Accommodation of settlements. Variants of the names of settlements and administrative units Where are the settlements of the steppe inhabitants

accommodation settlements influences the specialization of production, the form and number of production units, the location of their land areas, the location of production centers and the improvement of villages. Improving the placement of settlements that meet the production objectives of the economy should be carried out taking into account the existing long-term prospects and the use of land resources and the placement of productive forces, creating the best living conditions for the population, which would allow ensuring long-term continuity of the population in the production process and reducing the cost of new construction. When placing settlements, the existing forms of settlement are taken into account, which are very diverse depending on the natural and economic conditions.

When locating settlements, it is necessary, taking into account the local natural and economic conditions of the entire network of existing settlements, to select those settlements that have the greatest prospects for development, both in terms of the state of the residential, cultural, household and industrial stock of buildings, and in their placement in relation to serving land plots. .e to determine the prospects for the development of settlements, for this they use materials, the scheme of land management of the municipality. Settlements are subdivided into developed, preserved and resettled.

When placing settlements, the economic purpose of each settlement is simultaneously established (which of the villages will be with a central estate and which of the villages will be the centers of production units). The center of the economy and in the mornings of production units selects the largest settlements developed with a good housing stock, cultural amenities, landscaping and are located near the main land. In order to save capital investments for the construction and improvement of settlements, it is advisable to combine the center of the economy with the center of one or several brigades. In settlements that are not the central estate and the centers of the brigades, separate production centers may be located, taking into account the use of existing equipped production buildings. The method of placing settlements largely depends on the area of ​​location and types of settlement. The settlement system is understood as a set of populated areas located on a certain territory and related to the general organization of management, transport services and participation of the population in labor. Of the many different conditions, 6 main types of settlement can be distinguished that affect the content of the project and the methodology for its preparation. 1) farms in which there is one large settlement, therefore, the settlement will be developed by the central estate and the centers of production units. In these cases, the issue of the location of the production zone is resolved. 2) several large and medium-sized settlements are located on the territory of the economy. In these cases, it is required to determine which of them will be the central estate and which will be the centers of the brigades, and the location of production centers is specified. 3) the farm has several large villages. 4) all settlements are small. 5) the farm retains the farm settlement system. In these cases, the platforms are removed. 6) settlements are subject to demolition. The site is being removed for a new settlement.

The selection of a site for a new settlement is drawn up by a commission consisting of a land surveyor, an architect, a fire brigade representative, and a farm manager chaired by a representative of the village administration. For the correct choice of the site, as well as for the assessment of existing economic centers, it is necessary to take into account the basic requirements, which are divided into: economic, sanitary, hygienic and aesthetic, construction and planning, environmental. TO economic requirements refers to: a) the central location of the settlement in relation to the main lands. b) the availability of convenient communication points for the sale of products and the purchase of various types of goods and materials (fertilizers, fuels and lubricants, commodities, etc.) The sanitary, hygienic and aesthetic ones include: a) the place in the natural landscape must meet the cultural, everyday and aesthetic requirements. b) settlements should be located far from wetlands, harmful and noisy industries and at a distance of no closer than 300-500 m from existing cemeteries. But at a certain distance from rivers, on one side of highways and railways, and at a distance of no closer than 10 m from them. c) transportation of products, from fields and manure to fields, as well as driving animals along the streets of a populated city should not be carried out. The construction and planning requirements include: a) the site must be of sufficient size to accommodate all types of construction. b) favorable conditions for the cleaning system must be provided. c) soils suitable for growing vegetables in personal plots and the growth of fruit and berry plantations. d) relief with slopes ensuring the drainage of surface water and at the same time acceptable for the construction of buildings and structures, the device of a communications road with the least amount of earthwork. e) the groundwater level, if possible, should be lower than basements, cellars, trenches. f) soils must be suitable for the construction of buildings and structures without the construction of expensive foundations. Environmental requirements include: correct placement of residential and industrial zones in relation to water sources, terrain, winds.

This video tutorial is intended for independent acquaintance with the topic "Population and economy of the forest-steppe and steppe zones." From the lecture of the teacher you will be able to learn about what features of nature are characteristic of the forest-steppe and steppe zones. Discuss how they affect the population and economy of these regions, how people change and protect them.

Topic: Natural and economic zones of Russia

Lesson: Population and economy of the forest-steppe and steppe zones

1. Introduction

The purpose of the lesson: to learn about the features of the nature of the steppes and forest-steppes and how they affect the life and economic activities of people.

2. General information

The natural zones of forest-steppe and steppes are the most developed and modified natural zones in Russia. Forest-steppe and steppes are distinguished by the most comfortable conditions for human life.

Rice. 1. Comfort card natural conditions

Currently, real forest-steppe and steppes can be seen only in reserves, all other territories have been greatly modified by humans and are used mainly for agriculture due to fertile soils.

Rice. 2. Rostov reserve

3. Inhabitants of the steppes. Farm

Representatives of the peoples of the steppe zone - steppe people, led a nomadic lifestyle, were engaged in cattle breeding. The steppe peoples include Kalmyks, Tuvinians, Kazakhs, Buryats, Kazakhs and others.

Steppes are open flat or hilly landscapes where herbs, grasses, flowers grow.

