Alexey Stakhanov in the history of the Donetsk region. Photo selection: Alexei Stakhanov, a victim of Soviet propaganda. And could be dukanovtsy

Nikolai Troitsky, political observer for RIA Novosti.

The Soviet coal miner Stakhanov was both lucky in life and very unlucky. His name was known to all the inhabitants of our country. But he himself lost his name, given at birth. He was praised by official propaganda. However, compatriots, at best, treated him and his labor exploits with humor. And many despised and even hated.

He himself did not deserve such treatment. He worked honestly, mined coal at a mine in the Donbass, and the founders of the so-called Stakhanov movement did not fill up. Who asked him? Everything was decided for him.

Andrei Stakhanov woke up famous 75 years ago, on the morning of August 31, 1935. More precisely, it was artificially made famous: they cleared and prepared the scope of work, adjusted the best equipment, and he did not mine coal alone, but his assistants were ignored. Although collectivism was declared as the basis of the state ideology, strict unity of command prevailed at all levels, as in the army.

The pre-planned feat of the worker, who allegedly personally mined 102 tons of coal instead of the prescribed seven, was immediately trumpeted by the Pravda newspaper. But the telegram from the mine did not indicate the full name of the hero, but only the initial "A". Journalists, without thinking twice, decided that his name was Alexei. When the error became clear, Comrade Stalin said: "The newspaper Pravda cannot be mistaken."

The ascetic had to change his passport and turn into Alexei. How he reacted to this remained unknown, and again, no one asked him. Well, at least they didn’t replace the name with a number, like the prisoners of Stalin’s camps.

From that well-prepared feat, the Stakhanov movement began. Our hero continued to break records, and his assistants still remained nameless. Then other champions, leaders and heroes of labor appeared. They were written about in the newspapers, called them "lighthouses", demanded to imitate them and focus on them, promoted their achievements, real and imaginary. They were supposed to serve as living proof of the superiority of the socialist system and the socialist way of managing. At the same time, the leaders themselves were actively encouraged by the ruble and helped them make a career.

Stakhanov rose to the rank of chief engineer, then to the manager of a coal trust. And then he retired and, simply put, drank himself. He spent the last months in a narcological dispensary. In the official obituary, this, of course, was not reported. Yes, no one followed the fate of the man Stakhanov, she was only interested in his relatives and friends. He himself has already become a symbol.

The symbol of what - that is the question. Today, the very concept of "Stakhanov movement" is perceived in much the same way as the phrase "Potemkin villages". That is, as a typical manifestation and embodiment of Soviet window dressing. If this is true, then only in part.
Without bullshit and window dressing, of course, it could not do. But the same Stakhanov really tried to give the country as much coal as possible and actually tried to improve the organization of labor. He was a true innovator and innovator of production.

Another thing is that Stakhanov could not even think of attributing all the successes to himself alone. On the contrary, its main meaning rationalization proposal consisted in a clear division of labor between the slaughterer and the lumbermen. Everyone does his own thing: one extracts or, professionally speaking, cuts coal with a jackhammer, others strengthen the vaults of the mine. Previously, miners had to deal with both in turn.

It is clear that after Stakhanov's proposal was accepted, labor productivity increased. First, in one mine, then in the entire industry, and then in other industries. So it's not a myth at all. After the establishment of the Stakhanovite and other similar movements, in reality there was "more iron and steel per capita in the country," as Yuz Aleshkovsky wrote in his famous song about "Comrade Stalin."

In general, Stakhanov, and Nikita Izotov, and Pasha Angelina, and other "lighthouses" were not engaged in window dressing at all, but worked in the sweat of their brow. Another thing is that in our country they knew how to bring any good deed to the point of absurdity, and even to idiocy. I gave out a hundred tons to the mountain, if you please, then give out two hundred, three hundred and so on. It was already completely unrealistic, and shock work turned into bullshit.

But this concerns by no means only the Stakhanovite movement. For example, there was nothing stupid or harmful about Nikita Khrushchev's initiative to sow more corn. But it is equally absurd both to sow it beyond the Arctic Circle and to abandon this crop almost completely after the removal of Khrushchev. Or - already under Mikhail Gorbachev - in the heat of the anti-alcohol campaign, cut down the Crimean vineyards.

And the last. There is a lot of bad - and justly bad - things to say about Stalinist times. But it cannot be denied that not only Stakhanov, but the majority of the Soviet people in those years worked conscientiously. Moreover, it was by no means only convicts who worked. It is enough to check the strength and reliability of the so-called "Stalinist houses" in comparison with the buildings of subsequent eras.

And it is wrong to think that people worked well solely out of fear for their lives and fate. Many were sincerely inspired by the idea of ​​building a new world, a new country. And in order for the idea not to remain abstract, it had to be embodied in someone. It was for this reason that all sorts of Stakhanovite movements were invented, and a cult of production leaders was created.

You can even say that it was a cult of personalities, although these personalities themselves, paradoxically, remained voiceless, disenfranchised "cogs" who could easily, at the wave of the Leader's hand, replace the name and with whom they could do anything. It is doubly insulting that later, as is usual with us, the child was thrown out with the water. They debunked the cult, and at the same time they abandoned personalities.

Alexei Grigorievich Stakhanov(December 21, 1905 (January 3, 1906) - November 5, 1977) - Soviet miner, innovator of the coal industry, founder of the Stakhanov movement, Hero of Socialist Labor (1970).

