Modern ideas about the origin of life on earth presentation. Methodical development of the lesson "the emergence of life on earth". Origin of life on earth
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The presentation on the topic "Hypotheses about the origin of the earth" (Grade 8) can be downloaded absolutely free of charge on our website. Project subject: Astronomy. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you keep your classmates or audience interested. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report, click on the appropriate text under the player. The presentation contains 30 slide(s).
Presentation slides
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In one galaxy, there are about 100 billion stars, and in total, scientists suggest that there are 100 billion galaxies in our Universe. If we were to embark on a journey from Earth to the very edge of the universe, it would take you more than 15 billion years, provided that we move at the speed of light - 300,000 km per second.
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During this time, many millions of species of plants and animals arose and died out on it; the highest mountain ranges grew and turned to dust; huge continents either split into pieces and scattered in different directions, then collided with each other, forming new giant land masses. How do we know all this?
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The fact is that, despite all the catastrophes and cataclysms with which the history of our planet is so rich, surprisingly much of its turbulent past is imprinted in rocks ah, existing to this day, in the fossils that are found in them, as well as in the organisms of living beings that live on Earth today. Of course, this chronicle is incomplete. We come across only fragments of it. And yet, even in such a truncated form, the history of our Earth will not yield in fascination to any detective novel.
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In ancient times - several millennia ago - the Earth seemed huge to man, larger than the Sun and other stars. People already had some experience in the construction of buildings, temples, pyramids. It was this experience that the first wise men transferred to their reflections on the Earth. The earth was also represented as a huge building. And the builders? ... Difficulties immediately arose here. After all Pyramids of Egypt raised thousands of slaves. But the Earth is larger than all the pyramids... And then fairy-tale creatures appeared in the imagination of people, strong as thousands of elephants, and wise as thousands of people. These beings are called gods.
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Judging by the data of archeology, in the most ancient period of Egyptian history there were no cosmic gods to whom the creation of the world was attributed. According to this version, the sun was born from the union of earth and sky. This personification is undoubtedly older than the cosmogonic ideas of priests from large religious centers. As usual, the already existing myth was not abandoned, and the images of Geb (the earth god) and Nut (the sky goddess) as the parents of the sun god Ra have been preserved in religion throughout ancient history. Nut brings forth the sun every morning and hides it every night in her womb. Theological systems that offered a different version of the creation of the world probably arose at the same time in several of the largest cult centers: Heliopolis, Hermopolis and Memphis. Each of these centers declared the creator of the world to be its main god, who, in turn, was the father of other gods who united around him.
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Common to all cosmogonic concepts was the idea that the creation of the world was preceded by the chaos of water, immersed in eternal darkness. The beginning of the exit from chaos was associated with the emergence of light, the embodiment of which was the sun. The notion of an expanse of water from which a small hill initially appears is closely related to Egyptian realities: it almost exactly corresponds to the annual flood of the Nile.
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Divine Origin of the Earth
Belief in a single God, creator of heaven and earth, has been known to the ancestors of the Israelites for thousands of years. This means that there was a people who did not adopt the cult of worship of heavenly bodies - this is the Israeli people, the Jews. How obvious it was to Israel that the creator of all things was God, and not the gods of the sun or moon, can be seen from the first chapter of Genesis: light was created on the first day of God's creation week. It was not until the fourth day that God created the sun, moon, and stars, and therefore it was quite obvious to the Israelites that the heavenly bodies were not gods and that God himself was the source of light and life. Even the names "sun" and "moon" are not used in the description of creation: we are told only about the "small light" and "big light".
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Therefore, the Bible forbids the practice of astrology. There is only One who holds the future in His hands, only in Him can people hope: this is Yahweh, the Lord. The reader of the Bible will also find mention of the Word of God, which created the world and sustains it: "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. It was in the beginning with God. Everything came into being through Him, and without Him nothing is began to be, that began to be. In him was life, and life was the light of men."
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"In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth" . This contradicts numerous opinions according to which space and matter exist forever. Ancient Greek philosophers could not imagine the beginning of this world or its creation out of nothing. The words of the Bible are also strikingly different from the legends of the ancient Egyptians. The Egyptians had four different legends about the origin of the world, such as through the god Ta-Tsien and the primeval mountain near Memphis. The second is about Atum, the creator, the first of the gods, whose birthplace is the city of Iliopolis. The thought of a giant egg that once hovered in empty space, from which the world later hatched, is also connected with it. This egg must have been laid by a large goose, the so-called "great crowinger". Further, in the ancient Egyptian legends there is also Neferta, the goddess of the lotus, and Ptah, who creates the world with thought and word. Both of these last performances are again from Memphis.
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What is a hypothesis?
A hypothesis is a scientific assumption or conjecture put forward to explain some phenomena. As a rule, a hypothesis is expressed on the basis of a number of observations confirming it, and therefore looks plausible. The hypothesis is subsequently either proved, turning it into an established fact, or refuted, turning it into the category of false statements.
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Georges Buffon's theory
In the middle of the XVIII century. French naturalist Georges Buffon suggested that the birth of the planets was preceded by a gigantic cosmic catastrophe: in his opinion, a comet crashed into the liquid Sun like a cannonball. The solar substance "splashed" to the sides, and its fiery-liquid drops, cooling down, turned into planets. At the level of modern knowledge, the Buffon hypothesis is simply a delusion and does not stand up to scrutiny. The sun is not liquid at all, and comets have nothing to do with cannonballs. An impact cannot occur when a comet approaches the Sun.
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Now, on the basis of the physical properties of matter, it is mathematically proven that planets could have arisen only with prolonged agglutination of cold solid particles. But at one time Buffon's hypothesis was progressive, since it explained the origin of the planets not as a result of divine creation, but as a result of the action of the forces of nature.
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Theory of Immanuel Kant
The famous theory formulated in 1755 by the German philosopher Immanuel Kant. Kant believed that the solar system arose from a cold dust cloud, some kind of primary matter, previously freely dispersed in space. Particles of this matter moved into various directions and, colliding with each other, lost speed. The heaviest and densest of them, under the influence of gravity, connected with each other, forming a central bunch - the Sun, which, in turn, attracted more distant, smaller and lighter particles.
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Theory of Pierre Laplace
Half a century later, already during the years of the Great Revolution, another French scientist - astronomer, physicist and mathematician Pierre Simon Laplace put forward a hypothesis about the joint emergence of the planets and the Sun from a slowly rotating nebula, consisting of hot vapors and gases. The nebula gradually cooled, condensed and contracted. As the rotation speed increases, the nebula flattens at the poles, taking the shape of a disk. In the end, the ever-increasing speed of rotation leads to instability of the disk. At a tremendous speed in the distant equatorial belt, a "hoop" peels off from a rotating nebula. The substance of the “hoop” is cooling much faster than the entire mass of the nebula, and it will have to condense into a planet.
