Yellow press. What is a yellow press? Fake on the pages of the yellow newspaper

Guckle, sex. Information in such editions does not act as spiritual and practical knowledge, but as an entertainment product. Thus, the founders do not come in front of them any other tasks, in addition to obtaining surplus value.

Almanac of the Faculty of Journalism of Voronezh state University and the Academy of Sciences of Regional Printing "Accents. New B. mass communication", Issue 5-6 (68-69), 2007. V. Khorolsky. Domestic and foreign scientists about global mass media communications issues

origin of name

There are several versions about the origin of this concept. According to one of them, the name happened from the color of the newspapers, which printed on a cheap paper. According to another version, the emergence is associated with the proceedings between the newspapers "New York World" Pulitzer and New York Journal Herst because of the comic book "Yellow Baby" (Yellow Kid) in 1896. This kid was owned by the Sino-Japanese war of 1895, first who first showed the wave of a wave of the Ura-Patriotic hysteria in Japanese society (Yellow Peril), which he parodiroval - yellow kids had Asian traits. They were depicted in an unclear form, they also demonstrated the arrogant behavior.

History of development

With the process of the emergence of the mass culture, such editions appeared as "The New York Sun", "The New York Herald" and "The New York Tribune". Already then, sexual subjects, motives of death, coverage of scandals, crimes, violence dominated on the strips of "yellow" newspapers.

These new features, J. Pulitzer used to increase the popularity of the publication ("The New York World") and W. Hearst ("The San Francisco Examiner", "New York Journal" and others). Their stresses of their newspapers were successfully bought not only thanks to the operational report of dramatic facts, but also the practice of creating the so-called "Human-Interest Stories" - newspaper materials that "... more oriented on the awakening of emotions (compassion, pathos, humor, anxiety, curiosity), Than on the coverage of reliable events. " Pulitzer first, and for him and Hearst, used a special kind of sensational report, the main method of which was displacement of the spotlight from the very fact.

In Russia

Types and methods used

One of the characteristics of the phenomenon of the yellow press is the epadaging lighting of the taboo theme.
Sensationality is an equally important feature "yellow" press. (Fig. 1)
thematic eclecticism. One of the main elements of the "yellow" press system is the dominance of the visual component over the text.

The practice includes the disinformation titles of the following subspecies:

Vometnet headlines. These subtitles are not connected with a specific text of the material, but with a uniform situation. This situation is more interesting than the text content itself. (Fig. 2)
Headlines representing the abstract of publication (one of several). From the content titles of high-quality press, the boulevard headers are distinguished by the fact that they do not detect the whole essence of the story. They attract the attention of any detail. (Fig. 2)
The title, which is a direct distortion, lifting the facts contained in the text. (Fig. 2)

Depending on the type-forming features and the traits that determine the structure of the publication allocate

"Intermediate" publications that are in high-quality newspapers, but have some basic features of "yellow".
Boulevard editions. They mainly contain all the features of the "yellow" publications. They are more banal in content, if you compare them with high-quality, and more "mercantile" than "intermediate".
Actually "yellow". Newspapers that have all major type-forming features noted above. They are distinguished by a pronounced pathos of hedonism, sensationalism and frank vulgarity (Fig. 1, Fig. 2).
Semi-standard and pornographic editions, which are characterized by the preservation of all the occasional features of previous types, with a bias towards the illumination of deviant sexual relations.

Notes

Links

The phenomenon of the "yellow press". Evgeny Sazonov, Scientific and Cultural magazine RELGA, № 7 23.05.2005

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Synonyms:

Watch what is a "yellow press" in other dictionaries:

From English: Yellow Press. The expression was born in the United States. In 1895, a series of funny drawings appeared in New York newspaper "The World", among whose characters there was a certain boy who commented on what was happening. This child had ... ... Dictionary of winged words and expressions

- "Yellow Press", periodicals publishing in pursuit of sensation scandalous messages. The term appeared in con. 19th century in USA … encyclopedic Dictionary

Low-line periodic publications publishing in pursuit of sensation scandalous messages, disinformation. The term appeared in con. 19th century in USA … Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

SUT., Number of synonyms: 1 Printing (57) Dictionary of Synonyms ASIS. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary

"Yellow Press" is called publications that specialize in all sorts of sensations, scandals and exposure. At the same time, the central place in the value system of such media takes not the accuracy of the information given, and the screaming headline.

