Nonferrous metallurgy centers table. The largest centers of non-ferrous metallurgy in russia. Getting lead and zinc

Ural.
Ferrous metallurgy. Based on its iron ore resources, coal not enough - they are brought from the Kuznetsk basin. Metal is used on largest enterprises Urals (produce tanks, tractors, agricultural machinery, equipment for the extraction of resources) and supply to the central regions of the country (European part). centers: Chelyabinsk, Magnitogorsk, Asha, Chusovoy, Serov, Nizhny Tagil, Kyshtym.
Non-ferrous metallurgy.
Smelting of copper ores (Karabash, Kamensk-Uralsk, Verkhnyaya Pyshma, Kirovograd, Revda, Krasnouralsk), smelting of aluminum (Krasnoturinsk, Yekaterinburg), nickel - Orsk, lead, zinc - Chelyabinsk. Color metallurgy is based on its own resources. The smelted metals are used at local machine-building enterprises.
European Center. Ferrous metallurgy is mainly of the conversion type (scrap metal is smelted in Elektrostal, Vyksa, Moscow, Orel), the largest plants in Tula, Stary Oskol, Lipetsk use imported raw materials - coal from Siberia, Donbass, and the Komi Republic; iron ores are brought from the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (their own).
Non-ferrous metallurgy - copper ores are smelted in Moscow.
All products of metallurgical enterprises are used in the central regions for the manufacture of products of the machine-building complex (combines, cars, buses, wagons, railway electric locomotives, diesel locomotives, trolleybuses, river and sea vessels etc)
European North. ferrous metallurgy in Cherepovets is one of the largest Russian iron-smelting enterprises operating on imported raw materials.
The metal is sent to the central regions, to the European North and to St. Petersburg - for mechanical engineering, marine shipbuilding. Conversion metallurgy in St. Petersburg.
Non-ferrous metallurgy uses its own raw materials. Aluminum is smelted - Nadvoitsy, Kandalaksha, Volkhov, Boksitogorsk; copper - Veliky Novgorod, Monchegorsk, nickel - Mochegorsk. The smelted ores are sent to machine-building plants in the central and southern regions of Russia.
Siberia.
Ferrous metallurgy - Belovo. Non-ferrous metallurgy. Specialization in the smelting of aluminum ores - Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk, Sayanogorsk, Achinsk, Belovo, Shelekhov - use own resources and cheap energy from hydroelectric power plants. Lead and zinc are smelted in Novokuznetsk, copper and nickel in Norilsk. All enterprises use local raw materials, the smelted metals are exported to enterprises in the Urals and central regions.
Far East - a metallurgical base is being formed. This area is mainly home to mining and processing plants. Mine: tin, lead, zinc, gold. Lead and zinc are smelted in Dalnegorsk, iron ore is smelted in Komsomolsk on the Amur. Products are exported to China, Japan, South Korea and to the European part of Russia.

Non-ferrous metallurgy is not only a set of measures for the production of non-ferrous metals (mining, beneficiation, metallurgical processing, production of castings of pure metals and alloys based on them), but also the processing of non-ferrous scrap.

Scientific and technological progress does not stand still, and non-ferrous metals are widely used today to develop innovative structural materials. The domestic metallurgical industry alone produces about 70 types of alloys using a variety of raw materials.

Due to the low content of the required component in the ore and impurities of other elements, non-ferrous metallurgy is an energy-intensive production and has a complex structure. Thus, the ore contains no more than 5% copper, and no more than 5.5% zinc and lead. Pyrites, mined in the Urals, are multicomponent, and they contain about 30 chemical elements.

Non-ferrous metals are divided into six categories, according to their physical properties and purpose:

Heavy. They have a high density, respectively, and weight. These include Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Sn.
Lungs. They are lightweight due to their low specific gravity. These include: Al, Mg, Ti, Na, Ka, Li.
Small: Hg, Co, Bi, Cd, As, Sb.
Alloying. They are mainly used to obtain steels and alloys with the required qualities. These are W, Mo, Ta, Nb, V.
Noble ones. Widely known and used for making jewelry... Among them are Au, Ag, Pt.
Rare earth, scattered: Se, Zr, Ga, In, Tl, Ge.

Industry specifics

Non-ferrous metal ores, as mentioned above, contain a small amount of the extracted element. Therefore, up to 100 tons of ore is needed per ton of the same copper. Due to the great demand for raw materials, non-ferrous metallurgy, for the most part, is located near its raw material base.

