What can be learned from the topographic plan of the land. Topographic survey, topographic plan What is a topographic plan

The technical documentation, of which the topographic plan is a part, is an integral part of the information that you must have on the site used. This is important when organizing. construction work or accomplishment of improvement of this or that territory. Simple work will not require the creation of a special plan, but complex work aimed at expanded construction and landscaping will be practically impossible without this document.

What is the topographic plan of the site, easy to determine. It is an image created by constructing diagrams and drawings. It depicts reliefs, borders, communications, as well as various qualitative and quantitative characteristics of a given allotment. Such a plan is convenient in order to correctly distribute construction work, to understand in which part of the site the structure should be erected and trees planted. Moreover, the display of objects is carried out on a large scale and using orthogonal projection.

Speaking about what you can find out from the topographic plan, it should be noted several key points that always indicate a document such as a topographic plan of the area:

hydrographic features, namely marks on water bodies on the site;
soil and plant objects;
all reliefs of the selected area;
interchanges of transport lines;
fork in engineering networks, including underground ones;
located on the construction site, indicating their characteristics;
borders put on.

Topographic plans the land may reflect other information that will help organize and carry out construction work, taking into account all the features of the territory.

It is necessary to distinguish from each other the concepts of a plan and a map of the area. They are identical in purpose, but the map reflects a large territory and implies a different scale.

Speaking about the importance of the topographic plan, two main aspects should be noted. Firstly, it will be necessary if construction involves obtaining permission for it. Without the presentation of the plan, such will not be received. And, secondly, a plan will be needed to plan the territory of a vertical nature. In fact, such a plan can be defined as a preliminary construction project.

They will differ in their purpose and in the information contained in it:

geopodosnov, which is a plan that includes underground utilities and compiled on a specific scale, namely 1: 1500;
horizontal shooting plan, which implies the reflection of the object on the site and its borders in the form of contours, while there are no data on the topography of the territory on such a plan;
the plan is sub-wooden; it reflects all the vegetation, reliefs, structures, as well as hydrographic objects.

Often, the main plans are distinguished, which are universal and have a geographical significance, and specialized, allowing you to solve the specific tasks of each individual construction industry.

For a certain type of construction, namely when it comes to the construction of residential houses or buildings with a potentially large concentration of people subsequently, the presence of the plan under consideration - required condition. Accordingly, such a document must be obtained in some way. However, options are possible when this procedure is optional, for example, if a one-story structure is being constructed.

The topographic plan is drawn up exclusively by specialists, namely, surveyors. At the same time, it is necessary to have not only a diploma of education, but also be part of a self-regulatory organization.

To get a plan, you need to perform a series of actions, which are a set of steps that are performed in a specific sequence:

Choosing the right company. This can be any organization that is registered in this capacity and is part of the SRO (self-regulatory association). In this case, all documents must be present that would confirm the right to carry out the activity in question and register it. It is necessary to pay attention to the peculiarities of the work of specialists, they must be flexible and transparent. The company should also give quality assurance of the activities. At the first meeting with the contractor, the terms of reference should be drawn up, and as simple and affordable as possible.
Preparation of the task. This stage should be exclusively dealt with by the builder. It indicates the amount of work that a specialist must complete as a result. That is why it is important to prepare the terms of reference in advance. In some situations, when the customer cannot determine on his own what work should be carried out, specialists can advise the developer and give recommendations on the preparation of a suitable task.
The signing of the agreement. The services provided must be confirmed by an appropriate agreement. It will be based on previously drawn up technical specifications. In addition, after the conclusion of the agreement, it is necessary to immediately provide the specialist with access to the facility, talk about possible ways entrance to it, transfer all available documents to the site, even if they are out of date.
Carrying out work. The implementation of activities involves the completion of several steps. First, the specialist should study the proposed task and documents. Secondly, a trip is made to the site where measurements will be made. And thirdly, fixing the received data. They are entered into documents and form a topographic plan. Direct data acquisition also includes certain actions, namely shooting, and in different types. This can be a total station survey, topographical survey, photographing or contour survey. The dendroplan will also be included in the work. Each of these actions takes a certain time; the dendroplane, which takes up to eighteen hours, takes the longest to complete.
Formation and approval of the plan. The obtained indicators, which will ultimately form a plan, should be recorded on two media options. First, everything is entered into an electronic version, which will also be transmitted to the applicant. A paper version of the plan is also being created, this process is time-consuming and requires a special approach by a specialist. The more thorough the work, the more accurately all identified objects and features of the site will be reflected on the plan.