AiFR.ru talks about the history of the origin of the term " yellow press».

"Yellow baby." Photo: Public Domain

Hero comic

According to one of the versions, the term "yellow press" appeared as a result of the competitive struggle in which they agreed editor-in-Chief "New York World" Joseph Pulitzerand Glavred "New York Journal" William Randolf Hurst.

In 1896, Pulitzer decided to publish in his newspaper Komiks about the poor baby from New York slums. The author of "Yellow Baby" was artist-schedule Richard Felton Outcot. To revive the black and white pages of the publication, he decided to paint the clothes of the character in a yellow color. This idea clearly liked the readers, since the circulation of the newspaper immediately grew at times. Having possessed the success of a competitor, Hirst lured out the outcut into his publication, promising more money. As a result, the most real media war began between two publications: the two main editors used all the printed features to present a competitor's newspaper not in the best light. All residents of the Grand Apple knew about this confrontation. And one day editor "New York Press" Erwin Wordman In one of his articles, I called the competing editions of the "yellow press", remembering the Bulitzer and the Hero Hero of the comic book, which they quarreled them.

Low grade paper

According to another version, the yellow press received its name because of the poor quality of paper, on which the first cheap boulevard newspapers were printed in the USA in the 1830s ("Penny Press"). The pages of such editions of the grathers as quickly as the sensations described them were exposed.

The theory of modern journalism under the "yellow press" understands the cheapest printed publications in terms of the cost, specializing in the coverage of sensations, scandals, rumors. These are newspapers, not to be converted with the help of voice recorders and camergers close attention to personal life primarily known people, including on not the most pleasant side.

The latter circumstance will often leverage in the perception of readers the difference between the usual, "yellow" and "boulevard" press. In the fight for the circulation and money, the "concrete" press is not even bent even beautiful lies and gross distortion of facts. Makes the focus not on the integrity of the text, but on the protrusion of outrageous parts, even individual words. "Yellow Press" does not do this. But the difference in most cases is capable of catching the difference in most cases, which the usual reader is usually not.

Two "New York" beat

About who exactly and why input a stable expression "", there is no accurate data. But the main versions are considered two. The first of them is economic. It is that, having decided to sell newspapers, radically distinguished not only by content and price, but also a form with color, publishers chose cheaper yellow paper for them. The second option looks more scandalous and called the "Yellow Kid". Thus called the parody comic parody comic in 1896 in 1896 dedicated to the Sino-Japanese War.

Pictured in the comic dirty and untidy yellow kid, translated into English Yellow Kid, not only very much reminded, but also was similar to him by name. After all, the "Japanese" and "yellow" sounds the same - Yellow. Comic and became the subject of public disagreements between the two North American media communications and publishers of the largest newspapers. A Joseph Pulitzer, who headed New York World, and William Randolf Hurs from New York Journal American, joined the dispute due to the "Yellow Baby".

Sex on the first strip

By the way, it was the Joseph Pulitzer who is much more famous as the founder of the Prize of the same name, and William Hirst is considered "parents" newspapers with a note "yellow press". The publications belonging to them were the first in the world to be focused on the publication of materials, headlines, photos and texts of which were trying to awaken in people outstanding emotions. Including, for example, curiosity, humor, envy, anger, anxiety, fear, hatred. Thus, it pushed to follow the continuation of the history and new similar materials, pay money for exciting fiction and increase the circulation.

Thanks to the pulitzer and a husky, the newspapers began in detail, with numerous illustrations not only some really important for peace, countries and society of events. On the first bands of publications came closed before for readers of sex, crime, death, sensational and mysterious words, events and phenomena. And for journalists it became quite ordinary and normal to add to published materials a fair share of emptipa, cynicism and vulgarity.

"Yellow" Russia

Newspapers and magazines that could cause the approval of Americans Pulitzer and Hirst, in the USSR and Russia appeared only after the announcement of the course on the so-called publicity, freedom of speech and liquidation of censorship. More precisely, their publication and distribution only resumed. After all, the first frankly "yellow" newspaper existed in Russia before 1917. It was called, quite responsible for both the shape of such a press and its content and price - "Kopeika".

