Enterprises producing light non-ferrous metals. Geography of non-ferrous metallurgy in Russia. Technological stages of non-ferrous metallurgy production

Non-ferrous metallurgy of Russia produces structural materials of various physical and chemical properties. This branch of heavy industry includes copper, lead-zinc, nickel-cobalt, aluminum, lead-zinc, titanium-magnesium, tungsten-molybdenum industries, as well as the production of noble and rare metals.

By stages technological process non-ferrous metallurgy is divided into the extraction and enrichment of raw materials, metallurgical processing and processing of non-ferrous metals. The low content of metal in the ores of heavy non-ferrous metals requires their mandatory enrichment. Since non-ferrous metal ores contain many different components, each component is sequentially isolated. The enriched ore is melted in special furnaces and turns into the so-called ferrous metal, which is then purified from harmful impurities rolled products of various profiles in various industries.

Non-ferrous metals are divided into heavy (copper, tin, lead, zinc, etc.), light (aluminum, titanium, magnesium), precious (gold, silver, platinum) and rare (tungsten, molybdenum, germanium, etc.)

Non-ferrous metallurgy, due to its export orientation, has experienced less decline in production in recent years than the sectors operating for the domestic market. It is higher than in other branches of heavy industry wage. But the cost of production is significantly affected by changes in electricity tariffs, since production is characterized by high energy intensity.

Non-ferrous metallurgy has its own specifics.

1. the industry is different high concentration production. Enterprises-monopolists account for 12% of the total number of enterprises.

2. this is an environmentally harmful production. In terms of the degree of pollution of the atmosphere, water sources and soil, non-ferrous metallurgy surpasses all other industries that include the mining industry.

3. non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises have the highest costs associated with fuel consumption and transportation. Moreover, in recent years, due to rising prices for resources and transport, a tight foreign exchange policy of the state, huge taxes, the share of fuel and energy costs has increased from 16 to 40%, and the share of transport costs has increased from 6 to 20%.

Due to the variety of raw materials used and the widespread use of non-ferrous metals in modern industry, non-ferrous metallurgy is characterized by a complex structure. The technological process of obtaining metal from ore is divided into the extraction and enrichment of raw materials, metallurgical processing and processing of non-ferrous metals. The originality of the resource base lies in the extremely low content of recoverable metal in the original ore.

Due to the fact that in non-ferrous metallurgy it is necessary to extract much more than in ferrous metallurgy, rocks per unit finished products, and due to the significant capital intensity of the mining and enrichment process carried out in the mining areas, significant importance is attached to the open method of developing non-ferrous metal ore deposits (more than 2/3 of all deposits). Obtaining expensive concentrates of non-ferrous metal ores makes it possible to transport them over long distances and thereby territorially separate the processes of mining, enrichment and directly metallurgical processing.

A feature of the technological process for obtaining non-ferrous metals is that the metallurgical processing is an energy-intensive process, sometimes requiring up to tens of thousands of kilowatt-hours per 1 ton of finished products, so it is located in areas of cheap raw materials and fuel, which also becomes one of the reasons for the territorial gap between stages production.

Non-ferrous metal ores have a multicomponent composition. For example, polymetallic ores, in addition to lead and zinc, contain copper, cadmium, selenium, bismuth, gold, silver, etc. Moreover, many “satellites” significantly exceed the value of the main components and sometimes do not form independent deposits. Consequently, in non-ferrous metallurgy, the importance of the integrated use of raw materials and industrial intra-industry combination is great.

Most deposits of non-ferrous metal ores are characterized by complex mining and geological conditions of development, severe natural and geographical conditions of the areas where they are located. The quality of ores (except for copper and nickel) is characterized by lower rates compared to foreign analogues.

The areas of use of non-ferrous metals mined in our country are numerous.

aluminum industry produces light non-ferrous metal. As a raw material, it uses bauxites, the deposits of which are located in the North-West, the North, the Urals, Eastern Siberia, as well as nephelines, the deposits of which are located in the North, in Western Siberia. 3 million tons of alumina and bauxite are imported annually for the aluminum industry, which indicates a shortage of high-quality aluminum raw materials. At the same time, Russia has huge reserves of nephelines, but the production of alumina from them is associated with high energy costs.

The technological process of obtaining aluminum consists of the following main stages: extraction and enrichment of raw materials, production of semi-finished alumina, production of metallic aluminum. Each of the stages of the technological process is influenced by various placement factors. The extraction and enrichment of raw materials, as well as the production of alumina, as material-intensive processes, tend to sources of raw materials. In the manufacture of metallic aluminum, a large amount of mass and cheap energy is consumed, among which powerful hydroelectric power plants play a primary role.

The production of alumina and the production of metallic aluminum can coincide geographically. Most of the alumina is produced in the European part of the country: in Boksitogorsk, on the basis of Tikhvin bauxites, in Volkhva and Pikaleven, on the Khabinsk nephelines, in Krasnoturinsk and Kamensk-Uralsky, North Ural bauxites are used.

copper industry- one of the oldest branches of non-ferrous metallurgy in our country. Its development began in the 18th century in the Urals. Copper has long been one of the most consumed non-ferrous metals. Modern technology The copper industry is based on three stages: mining and beneficiation of ores, smelting of blister copper, and smelting of refined copper. Due to the low content of metal in the ore, the copper industry has survived mainly in mining areas, i.e. in the Ural economic region. Ores of the Gaisky and Blyavinsky, Krasnouralsky and Revdinsky, Sibaysky, Podolsky and Yubileyny deposits are being developed here. Copper-nickel and polymetallic ores can also serve as raw materials for the copper industry. In the Urals, metallurgical redistribution far exceeds mining and enrichment. Since their own resources are not enough, imported concentrates are used here (from Kazakhstan, from the Kola Peninsula) with a metal content of 30-40%. There are about 10 copper smelters and refineries here. Blister copper is produced at Krasnouralsk, Kirovograd, Sredneuralsk, Mednogorsk and other enterprises. Copper refining takes place at specialized Verkhnepyshminsky and Kyshtymsky plants.

In other regions of the country there are also enterprises for the production of copper: in the Northern region (Monchegorsk), in Eastern Siberia (Norilsk plant). In the north of the Chita region, exploration has been completed and preparations are underway for the start of industrial development of the world's third largest Udokan copper ore deposit in terms of explored reserves. A number of enterprises for the refining and rolling of copper appeared outside the areas where blister copper was obtained (Moscow), and the secondary use of copper (copper scrap) has become of great importance here.

Lead-zinc industry is based on the use of polymetallic ores of different composition. The peculiarity of their processing lies in the extraction, enrichment, isolation of ore minerals, the production of metals by various methods, and refining. Lead and zinc are widely used in various fields human activity. Zinc, having anti-corrosion properties, is used for galvanizing iron sheets, telegraph wires, pipes for various purposes, and is part of some pharmaceutical preparations. Lead is necessary for the manufacture of acid-resistant equipment, various pipes and vessels for chemical industry etc., in addition, lead absorbs well X-ray and nuclear radiation.