Perhaps the engineers will make additional efforts, carrying out auxiliary work, if required by the site provided by the customer.

The work of surveyors is not free. When concluding a contract for the provision of services, the cost of the activities carried out is discussed.

The cost of work will be determined taking into account the proposed terms of reference. The more complicated it is, the higher the amount to be paid. Not every method is used by specialists when working; accordingly, the price will depend on this factor. Approximate prices are determined in this way: photographing costs about eight thousand, contouring - six thousand, total station - twelve thousand, surveying - ten thousand. Dendroplan is the most expensive type of work and can cost about fifteen thousand. It should be borne in mind that prices vary and taking into account the choice of the company that will carry out the activities in question.

A topographic plan is a very important document that plays a significant role in carrying out serious construction work. Since its design is carried out by specialized companies, it is necessary to pay attention to some aspects when signing the contract.

Otherwise, you can get an inaccurate document and pay money for it:

No need to save. Companies offer different prices for creating a plan, in some cases they are incomparably lower in comparison with the volume of work. This should be alarming, therefore, it is necessary to objectively evaluate the nature of the activity. Otherwise, in the bureau, when obtaining a building permit, questions may arise that will require even greater costs.
Equipment. Specialists should use the newest working methods, as well as apply innovative equipment. This ensures the accuracy of measurements, gives indicators as close as possible to reality.
Consultations. They are important at the stage of drawing up the technical specifications, since only a specialist can explain what it is necessary to pay attention to. This will help to avoid unnecessary expenses of money and time in the end.

There are many more aspects that will allow you to competently approach the issue of obtaining a plan, however, those considered are the most important, since errors in these areas are most common.

It must always be remembered that no plan has one hundred percent accuracy. There will always be some inaccuracies. Ideally, they should not be higher than 0.35 meters according to plan and 0.2 meters in height.

Thus, the topographic plan of the land plays a role primarily for those who plan to make massive and large buildings, to engage in large-scale landscaping.

It should be understood that work on its compilation can only be carried out by certified specialists who have joined the SRO. Otherwise, it is recognized as a violation of the law.

See Art. Topographic maps. Mountain Encyclopedia. M .: Soviet Encyclopedia. Edited by E. A. Kozlovsky. 1984 1991 ... Geological Encyclopedia

topographic plan - topografinis planas statusas Aprobuotas sritis kartografija apibrėžtis Žemėlapis, sudaromas neatsižvelgiant į Žemės sferiškumą. atitikmenys: angl. topographic plan vok. Grundkarte, f; Stadtgrundkarte, f; topographischer Plan, n rus. ... ... Lithuanian dictionary (lietuvių žodynas)

Topographic plan - 102. Topographic plan D. Plan E. Plan F. Plan topographique According to GOST 21667 76 Source: GOST 22268 76: Surveying. Terms and definitions of the original document ...

topographic plan - A large-scale plan of a limited area within which the curvature of the earth’s surface is not taken into account [Terminological dictionary of construction in 12 languages \u200b\u200b(VNIIIS Gosstroy of the USSR)] topographic plan map plan ... ... Technical Translator Reference

1. PLAN, a; m. [from lat. planum plane] 1. A drawing depicting on a scale on a plane the terrain, object, structure, etc. while maintaining their real proportions. P. building. P. cities. P. School. P. space ship. Heavily reduced item ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

- (from lat. planum plane) 1) a drawing depicting in conventional signs on a plane (on a scale of 1: 10000 and larger) a part of the earth's surface (topographic plan) .2) A horizontal section or top view of a building or object (see , ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

plan - 3.1.14 plan: Top view or horizontal section of a building or structure. Source: GOST R 21.1101 2013: System design documentation for construction. Basic requirements for design and working documentation ... Glossary of terms of normative and technical documentation

topographic engineering plan - 3.8 engineering topographic plan: A topographic plan that displays the terrain, objects of the situation, including underground and aboveground communications and structures, with technical characteristicsnecessary for their design, ... ... Glossary of terms of normative and technical documentation