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The nebula continues to cool, decreases in size, unwinds, flattens, and the second ring, the second "hoop", peels off from it. So the nebula is stratified into several rings, and a hot star remains in its center. In his hypothesis, Laplace repeated and developed some of the ideas of the famous German philosopher Immanuel Kant. Laplace gave Kant's ideas a harmonious, finished form. He reinforced Kant's general philosophical propositions with mathematical calculations.
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James Jeans theory
At the beginning of the XX century. Englishman James Jeans developed in detail the ideas expressed earlier by other scientists about the emergence of planets as a result of the "meeting of two suns", that is, as a result of the passage of another star near the Sun. This was a new "catastrophic" hypothesis in the spirit of the Buffon hypothesis. A passing star, according to Jeans, pulled out a jet of matter from the bowels of the Sun, which then disintegrated into clots that gave rise to planets.
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Comparative sizes of planets depending on their location in the protoplanetary cloud
The erupted jet was supposed to be shaped like a cigar, and Jeans saw important evidence for his hypothesis that the planets closest to and farthest from the Sun were indeed small in size, and giant planets were indeed located in the thick part of the "cigar".
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Subsequent calculations showed the complete failure of such a hypothesis. Even in the ideal case, if a massive star were to pass arbitrarily close to the Sun, the jet of matter torn out would by no means be enough to form planets. It would not be a powerful jet of gas 6 billion km, which Jeans needed, but a tiny ejection - a "pig's tail", as one of the critics caustically dubbed it.
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Theory of Otto Yulievich Schmidt
The Soviet geophysicist O.Yu. Schmidt had a slightly different idea of the development of the solar system, working in the first half of the 20th century. According to his hypothesis, the Sun, traveling through the Galaxy, passed through a gas and dust cloud and dragged part of it along with it. Subsequently, the solid particles of the cloud were subjected to sticking together and turned into planets, initially cold. The heating of these planets occurred later as a result of compression, as well as the influx of solar energy. The heating of the Earth was accompanied by massive eruptions of lavas to the surface as a result of volcanic activity. Thanks to this outpouring, the first covers of the Earth were formed.
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Fred Hoyle's hypothesis
The English astrophysicist Fred Hoyle proposed his own hypothesis. According to her, the Sun had a twin star that exploded. Most of the fragments were carried away into outer space, the smaller part remained in the orbit of the Sun and formed planets.
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Modern views
The theory, which is followed by most modern scientists, states that the Universe was formed as a result of the so-called Big Bang. An incredibly hot fireball, the temperature of which reached billions of degrees, at some point exploded and scattered streams of energy and matter particles in all directions, giving them a huge acceleration.
Therefore, in the course of chemical reactions, each chemical element behaves only in its own way. Everything in the universe, from the largest galaxies to the smallest living organisms, is made up of chemical elements.
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Since the fireball shattered into pieces as a result of the Big Bang had a very high temperature, the tiny particles of matter had too much energy at first and could not connect with each other. However, after about a million years, the temperature of the Universe dropped to 4000 ° C, and various atoms began to form from elementary particles. First came the lightest chemical elements - helium and hydrogen.
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Gradually, the Universe cooled more and more and heavier elements were formed. The process of formation of new atoms and elements continues to this day in the depths of stars such as, for example, our Sun. Their temperature is unusually high. The universe was cooling down. The newly formed atoms gathered into gigantic clouds of dust and gas.
Dust particles collided with each other, merged into a single whole. Gravitational forces pulled small objects towards larger ones. As a result, galaxies, stars, and planets formed over time in the Universe.
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Did the earth come into being in an instant?
New geological evidence suggests that the Earth as we know it now, with continents and oceans washing them, almost instantly arose almost instantly. By conducting radiometric dating of the Jack Hills rocks, the researchers found that the continents were finally formed on Earth already in the first 500 million years of its existence. “Everything indicates that in the first 100 million years after the birth of the planet, continents already existed on it, as if the Earth was created in an instant.” In 2001 prof. Mozhis, along with colleagues from the University of Colorado, published the results of another study, the results of which suggest the presence of water bodies on the Earth's surface about 4.3 billion years ago. His results lead to a discouraging result - life on Earth could have arisen much earlier than previously thought.
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All hypotheses explain the origin of the solar system and the family ties between the Earth and the Sun in different ways, but they are unanimous in that all the planets originated from a single clot of matter, and then the fate of each of them was decided in its own way. The Earth had to go through a journey of 5 billion years, to experience a number of fantastic transformations, before we saw it in its modern form. However, it should be noted that there is still no hypothesis that does not have serious flaws and answers all questions about the origin of the Earth and other planets of the solar system. But it can be considered established that the Sun and the planets were formed simultaneously (or almost simultaneously) from a single material environment, from a single gas-dust cloud.
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The more knowledge we acquire, the more insistently the question arises: how did all this appear? Is there an infinite creative Mind beyond our consciousness, which we call God? If so, did this God really do everything as described in the Bible, or is there a better explanation? The science of the last century has indeed led to the emergence of two polar points of view: creational (creation) and evolutionary (development) models of the world. In the first case, we proceed from the existence of God the creator, not so long ago and short term who created the universe, earth and life. At that time, our earth had a relatively short history and experienced a number of gigantic catastrophes. The evolutionary model, by contrast, assumes that the universe is billions of years old, that the earth's crust formed gradually, and that life on planet Earth arose from non-living matter through a series of random transformations. What does the emergence of heaven and earth look like in the evolutionary model? These are the questions humanity will be asking itself for many years to come. We may never find the answer to this question...
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Lesson objectives:
- To acquaint with the main hypotheses of the origin of life;
- Show how views on the origin of life have changed as knowledge has accumulated.
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Friedrich Engels
"Life is a mode of existence of protein bodies, the essential point of which is the constant exchange of substances with the external nature surrounding them, and with the cessation of this metabolism, life also ceases, which leads to the decomposition of the protein"
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Hypotheses about the origin of life
- Origin of the living from the living
- Origin of the living from the non-living
- Abiogenesis
- Biogenesis
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Aristotle
“Nature makes the transition from lifeless objects to animals with such a smooth succession, placing between them creatures that live without being animals, that differences can hardly be noticed between neighboring groups due to their close proximity.”
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Spontaneous generation of Bernakel geese
This goose grows on the fragments of a pine, rushing through the depths of the sea. At first, it looks like a drop of resin. It attaches itself to a tree with its beak and secretes a hard shell for safety, in which it lives calmly and carefree. After a while, the goose grows feathers, and then it descends from a piece of bark into the water and begins to swim. And one day it flaps its wings and flies away.
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Van Helmont(1577-1644)
described how, in three weeks, he created mice.
For this, all you need is a dirty shirt, a dark closet and a handful of wheat, and for the process to begin - human sweat.
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Theophrastus Paracelsus
Homunculus Recipe
“Take a well-known human liquid, leave it to rot first in a sealed gourd, then in a horse's stomach for forty days, until it begins to live, move and swarm, which is easy to notice. What happened is not at all like a person, it is transparent and without a body. But if then every day, secretly and carefully, with prudence, nourish it with human blood and keep it for forty weeks in the constant and even warmth of a horse's stomach, then a real living child will occur, having all members, like a child born from a woman, but only very vertically challenged».