In 1935, a group of coal miners Stakhanov and two fasteners produced 14.5 times more coal in one shift than was prescribed by the norm per one miner. The record shift was planned in advance, the equipment was rechecked, coal removal was organized, and the face was illuminated. However, Soviet propaganda attributed all the coal mined during the shift to Stakhanov personally. Stakhanov's achievement was used by the CPSU(b) for the campaign known as the "Stakhanov Movement".

Biography

Alexei Stakhanov was born in the village of Lugovaya, Livensky district, Oryol province. Russian. There is a version that Stakhanov's real name is Andrei, and Alexei appeared due to a journalistic mistake. However, Stakhanov's daughter Violetta Alekseevna denies this fact. Since 1927, he worked at the Tsentralnaya-Irmino mine in the city of Irmino, Luhansk region, as a brake, horse-drawn, chipper. Since 1933, he worked as a jackhammer. In 1935 he graduated from the courses of miners at the mine.

In August 1935, he held a record shift, producing 102 tons, in September of the same year he raised the record to 227 tons.

The burden of glory that fell on him, general attention and wealth Stakhanov could not resist. He became arrogant, began to drink, lost his party card in a drunken fight and married a minor, which he got away with.

Outwardly, his career developed quite well. In 1936-1941 he studied at the Industrial Academy in Moscow. In 1941-1942 he was the head of mine No. 31 in Karaganda. In 1943-1957 he worked as the head of the sector of socialist competition in the People's Commissariat of the Coal Industry of the USSR in Moscow. He lived in the famous "House on the Embankment".

After the death of Stalin, who patronized him, in 1957, at the direction of N. S. Khrushchev, he was returned to the Donetsk region, where he had to rent a corner, and then live in a hostel for several years. The Stakhanov family refused to follow him into "exile" and remained in Moscow. Stakhanov was very upset by what had happened and drank a lot. Until 1959, he was deputy manager of the Chistyakovantratsit trust, since 1959 he was an assistant to the chief engineer of mine administration No. 2/43 of the Torezanthracite trust. Since 1974 - retired.

After a record shift, Stakhanov turned into an instrument of Soviet propaganda and actually became its victim: his name existed as a symbol, separate from him. He himself, taking advantage of the benefits and patronage provided to him, turned from a miner into a nomenklatura worker and, remaining the same simple and uncultured person, drank himself.

He died on November 5, 1977 at the age of 72 in a psychiatric hospital, where he got from the severe consequences of chronic alcoholism (multiple sclerosis with partial memory loss, delirium tremens), before having also experienced a stroke. He slipped on the skin of an apple, hit his head and died without regaining consciousness. He was buried at the city cemetery in the city of Torez, Donetsk region.

Record shift

On the night of August 30-31, 1935, for a shift (5 hours 45 minutes), together with two lumbermen, he mined 102 tons of coal at a rate of 7 tons per miner, 14 times exceeding this rate and setting a record. All the coal was assigned to the miner, although he did not work alone. However, even taking into account all shift workers, the success was significant. The reason for the success was the new division of labor. Until that day, several people worked simultaneously in the face, who cut down coal with the help of jackhammers, and then, in order to avoid a collapse, strengthened the roof of the mine with logs. A few days before the record was set, in a conversation with the miners, Stakhanov proposed to radically change the organization of work in the face. The miner must be freed from fixing work so that he only cuts coal. “If we divide labor, then we can chop not 9, but 70-80 tons of coal per shift,” Stakhanov noted. On August 30, 1935, at 10 pm, Stakhanov, fasteners Gavrila Shchigolev and Tikhon Borisenko, head of the section Nikolai Mashurov, party organizer of the mine Konstantin Petrov and editor of the large-circulation newspaper Mikhailov descended into the mine. Start time countdown included.

(1905-1977) Soviet worker-leader

His childhood was spent in a poor village in the Oryol province. Alexei had to work from the age of five, when his father was drafted into the army and the family found itself without a breadwinner. Like many other young children, Alyosha was at first a shepherd, and then worked in the barnyard.

He received his primary education at a parochial school, where he studied with "worldly money." True, he did not succeed in finishing it, since he was again forced to go to work.

When the October Revolution took place, Alexei Grigoryevich Stakhanov already had a solid work record, although at that time he was only twelve years old. He had little understanding of what was happening around, the only desire of the boy was to survive in this difficult time. In those years, he worked as a farm laborer for the owner of a village mill in Ukraine.

In the early twenties, crop failures hit these fertile lands, after which famine began. After burying his parents, Alexei was left an orphan along with his three sisters. To feed himself, he went to the mine, which was located near their village.

Alexei wanted to earn money for a horse and return to the village, but independent life captured him, he was drawn into the work team and remained to work at the mine. In addition, Alexei was attracted and stable earnings: after all, he could regularly send money to the village for the maintenance of little sisters.

Gradually, Alexei Stakhanov acquired a high qualification and became a real miner. In ten years, he went from a brake boy, who helped roll the trolleys, to a slaughterer, who gave out two norms per shift. In 1934, Stakhanov bought a small house and brought his sisters to live with him. It seemed that life was slowly getting better.

At that time, coal was the main fuel, the demand for it was extremely high, so the government tried by all means to increase the rate of its production. For the workers, this was hard labor, they were constantly required to increase labor productivity, but to achieve this old technology it was a tricky business. The situation was complicated by the fact that directives to increase labor productivity were personally signed by Stalin, which meant that their failure to comply was tantamount to death. But the miners were already working hard, sending most of their earnings to their starving relatives in the villages. An initial impetus was needed in the development of production, after which competition could be launched in order to improve labor methods and increase coal production.