As for modernity, the original signal to the beginning of the information "yellowness" of domestic journalism served as a sensational for the then another socialist country Evgeny Dodolov. In 1986, he published in the newspaper "Moscow Komsomolets" two texts dedicated to the metropolitan prostitutes: "Night Hunters" and "White Dance". And after a while on the newspaper counters and the "Soyuz-Protection" showcases were free to lie truly "yellow" editions - "Express Newspaper", "Top Secret", "Life", "AIDS Info", "Megapolis-Express" and many others.

Newspaper duck in the yellow press

What does the yellow press print?

New day (or new days) -

That-and-case newspaper ducks ...

Yellow press

Yellow press is called boulevard, vulgar, low-line, fell on cheap sensation media. But why is this kind of newspapers and magazines call exactly the yellow press? Why not blue or, for example, green?

So, where did the expression "Yellow Press" come from?

"Yellow Press", as you know, no one loves, but they read very many. The inextricable desire to look into the key well of the neighbor - the largest American newspaper magnate William Randolf Hirst, who has a direct attitude towards the emergence of the term "yellow press", was very well about this property of human nature. It all started with the fact that in 1896 the New York Warld newspaper, which was headed by J. Puliszer, published a comic book in history, the author of which was the artist-schedule Richard Felton Outcot. The hero of frivolous stories in pictures, a poor parenchy from New York slums, was dressed in a burlap that outcot came up to paint into yellow - to revive the bright spot boring black and white pages. The stain turned out to be incredibly taking: the charsions of the newspaper took off to a million copies. When you possessing the success of a competitor, the owner of the New York Geornel newspaper William Randolf Hurst lured the author of the comic together with his yellow guy to his publication, promising a huge feerarars. A vulnerable Pulletzer was forced to find outcutot replacement, and another artist began to stamp history about the poor man for New York Warld. There is a long argument between the two newspapers, each of the publishers tried to defend the right of the championship on the Torvanta in yellow and to publish comics at all. But the yellow stain did not give anyone to anyone. Comics with a boyfriend in yellow clothes nevertheless printed both publications, competing also in the operational filing of all kinds of sensations. One of the third-party observers, a journalist Erwin Wordman from New York Press, in his article dubbed the competing newspapers "Yellow Press".

Phenomenon "Yellow Press"

The term "yellow press" appeared, as you know, in the United States, when the largest monopolists of the newspaper business, J. Pulitzer and U.R. fought for the market. Hearst. The life of this expression gave comic about the "yellow baby", the trial of which arose between the Pulitzer "New York World" and the Herest "New York Journal". In 1896, E. Wardman, editor "New York Press", called the competing editions "yellow". Thus, the term "yellow press" originally indicated periodicals, printed comics with a specific hero. Later, he acquired another, deeper meaning preserved to this day. Many researchers are counting the history of the "yellow" press from the end of the XIX century, forgetting that there were also newspapers that contributed to the formation of this type of printing.

After 1830, with an increase in urbanization, journalism began to pay attention to the requests of immigrants and the working class. The "center press" appeared ("Penny-Press"), the predecessor "Yellow". Publishing business became increasingly to form in the image and likeness of a commercial enterprise. The formation of "Central" newspapers has become a significant sociocultural phenomenon associated with the processes of the emergence of mass culture. The New York Sun, The New York Herald and The New York Tribune, became the first successful projects in line with the "yellow" subject. Sexual theme, motifs of death, coverage of scandals, crimes, violence even then took the dominant place on the "yellow" newspapers. These new trends with the greatest completeness embodied in their editions of J. Pulitzer ("The New York World") and W. Hearst ("The San Francisco Examiner", "New York Journal" and others). Their newspapers quickly achieved wide popularity not only due to the operational report of dramatic facts, but also the practice of creating "Human-Interest Stories" - newspaper materials that "... more focus on awakening emotions (compassion, pathos, humor, anxiety, curiosity), Than on the coverage of reliable events. " Pulitzer (and then Hearst) introduced a special kind of sensational report, the main method of which was the movement of the center of attention from the very fact on its submission. This coincided with the development of the paradigm of mass fiction, in particular, adventure and detective novels, which proclaimed the enormity as the main genre dominant.