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Francesco Redi (1626-1698)
- conclusion: flies sit on rotting meat and lay larvae in it, as a result of which new flies are born.
- They are born, not appear on their own.
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Joseph Needham (1713-1781)
Bacteria were found in a tightly closed flask with meat broth using a microscope.
CONCLUSION: Microorganisms can spontaneously generate
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Vitalism (from lat. vitalis - vital, life-giving, alive)
- "Life force" is present everywhere
- It is enough just to “breathe” it, and the inanimate will become alive.
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Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729-1799)
- Conducted an experiment: boiled meat broth for an hour, sealed the elongated neck of the flask. Microorganisms did not arise in the sealed flask.
- CONCLUSION: The high temperature destroyed all forms of living beings, and without them, nothing living can arise.
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Louis Pasteur
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creationism
- everything that exists in the Universe, including life, was created by a single Force - the Creator as a result of several acts of supernatural creation in the past.
- The created species were from the beginning admirably organized and endowed with the capacity for some variability within certain limits.
- Followers of almost all the most common religious teachings adhere to this hypothesis.
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Steady State Hypothesis
- The earth never came into being, but existed forever; it has always been capable of sustaining life, and if it has changed, it has changed very little; species have always existed. This hypothesis is sometimes called the hypothesis of eternism (from Latin eternus - eternal).
- Put forward by the German scientist W. Preyer in 1880
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Panspermia hypothesis
- life on earth did not originate from organic matter, but was brought from other planets.
- LIFE EXISTS FOREVER AND IS TRANSPORTED FROM PLANET TO PLANET BY METEORITES.
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KSU "Zyryanovsk Agricultural College" ORIGIN AND INITIAL STAGES OF LIFE ON EARTHslide 2
Lesson objectives: Educational: students should know the conditions and stages of the emergence of life on Earth in the course of biochemical evolution. - understand that life, as a way of existence, is unique - be able to compare and analyze various hypotheses, correctly identify them according to their essential characteristics. - apply the acquired knowledge when working with diagrams, tables Developing: to develop - the ability to compare, analyze, draw conclusions; skills in working with information, tables, diagrams. Educators: students should: - show such qualities as composure, responsibility, attentiveness. - to cultivate interest and a positive attitude towards biological science and the search for a comprehensive theory on the problem of the origin of life on Earth.
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“Oh, solve for me the riddle of life, the painful ancient riddle, over which so many heads, heads in hats painted with hieroglyphs, heads in turbans and black berets, heads in wigs and thousands of other poor human heads...” H. Heine.
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Problem questions How did life originate on Earth? What are the views and hypotheses about the origin of life on Earth? Which one is the most persuasive?
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Life is… “nourishment, growth and decrepitude” Aristotle “persistent uniformity of processes under different external influences” G. Treviranus “a set of functions resisting death” M. Bisha “chemical function” A. Lavoisier “complex chemical process» I.P. Pavlov “a special, very complex form of motion of matter” A.I. Oparin
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“Life is a mode of existence of protein bodies, the essential point of which is the constant exchange of substances with the external nature surrounding them, and with the cessation of this exchange of substances, life also ceases, which leads to the decomposition of the protein” Friedrich Engels (November 28, 1820 - August 5, 1895, London) - German philosopher, one of the founders of Marxism, friend, like-minded and co-author of Karl Marx
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"Living bodies that exist on Earth are open, self-regulating and self-reproducing systems built from biopolymers - proteins and nucleic acids" Mikhail and Vlady Mirovich Volkenshtein (October 10 (23), 1912, St. Petersburg - February 18, 1992, Moscow) - Soviet physical chemist and biophysicist, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
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“Life is a phase-separated form of existence of functioning autocatalysts capable of chemical mutations and having undergone a rather long evolution due to natural selection” Valenti n Nikolaevich Parmon (born April 18, 1948, Brandenburg) is a Russian scientist. Specialist in the field of catalysis and photocatalysis, chemical kinetics.
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Criteria are the basic properties of living organisms. - the complexity and high degree of organization of living beings - the metabolism and energy. - unity chemical composition- discreteness (discontinuity, separateness). – irritability – growth of organisms – development. - self-reproduction (reproduction). - the ability to self-regulate.
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Life is a complex of properties: metabolism, the ability to grow and develop, reproduce their own kind, irritability and mobility.
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A hypothesis is an assumption with insufficient evidence. Theory - views that have solid evidence. Biogenesis is a scientific theory that explains the emergence of life only as a result of the vital activity of living organisms. Abiogenesis is a scientific theory that explains the origin of life through the gradual formation of organic compounds from inorganic ones. Protobionts are primitive organisms that first appeared on Earth. Coacervates are clots in the form of a multimolecular drop with an outer thin water shell. Evolution is the irreversible historical development of living nature. Autotrophs - (ancient Greek αὐτός - itself + τροφή - food) - organisms that synthesize organic substances from inorganic ones. Heterotrophs - (ancient Greek ἕτερος - “other”, “different” and τροφή - “food”) - organisms that use only or mainly organic substances produced by autotrophs for nutrition. New concepts
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Both the Earth and life are created by the Supreme Mind (God) ABIOGENESIS Life arose repeatedly as a result of spontaneous generation. The main points of view on the origin of life on Earth BIOGENESIS Living organisms appeared on Earth 3.5 billion years ago in the course of biochemical evolution. Life is brought from space along with meteorites, then evolution. The earth has existed forever, has always been able to support life; if changed, then very little (the hypothesis of eternal life)
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Hypotheses of the origin of life № Name of the hypothesis Proponents of the hypothesis Ideas about the origin of life 1. Creationism - Divine creation of the world Creationism - lat. wordcreatio - creation
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Life is created by the Supreme Mind (God, the Creator) Creationism Hypothesis However, the victory of the theory of biogenesis has led to another problem. For the emergence of one living being, another living organism is needed. Where did the first living organism come from? In other words, how and when did life first arise on Earth? There are many "white spots" in the theories of the formation of the Earth and the solar system, the emergence of life on Earth.
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The hypothesis of Panspermia (from the Greek "pan" - everything, "sperma" - seed) Anaxagoras (500-428 BC) - an ancient Greek philosopher, mathematician and astronomer, the founder of the Athenian philosophical school. In the 5th century BC. expressed the idea of cosmic seeding - panspermia: life arose from a “seed” that exists “always and everywhere”, “germs of life” were brought to Earth by meteorites or cosmic dust ... However, the victory of the theory of biogenesis led to another problem. For the emergence of one living being, another living organism is needed. Where did the first living organism come from? In other words, how and when did life first arise on Earth? There are many "white spots" in the theories of the formation of the Earth and the solar system, the emergence of life on Earth.