The territorial organization of the lead-zinc industry differs from that of the copper industry in that pure lead and zinc are not always and everywhere produced simultaneously, i.e. the industry is characterized by a territorial gap of individual stages of the technological process. This becomes possible when obtaining ore concentrates with a metal content of 60-70%, which makes it advantageous to transport them over long distances. A relatively small amount of fuel is required to produce lead metal compared to zinc processing. However, in general, the lead-zinc industry tends to deposits of polymetallic ores, which are located in the North Caucasus, Western Siberia, Eastern Siberia, Far East. In the Urals, zinc is found in copper ores. Full metallurgical processing is represented in Vladikavkaz, in Chelyabinsk the production of metallic zinc is carried out from imported concentrates, and in Sredneuralsk zinc concentrates are produced; in Belovo (Western Siberia) lead concentrate is obtained and zinc is smelted, in Nerchinsk (Eastern Siberia) lead and zinc concentrates are produced. The shortage of lead consumed in Russia is covered by deliveries from Kazakhstan.

Nickel-cobalt industry is closely related to the sources of raw materials due to the low content of metals in ores (0.3% nickel and 0.2% cobalt in sulfide ores), the complexity of their processing, high fuel consumption, multi-stage process and the need for an integrated use of raw materials. In the territory Russian Federation ores of two types are being developed: sulfide copper-nickel ores - Monchegorsk, Pechenga-Nikel (Kola Peninsula), Talnakh deposit (Norilsk); oxidized nickel ores - Rezhskoye, Ufaleyskoye, Orskoye (Urals).

Titanium and magnesium industry- a relatively new branch of non-ferrous metallurgy. Magnesium raw materials are widely distributed in the Urals, the Kola Peninsula, in Western Siberia. The production of titanium and magnesium is characterized by high electrical consumption. Whereas magnesium production plants originally arose near sources of raw materials, titanium production enterprises were built in places of cheap energy, they operate on imported raw materials and concentrates. In the future, it is planned to create a titanium-magnesium industry as part of the Timan-Pechersk TPK.

Tin industry is distinguished by territorial disunity of the stages of the technological process. The metallurgical processing is not associated with ore deposits, but focuses on areas of consumption or is located along the route of concentrates. Ore deposits are represented in the Chita region, but they are especially widespread in the Far East (Kavalerovo, Kuldur, Yagodnoye, etc.). It produces highly transportable concentrates and sends them to the places of metal tin production.

Non-ferrous metals and their alloys are processed in areas of consumption. Here, recycling of secondary raw materials also takes place.

The regions with the most prosperous situation in non-ferrous metallurgy are Krasnoyarsk region, the Chelyabinsk region, where the production of non-ferrous metals (especially copper, zinc and nickel) increased by 13%, and the Murmansk region (an increase of 7%), where non-ferrous metallurgy accounts for about 2/5 of industrial output.

ECONOMIC AND GEOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FAR EASTERN REGION.

The Far East economic region is one of the largest regions of the country. It stretches from north to south for a huge distance, is washed by the waters of the seas of the Pacific and Arctic oceans and has the largest coastline. The area of the district is 6,215.9 thousand km2, or 36.4% of the territory of Russia.

The Far East Region includes the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories, the regions of Magadan, Kamchatka with the Koryak Autonomous Okrug, Sakhalin, Amur, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug and the Jewish Autonomous Region.

In addition to the mainland, the Far Eastern economic region includes the islands: Novosibirsk, Wrangel, Sakhalin, Kuril and Commander. The southern mainland adjacent to the Sea of Japan is called Primorye.

In economic terms, the region is less developed than other parts of Russia due to its remoteness from the central and most populated regions, and also because of the severity of natural and climatic conditions.

Long distances complicate the development of economic ties with the Center and increase the cost of products when they are delivered from other economic regions. Transport communication is provided mainly along the Trans-Siberian Railway and the BAM highway (only in the south of the region).

The coastal position of the Far East provides favorable prospects for the development of economic ties with the countries of the Pacific region. Primorsky Krai and the Sakhalin Region have been declared a “free enterprise zone”.

In the territorial division of labor of the Russian Federation, the region is distinguished by non-ferrous metallurgy - mining and processing of non-ferrous and precious metals: copper, nickel, lead, zinc, tin, gold, platinum, silver, as well as diamonds and other precious stones.

In addition to non-ferrous metallurgy, the branches of market specialization for the Far East are the fishing industry, the fur trade, forestry with all its branches, shipbuilding and ship repair, reindeer breeding, and beef cattle breeding.

The role of the Far East region in external economic relations with the countries of the world, especially with the countries of the Pacific region, is great.

Natural conditions and resources

The northern parts of the territory of the vast and largest in the Russian Federation in terms of the area of \u200b\u200bthe Far East region (7.3 million km 2) are located in the Arctic zone, and in the southern coastal part, in Kamchatka and Sakhalin (where the influence of the Pacific Ocean is noticeable) - the climate is moderate, monsoon.

The climate in most of the territory is sharply continental, severe. Windless, clear, frosty weather (Siberian anticyclone) is typical in winter. Summer is hot and dry, but short. In Verkhoyansk and Oymyakon (Yakutia), the lowest air temperature in the northern hemisphere (minus 72 degrees) was observed.

Natural zones change from north to south - the zone of arctic deserts, tundra, forest tundra, taiga. In the mountains, altitudinal zonality is pronounced. Along the middle reaches of the Amur there are forest-steppes with fertile meadow soils.

The central part of Yakutia is occupied by a plain, turning into a vast strip of lowlands along the coast of the seas of the Arctic Ocean. The rest of the territory of the Far East is predominantly mountainous; mountains of medium height predominate (ridges: Stanovoy, Verkhoyansky, etc.).

Together with the basins of the marginal seas, the relief of the eastern part of the region is included in the system of young folded formations. This, the only territory of active volcanism in Russia, is also distinguished by high seismicity. There are more than 20 active volcanoes on the Kamchatka Peninsula and the Kuril Islands. Klyuchevskaya Sopka (4760 m) is the highest point of the Far East and one of the greatest active volcanoes.

The largest rivers of the region are Lena and Amur with tributaries, Kolyma, Indigirka, Yana. Many rivers have rich hydropower resources, but especially the Amur and its tributaries.

There are many forests in the Far East. Most of the forest grows in the mountains, so its harvesting is difficult. There are many fur-bearing animals in the taiga - this is one of the natural resources of the region.

The area is very rich in minerals. Deposits of coal (Lena, South Yakutsk basins), oil (Sakhalin), natural gas (Yakutia), iron ore (Aldan basin), non-ferrous and rare metal ores, gold, diamonds (Yakutia) have been discovered.

The use of the resources of the World Ocean is connected with the coastal position of the region.