Then the management of the mine was given a specific task - to find their own leader. Alexei Stakhanov became the one they were looking for. The innovation he applied was that the miner only cut down the coal, and the rest of the work (fixing the shaft, loading) was carried out by the henchmen who followed him.

The division of labor has produced an excellent result. In five hours and forty-five minutes, Aleksey Grigoryevich Stakhanov chopped one hundred and two tons of coal, which at that time corresponded to fourteen miner's standards.

When the miners learned about this achievement, more than forty people volunteered to repeat this result. The very next day, Stakhanov's comrade in the mine, Miron Dyukanov, using the division of labor method, mined one hundred and fifteen tons of coal per shift.

At the direction of the people's commissar of heavy industry Geogy Ordzhonikidze, everyone wrote about Stakhanov central newspapers. This was the beginning of the “Stakhanovite initiative”. Soon there were leaders in other industries. The machinist P. Krivonos began to drive freight trains of double length, the blacksmith I. Busygin - to simultaneously process two workpieces.

The cinema was also engaged in propaganda of the initiative: it was in those years that such popular films as “The Bright Path” with L. Orlova and “Big Life” with B. Andreev appeared. famous artists created vivid images which carried a huge emotional and ideological charge. The popularity of the heroes was also determined by the sound range of films: songs about the heroes of labor were sung by the whole country.

However, the personal fate of Alexei Stakhanov was not so successful. He was completely unprepared for the role he was assigned. True, at first everything went fine. As a drummer, Stakhanov was given a good house, a telephone was installed there, and a chaise with a coachman was assigned to him. The following year he was elected to the Supreme Soviet. At the direction of Stalin, he was hired to work in Moscow, settled in the famous "House on the Embankment".

But fame went to his head. Imagining himself a great man, an unquestioned authority, Alexei Stakhanov became a hostage to his own record. He began to drink, started dubious connections. For some time, all this was hidden from the people, but immediately after the war he was transferred back to the Donbass. Before retiring, he worked in the mine administration of the city of Torez.

Stakhanov Alexei Grigorievich died of alcoholism at the age of 72. His name became one of the symbols of the totalitarian era, which combined true labor heroism with its official ideological packaging.

In February 1934, the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, later called the "Congress of the Executed", approved the second five-year plan retroactively. And its main goal is the completion of the industrial revolution, which lasted two centuries in the West, and in the country of victorious socialism should have happened in some ten years. To do this, it was necessary not only to increase the output of products that the country did not have enough - and there was not enough of almost everything, but also to increase labor productivity, which was five times inferior to the American one.

Of course, thoughts about how to do this roamed in the heads of leaders. And helped, as often happens, the case. From the first years of Soviet power, proletarian holidays were celebrated with hard work; it promised the local authorities career, workers - a bonus. The Tsentralnaya-Irmino mine in the Donetsk region, named by the former owner, the Italian Baron Marciali, in honor of Irma's daughter, was no exception. The hopelessly lagging mine had recently been supplied with electricity and replaced the ancient heads with jackhammers. One of them went to the 30-year-old big man Alexei Stakhanov, a native of the Oryol village, who had been working in the face for the eighth year already. He worked like clockwork, cursing that he had to stop and fix the walls of the mine with logs.

The rumor about this reached the party organizer of the mine, Konstantin Petrov, who was lit up with a brilliant idea: why not give Stakhanov assistants so that he would cut coal without being distracted? And thus blocked the record of Nikita Izotov, who mined 20 tons of coal per shift in neighboring Gorlovka?

TODAY RECORD...

The labor feat was appointed on September 1, 1935, when International Youth Day was celebrated. The night before, Stakhanov descended to a depth of 450 meters along with five assistants: the miners Shchigolev and Borisenko put up the lining, the head of the site Mashurov loaded coal into trolleys, the editor of the newspaper, Mikhailov, monitored the timekeeping and frantically scratched in a notebook. Party organizer Petrov controlled the whole process and held a lamp, symbolizing the light that the party brings to the masses.

NEWSPAPERS DAILY PUBLISHED ARTICLES ABOUT NEW AND NEW LEADERS. A BUTT - EXPOSURE THEIR ENEMIES

The hero of the day worked evil and concentrated. He was attracted by the promised bonus, burned with resentment against his wife Dunya, who fled with the gypsies, leaving him two babies. The norm was completed in just 40 minutes, and for the entire shift, Stakhanov chopped 102 tons - 14 norms!

The next day took place general meeting mines. Petrov announced a world record and the decision of the management to give the drummer a big bonus, provide a separate two-room apartment and a ticket to the resort. The miners, aware of the circumstances of the Stakhanov breakthrough, immediately demanded that they also be given the opportunity to set a record. However, the party organizer went to meet only the ideological communist Miron Dyukanov, who the next day chopped (also with assistants) 115 tons of coal. But this record did not go down in history: there were not enough apartments for everyone, and the central newspapers had already raised Stakhanov to the shield.

On September 11, 1935, Pravda informed the world about the beginning of the mass "Stakhanov movement". On the same day, Nikita Izotov, hurt to the core, produced an unprecedented 240 tons in a shift - and without outside help. But even this phenomenal result remained in the shadow of Stakhanov's.

In the prospects that suddenly opened up before the party leadership, mass character has already become at the forefront.