A graphic large-scale image of a horizontal projection or horizontal section, containing dimensions, symbols, inscriptions, etc. (Bulgarian; Bulgarian) plan (Czech; Čeština) půdorys (German; Deutsch) Grundriß; ... ... Building dictionary

Plan - 1) a drawing depicting in conventional signs on a plane (on a scale of 1: 10000 and larger) a part of the earth's surface (topographic plan). 2) a horizontal section or a top view of any structure or object. 3) the same as ... ... Architectural vocabulary

Books

Plan of St. Petersburg 1901. Historical map 1: 21600,. A map of St. Petersburg and the nearest suburbs covers the territory from Terioka County of the Grand Duchy of Finland and the Toksovo region in the north to Tosno and Gatchina in the south. Shown east ...
Wonders of the world. Complete Encyclopedia, Natalya Petrova. 256 pp. From the book Wonders of the World. A complete encyclopedia of an inquisitive reader learns a lot of new and incredible interesting facts about our planet, its inhabitants, structures created by nature, ...

Good day to all! It is time to deal with the topographic plan. What is it and what does it “bite” with and what does it eat with?

And in general, is it really necessary to turn to the geodetic service or to private traders (with a license) so that you can be “drawn up” with a primitive plan of your own piece of Russian land?

Topographic plan - what is it?

Yes, yes, and yes again - without the topographic plan of the site, no one will ever let you build not just a dream house, but a hut on chicken legs (even if your beloved mother-in-law loves to fly in a nano-stupa at her leisure).

Science defines the concept of “topography” as a branch of geodesy that deals with the measurement of mother Earth and depicting her on maps. Since we are interested in the topographic plan, it is obvious that the measurements do not concern the entire blue planet, but only that piece of it, which is your single and indivisible property.

Moreover, in fact, the topographic plan is not even a “primitive” scheme, but a drawing set of contour lines, designations of all elements and objects, as well as relief marks located on your territory.

By the way, often developers do not know how the topographic plan of the site differs from the situational one. In principle, the difference between them is only on a scale: situational is performed on a scale of M 1: 2 000, 1: 1 000 and is used to create a communications plan and technical conditions. !

For any plan, it’s important to choose the right scale. When they make a topographic plan (and, as we have already found out, the surveyors do this), they usually use "five hundred" to develop a construction plan. So, in professional slang, workers of the level and theodolite (without them a surveyor, like an astronaut without a spacesuit) call the scale 1: 500 (i.e. 1 cm on paper corresponds to 5 m on the ground).

The topographic plan looks like this:

Shooting without movies and photos.

Obviously, in order to get data on which you can draw a plan of your territory, you must first make certain measurements, for example:

heights;
distances
angles etc.

If you became the owner of not a miserable few hundred square meters, but the nth part of the region (yes, some are lucky!), In this case the surveyor will go out into the field not for his two, but at least fly on a light airplane while doing aerial photography. Or uses a drone with special built-in geodetic technology.

But if this is not your case, then everything will be simpler and cheaper. Therefore, before embarking on "field" work (the so-called measurements on the ground), surveyors make a breakdown basis - the help of this same topographic survey.

And this “help” consists of a building grid, transverse and longitudinal axes, showing the positions of buildings and their dimensions. The construction grid breaks the paper on which the plan will be executed into rectangles and squares with a side of 100-200 m (main grid) and 20-40 m (optional).

Topographic surveys are performed using an electronic total station and a navigation receiver, which identify the boundary coordinates of the points. !

In order for the topographic plan of the site to appear on paper, it is necessary to conduct not only a survey "in the fields", but also to perform cameral work. They have the same relation to chamber music as a lion cub to Google: under this term, geodesists understand the execution of calculation data, which they obtain using computer and special graphic programs.

When is topoplan needed?