Population

Population - 7.3 million people. The population is distributed extremely unevenly. The area was settled slowly, which was explained by its remoteness, lack of roads, and harsh natural conditions. The Far East still lacks workforce. The southern regions of Primorye and the territory along the highways are more densely populated. railways. The northern part of the region is especially sparsely populated. The average population density is 1.3 people per 1 km 2. highest density, more than 13 people, is noted in Primorsky Krai, in the south of Khabarovsk Krai, in Sakhalin and Amur regions, the minimum is in Koryaksky and Chukotsky autonomous region- 0.1-0.2 people per 1 km 2.

The population of the Far East is multinational. Most are Russians. In addition to them, there are about one and a half dozen representatives of the indigenous peoples of the North in the region. They belong to the northern branch of the Mongoloid race. Chukchi, Koryaks, Itelmens, Eskimos, Aleuts are peoples who speak the languages of the Paleo-Asiatic group (Chukotka-Kamchatka language family). In the Amur basin and on Sakhalin Island, peoples speak the languages of the Altai family, its Tungus-Manchurian language group (Nanai, Ulchi, Nivkh, Udege). The indigenous population of Yakutia is the Yakuts (they belong to the peoples of the Altai language family, its Turkic language group). Other peoples live there - Evenks, Evens, Yukaghirs.

All the indigenous peoples who inhabited the Far East, from time immemorial, were mainly engaged in hunting, fishing, and in the north, in the tundra, reindeer herding.

The Far East region is one of the most “urban” in Russia. The share of citizens is 76%. Large cities: Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Khabarovsk, Vladivostok. Rural settlements located in pockets, mostly along river valleys.

economy

The specialization of the economy of the Far East is the production of non-ferrous metals, diamond mining, fishing, timber and pulp and paper industries, fur trade, shipbuilding and ship repair.

The metallurgical complex (non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy) is represented by the mining industry - the extraction of tin, mercury, polymetallic ores, tungsten, gold and their processing. Tin deposits have been developed in Yakutia and in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. A tin combine (Khrustalny, Primorsky Territory) and a mining and processing plant for the extraction of tin in the Khabarovsk Territory are operating, combines are operating near Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Birobidzhan, Dalnegorsk. New deposits of lead-zinc ores are being developed. Mining and processing plants have been built in Yakutia, and in recent years, diamond processing enterprises (Mirny is a city of diamond miners). The oldest branches of the economy include gold mining (in the basins of the Zeya, Bureya, Selemdzhi rivers, in the mountains of the Aldan Highlands, Sikhote-Alin).

In Komsamolsk-on-Amur, there are metallurgical plants (convertible metallurgy) that smelt steel. The creation of the South Yakutsk TPK assumed the development of local iron ore deposits in order to further develop the ferrous metallurgy of the region.

Fuel industry. Of the fuel resources in the Far East, stone and brown coal, as well as Sakhalin oil. Hard coal from the Yuzhno-Yakutskogog deposit (to which the railroad from BAM to Neryungri approached - the so-called Small BAM) is the main export item of Yakutia. Oil and natural gas production is being developed in Sakhalin (used for the needs of the Far East itself). Large reserves of natural gas have been discovered at the mouth of the Vilyui in Yakutia, and they are also still used only for local needs.

Oil is produced in the northeast of Sakhalin and from there it is delivered via two oil pipelines to the Komsamolsk-on-Amur and Khabarovsk refineries. But the size of oil production is small and does not meet the needs of the region. Oil and gas bearing Sakhalin is connected with the mainland and gas pipeline (Okha - Komsomolsk - on -Amur).

The timber industry is concentrated mainly in the southern part of the Far East (valuable broad-leaved tree species are cut down). The main logging bases are concentrated on the territory adjacent to the Lower and Middle Amur and the Ussuri, Zeya, Bureya rivers, and are also located on Sakhalin and in the upper reaches of the Lena basin. Most of it is processed and exported. Sawmilling centers - Blagoveshchensk, Lesozavodsk, Khabarovsk, Komsomolsk - on the Amur, etc.

Wood processing is carried out at a match factory in Blogoveshchensk, plywood production is concentrated in Vladivostok, a pulp and paper mill (cardboard production) operates in Amersk ( Khabarovsk region). The pulp and paper industry is developed in the south of Sakhalin (in terms of paper production, it is the leader in the entire Eastern zone of Russia).

Mechanical engineering of the region previously produced ships, diesel engines, overhead cranes, machine tools, instruments, etc. electrical engineering, production power equipment, machine tool building. Currently, there is a very difficult economic situation in the region, many enterprises do not work. Large industrial centers of the region: Khabarovsk, Vladivostok, Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, Blagoveshchensk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur. agricultural engineering was represented by a plant in Birobidzhan.

One of the most important industries in the region is the fishing industry. In terms of the production of this industry, the district ranks first among the regions of Russia. Only here is the extraction of valuable salmon fish, saury, crabs.

The main centers of the fishing industry are located in Primorye, Sakhalin and Kamchatka. These are: Petropavlovsk - Kamchatsky, Nevelsk, Korsakov, Nakhodka, Okhotsk, etc. Other seafood is mined - seaweed, scallops. On a small scale, fishing for sea animals (fur seals) is carried out.

Agro-industrial complex. Climatic conditions In most of the region, the possibility of agriculture is severely limited due to the lack of summer heat. Agriculture It is developed mainly in the south of the region (monsoon climate), where soybeans, rice, vegetables, and potatoes are grown. Animal husbandry does not meet the needs of the region. In the south of the region a large cattle, and in the north, in the tundra, reindeer breeding is developed. Hunting and animal husbandry are of great importance in the taiga. The Far Eastern seas are the richest base of the fishing industry.

Fuel and energy complex. The main electric power capacities of the Far East are concentrated in the southern part of the region, where they are connected into a single power system. The energy centers of the northern territories operate in isolation, providing for local needs.

State district power plants and thermal power plants predominate. The largest is the Zeya HPP (more than 1 million kW). Of great importance are: Bilibino NPP (in the northeast), hydroelectric power stations on the tributaries of the Amur, in the Vilyui and Kolyma, Neryungrinskaya state district power station (using the coals of Yakutia), thermal stations near Yakutsk (operating on local natural gas). The Pauzhetskaya geothermal power plant operates in Kamchatka (using the internal energy of the Earth).

Transport. All modes of transport are of great importance for the Far East. Rail transport is important for the southern part of the region and on Sakhalin Island (which is also connected to the mainland by sea ferry).

Here, in the Far East, at Komsomolsk-on-Amur, the Baikal-Amur Mainline ends (its eastern section was built earlier: from Komsamolsk-on-Amur to the port of Vanino), which duplicates the Trans-Siberian Railway passing south (to Vladivostok). Even before the completion of the construction of the BAM, a line was put into operation - the so-called Small BAM. They intend to continue it to Yakutsk.