... AND TOMORROW - THE NORM

Newspapers daily published articles about new and new leaders. And end-to-end - denunciations of their enemies. The party organizer-initiator Petrov began to threaten already in the first days after the record: “We consider it necessary ... to warn all those who try to slander Comrade Stakhanov and his record as an accident, fiction, etc., that they will be regarded by the party committee as the worst enemies opposing the best people mines, our country."

The "enemies" included primarily mine directors, engineers and foremen. They were indignant: the workers themselves began to decide when and how much they should work; it is unacceptable. The answer of the Secretary of the Central Committee Zhdanov was not long in coming: “At some of our enterprises, the Stakhanov movement met with resistance from conservative elements in our party, economic and trade union organizations and on the part of the backward section of the workers... But we hit hard on these sentiments."

One of the first to feel the blow was the director of the Tsentralnaya-Irmino mine, Iosif Zaplavsky, who was trying to introduce a new initiative into a reasonable framework. He was removed from his post and replaced (of course) with party organizer Petrov, and later disappeared in the Gulag. The "backward workers" also got it; they feared, not without reason, that soon the Stakhanovite norms would become obligatory for all. On this basis, there were beatings and even murders of leading workers. The perpetrators were immediately declared "kulak terrorists" and punished to the fullest extent of the law.

ALL-UNION CONFERENCE

In November 1935, the first and only All-Union Conference of Stakhanovites took place in the Kremlin, at which Stalin uttered the famous phrase: "Life has become better, comrades. Life has become more fun." And he explained: the workers work better, because they live better, richer - which was, to put it mildly, an exaggeration. Molotov turned out to be closer to the truth: the Stakhanovists were often driven by "a simple interest in increasing their earnings." This was confirmed by the participants of the movement. Gorky blacksmith Alexander Busygin: "I used to earn 300-350 rubles, in September I earned 690 and 130 came out on a progressive basis and another 223 rubles for reducing the marriage - a total of 1043 rubles came out." Miron Dyukanov, who surpassed Stakhanov: “I used to earn 550-600 rubles each ... Now, in September, I’ve earned 1338 rubles for 16 exits, because we are being dragged somewhere. And if we hadn’t been dragged, more than two thousand ... "

MASS STRIKING ALLOWED TO INCREASE LABOR PRODUCTIVITY: IF IN THE FIRST FIVE-YEAR PLAN IT GROWED BY 40%, THEN IN THE SECOND - ALWAYS BY 90%

The miner had in mind the ceremonial meetings, rallies, meetings with the pioneers, to which the Stakhanovists were "dragged" almost every day. Many of them no longer had time to do their main job. And for others, the first record was the last.

Among them was Alexei Stakhanov, whose sudden fame quickly turned his head.

COPPER PIPES

Writer Alexander Avdeenko recalled the first meeting with the hero:

Dear guests, - says Stakhanov, - welcome to the hut! She is mine now. It was intended for the chief engineer, but fell into the hands of the miner Alyoshka Stakhanov ...

We enter the house, packed to the limit with things. Brand new, not fully unpacked yet...

Did you see?! Stakhanov laughs. - Anniversary welcome. Gifts are sent from all over the Donbass. How to refuse people?

Stakhanov is immensely cheerful, and his wife is strict:

If he really wanted to refuse, he would not be forced to take gifts. They, the donors, are kind at someone else's expense. Six cases of beer! Drink - I do not want. The sea is overflowing. Why so many? Three carpets. We had enough of our own. And this bandura is useless. Someone to strum.

And I? Stakhanov laughs. He ran to the piano, opened the lid and tapped the white and black keys with one finger. - Symphony! March! Concert! Waltz! Chizhik-pyzhik, where have you been!

The wife was new - Stakhanov spun love with a 15-year-old schoolgirl Galina Bondarenko. His fame was so great that the registry office obediently registered the marriage, attributing two years to the bride. And soon Alexey went to study in Moscow, where he lived on a grand scale. In one of the drunken fights, a jacket with the Order of Lenin and a party card was stolen from him. New ones were issued, but Stalin himself threatened: "If he doesn't stop his spree, we'll change his famous surname to a more modest one."

The hero calmed down for a while, but did not overcome the passion for which he was nicknamed Stakanov.

TASKS SET

And the Stakhanovite movement rolled across the country - from Moscow to the very outskirts. Every industry has its own "main Stakhanovists": Makar Mazai in metallurgy, Ivan Gudov in machine tool building, Pyotr Krivonos in transport, Dusya and Marusya Vinogradov in the textile industry, Pasha Angelina in agriculture. Children also did not stand aside: the young Kabardian Barasbi Khamgokov raised foals for the Red Army, the Tajik pioneer Mamlakat Nakhangova collected a record amount of cotton, and even took a picture in Stalin's arms, causing a storm of enthusiasm in the press.

By the end of 1936, the account of the Stakhanovists went into the millions. From 20 to 30% of industrial workers were officially recognized as leaders. And not only. Among the Stakhanovites who were awarded orders and medals in 1939 were 20,000 industrial workers, 1,150 artists, 200 athletes, etc. mental labor, however, they deserved awards at least for the fact that they tirelessly composed songs about the Stakhanovites, painted their portraits and made films - for example, Alexandrov's Bright Path, on the set of which Dusya Vinogradova taught Lyubov Orlova how to work on a loom.

Even state security workers became active Stakhanovites. For example, in 1938, the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the Kirghiz SSR announced a socialist competition in the hunt for "enemies of the people." The People's Commissar's order stated that only in February "the fourth department exceeded the number of arrests per month by one and a half times compared to the third department ... and exceeded the cases completed by the apparatus, considered by the troika, by almost 100 people ..."