To attract the attention of readers in the newspapers of Pulitzer and Hirst, major headlines appeared, which deliberately introduced the reader is misleading, and color illustrations. For a easier understanding of the mass audience of the publication, a large number of photographs, schemes and cartoons were used. Hearst demanded from its employees to file all the news in the sensational spirit. When there was no sensation, it was simply thought up.

In the image and similarity of American developed "yellow" journalism in the UK. From the very beginning of the release of the first entertainment newspaper "Tit-Bits" in 1881, the basis of the editorial policy of many editions was laid orientation for mass tastes. Especially succeeded in this ideologistics of the English "yellow" press Brothers Harsworth, who began their activities in 1888 with the publication of "yellow" magazines, and then newspapers "Evening News", "Daily Mail" and "Daily Mirror". In the process of visualization, the British went on Americans. In the listed newspapers began to appear illustrations, not only accompanying, but also completely replace text.

Many researchers believe that America and England are the birthplace of the "yellow" press. This is not quite true, since the similar methods of mass journalism were held in pre-revolutionary Russia. The second half of the XIX century became a period favorable for the appearance of a new type of publication, designed to not change the current type of quality newspaper, and to take its own niche in the field russian seal. In the materials of such "yellow" newspapers, like "Petersburg Listka" (1864), Petersburg Newspaper (1867), "Moscow List" (1881) and "Parking Newspaper" (1908) for the first time in Russian practice there are conscious attempts in the embellishment of reality In order to attract the audience. The free statement by reporters of real facts turned a report to the fictional interpretation of the event. Polygraphic performance of numbers was quite primitive. However, due to a low price, high informational saturation, sensationality, the presence of illustrations, an intelligible form and catchy innovative methods for feeding materials, the ability to adapt to the demands of the mass reader, the Russian "yellow" press quickly gained popularity. The emergence of a new type of newspapers was a significant stage in the development of the content and forms of journalism. Publications like the Petersburg leaflet and the "Moscow Listka" were not afraid to experiment, therefore, they brought a fresh jet to a pringe case, laid the foundations of laws on which modern media live, brought the newspaper to the ordinary reader. However, the coming to power of the Bolsheviks in 1917 did not allow the Russian "yellow" press to fully develop.

By the beginning of World War II, the rapid development of the "yellow" press was slowed down in almost all countries where it existed. The reason was the changes that occurred in society in the internal and foreign policy of European states. The situation has changed in the 50s and 1960s of the 20th century, when the idea of \u200b\u200bthe sexual revolution was distributed. In this wave in 1953, a new round of development "yellow" presses begins. Playboy magazine appears (Publisher X. Hefner - a popular publication, fully dedicated to the topic of sex. Acquaintance with the studies of sexual behavior of the human sociologists, Ch. Reich and A. Kinzi, as well as with the development of W. Heerst helped Hefnera to create theoretical basis for the publication in which intimate topics are put on one level with the performances of large political and public figures. From now on, hypertrophied attention to the coverage of sexual subjects has become characteristic of most "yellow" publications.

A characteristic feature of the "yellow" press is the specificity of its interaction with the audience. The high-quality press positions itself in relation to his reader as a publication that encourages to condict and understand the essential processes occurring in modern reality. The mass press is focused on the description of the most actual socio-domestic problems available for understanding the mass audience. The "yellow" press is focused primarily on the reader who needs to give entertainment information without inviting to condictions. Relationships between the addressee and the addressee in the "yellow" press are non-parity: the author does not identify himself with the reader, he offers him a game, based on his own ideas that this reader needs. At the same time, the level of the author's presentation on the audience is low. Support here is not on intellectual confidence in the audience, and on her willingness to learn any suggested text. The excursion in the history of the formation of the "yellow" press as a type of publication and the study of the texts of this type of print allowed the most characteristic typological features of the "yellow" press.

1. One of the characteristics of the phenomenon under consideration is the epadaceting lighting of the taboo theme. It consists in refusing to the inviolability of any, even the most hidden from public discussion of human existence. Especially great interest "yellow" press shows to three types of taboo information.