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Eustace Liebig (1803-1873), German chemist, put forward and formulated the panspermia hypothesis: life is transferred from planet to planet by meteorites. The "seeds of life", getting to a new planet and finding favorable conditions here, multiply, giving rise to evolution from the simplest forms to complex ones. Panspermia hypothesis Proponents of the panspermia hypothesis: Vernadsky Vl. Iv. (1863-1945) Svante Arrhenius (1859-1927)
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The Steady State Theory, or… He considered the incandescent masses of the emerging globe as gigantic living organisms with their own special metabolism. The cooled masses fell out of the circle of life and constituted inorganic nature. Hypothesis Eternal Life In 1880, it was put forward by the German scientist W. Preyer.
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Vitalism (from lat. vitalis - vital, life-giving, alive) "Life force" is present everywhere, just "breathe" it, and the inanimate becomes alive
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In the Middle Ages, it was “successful” to observe the birth of living beings, such as insects, worms, eels, mice, in the decomposing or rotting remains of organisms. It was believed that there are trees, from the fruits of which, falling to the ground, birds are formed, from those that fell into the water, fish . Spontaneous generation of lambs Spontaneous generation of Bernakel geese SELF-GENERATION OF LIFE
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The Belgian physician Van Helmont (1579 - 1644) offered a recipe for the birth of mice: “Put grain in a pot, plug it with a dirty shirt and wait. What will happen? After 21 days, mice will appear: they will be born from the fumes of packed grain and a dirty shirt ... "Hypothesis of spontaneous generation Aristotle (384 - 322 BC), who is called the founder of biology, wrote that "frogs and insects start in a damp soil ... "In Europe until the middle of the XVI century. obscurantism prevailed, an intolerant attitude towards the development of the sciences, especially the natural ones. At this time, alchemy flourished. Among the alchemists there were many naive and ignorant people, but there were others - excellent scientists, whose names went down in history. Among them are the Belgian physician Van Helmont and the Swiss physician Paracelsus, the greatest reformer of the Renaissance, the father of modern medicine. Alchemists dreamed of finding the philosopher's stone and getting gold. But there were others... Having set their tables with jars, retorts, having built distillation cubes and other devices, they boiled, distilled, insisted, filtered... Everything that came to hand was poured into flasks. We tried our best. Some called on God for help, others were ready to give their souls to the devil, just to see how some kind of tadpole, frog, or mouse would wrap in a flask. Alas, nothing worked. Apparently, the essence of the recipe. Van Helmont took over.
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“Take a well-known human fluid (urine), leave it to rot first sealed in a pumpkin, then in a horse stomach for 40 days, until it begins to live, move and swarm, which is easy to notice ... then daily, in secret and carefully, with prudence, feed it human blood and kept for 40 weeks in the constant and uniform warmth of the stomach, then a real living child will occur, having all the members, like a child born from a woman, but only of very small stature. The alchemists called such a man from a test tube HOMUNCULUS (homunculus) Theophrastus Paracelsus (1493 - 1541) The Swiss doctor, alchemist, wrote: Paracelsus also offered his recipe. Messing around with getting mice, frogs, scorpions is too small. If we get down to business, then so that a homunculus appears in a test tube. You, who have not studied Latin, do not understand this word. But you have heard the word "homo" more than once - a person. The diminutive of the word "man" is "little man", and in Latin - "homunculus". But "homunculus" was called fantasy creature , which was supposed to be created in the laboratory, even if it was a giant. The homunculus is a memory of visionaries who dreamed of creating the living from the inanimate. The great magician in his laboratory, dimly lit, with vaulted ceilings, tables filled with flasks of colored liquids, stills and retorts. On the walls are bundles of bats, mangy, moth-eaten stuffed animals and birds. Under the ceiling is a crocodile. He writes the recipe: “Take a known human fluid. (urine) leave it to rot first in a sealed gourd, then in a horse's stomach for forty days, until it begins to live, move and swarm, which is easy to notice. What happened is not at all like a person, it is transparent and without a body. But if then every day, secretly and carefully, with prudence, nourish it with human blood and keep it for forty weeks in the constant and even warmth of a horse's stomach, then a real living child will occur, having all members, like a child born from a woman, but only very small. growth." It’s easy to pour the “known human liquid” into a pumpkin, and then pour it into a horse’s stomach, too. But to “nourish carefully and with prudence” that invisible and transparent thing that should be swarming in a rotting liquid is not at all simple. There are so many loopholes in the recipe that you can always get away with the answer. Let's imagine that an alchemist student enters his laboratory, bows respectfully before the Teacher and speaks with trembling. Student. Teacher, I did everything that is written in your recipe. But I didn't succeed! Paracelsus. Yes? And did you do it right? Student. Yes, yes, Teacher. Paracelsus. No, no and NO! You didn't follow all the instructions! Were you prudent and careful? Did you let the liquid rot enough? Did you pour it from the pumpkin into your stomach in time? Have you kept the secret? The student lowers his head. Yes, about the secret - he could not resist, he boasted in the tavern to his comrades that the “unborn” little man would soon appear in his laboratory. Paracelsus. Well? Confess! Student. You are right, Teacher. Again, the unfortunate student fills the gourd and waits. Every day he looks: rots or does not rot. At the right time, he pours the rotten liquid into the horse's stomach, turning his nose to the side. Smells very unpleasant. Yes, Paracelsus deftly fooled everyone. There were new "creators" of fantastic stories. No one knew where worms, flies, frogs, snails come from. Why do they sometimes appear in large numbers? Nobody saw their birth, their eggs, development. Here is the conclusion: they spontaneously originated from dirt, rotting parts of plants, animals, and you never know what. However, there were skeptics who believed nothing and no one. Sometimes they tried to protest. But... (pause) the authority of the Greek scientists and the wisest of them, Aristotle, was unshakable. Who dares to contradict him! Just then, an ominous cry was heard.
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Redi took 4 pots with a wide mouth, put a dead snake in one, some fish in another, eels in the third, a piece of veal in the fourth, tightly closed. Then I placed the same in 4 other pots, leaving them open. Soon the meat and fish in the open vessels became wormy, and flies could be seen freely entering and flying out of the vessels. There was not a single worm in the closed pots, although many days had passed since the experiment was begun. Experiments by Francesco REDI, 1668 “Flies are not born from rotting meat. Worms don't spawn on their own in rotting meat. They hatch from testicles laid there by flies…” 1668. Redi took four wide-mouthed pots, put a dead snake in one of them, some fish in another, Arno eels in the third, a piece of veal in the fourth, closed them tightly and sealed. Then he placed the same in four other pots, leaving them open. Thus, the scientist decided to control the course of his experiment. Outside it was the middle of June. Soon the meat and fish in the open vessels became wormy, and flies could be seen freely entering and flying out of the vessels. There was not a single worm in the closed pots, although many days had passed since the experiment was begun. Redi: "Flies are not born from rotting meat. Worms don't spawn on their own in rotting meat. They come out of the testicles laid there by the flies.” It was a brilliant experiment. Redi proved the impossibility of spontaneous generation of flies. His data supported the idea that "life can only arise from a previous life." By striking at the theory of abiogenesis, Redi laid the foundation for the theory of biogenesis.