Non-ferrous ores require large amounts of fuel or electricity for their processing. Energy costs reach half of the total costs associated with smelting 1 ton of metal. In this regard, metallurgical enterprises are located in close proximity to electricity producers.

The production of rare metals is mainly based on reduction from compounds. Raw materials come from intermediate stages of ore beneficiation. Due to the small volumes and the difficulty of production, laboratories are engaged in obtaining rare metals.

Industry composition

Types of non-ferrous metallurgy include industries associated with the production of certain types of metals. So, the following industries can be summarized:

copper production;
aluminum production;
nickel and cobalt production;
tin production;
lead and zinc production;
gold mining.

Nickel production is closely related to the place where nickel ores are mined, which are located on the Kola Peninsula and in the Norilsk region of Siberia. Many branches of non-ferrous metallurgy are distinguished by multistage metallurgical processing of intermediate products.

On this basis, an integrated approach is effective. This is a raw material for the production of other accompanying metals. Waste disposal is accompanied by the receipt of materials that are used not only in other branches of heavy engineering, but also in the chemical and construction industries.

Metallurgy of heavy metals

Obtaining copper

The main stages of obtaining pure copper are blister copper smelting and its further refining. Blister copper is mined from ores, and the low concentration of copper in the Ural copper pyrite and its large volumes do not allow the transfer of production facilities from the Urals. The reserves are: cuprous sandstones, copper-molybdenum, copper-nickel ores.

Copper refining and remelting of secondary raw materials are carried out at enterprises that are remote from the sources of mining and primary smelting. Favors them low cost electricity, since to obtain a ton of copper, up to 5 kW of energy per hour is consumed.

Utilization of sulfurous gases with subsequent processing served as a start for the production of sulfuric acid in chemical industry... It produces phosphate mineral fertilizers from the remains of apatite.

Getting lead and zinc

The metallurgy of non-ferrous metals, such as lead and zinc, has a complex territorial disunity. Ore is mined in the North Caucasus, Transbaikalia, Kuzbass and the Far East. And beneficiation and metallurgical redistribution is carried out not only near the places of ore extraction, but also in other territories with developed metallurgy.

Lead and zinc concentrates are rich in chemical element base. However, the raw materials have a different percentage of elements, which is why it is not always possible to obtain zinc and lead in their pure form. That's why technological processes in the regions are different:

In Transbaikalia, only concentrates are obtained.
Lead and zinc concentrate are obtained in the Far East.
Zinc and lead concentrate are produced in Kuzbass.
Redistribution is underway in the North Caucasus.
Zinc is produced in the Urals.

Metallurgy of light metals

The most common light metal is aluminum. Alloys based on it have properties inherent in structural and special steels.

For the production of aluminum, bauxite, alunite, nepheline are used as raw materials. The production is divided into two stages:

In the first stage, alumina is obtained and a large volume of raw materials is required.
In the second stage, aluminum is produced electrolytically, which requires inexpensive energy. Therefore, the production stages are located in different territories.

The production of aluminum and alloys is concentrated in industrial centers. Scrap is also supplied here for recycling, which ultimately reduces the cost of finished products.

It produces 40 million tons of various metals.

This is primarily aluminum (17 million tons). The aluminum industry is represented by two geographically separated production units:

1st - the production of alumina (Al oxide) tends to the countries producing bauxite;

2nd - the production of aluminum is close to the sources of cheap electricity, mainly in developed countries. The main states for the extraction of bauxite: Australia, Guinea, Jamaica, Russia, Brazil; for alumina production - Australia, Russia, USA, Jamaica; for the production of aluminum - the USA, Japan, Russia, Canada, Germany. In all these countries, production is carried out in areas of large hydroelectric power plants or thermal power plants.

Copper production: Copper ores generally contain little of this metal in themselves.

Most of the reserves of copper ore are concentrated in Chile, USA, Zambia.

Refining copper requires a lot of electricity, so some of the blister copper is exported to developed countries.

The largest producers of refined copper: USA, Russia, Japan and Germany.

Lead production:

Lead ore mining is in the lead: Russia, Australia, USA, Canada, followed by Peru and Mexico. Major lead producers: USA, Russia, Western European countries.

Metallurgy and the environment: The development of metallurgy is accompanied by an increase in the content of environment iron, lead, tin, copper, mercury, arsenic and other metals that create real threat for the health of people.

In terms of the degree of "harmfulness", metallurgical enterprises are one of the dirtiest industries.

19.Chemical resources of the world.