First, it is an interest in intimate relationships. The type of publications under study exploits this topic in a special way, absoluting its sensational and biological-naturalistic component, sometimes referring to the lighting of this thematic formation only on one side - pornographic. Publication of nude nature and hypertrophied attention to genitals aims to attract the attention of unassuming, but, nevertheless, the mass reader. The core of an illustrative material in the "yellow" newspapers of Russia and the West today make up either the image models (pioneers of using similar pictures were the American magazine "Playboy" and the English newspaper "The Sun"), or photo readers sent to various "candid" contests. Another brighter, this technique demonstrates a variety of text materials "yellow" press, in which the role of sexual relations in culture is hypertrophy, and private interest is issued for a common tendency due to biological laws of existence (a separate term denoting such practices has appeared - "SexPloitation": from the connection of two words "Sex" - Sex, Paul and "Exploitation" - Operation). The "yellow" press ignores the main postulate of culture in relation to the coverage of the topic of intimate relations, namely the presence of sufficiently good reasons for disrupting the taboo.

Secondly, the "yellow" press shows an excessive interest in the personal lives of people who were in the center of public attention. A more detailed consideration of this sphere is characteristic of any type of print. In a high-quality press, this technique is widely used to disclose the character of the hero, material or for journalistic investigation. It should be noted that if the high-quality press limits the depth of penetration into a privacy with ethical boundaries, then the "yellow" border breaks. In this case, it often arises a conflict between the right to public on information and human right to personal life and security.

We highlighted two levels of the "yellow" press in privacy: "soft" and "hard". Examples of "soft" intervention are reports of various official and semi-official events from the life of celebrities (weddings, divorces, birthday, etc.). We call this practice "soft," because information about such events is not closed or intimate, although often only a limited circle of participants knows about them. "Hard" type of intervention in privacy is a deep penetration into the sphere of unofficial, intimate relations, in the sphere of health.

Third, in the "yellow" press there is an unhealthy interest in the topic of death, especially when it is associated with anomalous or extraordinary circumstances. Many sensational materials on this topic gives the "yellow" editions of the crime sphere. In these materials, it is clearly ponded by the desire to not figure out the causes of what happened, and scare the reader because special attention It is paid to the description of naturalistic details. "Yellow" press uses a combination method of incompatible. In one room, humorous and criminal materials are converged on some pages and, moreover, in one material - tragic and comic features. Hence the distinctive feature of almost all publications on the topic of death - frivolous or even cynical attitude towards tragedy.

2. Sensationality is an equally important feature of the "yellow" press. It manifests itself in a preliminary installation on the existence of a series of outgoing event that violates the emotional equilibrium of the reader aside both positive and negative emotions. The search for real sensations and scandals is an integral task of any type of press, including elitar. The coverage of real sensations in the "yellow" press is practically no different from the practice of their lighting in a high-quality press. The difference is only for purposes. First, mass editions use sensations more often and, as a rule, only to attract attention. Secondly, the specificity of the type we studied by us manifests itself in an emphasis on emotional, and not other impact. "Yellow" editions almost never call the reader to consistency, but always - to empathy. The peculiarity of the appeal of this type of printing to the sensational information is that the "yellow" editions mainly illuminate real sensations, causing (or seeking to call) in the audience largely alarming and angry emotions and to a much lesser extent - positive. Thirdly, the sensationalism of the "yellow" press is often false. Sooner or later, the desire of mass publications to write about sensations is conflict with the limited presence of "exciting facts" in real reality. In the process of finding a solution to this problem, the "yellow" press came to the practice of appeal not only and not so much to real, but to false sensations (reports about stunning facts that did not matter in reality), which have a disinformation basis, an illegally high degree of subjectivity, " monomerity. " Characteristic and appeal to quasisions (reports of sensations obtained during a certain processing of real reality facts), characteristic features of which are subjectivity, "monomerity", the displacement of the semantic accent on the secondary part (parts), the inadequacy of the importance of the event and its emotional feed. Based on this, it can be concluded that the "yellow" journalism does not reflect reality, but reacts to it, and even allows for staging. Artificial sensations are a kind of journalistic analogue of mass literature. In the "yellow" press there is no balance of information interests, there is a breakdown in the direction of sensational information to the detriment of serious. And hence the paradoxical investigation is the insufficiency of information, on the one hand, and its redundancy is on the other. Insufficiency is to appeal to the same type of materials and ignoring a fairly wide range of economic, political and other problems. Because of this, a person does not receive full, completed knowledge. Thanks to the attributed sensations of high importance and uniqueness, they are concentrated almost all the attention of the public that does not remain on really important events. Redundancy - enhanced appeal to such topics than a journalist simply litters information space, creates additional information noise streams.