So, in order not to breed the fuss, not to order too much, and not to be without what is needed, remember: there are only 5 cases when a topographic plan becomes a vital piece of paper:

To obtain permission to build a capital facility. No, of course, you can breed a “self-building” on your own site, having far and deep in mind all the permits for building. But know: when it comes time to sell, donate, or otherwise somehow legally deal with your own farmstead, you or the heirs will have that unpleasant surprise waiting for you ... So better do a topographic plan anyway - it’s somehow calmer.
Let’s not build anything yet. But in order to start with a project of the future “patrimonial farmstead” with buildings, also without a topographic plan of the site, either there or here.
If everything has already been built and built on your own land, and you have the urge to connect to centralized sewer, water or gas lines, you can rest assured that without a topographic plan, there is nothing to meddle in the specialized operating organizations. By the way, decide to re-plan the underground communications, also make such a plan.
Do you dream to legalize the “extra” hundreds under the “summer amnesty”? And what to dream - do a topoplan, and forth - blessing and praying!
When the house is standing, the bathhouse is heated, and tomatoes are ripening in the greenhouse, it's time to think about landscape design. That is why they order a landscape topographic survey, according to which they make a topographic plan of the same name. True, it is more detailed, in M \u200b\u200b1: 100 or 1: 200 (that it would be good to see each bush and tree).

In general, remember the simple truth - without a topographic plan you can’t see the cadastral plan as your own blades. !

Where to order topoplan for you?

Today there are many private geodetic organizations and individual engineers, surveyors who are ready to perform topographic surveys, cameral work and create a topographic plan of the site as the final result of the work of their righteous. But for those and others do not forget to ask for a license for such types of work.

And for the organization or individual to start work, it is necessary to provide them with the following documents:

technical task; (looks) (usually completed by you or in the geo-company on their form)
documents of title (or title) to the land and objects of all co-owners;
if available, BTI data sheet (if there are buildings);
photocopy of passport (or copy of constituent documents);
copy of the power of attorney (if ordered not by the owner of the site).

Topographic price

Everyone has a different plan. Well, firstly, every work evaluates its own way. Secondly, the final price depends on the volume of work and on the area where they are carried out. It is clear that in the capital it is one money, and in the wilderness of Siberia it is different. Yes, and the ruble and the dollar today, I recall, such a “swing” made it easy to deceive you to call a number.

Therefore, let’s do this: the cost of a topographic plan both at “offices” and at an IP depends on:

scale;
area of \u200b\u200bthe territory;
on the number of capital buildings;
remoteness from the city;
the length of underground utilities on the site;
in paper or in electronic format receive an order;
terrain.

By the way, there is one good news - the cost of this work does not depend on the season - in winter and summer you will manage with one “ruble color”. Well, if the "green" does not fail, of course!

And when the coveted topographic plan of the site will warm your hands, do not keep it with you, as your favorite - take it to the architectural department, which is located in the local government, and you will be happy ...

For those who like to delve into legal documents post.

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Topographic survey, topographic plan

For accuracy, we will not talk about topographic surveys, but about the source graphic material. It can be divided into several varieties:

Cadastral plan of the site.

A cadastral plan is issued upon the purchase of a land plot and is an annex to the contract of sale. It is executed by cadastral engineers with subsequent registration in the cadastral chamber of the district.

It is completely unsuitable for geological surveys, since it does not have height data and the site configuration in reality may differ from the cadastre data (according to the documents).

Even if the cadastral plan is implemented on a topographic plan, you should not trust it. Firstly, as a rule, old (archival) plans are used that do not always correspond to reality, and secondly, the site can be shifted right-left or up-down from its actual location - this is the specifics of the cadastral office, such errors are often forced nature and does not affect your ownership.

It is important to understand one thing - the cadastral plan is not suitable for geological surveys!

Overview plan, layout of facilities, overview master plan for development.

The master plan is drawn up by the architect, sometimes for garden plots by the chairman of a gardening partnership. Usually, general plan It doesn’t have a clear (precise) scale, as the customer gets it in the form of various copies or in the format of programs that do not allow preserving the exact geometric dimensions. Such a master plan can serve as an approximate marking of boreholes.

In rare cases, the master plan is applied to a topographic survey (topographic plan) - on the contrary, it is an ideal source material for performing geological surveys - you can see the dimensions and location of the designed structures.

The optimal master plan is in electronic form in the format of AutoCAD, such files have the extension .dxf or .dwg

Topographic plan.

The scale of the topographic plan.

For small objects, this is usually 1: 200 or 1: 500, for large 1: 500 or 1: 2000

In a conditional coordinate system and heights.