Road transport provides transportation in the northeast between the ports of the Sea of Okhotsk and the Bering Sea and industrial centers in the depths of the mainland (in Yakutia, Magadan region). but there are very few roads, often seasonal roads - winter roads.

River transport is also important, especially in the south of the region (the Amur and its tributaries are navigable). The development of the Far North is connected with the further development of the Northern Sea Route. Ports have been established near the mouths of large northern rivers, serving ships passing through the northern and eastern seas of Russia.

Air transport carries out passenger transportation and delivery of goods, incl. in remote areas and islands.

Foreign economic relations of Russia are carried out through seaports: Vladivostok, Nakhodka, Vanino, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.

Bibliography

1. Rodionova I. A., Bunakova T. M. Economic geography: educational and reference manual. - M .: Moscow Lyceum, 2004

2. Regional economy. Basic course: textbook / ed. V. I. Vidyanina,

3. M. V. Stepanova. - M. : INFRA - M, 2005.

4. Economic geography of Russia: textbook / ed. V. I. Vidyanina,

5. M. V. Stepanova. – M. : INFRA – M; REA, 2006.

6. Economic and social geography of Russia: textbook / ed. A. T. Khrushchev. - M .: Bustard, 2002.

7. Economic geography of Russia: textbook. allowance / ed. T. G. Morozova. - M. : UNITI - DANA, 2001.

1. Non-ferrous metallurgy of Russia…………………………………………………

2. Economic and geographical characteristics of the Far East region ...

Bibliography……………………………………………………………

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Federal Agency for Education

Khabarovsk state academy economics and law

Department: general economic disciplines

Test

By discipline: Economic geography and regional studies

Non-ferrous metallurgy produces structural materials of various physical and chemical properties. This branch of heavy industry includes copper, lead-zinc, nickel-cobalt, aluminum, titanium-magnesium, tungsten-molybdenum, as well as the production of noble and rare metals.

The dynamics of the basic types of non-ferrous metallurgy products is presented in Table 4.2.

According to the stages of the technological process, non-ferrous metallurgy is divided into the extraction and enrichment of raw materials, metallurgical processing and processing of non-ferrous metals. The low metal content in ores of heavy non-ferrous metals requires their obligatory enrichment (usually by flotation). Since non-ferrous metal ores contain many different components, each component is sequentially isolated (this is a multi-stage process). The enriched ore is melted in special furnaces and converted into the so-called crude metal, which is then purified from harmful impurities (refining). The resulting refined metal is used in the form of rolled products of various profiles in various industries.

Non-ferrous metals are divided into heavy (copper, tin, lead, zinc, etc.), light (aluminum, titanium, magnesium); precious (gold, silver, platinum) and rare (tungsten, molybdenum, germanium, etc.).

Scope of non-ferrous metals:

Copper is widely used in mechanical engineering, power engineering and other industries, both in pure form and in alloys with tin (bronze), aluminum (duralumin), zinc (brass), nickel (cupronickel);

Lead goes to the production of batteries, cables, is used in nuclear industry;

Tin is used to make tinplate, bearings, etc.;

Nickel is one of the refractory metals - many valuable alloys are obtained. Its importance is great in the production of alloyed steels, as well as in the application of protective coatings of metal products;

Aluminum is used in various branches of engineering, incl. aircraft construction, electrical engineering, as well as in construction and for the production of consumer goods;

Magnet - in radio engineering, aviation, chemical, printing and other industries;

Titanium - in shipbuilding, as well as in the manufacture of jet engines, nuclear reactors etc.

In terms of gold reserves, Russia ranks third in the world; in terms of production, it has moved from second to sixth place. South Africa produces annually about 583 tons of gold, and Russia a little more than 100 tons. Deposits of this metal are concentrated in Siberia and the Far East. Silver is obtained by refining heavy metals. It is used in the manufacture of jewelry and in industry (in the manufacture of film and photographic films).

The location of enterprises for the smelting of heavy non-ferrous metals is influenced by many natural and economic factors, among which the raw material factor plays a special role.
Hosted on ref.rf
Ores of heavy non-ferrous metals differ from ores of light ones by low content of metals. So, ores containing copper, nickel, lead - about 1%, tin - less than 1% are considered industrial. For the production of 1 ton of copper, 100 tons of ore is required, 1 ton of tin - 300 tons of ore. Another feature of heavy non-ferrous metal ores is their completeness; in this regard, the calibration of enterprises is of particular interest.

Even more complex territorial combinations of different industries arise in the production of light non-ferrous metals. Thus, in the complex processing of nephelines, alumina (and subsequently aluminum), soda, potash and cement are obtained from this type of raw material (ᴛ.ᴇ. combined with enterprises of the chemical industry and the production of building materials).

Most important role in the location of enterprises for the smelting of light non-ferrous metals, it is not the raw material, but the fuel and energy factor that plays.
Hosted on ref.rf
Ores of light metals are much richer in metal content than ores of heavy metals, but their smelting requires a huge amount of electricity.

Τᴀᴋᴎᴍ ᴏϬᴩᴀᴈᴏᴍ, raw materials and energy factors affect the location of enterprises in individual non-ferrous metallurgy industries in different ways. Even in the same industry, their role is different, based on the stage of the technological process.

Table - Territorial and raw material characteristics of enterprises of heavy non-ferrous metals

Industry type	economic region	industrial center	Type of enterprises	Raw material base

Copper	Ural	Revda, Kirovograd, Krasnouralsk, Karabash, Mednogorsk	Black copper production
Copper	Ural	Upper Pyshma, Kyshtym	Copper refining	Copper ores of the Urals (deposits: Revdinskoye, Sibayskoye, Gayskoye, etc.) and concentrates from Kazakhstan
Northern	Monchegorsk		Copper-nickel ores of the Kola Peninsula
East Siberian	Norilsk	Full metallurgical cycle	Local copper-nickel ores (Talnakh deposit)
Lead zinc	North Caucasian	Vladikavkaz	Lead and zinc smelting	Local polymetallic (Sadon) and imported ores
Ural	Chelyabinsk	Zinc smelting	Copper-nickel ores of the Urals and imported concentrates
West Siberian	Belovo	Lead and zinc smelting	Local polymetallic ores (Salair) and ores of East Kazakhstan
	Far Eastern	Far-bitter	Lead smelting	Polymetallic ores of the Far East
Nickel-cobalt	East Siberian	Norilsk	Full metallurgical cycle
	Ural	Orsk, Upper Ufaley	Full metallurgical cycle	Local and imported raw materials (ores of the South Urals and Kazakhstan)
	Northern	dir	Semi-product	Local and imported raw materials (ores of the southern Urals and Kazakhstan)
		Nickel	Semi-product
		Monchegorsk	Full metallurgical cycle	Local ores of the Kola Peninsula and copper-nickel concentrates from Norilsk
Tin	West Siberian	Novosibirsk	Smelting of tin and alloys	Concentrates of the state processing plants (GOK) of Yakutia and the Far East