GOALS ARE CLEAR

The essence of the Stakhanov movement in those years was best analyzed by Trotsky's son Lev Sedov, who lived abroad (and soon died under unclear circumstances). His article in the Bulletin of the Opposition argued that the Stakhanovites are no different from the highly paid workers of bourgeois countries - they are also driven by material interests. Therefore, their initiative does not bring socialism closer, as Stalin claimed, but moves it away, introducing an enormous stratification into the working masses. Sedov pointed out that Stakhanovites earn 3-4 times more than other workers: "It is unlikely that in any of the advanced capitalist countries there is such a profound difference in wages as now in the USSR." In addition, the work of the drummers was too hasty and stressful, which led to damage to both their health and expensive equipment. Often, records were achieved through postscripts and elementary deception. The article also said that the Soviet leadership, showering the Stakhanovites with privileges, with their help forced the rest to work harder and faster, on the verge of physical capabilities.

But the truth is also that mass shock work made it possible to seriously increase labor productivity: if in the first five-year plan it grew by 40%, then in the second - by as much as 90%. average salary in industry during this five years has grown at least twice, the number of illiterates among the workers decreased from 40 to 15% - each Stakhanovite was obliged to graduate from school or technical school. The Stalinist regime achieved its stated goal: it built, albeit with huge costs and sacrifices, a powerful industry that made it possible to satisfy both the military and peaceful needs of the country.

And when this happened, the working initiative was slowly put on the brakes. True, after the war, Stakhanovite brigades in the Donbass competed in restoring destroyed and flooded mines. And Khrushchev, in his experiments, tried to return the former glory to shock work. Under him, a spinner from Vyshny Volochok, Valentina Gaganova, founded the "Gaganov" movement, and the Ukrainian "cornfield worker" Nadezhda Zaglada founded the "Zagladov" one. But these were already pale copies that aroused neither mass enthusiasm nor serious economic achievements.

In those same years, Stakhanov also suffered, having long "rubbed his pants" in the award department of the Ministry of the Coal Industry.

DEATH OF A HERO

According to one version, Khrushchev, at a meeting with veterans, said to Stakhanov: "We, the miners ..." - to which the straightforward and, as usual, drunk Alexei Grigorievich objected: "What the hell are you a miner ?!" Like it or not, Stakhanov was removed from his post and sent to live in the city of Torez, Donetsk region, where he completely drank himself. When the local communists, led by the same Petrov - now secretary of the city committee - came to visit him one day, they saw a dirty room filled with empty bottles.

The last refuge of the hero was a psychiatric hospital, where he died in 1977. They buried Alexei Grigorievich in Kadievka, where the Central-Irmino mine is located, hastily renaming this city to Stakhanov.

NAMES ROUNDING ALL OVER THE COUNTRY


Alexander Busygin (1907-1985)

Born in the village of Kolevatovskoye, Kostroma province. After the dispossession of his parents, he left in 1931 to build the Gorky Automobile Plant, where he became a first-class blacksmith. In 1935, the team led by him forged 966 crankshafts per shift at a rate of 675. Busygin became the head of the shop, a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. He worked at GAZ for many years, passing on his experience to young workers.

Dusya (Evdokia) Vinogradova (1914-1962) and Marusya (Maria) Vinogradova (1910-1990)

namesakes born in villages Ivanovo region. Becoming weavers at the factory. Nogin in Vichuga, began in 1935 to work in shifts on a large number of machines at once (the record is 284 machines). They founded the "Vinogradov" movement of multi-station workers. The beautiful and charming Dusya became the ideal of a Komsomol member and shock worker, receiving the nickname "Miss USSR" abroad. After graduating from the Industrial Academy, the Vinogradovs worked for a long time as deputy directors of various textile factories.

Makar Mazai (1910-1941)

Born in the village of Olginskaya, Krasnodar Territory. In 1930, he entered the Mariupol Metallurgical Plant as a laborer, later as a steelmaker of the open-hearth shop. He made changes to the design of the open-hearth furnace, which made it possible to increase the production of steel. Set several performance records with his team.

During the war years, he did not have time to evacuate from Mariupol, saving the factory equipment. After severe torture, he was shot by the Nazis. There is a monument to him in the city.

Peter Krivonos (1910-1980)

Born in Feodosia in the family of a railway worker. He worked as a mechanic in a locomotive depot in the city of Slavyansk, then as a locomotive driver. In 1935, he increased the load on the locomotive boiler, which made it possible to double the speed of freight trains. After the war, he became the head of the South-Western Railway, lived and died in Kyiv. The first honorary citizen of Slavyansk.

Pasha Angelina (1912-1959)

Born in the village of Starobeshevo, Donetsk region, in a Greek family. In 1930, after completing courses for tractor drivers, she became the first tractor driver in Donbass. Later she organized a women's tractor brigade in her homeland. She became famous for the slogan "One hundred thousand friends - to the tractor!". She worked hard until the last years of her life. Buried in her native village.

Mamlakat Nakhangova (1924-1992)

She was born in the Bukhara village of Shahmansur. At the age of 11, helping her mother in the field, she began to pick cotton with two hands instead of one, quadrupling the collection. Becoming the youngest holder of the Order of Lenin, she founded the pioneer Stakhanov movement. During the war years, she took care of the wounded in hospitals, collected food for the besieged Leningrad. After graduating from the Pedagogical Institute, she taught for many years English language in Dushanbe.