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Lazzaro Spallanzani, Italian abbot, mathematician and naturalist: “... One has only to seal the bottles and boil the infusion for an hour - and not a single microbe will appear there, no matter how long the infusion stands ...” Ideas of biogenesis: Ideas of abiogenesis Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, French writer, naturalist, biologist, mathematician, artist: "... Microbes are born from tinctures and sauces! .." ... And microbes must have parents! .. 1729 - 1799 1707 - 1788 Scientists divided into two camps on the origin of microorganisms , some argued that microorganisms spontaneously generated, others argued that spontaneous generation was impossible. The French Buffon and the Irish Needham were representatives of one camp, the other was represented by the Italian abbot Lazzaro Spallanzani.
slide 27
I can make infusions from peas and almonds, from wallflower leaves or carnation flowers. And the composition of the animals will be the same everywhere. But only on condition that all infusions are prepared on the same water. A simple conclusion follows from this: animalcules get along with water. There is nothing surprising. Indeed, in nature, these crumbs live in water: swamp, pond, lake, sea and even well. And when they dry out, they die. Refutation of spontaneous generation… M.M. Terechovsky 1740-1796 Spallanzani's ally was the Russian scientist Martyn Matveyevich Terekhovsky. In dozens of books one can read about Spallanzani's dispute with Buffon and Needham, but one rarely comes across the name of Terekhovsky, our compatriot, who experimentally proved the impossibility of spontaneous generation almost simultaneously with Spallanzani. At the University of Strasbourg, Terekhovsky wrote and defended the work "Zoological and physiological dissertation on Linnaeus's pouring chaos." “Pouring Chaos” is a name that is not very clear to us. “Chaos” in his system of animals Linnaeus called the section to which he attributed the most diverse creatures that have one common property - the smallest sizes. For example, ciliates, the very name of which comes from the Latin "infusion, liqueur". Terekhovsky, unlike Spallanzani, did not argue with Buffon. He worked only with ciliates and flagellates, which after a while appear in infusions of seeds, fruits and herbs. But where do they come from? Terekhovsky. The reason is the water. I can make infusions from peas and almonds, from wallflower leaves or carnation flowers. And the composition of the animals will be the same everywhere. But only on condition that all infusions are prepared on the same water. A simple conclusion follows from this: animalcules get along with water. There is nothing surprising. Indeed, in nature, these crumbs live in water: swamp, pond, lake, sea and even well. And when they dry out, they die. There was another way for these crumbs to get into the infusions - air. However, the doctor decided that such a probability was too small. The water was the most suspect. Terekhovsky began to experiment with water. Terekhovsky. To begin with, I will take clean water - raw and boiled, pour it into vessels and leave them open. I'll see what happens. So, in a vessel with raw water, animalcules appeared, in boiled water they are not. I will add raw water to a vessel with boiled water. Now, now “cute crumbs” have appeared in it. Therefore, they get into infusions with raw water! I will also do the following experiment: I will heat one jar of animals above 35 ° C, and freeze the other. What will happen? Animalcules died in both banks. Now I will leave the vessels with cooled and melted water for a long time. Animalcules did not appear! So, I’ll boil the grass, fill it with raw and boiled water. Now the animals have appeared in a jar of raw water. And there are none in the boiled jar, although it has stood for many days. And if I make tea, why not infusion? But no one got into it either. There is no spontaneous generation! Terekhovsky did many experiments. The result was the same. Animalcules appeared in infusions made with raw water, and when raw water was added to the broth after cooling. Now you and I know what could have happened in a different way - protozoan cysts could get into the vessels with boiled water from the air. But this did not happen: the vessels stood in the rooms, and cysts of protozoa, unlike microbial spores, are very few in clean air - 1–2 per cubic meter of air. However, at the time of Terekhovsky, they simply did not know anything about protozoan cysts, and for his time he convincingly proved that animalcules do not originate in infusions. The Paris Academy of Sciences decided to put an end to these disputes and appointed a prize for the final experimental solution of the issue, having discussed that "no ambiguities in the setting of experiments should obscure their results." Pasteur, the famous "germ hunter", having learned about the competition, set to work. Pasteur. Fools! They think that if there are no germs in the air, then they are not there. No matter how! I'll prove it to them! It's not difficult either. I'll take a glass tube and put a piece of cotton wool in it. I will attach a pump to one end of the tube, put the other out of the window and begin to suck in outside air. Four hours passed, the cotton wool in the tube darkened. I will wash it in a watch glass and wring it out over another. I will do this operation several times. The fleece became clean, all the dust was washed off it. Well, let's see, let's see what is in the flush from the fleece. I put a drop of water on a glass slide and look at its contents under a microscope. There are fungal spores, mold spores, microbes and their spores! Now it was necessary to learn how to catch microbes. Pasteur is an excellent microbiologist. The scientist poured nutrient solutions into cones and boiled them. Then he heated the neck of the flask, pulled it into a long tube and sealed the tip. With such a flask it was possible to start hunting. Going out into the yard, Pasteur broke off the soldered tip. Air rushed into the flask and brought microbes and their spores into it. After that, Pasteur sealed the neck again. Pasteur. So it is, the microbes that got into the flask multiplied. This can be seen from the cloudy cloud formed on the surface of the broth. Oh, these are clouds of microbes! Pasteur did not stop there. Now he had to figure out which air had more germs. With flasks in his hands, he wandered through the Parisian garbage dumps. Then he stumbled over the roots and stumps of trees in the forest, elms in the swamps, wandered along the seashore, climbed high mountains, even climbed the glaciers of Mont Blanc. Everywhere he opened and sealed flasks. And then in the laboratory he was engaged in bookkeeping: he kept a careful record of microbes under a microscope. Pasteur. Well, it is, germs are everywhere. True, in some places there are a lot of them, in others there are few. In the air of glaciers, they are the least. Yes, and not always I was able to catch a single microbe here. So the first part of the problem was solved - microbes and their spores were in the air everywhere and could get anywhere. But the second part was much more difficult - to prove that it is the microbes, getting into the flask from the air, that mislead the researchers. The well-known rule “Heat the air, kill the germs in it” is no good. Needham also argued that heated air is not suitable for life, so spontaneous generation does not occur in it. The air cannot be warmed up, which means that microbes can remain in it, and ... a fairy tale about a white bull begins. How to solve this problem? What barrier to put on the way of microbes into the flask? Pasteur was lucky. He met a man who gave good advice. This is how the famous "Pasteur flask" appeared. The neck in such a flask is elongated into a long tube and curved like the neck of a swan. Pasteur set new series experiments: various nutrient media (yeast solution with added sugar, sugar beet juice, pepper infusion, urine) prepared under normal conditions were poured into flasks. Over the fire, he pulled the neck of the flask into a long tube, pulled the