3. Next typological feature "yellow" press - thematic eclecticism. Unlike the "yellow", in high-quality newspapers a hierarchy of topics is observed, which determines the procedure for their lighting depending on the information value. It is not allowed to make purely entertainment information on the first lanes. In the "yellow", the press of the topic is distributed depending on the possibility of attracting readers. Because of this, the journalism of "zero" information (directed only to attraction and entertainment), or a mosaic mixture of a wide variety of those from various spheres of human existence (mixing really important and clearly redundant). One of the causes of eclecticism, in our opinion, is an excessive desire of the "yellow" media to the exclusivity of materials.

The content of mass printing also affected the trend towards specialization. But this specialization took a special appearance. It can be designated as "specialization in non-standard". There is no specific sphere, the lighting of which is constantly drawn by the "yellow" press. It is interested in the widest range of events of different levels under one condition - information nonstandarity. We allocated two ways of eclecticism in the "yellow" media:

a) Leveling. Its meaning is to achieve equivalence between important and insignificant events. The scattering of the message flow is actually only visible, the selection of events that are solved about the information is made by a specific social structure. In fact, the mass communication tools themselves and determine the "significance" of facts.

b) excess. In this method of manifestation of thematic eclecticity, a tougher clash of serious and entertainment materials is observed. This leads to a special situation when materials with a low level of social significance displacing information on the second and even the third plan. Serious topics reflected in newspapers such as "KP", "Life", "The Sun", etc., written at a fairly high level, are often inferior to the leading entertainment position. The consumer information consists such a picture of real reality, in which it is impossible to allocate an important and secondary, which becomes one of the reasons for cognitive dissonance.

4. One of the nuclear elements of the "yellow" press system is to prevail the visual component over the text. Visualization is a common trend of all world media, but in high-quality publications, the illustrative row organically complements text materials. In the "yellow" press there is an expansion of "bright" forms: colors, illustrations, headlines. It was the "yellow" publication the first in the history of journalism began to experiment with these aspects and first of all with color, which is intended to perform two functions: first, to signal the importance of specific materials of the newspaper designed to sell the number, and, secondly, visually allocate Newspaper among themselves like. This is a very important point, since the "yellow" editions are distributed mainly through the network. retail. In addition to standard black and white (on theft), the headlines are mainly found yellow, orange, red and blue. Among colors coloring strips are orange, yellow and blue substrates. This color gamma is characterized by almost all of the publications we have considered. The use of these paints is not by chance, since, as psychologists consider, these tones are the most attractive from the entire color spectrum. As for the illustrations, in the "yellow" editions, they occupy a dominant position, since without them it is also impossible to fulfill the main task - to attract the attention of the audience. Often, the illustrations in the studied newspapers occupy a volume of up to half of the strip and more. This feature demonstrates the embodiment of the most important psychological effects of any mass communication - emotional and aesthetic. But the peculiarity of the "yellow" press is that the emotional component comes to the fore, often to the detriment of aesthetic. That is, exclusive or sensational snapshots occupy significant areas even subject to poor quality. The head of the mass press has a "press picture", in other words, a reportage illustration, closely associated with a specific fact, not exceeding the level of the private event, and therefore excluding the variable interpretation. "Yellow" photo is applied, as well as the second most popular visual component - information graphics. The main reason for active use of charts, tables, cards lies in the desire of the "yellow" press to the maximum simplification of the material. Yellow newspapers try to replace the text with information graphics to make the newspaper as simple as possible and comfortable for consumption. And here the mass press evolves in the direction of the perfectly simple and visual newspaper material - comics. For most "yellow" newspapers already become the usual "comic" feeding of materials. It manifests itself in the combination of three elements - informative, accessibility and entertainment - important signs of "info".