Table - Territorially raw characteristics of enterprises of light non-ferrous metals

Industry type	economic region	industrial center	Type of enterprises	Raw material base
I
Aluminum	Northwestern	Volkhov	Full cycle (clay-nozemo-aluminum	Tikhvinskoye bauxite deposit, Leningrad region.
Northwestern	Boxito-gorsk	Alumina production	Severonezhsk bauxites of the Arkhangelsk region; nephelines of the Murmansk region.
Pikalevo	Alumina production
Northern	Nadvoitsy	aluminum smelting
Kandalaksha	aluminum smelting
Ural	Kamensk-Uralsk	Full cycle	Local copper-nickel ores (Talnakh deposit)
Krasno-Turinsk	Full cycle	North Ural bauxites (Sverdlovsk region), South Ural bauxites (Chelyabinsk region)
Volga region	Volgograd	aluminum smelting	Imported raw materials
West Siberian	Novokuznetsk	Aluminum smelting	Nephelins, Kemerovo region and Krasnoyarsk Territory
East Siberian	Bratsk, She-lekhov, Saya-nogorsk, Krasnoyarsk	Aluminum smelting	Local nepheline of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

Continuation of table 4.4

Aluminum industry of the Russian Federation uses own and imported raw materials. The raw materials of Russia are represented by bauxites, which are mined in the Urals (near the cities of Severouralsk, Suleya) and in the North-Western economic region (Tikhvinskoye deposit in the Leningrad region), as well as nephelines of the Kola Peninsula (near the city of Kirovsk) and Siberia (Kiya-Shaltyrskoye deposit) . Also, raw materials for the aluminum industry in Russia are imported (both bauxite and alumina).

The geography of the location of aluminum plants is diverse, but almost all of them (with the exception of the Urals) are to some extent removed from raw materials, but are located near sources of cheap electricity - hydroelectric power stations (Volgograd, Volkhov, Kandalaksha, Nadvoitsy, Bratsk, Shel-ekhov, Krasnoyarsk , Soyanogorsk) or large power plants operating on cheap fuel (Novokuznetsk, Achinsk).

Prior to the merger of the Irkutsk and Ural aluminum smelters (in 1996), 11 plants produced primary aluminum in Russia, with a total capacity of more than 3 million tons of metal per year. At present, more than 75% of the industry's output is accounted for by four large aluminum smelters: Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk, Sayan and Novokuznetsk. Moreover, the Bratsk and Krasnoyarsk aluminum smelters are among the largest in the world in terms of production volume.

Compared to other branches of non-ferrous metallurgy, the aluminum industry experienced the smallest drop in production. During the period of the 1990s, the volume of output of primary aluminum decreased slightly.

Our country is still in the group of world leaders both in the production of primary aluminum (second place after the USA) and in the smelting of aluminum from secondary raw materials (along with the USA, Japan, Germany, Italy, France and Great Britain) and is among the top six primary aluminum exporting countries in the world.

copper industry. The main deposits of copper ores in Russia (copper pyrites) are located in the Urals: Krasnouralskoye, Revdinskoye, Sibayskoye, as well as the Gayskoye deposit, the best in the country, whose ores contain an average of 4% copper. In the future, it is planned to develop the unique Udokan copper ore deposit in Siberia.

Refining, as the final stage of copper production, has little to do with raw material bases. Enterprises specializing in this stage of production are located either where there is a metallurgical redistribution (factories of the Ural economic region), or in areas of mass consumption of finished products (Moscow, St. Petersburg).

Lead-zinc industry is characterized by a more complex location of production, but in general is confined to areas of distribution and extraction of polymetallic ores. This North Caucasus(Sadonskoye deposit) Western Siberia - Kuzbass (Salairskoye deposit), Transbaikalia (Nerchinsk deposits of the Chita region) and the Far East - Primorsky Territory (Dalnegorsk, Khrustalny). Ore enrichment and the metallurgical limit are often separated from each other, since lead-zinc concentrates contain many useful components and are quite transportable.

For the production of lead-zinc concentrates without metallurgical processing, Transbaikalia stands out; for the production of metallic lead and zinc concentrates - Kuzbass (Belovo); for the smelting of lead and zinc - the North Caucasus (Sa-don); for the production of metallic zinc from imported concentrates - Ural (Chelyabinsk).

Nickel industry has been developed: in the Northern Economic Region (Monchegorsk) on the basis of explored nickel deposits of the Kola Peninsula and copper-nickel concentrates from Norilsk; in the Urals (Upper Ufaley, Orsk, Rezh) - on local and imported raw materials; in Eastern Siberia (Norilsk) - on copper-nickel ores of the Talnakh deposit in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Taimyr Autonomous District).

In the 1990s, the production of basic types of non-ferrous metallurgy products, with the exception of lead smelting, declined sharply: in lead smelting, compared to With 1990 ᴦ. more than 50%, tin, zinc, nickel - 35-40%, etc.

Non-ferrous metallurgy - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Non-ferrous metallurgy" 2017, 2018.

The main tasks of non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises are the extraction and enrichment of metals, as well as their processing, the production of rolled products and alloys. In the Russian economy, this industry plays a very prominent role. In terms of the number of deposits of non-ferrous metals, our country occupies one of the first places in the world.

Main sub-sectors

Arkhangelsk region;
Irkutsk region;
Krasnoyarsk region.

Potentially diamond-bearing are the Leningrad region and Karelia.

The most productive are the Russian non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises of this group, which develop diamonds in primary deposits. Alluvial mining is carried out mainly by small enterprises.

Silver mining industry

The geography of the non-ferrous metallurgy of this sub-sector is very, very wide. Silver deposits are being developed in our country in more than 20 regions. Our country ranks first in the world in the extraction of this noble metal. The leading one is the Dukat deposit in the Magadan Region.

Platinum mining

Most of this metal in Russia is mined in the Urals. There is also a lot of platinum in the Baikal region, on Taimyr and the Kola Peninsula. Karelia and the Voronezh region are promising in this respect.

Despite the rather heavy economic conditions, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy in Russia is a developing and promising industry. In any case, the majority of enterprises in this group remain profitable. A lot of attention metallurgical companies given by the state.

Non-ferrous metallurgy in Russia is characterized by the complexity of the production structure (produces about 70 different metals), high availability of its own resources. The export orientation of the industry is also characteristic. The share of Russia in the world production and export of aluminium, nickel, copper, titanium, tin, gold and diamonds is especially large. The level of territorial concentration of production is high.

Most of the industry's output comes from

Ural region(copper, nickel, aluminum, zinc, etc.),

East Siberian region(aluminum, copper, nickel, etc.),

Far East region(gold, tin, diamonds, etc.)

northern region(copper, nickel, etc.).

In the placement of non-ferrous metallurgy, a special role belongs to raw materials and fuel and energy factors. The influence of these factors affects the location of different branches of non-ferrous metallurgy in different ways.

copper industry mainly developed in areas with large reserves copper ores in the Ural, East Siberian and Northern. The exception is copper refining, which has little to do with the sources of raw materials.