Very common, as it fully meets the needs of the architect when designing private houses, landscaping a site or developing a project landscape design. Suitable for geological surveys, provided that the technical report does not passexamination (quality assessment).

In the state coordinate system (SK-63, MGGT, SK-50).

A slightly improved version - your site is tied to a single coordinate system and heights. According to the coordinates, you can precisely combine the cadastral plan and find out if there is a discrepancy from the documents with the real situation, it’s easier to connect the communications - they are also plotted in the coordinate system, if the systems are different, then they can easily be counted. Also for passingexpertise (quality assessment) of the technical report, a topographic plan bound to the coordinate system is required.

Topographic survey expertise.

In some cases, a topographic plan that has been examined in local architecture is required without fail, as a rule, this is required for large objects and all objects located in Moscow.

Optimal is a topographic plan in electronic form in the format of AutoCAD, such files have the extension .dxf or .dwg, if necessaryexpertise (quality assessment) of the technical report, an electronic version is required.

Where to get a topographic plan.

The topographic plan is prepared by organizations having access to these works (activities should be open: Work as part of engineering and geodetic surveys) or licenses for cartographic + geodetic activities. Our organization has teams of experienced surveyors, equipment and access to work - all that is necessary for a high-quality topographic survey can be obtained in more detail by calling our specialists by phone.

It should be remembered that the shelf life of the topographic plan is 3 years! This is especially true in cases where an examination (quality assessment) of a technical report is required.

About topographic survey in general terms:

To carry out engineering-geological surveys, it is necessary to conduct topographic survey . Topographic survey is a complex of geodetic works that are performed on a specific area (territory, site) for the subsequent preparation of plans and topographic maps. Shooting of the territory is carried out with varying accuracy depending on the requirements for this work, and the subject for shooting.

Depending on the scale, topographic survey is divided into:

large-scale (from 1: 500 to 1: 5000);

small-scale (from 1: 10000 and smaller).

As practice shows, engineering surveys require mainly large-scale surveys.

What should be applied on a topographic plan or map?

The topographic survey should display on the plan the terrain, the exact elements of the situation of the studied territory (garden, vegetable garden, contour settlement, river, road lines, etc.), existing buildings, all underground and ground communications, landscaping.

All captured terrain elements are plotted as legend, the relief, in turn, is indicated by horizontals indicating the marks of characteristic points (top of the mountain, lowest points, troughs and pits). Horizontal lines are lines connecting points of equal height on the plan (plotted in brown). It is also worth noting that clear boundaries of terrain elements are plotted in the form of lines (contours of structures, houses, etc.), and borders that cannot be specified exactly with dotted lines (contours of forests, lakes, arable lands, etc.) .

Geodetic engineering surveys for specific purposes and customer requests require specialized topographic surveys. On such plans, it is acceptable to display specific elements of the terrain situation (which the customer requires). So, for example, for monitoring green spaces, a topographic survey is required. Such a survey requires only an indication of the location of the trees and bushes, as well as their exact characteristics. This survey is performed on a large scale (1: 500 and larger).

Mandatory for surveying examination of the territory for the presence of underground facilities. For this, the following events are held:

search for archival materials about the presence of underground structures in the study area;

Lecture2 .

Topographic plan (map) and tasks solved by them.

H. Coordinate systems in engineering geodesy

4. Line orientation.

1st in interview. FROM obsession t opographic

Plan (cards)

Topographic Plan (toart)- a reduced image on the plane of the physical surface of the Earth, constructed according to certain mathematical laws and clearly showing with the help of a system of conventional signs the location and connection of various objects, as well as their qualitative and quantitative characteristics.

The main difference between the plan and the map is that when portraying the earth’s surface on the plan, horizontal projections of the corresponding segments are plotted without taking into account the curvature of the Earth. When compiling maps, the curvature of the Earth must be taken into account.

According to the topographic plan, the following can be solved sgood luck:

Study and assessment of the terrain;

Various engineering problems associated with the determination of:

Distances

Squares

Excesses

Mutual visibility of terrain points,

The steepness and types of rays, etc.

INRrussiatprinting plans andtoartyfromtroitin the orthogonal equiangular transverse-cylindrical projection and the corresponding system of plane rectangular coordinates of Gauss - Krueger (G - K).