Manufactures in the chemical industry are distinguished by a high degree of technological complexity, therefore, the principles of their placement are quite diverse.

The production of potash fertilizers focuses on the places of extraction of raw materials, which is associated with the easy solubility of raw materials and possible losses during transportation. For the same reason, the production of soda also focuses on the deposits of table salt. And the production of phosphate fertilizers, as a rule, is located in the ports of highly developed countries, where it is convenient to deliver raw materials (phosphorites) by sea. In the CIS countries, the production of these fertilizers is focused mainly on agricultural areas, since the raw material is high-quality apatite or phosphorite from the Kara-Tau deposit. When using phosphorites from other deposits, production focuses on the areas where raw materials are extracted. In some countries (Ukraine, France, Great Britain), which use phosphorus-containing ore for ferrous metallurgy, production focuses on the regions of ferrous metallurgy producing thomas slag.

The production of nitrogen fertilizers is distinguished by more complex principles of placement. In extremely rare cases, natural saltpeter is used as a raw material: Chilean, Norwegian and Indian. In general, the location of the production of nitrogen fertilizers is associated with the production of cheap ammonia, which is formed during the coking of coal, therefore the plants producing nitrogen fertilizers are tied to metallurgical bases. Often the production of nitrogen fertilizers focuses on the centers of oil refining and petrochemicals, which also supply cheap ammonia. At present, the geography of production of nitrogen-containing products is changing due to the development of pipeline transport and the construction of ammonia lines, which makes it possible to deliver cheap ammonia to the areas of existing chemical production, most often military.

The production of synthetic rubber, as a rule, focuses on oil and gas processing enterprises, which is associated with the possibility of obtaining cheap alcohol. In some countries, this production is tied to large centers of the automotive industry. In those countries that are pioneers in the production of synthetic rubber, some enterprises are located in specialized agricultural areas (in Russia - Yaroslavl, Efremov, in France - Clermont-Ferrand, in Ukraine - Belaya Tserkov), which is due to the initial receipt of raw materials from agricultural products; in some countries (Russia, Canada, Sweden), production is located in wood-chemical centers, simultaneously producing wood alcohol.

The production of plastics and chemical fibers is quite labor-intensive, and also requires continuous supply of raw materials, therefore it is located in oil port centers or in cities where oil and gas pipelines are laid.

The production of "light" chemicals is focused on an abundance of labor resources, while pharmaceutical and cosmetic production requires highly skilled labor, therefore, not even all highly developed countries have developed.

In the modern production of basic chemical goods, especially mineral fertilizers, the CIS countries, the USA, and China stand out. Of the European countries, a fairly large production of fertilizers, especially potash and nitrogen, is represented in Germany, phosphate - in France, which uses phosphorites from Tunisia and Algeria as raw materials, in America, Canada stands out as a particularly large production of potash fertilizers, which ranks first in the world in the production of potash. salts.

In recent years, the geography of the production of chemical fibers has changed significantly, in which there is a noticeable shift to the countries of East and Southeast Asia. China, the Republic of Korea, Taiwan and Thailand account for over 33% of world production.

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Non-ferrous metallurgy includes the extraction, beneficiation of non-ferrous metal ores and the smelting of non-ferrous metals and their alloys.

Non-ferrous metallurgy – the branch of metallurgy, which includes the extraction, processing of non-ferrous metal ores and the smelting of non-ferrous metals and their alloys. According to their physical properties and purpose, non-ferrous metals can be conditionally divided into heavy (copper, lead, zinc, tin, nickel) and light (aluminum, titanium, magnesium). On the basis of this division, a distinction is made between the metallurgy of light metals and the metallurgy of heavy metals.

The location of non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises depends on many economic and natural conditions, especially from the raw material factor. In addition to raw materials, the fuel and energy factor plays a significant role.

Several basic non-ferrous metallurgy bases have been formed on the territory of Russia. Their differences in specialization are explained by the dissimilarity of the geography of light metals (aluminum, titanium-magnesium industries) and heavy metals (copper, lead-zinc, tin, nickel-cobalt industries).

The production of heavy non-ferrous metals, due to the low demand for energy, is confined to the regions where raw materials are mined.

In terms of reserves, mining and processing of copper ores, as well as copper smelting, the leading place in Russia is occupied by the Ural economic region, on the territory of which the Krasnouralsky, Kirovgrad, Sredneuralsky, Mednogorsky combines stand out.

The lead-zinc industry as a whole gravitates towards the areas of distribution of polymetallic ores. Such deposits include Sadonskoe ( North Caucasus), Salair (Western Siberia), Nerchenskoe (Eastern Siberia) and Dalnegorskoe (Far East).

