mother's love and sorrow

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Slide text: High Renaissance The third period of the Renaissance - the time of the most magnificent development of his style - is usually called the "High Renaissance". It stretches in Italy from about 1500 to 1527. At this time, the center of influence of Italian art from Florence moved to Rome, thanks to the accession to the papal throne of Julius II - an ambitious, courageous and enterprising man who attracted the best Italian artists to his court, occupied them with numerous and important works and gave others an example of love for art ... Under this Pope and under his closest successors, Rome becomes, as it were, the new Athens of the times of Pericles: many monumental buildings are built in it, magnificent sculptural works are created, frescoes and paintings are painted, which are still considered pearls of painting; at the same time, all three branches of art harmoniously go hand in hand, helping one another and mutually acting on each other.

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Slide text: Benozzo Gozzoli depicts the adoration of the Magi as a solemn procession of the Medici courtiers

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Slide text: While art in Italy was already resolutely following the path of imitating classical antiquity, in other countries it has long kept the traditions of the Gothic style. North of the Alps, and also in Spain, the Renaissance does not come until the end of the 15th century, and its early period lasts until about the middle of the next century.

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Slide text: Creation of Adam, bas-relief of Giotto's Campanile Judas Kiss

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Slide text: Early Renaissance The period of the so-called "Early Renaissance" covers in Italy the time from 1420 to 1500. During these eighty years, art has not yet completely abandoned the traditions of the recent past, but is trying to mix with them elements borrowed from classical antiquity. Only later, and only little by little, under the influence of more and more changing living conditions and culture, did the artists completely abandon the medieval foundations and boldly use the examples of ancient art, both in the general concept of their works and in their details.

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Slide text: Renaissance art Renaissance painting is characterized by the artist's professional view of nature, the laws of anatomy, life perspective, the action of light and others identical natural phenomena... Renaissance artists, painting pictures of traditional religious themes, began to use new artistic techniques: building a volumetric composition, using the landscape as an element of the plot in the background. This allowed them to make the images more realistic, vivid, which showed a sharp difference between their work from the previous iconographic tradition, replete with conventions in the image.

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Slide text: "School of Athens" - the most famous fresco by Raphael (1509-10)

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Slide text: Renaissance literature The true founder of the Renaissance in literature is considered to be the Italian poet Dante Alighieri (1265-1321), who truly revealed the essence of the people of that time in his work called "Comedy", which would later be called "Divine Comedy". The literature of the Renaissance was based on two traditions: folk poetry and "book" antique literature, so it often combined the rational principle with poetic fiction, and comic genres became very popular. This was manifested in the most significant literary monuments of the era: "Decameron" by Boccaccio, "Don Quixote" by Cervantes, and "Gargantua and Pantagruel" by François Rabelais.

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Slide text: Philosophy of the Renaissance Nicholas of Cusansky Leonardo Bruni Marsilio Ficino Nicolaus Copernicus Pico della Mirandola Lorenzo Valla Manetti Pietro Pomponazzi Jean Boden Michel Montaigne Thomas More Erasmus Rotterdam Martin Luther Tommaso Campanelli Giordano Bruavia in the 14th century Platon Tommaso Campanelli Giordano Bruavia is revived in the 14th century. Careji. Renaissance philosophers

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Slide text: Astronomical instruments in Holbein's painting "The Ambassadors" (1533)

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Slide text: Science of the Renaissance The development of knowledge in the XIV-XVI centuries significantly influenced people's ideas about the world and the place of man in it. The great geographical discoveries, the heliocentric system of the world of Nicolaus Copernicus changed the idea of ​​the size of the Earth and its place in the Universe, and the works of Paracelsus and Vesalius, in which for the first time after antiquity attempts were made to study the structure of man and the processes occurring in it, laid the foundation for scientific medicine and anatomy ...

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Slide text: "Love Struggle in a Dream" (1499) - one of the highest achievements of Renaissance typography

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Slide text: Crisis of the Renaissance: Venetian Tintoretto in 1594 portrayed the Last Supper as an underground gathering in alarming twilight reflections

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Slide Text: Northern Renaissance The Italian Renaissance had little or no impact on other countries until 1450. After 1500, the style spread throughout the continent, but many late Gothic influences persisted even until the Baroque era. It is customary to distinguish the Renaissance period in the Netherlands, Germany and France as a separate stylistic trend, which has some differences from the Renaissance in Italy, and call it the "Northern Renaissance". The stylistic differences in painting are most noticeable: unlike Italy, the traditions and skills of Gothic art were preserved in painting for a long time, less attention was paid to the study of the ancient heritage and the knowledge of human anatomy. Outstanding representatives - Albrecht Durer, Hans Holbein the Younger, Lucas Cranach the Elder, Pieter Bruegel the Elder. Some of the works of late Gothic masters such as Jan van Eyck and Hans Memling are also imbued with a pre-Renaissance spirit.

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Slide text: Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446) - the founder of Renaissance architecture, developed the theory of perspective and the order system, brought many elements of ancient architecture back into construction practice, created for the first time in many centuries the dome (of the Florentine Cathedral), which still dominates the panorama of Florence. Church of the Holy Spirit in Florence

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Slide text: Leon Battista Alberti (1402-1472) - the largest theorist of Renaissance architecture, the creator of its integral concept, rethought the motives of early Christian basilicas from the time of Constantine, in the Rucellai palazzo he created a new type of urban residence with a facade processed with rustic stone and dissected by several tiers of pilasters. Santa Maria Novella

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Slide text: Renaissance architecture The main feature of this era is the return in architecture to the principles and forms of ancient, mainly Roman art. Particular importance in this direction is given to symmetry, proportion, geometry and the order of the component parts, which is clearly evidenced by the surviving examples of Roman architecture. The complex proportion of medieval buildings is replaced by an orderly arrangement of columns, pilasters and lintels; asymmetrical outlines are replaced by a semicircle of an arch, a hemisphere of a dome, a niche, and aedicula. The greatest contribution to the development of Renaissance architecture was made by five masters.

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Slide text: Lute is one of the most popular musical instruments renaissance

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Slide text: Donato Bramante (1444-1514) - the founder of the High Renaissance architecture, a master of centric compositions with perfectly adjusted proportions; the graphic restraint of the architects of the Quattrocento was replaced by tectonic logic, plasticity of details, integrity and clarity of design (Tempietto). Tempietto

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Slide text: Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564) - the chief architect of the Late Renaissance, who led the grandiose construction work in the papal capital; in his buildings, the plastic principle is expressed in dynamic contrasts, as it were, of inflowing masses, in the majestic tectonicity, foreshadowing the art of the Baroque (St. Peter's Cathedral, Laurenziana's staircase). David

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Slide text: Andrea Palladio (1508-1580) - the founder of the first phase of classicism, known as Palladianism; taking into account specific conditions, infinitely varied various combinations of order elements; supporter of an open and flexible order architecture that serves as a harmonious continuation environment, natural or urban (Palladium villas); worked in the Venetian Republic. Villa Rotonda

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Slide text: Music of the Renaissance Various genres of secular musical art appear - frottola and villanella in Italy, Villancio in Spain, ballad in England, madrigal, which originated in Italy (L. Marenzio, J. Arcadelt, Gesualdo da Venosa), but became widespread , French polyphonic song (K. Jannequin, K. Lejeune). Secular humanistic aspirations also penetrate into cult music - among the Franco-Flemish masters (Josquin Despres, Orlando di Lasso), in the art of the composers of the Venetian school (A. and J. Gabrieli).

 

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