tip of the elongated neck down with tweezers, and then up. The result was a bend. The liquid boiled in the flask for several minutes. The steam during boiling escaped freely through the long narrow end of the flask. After the flask cooled down, the nutrient solutions remained clear. At first glance, it might seem that microbes could get into the cooling flask in the usual way - through the neck, along with air. In fact, all the dust and microbes from the air settle in the damp places of the bend of the tube and do not get to the nutrient solution. If, after several months of storage of the infusion in such an open flask, the curved neck is broken off, then various microorganisms will very quickly appear in the infusion. Pasteur. See? No spontaneous generation! The flask contains both nutrient solution and air! Where is your productive force? Where is spontaneous generation? Show it to me. Pouchet and his associates - two professors from Toulouse - stuffed sealed Pasteur flasks with boiled hay infusion into their pockets and climbed into the mountains. The results of the expedition showed that microbes always appeared in the flasks. Even in air samples taken on Mount Mladetta, which is much higher than Mont Blanc. Push. Mister Pasteur! So, is there spontaneous generation or not? Pasteur did not doubt the purity of his experiments and doubted the accuracy of the experiments of Pouchet and his supporters. He, having experienced many different environments, did not want to repeat all the work and also check the hay infusion. Why waste precious time on nonsense? Pasteur. Let the committee figure it out! And find Pushe's mistake. The Academy of Sciences decided in its own way. Commission? The commission has been appointed. But to understand Pouchet's experiments? Not! The solution is this: in the presence of the members of the commission, Pasteur and Pouchet must perform their experiments. Pouchet refused. Perhaps he doubted his research. There were also rumors that the commission found fault with the French scientist, preferring Pasteur in advance. What really happened, we don't know. But Pouchet refused, and the commission issued a verdict: Pasteur's experiments were convincing. However, 10 years later, in England, the doctor Bastian conducted a new series of experiments with hay infusion. Indeed, microbes appeared in the flasks every time, although the experimenter reproduced Pasteur's experiment exactly. So, was Pasteur wrong, was Pouchet right? Pasteur. I thought Pouchet had messed up something. But Bastian has a similar result... Still, something is wrong here! We need to find the reason. Pasteur solved this riddle as well. Both Pouchet and Bastian were wrong: there was no spontaneous generation in hay infusion. Microbes got into the infusion in this case not from the air. They were present in the hay, from which the infusion was prepared. There is such a microbe - "hay stick". The spores of this microbe do not die when boiled, withstanding a temperature of 100 C. Therefore, simply boiled hay infusion is teeming with spores of hay bacillus. As long as the flask is sealed, there is no oxygen in it, microbes do not develop. But as soon as the neck of the flask is broken off, air enters it, and microbes begin to multiply. This is what Pouchet and Bastian observed. Pasteur found a hay stick and guessed how to kill it: you need to boil the infusion for at least 20 minutes at a temperature of 120 C and at high pressure in closed vessels. To achieve such conditions, Pasteur invented what is now called the "autoclave". Autoclaves are now used to sterilize medical instruments. And then the objections of Pouchet and Bastian were refuted. Pasteur. My prize! And he got it. The dispute, which lasted hundreds of years, ended with the victory of the theory of biogenesis. This was in 1862.
Views and hypotheses about the origin of life on Earth
Biology 9th grade
Vlasov school
Teacher:
Ostanina G.M.
“Oh, solve the riddle of life for me, the painful ancient riddle over which so many heads have already beaten - heads in hats painted with hieroglyphs, heads in turbans and black berets, heads in wigs and thousands of other poor human heads ...”
G. Heine.
Van Helmont. “Put grain in a pot, plug it with a dirty shirt, and wait. What will happen? In twenty-one days, mice will appear: they will be born from the fumes of caked grain and a dirty shirt.
Problematic issues
How did life originate on Earth?
What are the views and hypotheses about the origin of life on Earth?
Which one is the most persuasive?
What is life?
Living properties:
ability to move, ability to grow and develop, metabolism, respiration, nutrition, irritability, reproduction, cellular structure.
Life is a process of existence complex systems, consisting of large organic molecules and inorganic substances and capable of self-reproducing, self-developing and maintaining their existence as a result of the exchange of energy and matter with the environment.
A hypothesis is an assumption with insufficient evidence.
Theory - views that have solid evidence.
Origin of life hypotheses
Name of the hypothesis
Proponents of the hypothesis
Divine creation of the world
Slide #10
Origin of life hypotheses
Name of the hypothesis
Proponents of the hypothesis
Ideas about the origin of life
Creationism - Divine creation of the world
Creationism - lat. the word creatio - creation
Life on earth was created by the Creator, God once, by organisms well organized and endowed with the ability to change.
Slide #11
Origin of life hypotheses
Name of the hypothesis
Proponents of the hypothesis
Ideas about the origin of life
Slide #12
Aristotle (384–322 BC) wrote that frogs and
insects start up
in damp soil.
Plato spoke of
spontaneous generation of living
creatures from the earth
the process of decay.
Slide #13
In the Middle Ages, it was "successful" to observe the birth of living beings, such as insects, worms, eels, mice, in decaying or rotting remains of organisms.
Spontaneous generation of lambs
Spontaneous generation
Bernakel geese
Slide #14
Francesco Redi (1626-1697)
Francesco Redi (1626-1697)
In 1668, Redi experimented with
vessels in which they were placed
dead snakes that appeared on
fly larvae.
Conclusion: what is life
may arise
only from
previous life.
Slide #15
Anthony van Leeuwenhoek
Anthony van Leeuwenhoek
(1632–1723) examined protozoa under a microscope
Conclusion: tiny organisms, or "animalcules", descend from their own kind.
Lazzaro Spallanzani
(1729-1799) experiments with sterilized meat broths.
Conclusion: the impossibility of spontaneous generation of microorganisms.
Slide #16
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) French microbiologist
Pasteur's experiment with flasks with curved S-necks
Conclusion: living organisms come only from other living organisms.
Slide #17
Origin of life hypotheses
Name of the hypothesis
Proponents of the hypothesis
Ideas about the origin of life
Hypothesis of spontaneous generation of life
Aristotle,
Plato,
Francesco Redi, Anthony van Leeuwenhoek,
Lazzaro Spallanzani, Louis Pasteur
Living organisms are born spontaneously, either inorganic compounds or decaying organic residues can serve as a source of generation.
Slide #18
Origin of life hypotheses
Name of the hypothesis
Proponents of the hypothesis
Ideas about the origin of life
Slide #19
Origin of life hypotheses
Name of the hypothesis
Proponents of the hypothesis
Ideas about the origin of life
Steady State Hypothesis
Hypothesis of eternism (from lat. eternus - eternal).
The earth never came into being, but has existed forever and has always been able to support life. Animal and plant species have also always existed.
Slide #20
Origin of life hypotheses
Name of the hypothesis
Proponents of the hypothesis
Ideas about the origin of life
Slide #21
The German scientist G. Richter in 1865 expressed the idea of a cosmic (extraterrestrial) origin of life
Slide #22
Scientists J. Thomson and G. Helmholtz express the opinion that spores of bacteria and other organisms could be brought to Earth with meteorites.
Slide #23
English biophysicist F. Crick, Nobel Prize winner, believes that life on Earth was brought by accident or intentionally by cosmic bodies or aliens.