Nikita Izotov (1902 -1951)

Born in a village in the Oryol region, from the age of 12 he worked at a mine in Gorlovka. In 1932, he overfulfilled the coal mining plan by 20 times, organized a school at the mine to teach his method. Later he joined the Stakhanovite movement, from 1936 he led various mines. Actively participated in the restoration of Donbass after the war, died of a heart attack.

Alexei Grigorievich Stakhanov (right) and Konstantin Grigorievich Petrov

Alexei Stakhanov is one of those labor heroes of the Soviet era who have been "thrown off their pedestal" in recent years. Is it just fair?

On the night of August 31, 1935 Alexey Stakhanov, having passed all eight ledges, set a world record by extracting 102 tons of coal. Since he cut down the coal alone, the production rate was exceeded by 14.5 times - this is recorded in the relevant documents of the People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry. Therefore not right Violetta Alekseevna Stakhanova, which, in an interview with the Ukrainian media, seems to confirm the version that, they say, the brigade worked, and all the production was recorded on her father: “Two coal miners helped my father shovel coal. And the idea of ​​​​dividing the labor of a slaughterer - one cuts, two rake after him - the father and the party organizer came up with.

In fact, there is no need to “rake” the coal on a steep fall - it falls down to the lower ledge by itself. But in order to work with a jackhammer for 6 hours in almost complete darkness over a 100-meter abyss, this requires physical strength, dexterity, endurance, as well as the ability to read the coal seam in order to cut it along the cleavage (small fracture). So Alexey Stakhanov set an outstanding achievement, and it went down in history forever.

The whole country followed the reports from the labor front, and on September 4, Pravda published a small article “The record of the slaughterer Stakhanov” with the following content: “Stalino (now Donetsk. - A.V.). September 1 (kor. "Pravda"). Kadievsky miner of the mine "Central-Irmino" comrade. Stakhanov, in commemoration of the 21st anniversary of the International Youth Day, ... gave 102 tons of coal for a six-hour shift, which is 10 percent of the mine's daily production, and earned 200 rubles (instead of the usual 20 rubles. - A.V.) ".

People's Commissar for Heavy Industry and an experienced politician Sergo Ordzhonikidze I immediately understood the significance of Stakhanov's record. On September 18, his order was issued, which reads: “A significantly better use of mechanisms, a fuller loading of the working day on the basis of a correct division of labor made it possible for Comrades. Stakhanov, Dyukanov and others to several times exceed the established norms of output and, in accordance with this, increase their wages. The rapid introduction of the Stakhanov method in all mines of steep and gentle fall opens the way for both the Donbass and the rest of the coal basins to a further sharp increase in coal production and, at the same time, to an increase in wages workers."

On November 14, 1935, the first All-Union Conference of the Stakhanovists for industry and transport was held in Moscow with the participation of members of the Politburo headed by Joseph Stalin. It became an international sensation: for the first time in history, the authorities directly appealed to common man labor. Opening the meeting, Sergo Ordzhonikidze said:

What has hitherto been illuminated by "scientific norms", learned people and old practitioners, these Stakhanovite comrades of ours have turned upside down, thrown away as obsolete and holding back our progress.

Alexey Stakhanov in his speech spoke about the new high earnings of miners and emphasized:

- There were people at the mine who did not believe my record, my 102 tons. “It was attributed to him,” they said. But then the party organizer of the Dyukanov section went and gave 115 tons per shift, followed by Komsomol member Mitya Kontsedalov - 125 tons. Then they had to believe!

As Alexei Stakhanov later proudly recalled, he, yesterday's dark farm laborer and shepherd, spoke to the leaders of the people, and they listened to him attentively. “But they also came from the people,” flashed through his head then ...

In the final word Joseph Stalin noted that the source of the Stakhanov movement lies in the Soviet social system. “Life has become better, comrades. Life has become more fun. And when life is fun, the work is argued ... If we had a bad, unsightly, sad life, then we would not have any Stakhanovist movement ”.

A few days later, Stakhanov, Dyukanov, Petrov, Kontsedalov, Mashurov and many more Donbass Stakhanovites were awarded the Orders of Lenin and the Red Banner of Labor. It should be noted here that in modern media one can often find speculations of this type: “Aleksei Grigorievich received the title of Hero of Socialist Labor only after 35 years ...” But the fact is that in 1935 this title did not yet exist. It was established by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on December 27, 1938, and a year later, Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin became the first Hero of Socialist Labor.

On March 10, 1939, the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks opened, which summed up the results of the second five-year plan as a transitional period from capitalism to socialism and outlined a course for creating conditions for the transition to communist construction. The congress resolution stated: "The development of socialist emulation and its highest form - the Stakhanov movement - led to a powerful rise in labor productivity in industry, which increased by 82 percent during the second five-year plan against 63 percent according to the plan."

After the perfidious attack of fascist Germany on our country, more and more steel was required for the needs of the front, for the smelting of which coal is needed. Aleksey Grigoryevich organizes the evacuation of Donetsk miners to Karaganda, their distribution among the mines of this basin, and the provision of housing. Soon he was appointed to the post of head of mine No. 31. “It is a rare day that I did not go down into the mine,” writes Alexei Grigorievich. - Patiently studied and controlled the work of each section. I tried to turn each of my detours into an effective lesson for the miners, to give exercises to the Stakhanovite work of the foremost workers.