Rice. 3. Steppe

In the steppes and forest-steppe, people are actively engaged in animal husbandry and agriculture. In the steppes, goats and sheep, horses and camels are bred, large cattle... Some farms breed fish, fur animals, and poultry.

Rice. 4. Breeding poultry

Rice. 5. A flock of sheep in the steppe

Famous goats are bred on the Urals in the Orenburg region, their wool is so thin that an Orenburg shawl knitted from this wool can be threaded into a wedding ring. Actually, this is how some people verify the authenticity of the Orenburg shawl.

In Buryatia and the foothills of the Caucasus, yaks are bred.

One of the main problems of the steppes and forest-steppes is overgrazing. Animals only eat certain plants, which in turn disappear. In addition, vegetation is trampled under overgrazing.

In the northern part of the steppes and forest-steppe, they are engaged in agriculture. Steppe and forest-steppe are the main granaries of Russia; wheat, corn, sunflowers, sugar beets, vegetables and fruits are grown here. For protection from the wind, forest shelter belts are planted around the perimeter of the fields. In some places the steppes are plowed by 85%!

Rice. 6. Sunflowers at sunset

4. Violation of steppes and forest-steppes

Due to active economic activity Many steppe species of plants and animals disappear from man, the soil loses its fertility, land becomes polluted chemical fertilizers... Same way Negative influence the nature of the steppe and forest-steppe zones is affected by the extraction of minerals (for example, iron ore, coal), the construction of roads, the expansion of cities and towns. Therefore, the steppes and forest-steppe need protection. For this, nature reserves and sanctuaries are being created, activities are being carried out aimed at the rational use of the nature of these landscapes.

Rice. 7. Reserve "Black Lands"

The traditional dwelling of the peoples of the steppes is the yurt, which is a wooden frame sheathed with felt.

Homework

Clause 36.

1. Give examples of human economic activity in the forest-steppe and steppes.

Bibliography

The main

1. Geography of Russia: Textbook. for 8-9 cl. general education. institutions / Ed. A. I. Alekseeva: In 2 books. Book. 1: Nature and people. Grade 8 - 4th ed., Stereotype. - M .: Bustard, 2009 .-- 320 p.

2. Geography of Russia. Nature. 8th grade: textbook. for general education. institutions / I. I. Barinova. - M .: Bustard; Moscow textbooks, 2011 .-- 303 p.

3. Geography. 8 cl .: atlas. - 4th ed., Stereotype. - M .: Bustard, DIK, 2013 .-- 48 p.

4. Geography. Russia. Nature and people. 8th grade: Atlas - 7th ed., Revision. - M .: Bustard; DIK Publishing House, 2010 - 56 p.

Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical compilations

1. Geography. Modern Illustrated Encyclopedia / A.P. Gorkin - M .: Rosmen-Press, 2006 .-- 624 p.

Literature for preparing for the State Examination and the Unified State Exam

1. Thematic control. Geography. The nature of Russia. 8th grade: tutorial... - Moscow: Intellect-Center, 2010 .-- 144 p.

2. Tests on the geography of Russia: grades 8-9: textbooks ed. VP Dronova “Geography of Russia. 8-9 grades: textbook. for general education. institutions "/ V. I. Evdokimov. - M .: Publishing house "Examination", 2009. - 109 p.

Steppe inhabitants (the presentation was prepared by the 8th grade student Irina Budko). We live in a natural steppe zone where the main vegetation is grasses. Soils are chernozems. These are the most fertile soils. The terrain of the steppes is open, it feels spacious, there is a lot of air.

Slide 4 from presentation "The influence of natural conditions on humans"... The size of the archive with the presentation is 2438 KB.

Geography grade 8

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I don’t know why, but for me the presence of large areas of fields around a settlement always meant that it belonged to rural settlements. But economic geography has a different opinion on this matter. The whole question is whether these lands are used and how.

Rural settlements in the steppe and forest-steppe zones

Science defines a city as a settlement with a population of at least 12,000 people, and in which 95% of the inhabitants are workers or employees. Accordingly, contrary to this definition, the bulk of the inhabitants of a rural settlement should be employed in agriculture. Thus, a large rural settlement should be formed on the basis of factors that favor agriculture... And where is it possible to do it in full, if not in the zones of steppes and forest-steppes, where the adjacent territories (as a rule) are fertile land areas? Therefore, the emergence of a large rural settlement depends on:

  • the size and distance of arable land from the center of human settlement;
  • favorable local climate;
  • provision of water resources.

In ancient times, these factors could be more decisive for the creation of a rural settlement. But these days when transport system reached certain heights, the factor of the remoteness of fertile lands is not the main one.

Where are large rural settlements located

Formation of large rural settlements very much depends on the possibilities natural areas... It is in the forest-steppe and steppe zones that the location of large agricultural settlements is characterized by the so-called "long chain" method. These zones have extensive land areas that do not have sufficient irrigation. Therefore, settlements are formed along the banks of nearby rivers for their entire possible length, which allows irrigation of arable land. This is how chains of agricultural settlements arise. An example can be given:

  • Ryazan Oblast- along the Oka.
  • Volga region - along the Volga.
  • Altai - along the Katun.

From this it can be seen that irrigation for an agricultural settlement is still of paramount importance.

 

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