Slide #24
Origin of life hypotheses
Name of the hypothesis
Proponents of the hypothesis
Ideas about the origin of life
Panspermia hypothesis - the cosmic origin of life
Panspermia - (from Greek pan - all, everyone and sperma - seed)
G. Richter, J. Thomson G. Helmholtz, F. Crick
Life on Earth was brought by accident or intentionally by cosmic bodies or space aliens.
Slide #25
Origin of life hypotheses
Name of the hypothesis
Proponents of the hypothesis
Ideas about the origin of life
The hypothesis of biochemical evolution,
or "coacervate hypothesis".
Slide #26
Biochemical evolution
Oparin A.I.
(1894–1980)
In 1924, Alexander Ivanovich Oparin, a Russian biologist and biochemist who created the theory of the origin of life on Earth from abiotic components, suggested that with powerful electrical discharges in the primary Earth's atmosphere, which 4–4.5 billion years ago consisted of ammonia, methane , carbon dioxide and water vapor, the simplest organic compounds necessary for the emergence of life could arise.
Slide #27
J. Haldane
(1892–1964) In 1929, independently of Oparin A.I., the English natural scientist John Haldane, an English biologist (geneticist, evolutionist, physiologist, biochemist, biometrist), popularizer and philosopher of science, came to a similar conclusion.
One of the founders of modern population, mathematical, molecular and biochemical genetics, as well as synthetic theory evolution.
Slide #28
The Oparin-Haldane hypothesis states that life on Earth arose in an abiogenic way (“living from non-living”).
Theory of life
Slides: 10 Words: 482 Sounds: 0 Effects: 85The emergence of life. Theories of origin. Theories of the origin of life. Scientific. Creationism. Evolutionism. intermediate theories. Briefly about creationism: Creationism was most widespread in Ancient Greece and Ancient Egypt. Ancient Greece. Everything originated from the eternal Chaos. Ancient Egypt. BUT still, in the religion of ancient Egypt there are many gods. Consider monotheism. Monotheism is one of the branches of creationism. Monotheistic religions include: Christianity Buddhism Islam. The concept of monotheism: Consider the example of Christianity. Initially, all creatures, including humans, lived in a beautiful world - paradise. - Theory of Life.ppt
The emergence of life
Slides: 8 Words: 261 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Origin of life on earth. Hypotheses for the origin of life. Creationism. Considers the emergence of life as a manifestation of the will of God. Spontaneous generation. Panspermia hypothesis. The hypothesis of biochemical evolution. Life in the Earth. Earth as a planet, according to most scientists, has existed for 5 billion years. Influence of space on living beings. Cosmic radiation also affects the variability of weight and offspring. Experiments have shown that birds are able to navigate by the stars and by the magnetic field. Seagull in flight. - The emergence of life.ppt
Origin of life
Slides: 13 Words: 615 Sounds: 0 Effects: 52Theories of the origin of life. Experiments of Louis Pasteur. spontaneous generation of life. Refutation of the theory of spontaneous generation. L. Pasteur boiled various nutrient media in a flask. Despite the access of air, spontaneous generation was not observed. However, Pasteur conducted experiments not only to refute the theory of spontaneous generation. The work was prepared by a student of 10 "A" class. Dmitryukova Ekaterina. Creationism. The theory of creationism speaks of the origin of life as the created world of God. Theory of a steady state. The Steady State Theory states that there has always been life on Earth. The theory of panspermia. - Origin of Life.ppt
Theory of life on earth
Slides: 18 Words: 1006 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Origin of life on Earth. Theories of the origin of life on Earth: Theory of biochemical evolution. The theory of panspermia. The theory of the stationary state of life. However, the hypothesis of a stationary state fundamentally contradicts the data of modern astronomy. Theory of spontaneous generation. Ancient world. Since ancient times, mankind has solved the issues of the origin of life quite unambiguously. In Babylon, people believed that worms appeared by themselves in the channels. Antiquity. Middle Ages. Renaissance. By the 16th century, the theory of spontaneous generation of living organisms had reached its apogee. Refutation of the theory of spontaneous generation. - Theory of life on Earth.ppt
The origin of life on earth
Slides: 12 Words: 358 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Origin of life on Earth. Theories of the origin of life on Earth. Theories of the origin of life. divine theory. Space theory. Theory of spontaneous generation. The essence of the theory. Development of life on Earth. Archean era. There are few traces of life. Proterozoic era. Organic remains are rare and scarce, but belong to all types of invertebrates. The appearance of primary chordates - a subtype of non-cranial. Palaeozoic. Ordovician, 60 Cambrian, 70 Marine invertebrates thrive. Wide distribution of trilobites, algae. Silurian, 30 Magnificent development of corals, trilobites. The appearance of jawless vertebrates - scutes. - The origin of life on Earth.ppt
Theory of the origin of life
Slides: 15 Words: 1895 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Theories of the origin of life on Earth. Introduction. Spontaneous life. The scientist boiled various media in water in which microorganisms could form. Pasteur attached a sealed flask with a free end to the S-shaped tube. Spores of microorganisms settled on a curved tube and could not penetrate into the nutrient medium. Theory of biopoiesis. Miller and Urey's experience. It was held in 1953 by Miller and Urey. Sugars, lipids and nucleic acid precursors have also been found. The experiment was repeated several times in 1953-1954. Subsequent rains dissolved the polypeptides. - Theory of the origin of life.ppt
Origin of life theories
Slides: 12 Words: 261 Sounds: 0 Effects: 75Let's talk about theories of the origin of life. Let's consider the main theories on the example of an elementary circuit. Origin of life on earth. Biogenesis. Abiogenesis. Creationism? Spontaneous generation. Panspermia. Refutation from self-generation. Evolutionism. What is the main difference between biogenesis and abiogenesis? So… Living from living. Living from non-living. Consider panspermia. A word about creationism. biochemical evolution. Founder: A. I. Oparin (1894-1980). - Theories of the origin of life.ppt
Theories of the origin of life
Slides: 21 Words: 868 Sounds: 0 Effects: 16Public lesson. My best lesson. Hypotheses for the origin of life. Stages of the emergence of the solar system. Debate. Distribution of duties. Group work in the classroom. Lesson structure. Game regulations. Judges work. Rules of judicial ethics. Lesson stage. modern hypotheses. The history of ideas about the origin of life. History of representations. origin theories. Scheme of the transition of chemical evolution. The problem of nature. Additional question. Matter. Nebula. - Theories of the origin of life.ppt
The emergence of living organisms
Slides: 21 Words: 351 Sounds: 0 Effects: 19The initial stages of the development of life. A - aromorphosis I - idioadaptation D - degeneration. Earth is an atomic gas cloud. Earth is a hot compacted body (surface temperature is more than 10,000 C). cooling of the planet. Shower rains. The emergence of reservoirs. A set of conditions. Sufficiently high surface temperature of the planet. Active volcanic activity. Lightning electrical discharges. Ultraviolet radiation. Synthesis of organic substances from inorganic compounds, proceeding in the aquatic environment. Coacervate drop = clot of organic matter. Breakup of a single drop into two or more smaller ones. - The appearance of living organisms.ppt