Copper industry of the Urals presented ore mining at the Gaisky and Blyavinsky (Orenburg region), Krasnouralsky and Revdinsky (Sverdlovsk region), Sibaysky, Podolsky and Yubileyny (Republic of Bashkortostan) fields; blister copper smelting on Krasnouralsky, Kirovogradsky, Revdinsky (all in Sverdlovsk region), Mednogorsk (Orenburg region) and Karabash (Chelyabinsk region) plants; copper refining at Verkhnepyshminsky (Sverdlovsk region) and Kyshtymsky (Chelyabinsk region) plants. Metallurgical redistribution in the Urals significantly exceeds the extraction and enrichment of copper ores. Therefore, not only local, but also imported concentrates are used (from the Kola Peninsula, from Kazakhstan). Local copper-nickel and polymetallic ores can also serve as raw materials for the copper industry.

In Eastern Siberia in the north of the Chita region near the station. Chara is developing unique in terms of reserves (more than 1.2 billion tons of ore) and quality (up to 17% of copper in ore) Udokan copper ore deposit. The Norilsk Mining and Metallurgical Combine, located in the north of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, uses copper-nickel ores from local deposits (Norilsk, Talnakh and Oktyabrsky) and, along with copper smelting, produces nickel, cobalt, platinum and other metals.

In the northern region on the Kola Peninsula, copper-nickel ores are mined and enriched. Their metallurgical redistribution is completed by plants in Monchegorsk and Nikel (Murmansk region).

Outside the areas of obtaining blister copper, focusing on the consumer, copper refining enterprises are located in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kolchugino (Vladimir region) and other cities.

In addition to Russia, in the CIS, Kazakhstan (Balkhash, Dzhezkazgan and Irtysh copper smelters), Uzbekistan (Almalyk combine), Armenia (Alaverdi combine) stand out for the production of copper.

Nickel-cobalt industry due to the low metal content in the ore (0.3% nickel and 0.2% cobalt), it is also closely associated with the areas of raw material extraction. In addition to the above mining sites and centers for processing copper-nickel raw materials in the Northern region and in Eastern Siberia, nickel ores are mined and processed in the Urals (Upper Ufaley, Orsk, Rezh).

Lead-zinc industry developed mainly near the places of occurrence and extraction of raw materials (polymetallic ores)

in Vladikavkaz (Sadonskaya group of deposits of polymetallic ores in North Ossetia in the North Caucasus),

in Belovo (Salairskoye field in the Kemerovo region in Western Siberia),

in Nerchinsk (Nerchinsk deposits in the Chita region in Eastern Siberia),

in Dalnegorsk (Dalnegorsk field in Primorsky Krai in the Far East).

In the Urals, in Chelyabinsk, zinc smelting is based on the use of not only local zinc concentrates (produced in Sredneuralsk, Sverdlovsk region as a result of complex processing of local copper ores), but also imported ones.

aluminum industry It is represented in Russia by all stages of production: the extraction and enrichment of raw materials, the production of alumina, and the smelting (from alumina) of metallic aluminum.

The raw material base of the industry form bauxites and nephelines. Bauxites are mined in the North-Western (Boksitogorsk), Northern (North Onega deposit in the Arkhangelsk region, Timanskoye in the Komi Republic) and Ural (North-Uralskoye deposit) regions. Nephelines are mined in the Northern region on the Kola Peninsula (Khibiny deposit), in Western Siberia (Kiya-Shaltyrskoye deposit) and Eastern Siberia (Goryachegorsk).

Alumina production located in the Urals (Krasnoturinsk and Kamensk-Uralsky), the North-West (Boksitogorsk, Volkhov and Pikalevo), in Eastern Siberia (Achinsk), in the Northern Region (Plesetsk). Domestic production provides only about half of the existing needs for alumina, the rest of the alumina is exported from the countries of the near (Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan) and far abroad (Yugoslavia, Hungary, Greece, Venezuela, etc.).

Metal aluminum production located

near energy sources: hydroelectric power plants (Volkhov, Volgograd, Bratsk, Shelekhov, Krasnoyarsk, Sayanogorsk), large thermal power plants (Novokuznetsk in Western Siberia),

in places of extraction and processing of raw materials(Krasnoturinsk and Kamensk-Uralsky, Kandalaksha, Nadvoitsy).

Of the total aluminum production in Russia, almost 80% falls on the East Siberian region alone. In the CIS countries, the production of metallic aluminum is in Azerbaijan (Sumgayit), Kazakhstan (Pavlodar), Ukraine (Zaporozhye).

Titanium and magnesium production carried out at sources of raw materials in the Urals (Bereznikovsky and Solikamsk titanium-magnesium plants in the Perm region).

Tin industry. Tin is mined and enriched in Eastern Siberia (Sherlovaya Gora in the Chita region) and in the Far East (Deputatskoye, Odinokoye, and others in Yakutia; Pravourminskoye, Sobolinoye, and others in the Khabarovsk Territory, and other deposits).

Metallurgical redistribution in the tin industry, due to the high transportability of enriched ore (the concentrate contains up to 70% tin), it is not associated with ore deposits, but is focused on consumption areas (for example, Podolsk, St. Petersburg) or is located on the route of concentrates (for example, Novosibirsk) .

gold mining industry provides more than 100 tons of gold per year, which is 7-8% of world production. Only South Africa, the USA, Canada and Australia have a larger production volume. The vast majority (more than 85%) of Russian gold production comes from Far East (Republic of Sakha and Magadan region) and Eastern Siberia (Krasnoyarsk Territory, Irkutsk and Chita Regions). A small amount of gold is given by the Ural, West Siberian and Northern regions.

Diamond mining industry. The share of Russia in the world production of gem-quality diamonds is approximately 25%. Their production is almost entirely concentrated in Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), where in the basin of the river. Vilyuy operates several large mines (Yubileiny, Udachny, etc.). Very promising northern region (the largest in Europe diamond deposit named after Lomonosov in the Arkhangelsk region is being developed) and Eastern Siberia (Krasnoyarsk Territory, Irkutsk Region).

The main directions of transportation of ferrous and non-ferrous metal ores

Ferrous and non-ferrous metals are the material basis of mechanical engineering, construction, transport, other sectors of the economy and the defense industry of the country. For the production of 1 ton of metal, it is necessary to transport up to 6 tons of ore, fluxes, refractories and other materials.

In general, transportation to ensure the operation of ferrous metallurgy enterprises and the delivery of its products to consumers account for at least 20% of the total freight turnover of railways.

Iron ore represented on the territory of Russia is represented by the Kursk magnetic anomaly, deposits of the Urals, South Yakutia, etc.

Iron ore is usually transported within the major economic regions in which it is mined:

Kursk ores to the South Urals,

East Siberian ores to Western Siberia, etc.