And here we are again faced with the lies of the modern liberal media: "By 1943, when Stakhanov failed all the indicators, he was called to Moscow, where he headed the award sector of the Ministry of the Coal Industry."

However, in the leading article of Socialist Karaganda dated May 21, 1942, we read: “At mine No. 31, section No. 1 fulfilled the coal mining plan by 119 percent in 18 days of May. The staff of the district firmly holds the challenged Red Banner of the City Party Committee. On June 17, 1942, in the article “Coal Above the Plan,” the same newspaper reports: “The miners of mine No. 31, which is led by Alexei Stakhanov, are increasing coal production every day. The bulk breaker of the 4th section, comrade Teimuratov, completed his production task in May by 200 percent, and in 11 days of June - by 218. Comrade Gurfov gives more than two norms daily. Comrade Omarov fulfills the norm by 175 percent, Comrade Kasenov fulfills one and a half norms. Section No. 4, led by Comrade Bobyrev, daily produces 50-60 tons of coal in excess of the plan.

At the same time, Alexei Grigorievich defended his diploma at the Moscow Mining Institute, evacuated to Karaganda, and was transferred to Moscow to the People's Commissariat - to the staff team of the People's Commissar of the coal industry. And mine number 31 was given the name "Stakhanovskaya". Everything changed when Stakhanov refused to participate in the campaign to condemn Stalin's "personality cult" unleashed by Khrushchev. “Nikita Sergeevich treated his father badly - maybe because Stalin respected him? - Violetta Alekseevna recalls. - Khrushchev was generally an ignorant person and messed things up in history ... Khrushchev told him: “Your place is in the Donbass. You must understand me as a miner of a miner.” My father flared up: “What kind of miner are you?!” By the way, that mine in the Donbass, where Khrushchev allegedly worked, was never found ...

In 1957, Stakhanov was sent as deputy manager of the Chistyakovanthracite trust (now the city of Torez in the Donetsk People's Republic). The family did not go with him - who wants to go from the House on the embankment to the village?

Alexei Grigorievich Stakhanov (right), Mikhail Vasilievich Vodopyanov and Konstantin Grigorievich Petrov. 1935

Recalls Nikolai Ivanovich Panibratchenko, director of mine No. 2-43, to which Stakhanov was transferred in 1959: “Such an appointment was more like an expulsion from Moscow ... Stakhanov was world famous. He had no equal in glory, maybe it is comparable in height to the first cosmonaut of the planet Yuri Gagarin ... Stakhanov went down into the mine, dealt with production issues. For help, they went to him as to a deputy, although he had not been one for a long time, and he resolved issues. Sometimes, the last penny will give. In the morning he descends into the mine, goes to the sites. Young people are delighted: Stakhanov, Stakhanov! Then, I look, they will pick up vodka and invite him to the forest plantation. We are looking for the mine where the shift disappeared. I called the first secretary of the city committee Vlasenko. I tell Stakhanov: Vlasenko is calling. He says:

If he wants, let him come to the mine.

Vlasenko arrived:

Why are you behaving like that! I will decommunize you!

And he answers verbatim:

Why am I going to visit you. I didn't join the party. They brought my party card home at the command of Comrade Stalin.

Is it true that Stakhanov walked with a revolver?

Just like that, he walked with a revolver. Ordzhonikidze Sergo gave him. The name inscription was engraved. At the mine, in the city, everyone knew about the revolver. He carried it with him, never shot. He let me hold... Of course, he helped the mine. The wagons will be loaded, and Railway does not take. Then he goes to the station:

I am Stakhanov, why was coal rejected? I'll call the Minister of Railways Beshchev now. Boris Pavlovich and I live on the same landing ...

They say he is one of the disinterested - everything for people, nothing for himself?

True truth. Lived alone - no wife, no children. The room has a bed with a metal mesh. She is wearing a thin, earth-coloured flannelette blanket. No sheets, no mattress. Sweatshirt instead of a pillow. No furniture, no food. I tell him:

What is so home launched? Why didn't you contact us? It is necessary, Alexei Grigorievich, to rectify the matter.

I see, embarrassed, muttering:

Okay, okay, Nikolai Ivanovich, thank you. - And he feels awkward. He was a conscientious man, honest. Healthy in stature, handsome in face and physique, Stakhanov was endowed with simplicity. Women clung like wasps to honey. He had a sea of ​​​​acquaintances, but there were no close friends.

Iosif Vissarionovich looked at him, treated him with sympathy. It is possible that he had further views on him?

Stakhanov once told me how, after a meeting of leaders in the Kremlin, Stalin invited him to spend the night at a dacha near Moscow. What they talked about that night, one can only guess.

Rising to power Khrushchev took revenge on everyone who was part of Stalin's entourage. Even the very word "Stakhanovite" disappeared, it was replaced by the word "drummer". But Khrushchev also sank into oblivion, and Stakhanov experienced a sweet moment of the revival of his legend. This memorable event was witnessed by a mining writer Nikolai Efremovich Goncharov. After the resignation of "dear countryman Nikita Sergeevich" in Donetsk, they decided to gather young drummers of the seven-year plan. Here they remembered the "Torez inmate". They came up with a symbolic action: Stakhanov will hand over his jackhammer to the most talented young miner ...