How life appeared on Earth
Slides: 30 Words: 1507 Sounds: 4 Effects: 28Origin of life on Earth. Topic: Development of ideas about the origin of life. To form knowledge about the main hypotheses of the origin of life on Earth. To form knowledge about the 1st and 2nd stages of biochemical evolution. Both the Earth and life are created by the Supreme Mind. Microorganisms are brought from space along with meteorites, and then evolution. Hypotheses of abiogenesis. Life arose repeatedly as a result of spontaneous generation. Hypotheses of biogenesis: The main hypotheses of the origin of life on Earth. Theories of abiogenesis lasted for many centuries. Hypotheses of abiogenesis: spontaneous generation. What will happen? - How life appeared on Earth.ppt
Origin of life on earth
Slides: 42 Words: 1748 Sounds: 0 Effects: 189Origin of life on Earth. Lesson goals. Lesson plan. 1. History of ideas about the origin of life on Earth. The idea of the origin of life on Earth by scientists - philosophers of antiquity and the Middle Ages. Theories of biogenesis and abiogenesis. The hypothesis of spontaneous generation of life. 2. Analysis of the definition of life by F. Engels and modern scientists. Definition of life according to F. Engels. life criteria. Definition of life by modern ideas. The place of the biological form of the movement of matter among other forms. 3. Prerequisites for the emergence of life on Earth. Evolution of chemical elements in outer space. - Origin of life on Earth.ppt
Origin of life on earth
Slides: 15 Words: 531 Sounds: 0 Effects: 43Integrated lesson. Origin of life on earth. So how did life appear on our planet? Michelangelo Buanarotti: The Creation of Adam. The hypothesis of spontaneous origin of life. Ancient engravings: on the left - the transformation of fruits into fish and birds; on the right - in ducks. Steady State Hypothesis. Earth and life have always existed, forever. Species have always existed, but they could die out or change their numbers. Panspermia hypothesis ("seeds everywhere"). Hypothesis of biochemical evolution. Stages of the origin of life on the planet (according to Oparin): Geophysical stage. "Big Bang". - The origin of life on Earth.ppt
Origin of life hypotheses
Slides: 45 Words: 1386 Sounds: 0 Effects: 56Lesson topic: Development of ideas about the origin of life on Earth. Hypotheses about the origin of life on Earth. How did life originate on Earth? What are the views and hypotheses about the origin of life on Earth? What is life? Friedrich Engels (November 28, 1820 - August 5, 1895, London) - German philosopher, one of the founders of Marxism, friend, associate and co-author of Karl Marx. Mikhail Vladimirovich Volkenshtein (October 10 (23), 1912, St. Petersburg - February 18, 1992, Moscow) - Soviet physical chemist and biophysicist, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Valenti?n Nikolaevich Parm?n (born April 18, 1948, Brandenburg) is a Russian scientist. - Hypotheses of the origin of life.ppt
Hypotheses of the origin of life
Slides: 10 Words: 295 Sounds: 0 Effects: 3The origin of man. Hypotheses. Hypotheses of the origin of life: Creationism. Divine creation of the world. Spontaneous generation. Pansmermia hypothesis. Stationary state. Theory of oparin-holdin. The hypothesis of biochemical evolution, or "coacervate hypothesis". A.I. Oparin gave primacy in the formation of life to proteins, and J. Haldane to nucleic acids. - Hypotheses of the origin of life.pptx
The emergence and development of life
Slides: 11 Words: 159 Sounds: 0 Effects: 47The emergence and initial development of life on Earth. F a l e s. Water is everything… A n a k s i m a n d r. The beginning of all things is "apeiron". Heraclitus. The basis of everything is fire ... Democritus. The beginnings of the Universe are atoms and emptiness. Aristotle. The world consists of five elements: earth, water, air, fire, and ether. Assembly of coacervates. Coacervate drops obtained in the experiment. S External environment. A Substance enters the drop. B Reaction product. Z External environment. Scheme open system. Conclusions. Life originated on Earth in an abiogenic way. Biological evolution was preceded by a long chemical evolution. - The emergence and development of life.ppt
Theories of the origin of life on Earth
Slides: 26 Words: 3535 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Origin of life on earth. Life fills all corners of our planet. For billions of years, life has been walking the Earth as a unique self-organizing system. Today science knows about 4.5 million species of animals and plants. Since time immemorial, the origin of life has been a mystery to mankind. Prerequisites for the emergence of life on Earth. Such gas-dust matter is found in interstellar space at the present time. Hydrogen is the predominant element in the universe. One of these conditions is the size of the planet. An example of such planets is the Earth's satellite - the Moon. - Theories of the origin of life on Earth.pptx
Problems of the origin of life on Earth
Slides: 16 Words: 1540 Sounds: 1 Effects: 229Origin of life on Earth. History of ideas about the origin of life. Conditions for the emergence of primitive living beings. Representations of ancient and medieval philosophers. Works by L. Pasteur. Theories of the origin of life. The history of carbon. From carbon to proteins. Possibility of formation of complex organic compounds. Age of the Earth. The emergence of primary organisms. coacervate droplets. Development of life. The emergence of multicellular organisms. - Problems of the origin of life on Earth.ppt
Development of ideas about life on Earth
Slides: 37 Words: 1175 Sounds: 0 Effects: 77Development of ideas about the origin of life on Earth. Heads in caps. A life. The mode of existence of protein bodies. properties of the living. Hypothesis. Problem questions. Democritus. Jan Van Helmont. Francesco Redi. Gottfried Leibniz. Anthony van Leeuwenhoek. Lazzaro Spallanzani. Louis Pasteur. Forms. Soviet biochemist. Theory of biochemical evolution. Experiences. Charles Darwin. The process of existence of complex systems. Divine creation of the world. German scientist. Stages of the process of the origin of life. English biologist. Oparin's hypothesis. The living comes only from the living. Life in the Earth. - Development of ideas about life on Earth.ppt
Panspermia theory
Slides: 8 Words: 397 Sounds: 0 Effects: 13The theory of panspermia - life on our planet is brought from outside, from the Universe. The hypothesis was put forward in the middle of the XIX century. Hypothesis. With the help of panspermia, the emergence of life on Earth was also explained. Evidence. Technogenic panspermia. Modern evidence for panspermia. Fred Hoyle's suggestion. As a result, the universe remains on average unchanged. - Panspermia theory.ppt
The Big Bang Theory
Slides: 11 Words: 291 Sounds: 0 Effects: 6Origin of life on earth. The Big Bang Theory. Creationism spontaneous generation steady state theory panspermia theory biochemical evolution. Theories of the origin of life on earth. Molecules of organic substances combined with each other, forming chains of nucleic acids. Apparently, such complexes were the prototype of future cells. biochemical evolution. The Big Bang theory was proposed by scientists Friedman and Lemaitre. The space quickly expanded, t flying particles with high energy began to decline. The Big Bang period is conventionally called the time interval from zero to several hundred seconds. -
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