The flow of iron ore to the south is increasing (associated with the transportation of Kursk ores to the Tula and Lipetsk plants).

Mass transportation of Kola ore is carried out over considerable distances (for example, to the Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant).

A significant flow of Ural ore is sent from the Baikal station to Chelyabinsk. Kursk ore is also sent to the metallurgical plants of the Urals.

Metallurgical plants of Kuzbass receive iron ore from Novokuznetsk.

The transport flows of iron ore are associated with the nature of the location of ore bases and metallurgical plants, the quality of ore, and the peculiarities of the technology of metallurgical production.

Are increasing river transport iron ore through the Volga-Baltic Canal and shipping iron ore in the Black and Azov seas.

Of all types of products of the metallurgical industry, the largest share in transportation is rolled metal.

Black metals transported almost completely by rail. The share of river and sea transport in the transportation of ferrous metals is 3% of the total shipment volume.

In terms of flow power, ferrous metals are inferior to coal, oil, timber and some other bulk cargoes. Only in the areas of metallurgical bases does rail transportation of ferrous metals reach significant proportions.

A large amount of ferrous metals is sent to St. Petersburg from the Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant and enterprises of the Urals.

In Perm, the Ural metal is transshipped to the Kama with further transportation to the Volga.

Ore deposits non-ferrous metals located in the Far East, in Northern Siberia, in the Urals, in Transbaikalia, on the Kola Peninsula, etc.

For the location of non-ferrous metallurgy, the proximity of sources of ore raw materials and cheap electrical energy (Ural aluminum, copper smelters, zinc plants in Chelyabinsk, nickel enterprises in Orsk, Norilsk, etc.) is of great importance. Therefore, the cargo flows of non-ferrous metals and ore raw materials for numerous non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises are of noticeable size on many railways (West Siberian, East Siberian, Oktyabrskaya, South Ural, Krasnoyarsk).

Within the coal and metallurgical bases on many sections of the railways, large volumes are also transported fluxes, refractories, molding sands over relatively short distances.

mechanical engineering one of the main branches of world industry, it accounts for about 35% of the value of world industrial output. Among industries, mechanical engineering is the most labor-intensive production. Instrument-making, electrical engineering and aerospace industry, nuclear engineering and other industries that produce sophisticated equipment. For this reason, one of the main conditions accommodation mechanical engineering is to provide it with a skilled workforce, the presence of a certain level of production culture, centers scientific research and developments. Proximity to the raw material base is important only for some branches of heavy engineering (production of metallurgical, mining equipment, boiler building, etc.). Location of engineering enterprises is directly dependent on the nature of the products. Mechanical engineering is one of the most widespread territorial branches. But in some areas it has a priority, while in others it only complements the industrial complex.

Factors affecting placement efficiency engineering enterprises:

specialization;

the availability of qualified personnel,

proximity to sources of raw materials and consumers;

volume of transport work and transportation costs

Priority areas of development mechanical engineering:

1) production of machinery and equipment for the agro-industrial complex (light industry, medical equipment, consumer goods):

2) development of the electric power and electrical industry, production computer science, instrument making and machine tool building

Mechanical engineering of the world

In the mechanical engineering of the world, a small group of countries dominates: the USA (30% of the cost of engineering products), Japan 15%, Germany about 10%, France, Great Britain, Italy, Canada. Practically all types of modern mechanical engineering are developed in these countries, and their share in the world export of machinery is high (in general, over 80% of the world export of machinery and equipment). With an almost complete range of engineering products, the key role in the development of engineering in this group of countries belongs to

aerospace industry,

microelectronics,

robotics,

nuclear power engineering,

machine tool industry,

heavy engineering,

automotive industry.

The group of world mechanical engineering leaders also includes Russia (6% of the value of engineering products), China (3%), as well as Switzerland, Sweden, Spain, the Netherlands, etc.

Mechanical engineering in South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, India, Turkey, Brazil, Argentina, Mexico is based on the cheapness of local work force, and specializes, as a rule, in the production of mass, labor-intensive, technically simple, low-quality types of products. Among the enterprises there are many purely assembly plants that receive sets of machines in disassembled form and carry out assembly. The main directions of development of mechanical engineering in these countries are the production of household electrical equipment, the automotive industry, and shipbuilding.

Mechanical engineering is divided into: general, including machine tool building, heavy engineering, agricultural engineering and other industries, transport engineering and electrical engineering, including electronics.

The largest manufacturers and exporters of products general engineering : Germany, USA and Japan. The main manufacturers and suppliers to the world market of machine tools are Japan, Germany, USA, Italy and Switzerland.

World leaders in the field electrical and electronics : USA, Japan, Russia, Great Britain, Germany, Switzerland, Netherlands. Manufacture of household electrical appliances and products consumer electronics developed in East and Southeast Asia.

Among industries transport engineering the fastest growing automotive industry . The area of its spatial distribution is constantly growing and currently includes, along with the traditional, main car manufacturers (Japan, USA, Canada, Germany, France, Italy, Great Britain, Sweden, Spain, Russia, etc.), relatively new countries for the industry. Korea, Brazil, Argentina, China, Turkey, India, Malaysia, Poland.

Unlike the automotive industry, the aircraft industry, shipbuilding, and the production of railway rolling stock are experiencing stagnation. The main reason for this is the lack of demand for their products.

Shipbuilding. The largest ship manufacturers were South Korea (outstripped Japan and took first place in the world), Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, China, and Taiwan. At the same time, the United States, the countries of Western Europe (Great Britain, Germany, etc.), as a result of the reduction in the production of ships, ceased to play a significant role in world shipbuilding.

Aviation industry concentrated in countries with a high level of science and skills of the workforce (USA, Russia, France, Great Britain, Germany, the Netherlands).

V territorial structure of the world engineering industry, there are four main regions North America, overseas Europe, East and Southeast Asia and the CIS.

On the North America (USA, Canada, Mexico, Puerto Rico) accounts for approximately 1/3 of the value of engineering products. In the international division of labor, the region acts as the largest manufacturer and exporter of highly sophisticated machines, heavy engineering products and science-intensive industries. Thus, in the United States (which occupies a leading position in the world in terms of the total value of engineering products), a large role belongs to aerospace engineering, military-industrial electronics, computer production, nuclear power engineering, military shipbuilding, etc.

On the countries of Europe (without the CIS) also accounts for about 1/3 of the world's engineering products. The region is represented by mechanical engineering of all kinds, but is especially distinguished by general mechanical engineering (machine tool building, production of equipment for metallurgy, textile, paper, watch and other industries), electrical engineering and electronics, transport engineering (automotive industry, aircraft building, shipbuilding). Leader of European mechanical engineering Germany largest exporter in the region and the world of general engineering products.