The essence of the transverse cylindrical projection G - K lies in the fact that conventionally placing the globe in the cylinder, the earth's surface is projected onto its walls. So that the distortion of the line lengths does not exceed the limits of accuracy of the map scale, the projected part of the earth's surface is limited by meridians with a difference of 6

In the transverse-cylindrical projection, the distortions will be in the lengths of the lines: the zones on the cylinder are wider than on the ball. There will be no distortion of the axial meridian - it touches the surface of the cylinder, but the further the segments are located from the axial meridian, the more distortions in the lengths of the lines.

The width of the zone at the equator is about 670 km, i.e. the extreme points of the zone are approximately 335 km from the axial meridian. Distortions in the lengths of lines at the equator reach: when moving away from the axial meridian

per 100 km - , 300 km - . For the latitudes of the Russian Federation, the greatest distortions can reach approximately .

Layout and nomenclature of topographic maps

Topographic maps are usually compiled on multiple sheets. The entire country is portrayed in parts. The dimensions of the card sheets are set so that they are convenient to use. So, a sheet of a map of scale 1: 10000 for the middle strip of the Russian Federation has dimensions of about 50  40 cm and contains an image of a terrain area of \u200b\u200b20 km 2. For the entire territory of the country, the number of map sheets of this scale exceeds 1 million.

In order to be able to understand such a number of cartographic materials and quickly find the desired map sheet of a particular area, a special system for designating map sheets has been developed - nomenclature.

The basis of the layout and nomenclature of topographic map sheets is the layout of map sheets of a scale of 1: 1,000,000.

The nomenclature of a separate sheet 1: 1 000 000 for the territory of St. Petersburg 0- 36

On 4 sheets

1: 25 000 0 - 36 - 144 - A - a

0- 36 - XXXVI

1: 1 000 000 0-36

36 pieces (sheets)

1: 1 000 000 0-36

144 sheets

Each sheet of the map represents a trapezoid, the sides of which are two meridians and two parallels. Their boundaries have a strict (fixed) meaning of latitude and longitude.

Layout of sheets of a plan of scale 1: 5,000 is done by dividing a sheet of a map of scale 1: 100,000 into 256 parts (16 rows in latitude and longitude). Sheets are numbered in Arabic numerals in rows from west to east. The size of each sheet in latitude 115, in longitude 153.5. The nomenclature of these sheets is formed by attaching to the nomenclature of a sheet of a map of scale 1: 100 000 the corresponding number in brackets, for example: N-37-134-(16).

Sheets of a plan of scale 1: 2,000 are obtained by dividing sheets of a plan of scale 1: 5,000 into nine parts and denoted by lowercase letters of the Russian alphabet, for example N-37-134- (16-g). The size of each sheet in latitude 25, in longitude 37.5.

Large-scale topographic surveys in areas of less than 20 km 2 are performed, as a rule, in private systems of rectangular coordinates. The layout of the sheets of plans in these cases is carried out not by meridians and parallels, but by grid lines. The sheets are in the form of squares with dimensions 40  40 cm for plans of scale 1: 5 000 and 50  50 cm for plans of scale 1: 2 000 - 1: 5 00. The layout is based on a sheet of a plan of scale 1: 5 000, indicated by Arabic numerals .

A sheet of a plan of scale 1: 5,000 corresponds to 4 sheets in a scale of 1: 2 000, denoted by capital letters of the Russian alphabet.

A plan sheet on a scale of 1: 2,000 is divided into 4 sheets of plans of scale 1: 1,000, indicated by Roman numerals and 16 sheets of scale plans

1: 500, indicated in Arabic numerals. So, shaded in the figure sheet G scale 1: 2,000 will have a number 1-g . In the same place - a sheet of scale 1: 1,000, shaded by double shading and indicated by a Roman numeral I has a number 1 - G - I . The number of a sheet of a map of scale 1: 500, hatched in the figure, is 1 - G - 6 .

The figure shows the general layout of the layout and nomenclatures of topographic maps adopted in the Russian Federation. Other systems for designating large-scale plans for surveying construction sites are also possible. In these cases, the accepted schemes for their partitioning and numbering are indicated outside the framework of the sheets of plans.

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