It was the "yellow" press made the heading complexes at the end of the XIX century a special compositional element. It was also the first to operate such a feature of the heading complexes as the function of the material significance of the material. Informative headlines with the same success are used in "yellow" and in a high-quality press. However, due to the specifics of mass newspapers, their informative headlines have certain differences. The most noticeable is a formative. In the "yellow" press headlines have long been used as a complete variety of illustrations. The headlines "yellow" press are constantly balanced on the verge of truth and lies. The desire for attractiveness for the reader is achieved by ignoring the adequacy of the header of the text component. The practice includes the disinformation titles of the following subspecies:

a) Embedded headlines. They are not connected with the specific text of the material, but rather with a uniform situation, which is more interesting, compared with the text content.

b) headlines, which are one of the abstracts of publication. Unlike the content titles of high-quality press, the boulevard headers are trying not to issue all the essence of the story, but only attract attention to some detail.

c) the title, which is a direct distortion, lifting the facts contained in the text.

It is impossible to thoughtlessly criticize the desire of the "yellow" newspapers to the dynamic, and sometimes aggressive type of layout, since it is not subject to doubt that an individual graphic person should be at any newspaper. However, at mass editions, this person is obtained individually in a separate case and standardized - with general consideration of the type of press type. Almost all the "yellow" newspapers use major illustrations, serious photo processing, infographics, large headlines (often not reflecting themes of materials), low-consuming texts, a similar color gamut. Thus, in an effort to individuality, mass newspapers are actually increasingly closely, inclined towards the universal model, which is most beneficial in the process of attracting the attention of the reader, but for the "yellow" press is more characteristic of the advertisement of text. In everyday practice, the mass press is committed to manipulation rather not a view, but by the desire - the consumer's desire to buy a newspaper, familiar with the specific material.

All history XIX. The century is inextricably linked with the development of capitalist (market) relations. At a certain stage, these relationships penetrated the media. In the "yellow" text, the traits of the goods are too brighter. In the "yellow" press manifests a tendency to make texts focused on the satisfaction of unassuming requests as much as possible an extensive audience, and, as you know, the manufacturer always focuses the goods to the mass market for maximum profits. The consequence of this is the desire to sell text (or newspaper as a set of texts) for the maximum price, regardless of real value. The quality of the text content is moving into the background. "Packaging" of the goods comes to the first - its visual design, attracting readers. "Yellow" newspapers are first starting to use color, illustration, major heading complexes. One of the reasons for the appearance of the "yellow" press can be called a further expansion of the functions of journalism. An axiological, creative-creative, aesthetic, recreational and hedonistic functions begin to play with the gnoseological function. With the appearance of the last two, the beginning of the functioning of the "yellow" printing is associated. The recreational function is implemented through the provision of an audience of entertainment and banalized materials that allow the reader to relax, distract from personal problems and work. The hedonistic function is implemented by performing a "order" of the reader, awareness of the individual inclusion in the communications process. These functions perform any kind of press, but in the sphere of "yellow" journalism, the satisfaction of recreational and hedonistic queries is the constitutional adoption of this type. Thus, the third is the main - the reason for the appearance of the "yellow" press is explained by the peculiarities of the evolution of the mass consciousness in the industrial and post-industrial society.

Depending on the presence of type-forming features and the traits that cause the structure of the publication, in the "yellow" press array, certain types of publications can be distinguished as the quality of the analysis of reality decreases. It:

1. "Intermediate" editions, which are high-quality newspapers, but have some basic features of "yellow".

2. Boulevard editions that contain mostly all the features of the "yellow" publications. They are more banal in content, if you compare them with high-quality, and more "mercantile" than "intermediate".

3. Actually "yellow". Newspapers that have all major type-forming features noted above. Different with pronounced pathos of hedonism, sensationality and frank vulgarity.

4. Semi-standard and pornographic editions (for them it is characterized by the preservation of all the circumstances of previous modifications, but with a bias towards the illumination of deviant sexual relations).

What is a yellow press?