Region including countries East and Southeast Asia , provides about a quarter of the world's engineering products. The main stimulating factor in the development of mechanical engineering in the countries of the region is the relative cheapness of labor. The leader of the region Japan is the second machine-building power in the world, the largest exporter of products of the most qualified industries (microelectronics, electrical engineering, aircraft engineering, robotics, etc.). Other countries (China, Republic of Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, etc.) produce labor-intensive but less complex products (household appliances, cars, sea vessels etc.) and are also very actively involved in work on the foreign market.

A special region of world engineering is formed by CIS countries . They have a complete range engineering production. The branches of the military-industrial complex, the aviation and space-rocket industries, consumer electronics, and individual simple branches of general engineering (production of agricultural machinery, metal-intensive machine tools, power equipment, etc.) have received especially great development here. At the same time, a number of industries, especially science-intensive ones, are seriously lagging behind. The leader of the CIS, Russia, despite the huge opportunities for the development of mechanical engineering (significant production, scientific and technical, intellectual and resource potential, a capacious domestic market presenting high demand to various engineering products etc.), in the international division of labor stands out only in the production of weapons and the latest space technology and is even forced to import many types of machines.

Among the CIS countries in the field of mechanical engineering, there are also:

Ukraine(production of heavy machine tools, metallurgical and mining equipment Kramatorsk, Dnepropetrovsk, Donetsk, Mariupol; shipbuilding Nikolaev, Kherson; automotive industry Zaporozhye, Kremenchug, Lviv; diesel locomotive building and car building Lugansk, Dneprodzerzhinsk; tractor building Kharkov; combine harvester building Kherson; precision engineering Kiev, Kharkov, Lvov).

Belarus(precision engineering, automotive, tractor Minsk; agricultural engineering Gomel).

Uzbekistan(production of cotton harvesters Tashkent),

Azerbaijan(equipment for oil and gas industry Baku, Kirovabad).

Outside the main machine-building regions, there are machine-building centers of India, Brazil, and Argentina, which are quite large in terms of scale and complexity of the structure of production. Their mechanical engineering mainly works for the domestic market. These countries export cars, ships, bicycles, simple types of household appliances(refrigerators, washing machines, air conditioners, vacuum cleaners, calculators, watches, etc.).

The power and prosperity of the state depends on the efficiency of the economy and military potential. The development of the latter is impossible without the development of metallurgy, which in turn is the basis of mechanical engineering. Today, the focus is on the metallurgical complex of Russia and its importance for the industrial and economic sphere of the country.

General characteristics of the metallurgical complex

What are mining and metallurgical complexes? This is a set of enterprises that are engaged in mining, enrichment, metal smelting, production of rolled products and processing of secondary raw materials. The following industries are part of the metallurgical complex:

Ferrous metallurgy , which is engaged in the smelting of steel, iron and ferroalloys;
Non-ferrous metallurgy , which is engaged in the production of light (titanium, magnesium, aluminum) and heavy metals (lead, copper, tin, nickel).

Rice. 1 Metallurgical plant

Principles of location of enterprises

Enterprises of the mining and metallurgical complex are not placed randomly. They depend on the following factors for the placement of metallurgy:

Raw material (physical and chemical features of ores);
fuel (what type of energy must be used to obtain the metal);
Consumer (geography of distribution of raw materials, main sources of energy and availability of transport routes).

Rice. 2 Fuel factor of metallurgy placement

Main metallurgical bases

All of the above factors have led to an uneven distribution of metallurgical enterprises. Entire metallurgical bases were formed in some territories. In Russia, there are three:

central base - this is a fairly young center, the foundation of which is the iron ores of the area of the Kursk magnetic anomaly, the Kola Peninsula and Karelia. The main production centers are the cities of Lipetsk, Stary Oskol and Cherepovets;
Ural base - is one of the most major centers metallurgy in Russia, the main centers of which are Magnitogorsk, Novotroitsk, Chelyabinsk, Nizhny Tagil and Krasnouralsk;
Siberian base - This is a center that is still in the development stage. The main source is Kuznetsk coal and iron ore from the Angara region and Mountain Shoria. The main center is the city of Novokuznetsk.

Comparative characteristics and scheme of work of the metallurgical bases of Russia can be presented in the following table:

Non-ferrous metallurgy

Based on the purpose and chemical and physical characteristics and properties, non-ferrous metals are divided into:

Heavy (copper, lead, tin, zinc, nickel);
Light (aluminum, titanium, magnesium);
Precious (gold, silver, platinum);
Rare (zirconium, indium, tungsten, molybdenum, etc.)

Non-ferrous metallurgy is a complex of enterprises that is engaged in the extraction, enrichment and metallurgical processing of ores of non-ferrous, noble and rare metals.

In this chain, aluminum, copper, lead-zinc, tungsten-molybdenum and titanium-magnesium industries are distinguished. In addition, this also includes enterprises for the production of precious and rare metals.

Non-ferrous metallurgy centers in Russia

The centers of the aluminum industry are Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk, Sayansk and Novokuznetsk. Large aluminum plants located in these cities are developing on the basis of their own raw materials from the Urals, the North-West region and Siberia, as well as imported ones. This production is quite energy-intensive, so the enterprises are located near hydroelectric power plants and thermal power plants.

The main center of the copper industry of our country is the Urals. Enterprises use local raw materials from the Gaisky, Krasnouralsky, Revdinsky and Sibaysky deposits.

The lead-zinc industry of the mill depends on the extraction of polymetallic ores, and therefore is located near the places of their extraction - Primorye, the North Caucasus, Kuzbass and Transbaikalia.

Rice. 3 Gold mining in Chukotka

Problems and prospects

There are problems in every industry. The metallurgical complex is no exception. Among the main problems of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy are the following:

high energy consumption;
low capacity of the domestic market;
high level of depreciation of fixed production assets;
lack of certain types of raw materials;
destruction of the process of reproduction of stocks of raw materials and ore;
technological backwardness and insufficient introduction of new technologies;
shortage of professional staff.

But all these issues can be resolved. Russia continues to be a major player in the global market for metallurgical products. The share of Russian metallurgy in world production accounts for more than 5% of steel, 11% of aluminum, 21% of nickel, and more than 27% of titanium. The main indicator of the competitiveness of Russian metallurgy in the foreign market is that the country maintains and even expands its export opportunities.

What have we learned?

Today we learned what is meant by the term "metallurgical complex". This industry is divided into ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. The location of enterprises for mining, ore dressing, metal smelting and rolling production has its own characteristics and depends on three factors: raw, fuel and consumer. There are three metallurgical bases operating and developing in the Russian Federation: Central, Ural and Siberian.

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	Central	Siberian	Ural
Iron ores	Kursk magnetic anomaly, Kola Peninsula,	Angara, Mountain Shoria	Ural mountains
Coking coal	Privoznoy (Donetsk and Kuznetsk coal basin)	Local (Kuznetsk coal basin)	Imported (Kazakhstan)
Enterprises		Enterprises of a full cycle and marginal metallurgy (produce only steel and rolled products)	Full cycle enterprises (produce pig iron, steel, rolled products)