The centers of the Nickel-Cobalt industry are the cities: Norilsk (Eastern Siberia), Nickel and Monchegorsk (Northern Economic Region).

It takes a lot of energy to produce light metals. Therefore, the concentration of enterprises that smelt light metals at sources of cheap energy – the most important principle of their placement.

The raw materials for the production of aluminum are bauxites of the North-West region (Boksitogorsk), the Urals (the city of Severouralsk), nephelines of the Kola Peninsula (Kirovsk) and southern Siberia (Goryachegorsk). Aluminum oxide is isolated from this raw material in mining areas. – alumina. Obtaining metallic aluminum from it requires large amounts of electricity. Therefore, aluminum smelters are built near large power plants, mainly hydroelectric power plants (Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk, etc.)

The titanium-magnesium industry is located mainly in the Urals, both in the regions where raw materials are mined (Bereznikovskiy titanium-magnesium plant) and in regions of cheap energy (Ust-Kamenogorsk titanium-magnesium plant). The final stage of titanium-magnesium metallurgy – processing of metals and their alloys – is most often located in areas where finished products are consumed.

In terms of the scale of production and consumption, aluminum in the world economy ranks first among non-ferrous metals. Such qualities of aluminum as light weight and lack of magnetic properties are especially important for aviation, electronics and shipbuilding; non-toxicity and moisture resistance – for Food Industry and the packaging industry, and immunity to the damaging effects of air, temperature and humidity (corrosion) – ideal quality for the transport and construction industries.

Aluminum cannot be obtained directly from its ores (bauxite and nepheline), a transition stage is required – alumina production. Alumina – a fine steel-gray powder containing concentrated aluminum oxide. Alumina production, being material-intensive, gravitates towards sources of raw materials. For the production of 1 ton of alumina, about 3 tons of bauxite or 4 – 6 tons of nepheline. Only 40% of Russia's alumina needs are provided by domestic raw materials, the rest comes from abroad (from Guinea, Jamaica, etc.).

Largest capacities Russian production alumina is concentrated in the Urals (the Bogoslovsky and Uralsky aluminum plants) and in Eastern Siberia (the Achinsky alumina refinery operating on the nephelines of the Kiya-Shaltyrsky deposit). Feature of alumina production from nepheline – large yield of by-products: cement, soda, potash. Only if they are effectively marketed can alumina produced from nepheline compete with that produced from bauxite.

The production of aluminum metal is very energy intensive, as it is associated with very high temperatures of the metallurgical process. It is because of this property that aluminum, despite its prevalence, began to be used by humans relatively late. Aluminum plants are guided by powerful sources of cheap electricity, most often this large hydroelectric power plants... The world's largest Bratsk aluminum smelter is located near the Bratsk hydroelectric power station. The Krasnoyarsk aluminum smelter is located next to the Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric power station and consumes about 70% of the total amount of electricity generated by the station. The power supply of the aluminum plants in Sayanogorsk, Volgograd, Shelekhov, Volkhov, Novokuznetsk is carried out, respectively, by the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP, Volzhskaya HPP, Irkutsk HPP, Volkhovskaya HPP and a group of thermal power plants operating on Kuzbass steam coal.

Domestic aluminum industry is divided between two large companies – "Russian aluminum" and "Siberian-Ural aluminum". JSC Russian Aluminum (RUSAL) is one of the three largest aluminum companies in the world, second only to American Alcoa and Canadian Alcan. It accounts for more than 80% of Russian and about 10% of the world production of primary aluminum. RUSAL owns the largest and most modern metallurgical enterprises in the industry: Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk, Sayanogorsk and Novokuznetsk aluminum plants, alumina plants in Nikolaev (Ukraine) and Achinsk, metal processing plants in Samara, Belaya Kalitva, Dmitrov. The Siberian-Uralsky Aluminum Holding (SUAL) produces 90% of Russian bauxite, 60% of alumina, 20% of primary aluminum. This structure includes the remaining 7 out of 11 aluminum smelters in the country, as well as the Severouralsk and Sredne-Timanskiy bauxite mines; alumina production facilities in Krasnoturyinsk, Kamensk-Uralsky, Pikalevo; metalworking production in Mikhailovsk, Kamensk-Uralsky, etc.

Demand for aluminum will increase in the coming years, so both of the largest aluminum companies in our country have ambitious plans to expand their production base at each of the three stages of the processing of aluminum ores.

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