Zhilt press (boulevard, tabloid) conversational term meaning commercial media, affordable and specializing in rumors, sensations (often imaginary), scandals, gossip, sex. Information in such editions does not act as spiritual and practical knowledge, but as an entertainment product. Thus, the founders do not come in front of them any other tasks, in addition to obtaining surplus value.
In Russia to restructuring, all printed editions were subjected to censorship and the chief editor could pay back if the incorrect material would miss the room. During the restructuring, publicity was declared (later the freedom of speech), after which some newspapers began to print articles based on fiction, in order to raise the satellites of the circulation and use the methods of a gentle press.
The first representatives of the direction appeared in the 90s of the XX century Tabloid Express Newspaper, weekly Megapolis Express. Today, a typical press press includes a number of publications, in particular, the newspapers of your day (formerly life) ", the Komsomolskaya Pravda, etc. In 2009, the public board on complaints with the press, which includes famous journalists Eduard Sagalaev, Nikolai Svanidze, Daniel Donturee , Alexey Kara-Murza, Mikhail Nazhev, Georgy Satarov, recognized the newspaper "Izvestia, which, according to members of the board, is currently from respectable, qualitative publication has passed into the discharge of concrete newspapers."
One of the characteristics of the phenomenon of the press press is the epadal lighting of the tabulated theme.
Sensationality is an equally important feature of a yellow press. One of the main elements of the yellow press system is the dominance of the visual component over the text.
The practice includes the disinformation titles of the following subspecies:

Vometnet headlines. These subtitles are not connected with a specific text of the material, but with a uniform situation. This situation is more interesting than the text content itself.
Headlines representing the abstract of publication (one of several). From the content titles of high-quality press, the boulevard headers are distinguished by the fact that they do not detect the whole essence of the story. They attract the attention of any detail.
The title, which is a direct distortion, lifting the facts contained in the text.
Depending on the type-forming features and the traits that determine the structure of the publication allocate

Intermediate editions, which are in high-quality newspapers, but have some major features of the leggings.
Boulevard editions. They mainly contain all the features of yellow editions. They are more banal in content, if we compare them with high-quality, and more mercantilees than intermediate.
Actually yellow. Newspapers that have all major type-forming features noted above. Different with pronounced pathos of hedonism, sensationality and frank vulgarity.
Semi-standard and pornographic editions, which are characterized by the preservation of all the occasional features of previous types, with a bias towards the illumination of deviant sexual relations.
Newspapers your day, life
newspapers with gossip
As they say, architective answers: -). Where only the term "yellow" took. I heard the version that once two American newspapers were sued. They published the same adventures (probably unlikely) some kind of boy in a yellow shirt. Judged for the priority of publication, naturally.
Probably both newspapers were boulevard, and here also were chosen.
The one that is admitted.
Zhilt Press Designation of publications of the printed press available at the price and specializing in rumors, sensations (often imaginary), scandals, gossip, shovels of tabulated themes.1. Information in such editions does not act as spiritual and practical knowledge, but as an entertainment product . The founders of such publications do not set any other tasks, in addition to obtaining surplus value. The ubiquitous hedonism has turned the legged media, and their influence is everywhere, in the supplier of info intensity (and its component part of the grossing). And hence the numerous deviations from the canon of truth, majority, responsibility in the world mass media. Infotection is a pleasant information or informational pleasure.
As you know, in the era of the legs of the 1890s in the dispute with the Victorian Celebration in England, a metaphor denotes a) painfulness of decadents and esthetes, b) Extravagance of the style of journalism of impressionists, writers, similar to Oscar Wilde, c) hedonistic dendist plants of symbolists and modernists, Professoring anti-bourgeois values, d) thirst for novelty, penetrating the era of the end of the end of the world (O. Wilde). IN modern science On the media there are other shades of the meaning of this word: a) belonging to a specific type of journalistic creativity, b) specific discourse, entertainment-oriented, c) special stylistics contributing to the market attractiveness of the information product. As for the foreign journalistic practice, in the United States under the legtime press they were understood and understood more often sensational, unreliable, obscene or vulgar messages, which often combine shocking headlines and illustrations (R. Terry Ellmor), and under yellow journalism news processing in sensational Manner (R. Isard, X. Kultberson, D. Lambert) 3Navitative source?.
Chinese newspapers 🙂

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