Hero of Socialist Labor Alexei Stakhanov among students. 1972

Stakhanov at first rested: I will not go. But still, by the beginning of the rally, he was brought from Torez. He was pale and gloomy, the famous white-toothed smile disappeared from his face. He was invited to the presidium, and he, awkwardly stooping, went to the very last row. However, the first secretary of the Donetsk regional party committee, Vladimir Degtyarev, returned him from there and seated him in front, next to his old friend, the party organizer of the Central Irmino mine, Konstantin Petrov. Introducing the guests, Degtyarev simply said - Alexei Stakhanov ...

“I could clearly see Stakhanov,” writes Goncharov. He sat hunched over without raising his head. There was silence in the huge auditorium for a few seconds. Then, in one impulse, everyone rose from their seats and applauded deafeningly. This applause, to which the famous miner was accustomed at the zenith of his fame, now seemed to stun him. Still incredulous, he slowly raised his head and looked into the hall. And then he began to slowly rise. Finally, he himself clapped in response, raising his head higher and higher. This is how the first appearance of Stakhanov to the people after a long break took place ... "

After that, Alexei Grigorievich again became a welcome guest in the working environment. True, sometimes he still indulged in loneliness.

He was destined to experience a full return of glory. In 1970, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, Alexei Grigoryevich Stakhanov was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor.

Remembers those times Lyudmila Dmitrievna, daughter-in-law of Stakhanov. Together with her husband Viktor, they began to visit Stakhanov in Torez: "He was a hard worker Everyday life- she says about Stakhanov. - We get up in the morning, but he is no longer there, he ran away to the mine, to the vocational school, on business. To him, as in an ambulance, they turned for help. Helped people. Nobody refused, sought justice. I went somewhere, called, spoke in different audiences. He gets up in the morning, drinks kvass, has a snack - and goes to the mine, and serve porcini mushrooms for dinner, he liked me to cook. Alexei Grigorievich liked to drink, to relax at the table, to sing, to tell jokes, to reminisce. It was interesting with him, he knew a lot of things. But wallowing, hooliganism - there could be no question. He knew how to keep himself with good male health in different situations with dignity. And evil tongues are worse than a gun".

Georgy Chitaladze, formerly CEO association "Sverdlovskanthracite" in the Luhansk region, now an academician, full cavalier of the title "Miner's Glory", the orders of Lenin, the October Revolution, the Red Banner of Labor, the "Badge of Honor", began his labor activity in 1957 in the Chistyakovanthracite trust at the Lutugin mine. “I worked at that time as the head of the section,” recalls Georgy Amvrosievich. - Stakhanov, as the manager assigned to the mine, on days of increased production, constantly came to the mine, met with the engineering and technical staff and, as part of his job description gave him practical help. And not only at our enterprise, but throughout the trust. On it lay the work of mining sites and logistics issues. The engineering and technical workers of the mine spoke very well of him. I was the secretary of the Komsomol organization of the mine and listened to him at the city Komsomol conference. He spoke about the difficult situation in our trust as a whole and inspired us to work hard. At one time, when the country was at the peak of industrialization, he showed by his example that in difficult mining and geological conditions of a steep drop, it is possible to produce increased production in excess of the norm that was established. This was his record as he did the bulk of the work. Then there was a process of renewal of fixed assets, issues of new construction, reconstruction, technical re-equipment were being resolved. And his record contributed to all three of these major factors. He kind of roused people to this cause.

Stakhanov's book with his autograph (from the personal collection of A. Vedyaev)

We then worked Alexander Kolchik, the foreman of the workers of the stope is an all-Union lighthouse. At that time, we came up with the initiative of socialist competition for saving state funds and reducing the cost of mined coal. The miners of the Kolchik brigade decided to save 1 ruble on each ton of anthracite mined. For the first time, the cyclical method of organizing labor in lava was applied, for which Kolchik's brigade received the title of brigade of communist labor. This was a real continuation of the case of Stakhanov, who worked with us until 1958 and was transferred to mine No. 2-43 as an assistant to the chief production engineer. I still had to meet with him at meetings, once or twice I listened to his speeches. I have only positive impressions about him. I was even present when he was awarded the Golden Star of a Hero. At that time I was already the director of the mine management. He was a simple, modest man, he did not stick out and never said that he was Alexei Stakhanov. After the release of the well-known Government Decree on the development of Donbass and the Rostov region, where the issues of construction, reconstruction and technical re-equipment were financed by 100 percent, the coal industry began to modernize. New mining equipment appeared, mechanized roof supports of high reliability in production faces, which made it possible to reduce the share of manual labor both in production and development faces. As an example creative development Stakhanov's method when Marat Vasilchuk, later chairman of the Gosgortekhnadzor of the USSR and Russia, head of the Shakhterskanthracite plant, at his insistence on a steep fall of over 55 degrees, we managed to introduce a narrow-cut harvester 2K-52Sh on full collapse on the bollards. It should be emphasized that at that time, according to safety regulations, combines on a steep fall were allowed only up to 35 degrees. The head of the inspection and asks me: on what basis do you work with a combine for a fall of more than 55 degrees? Meanwhile, Marat Petrovich had already become the head of the Donetsk Mining District of the USSR Gosgortekhnadzor. I told the head of the inspectorate and answered: “Listen, ask the head of the district ...” As a result, if before that the lava yielded 400-500 tons, then after the introduction of the combine - 1100-1200 tons per day. And the winners are not judged! Here is an example of innovation, creative development of Stakhanov's ideas.

And to those zealous debunkers of “myths” who are well versed in gossip and dirty laundry, I would advise, before touching on the topic of holy mining work, to think about who they themselves are and thanks to whom they live in a strong independent country.

 

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