Measurement of body temperature in animals. How to measure the body temperature of cows: what is normal, how to bring down or raise the norms of body temperature in animals

Increased body temperature If an animal suddenly begins to increase body temperature, he should not be given medicines intended for humans, as this can cause exactly the opposite effect. After the procedure, you need to measure the body temperature again

cat body temperature

Body temperature of a cat Both a veterinary and medical thermometer can be used to measure the body temperature of a cat. Before measuring the temperature, the thermometer is checked for integrity, especially its lower part, where mercury is located: it is shaken. Reservoir with

Body temperature

Body Temperature If you live in a non-tropical climate, a common symptom to look out for during the transition to JBE is feeling cold. Hands and feet become icy even if the ambient temperature is not lower than 25 degrees Celsius. The person may be cold

Body temperature, electrolytes and running

Body Temperature, Electrolytes, and Running Body temperature varies greatly from place to place. It changes under the influence of physical activity and the influence of environmental factors. The human body has two main ways of dissipating heat: through

Body temperature

Body Temperature All the energy reactions that produce the "fuel" needed for muscle contractions are exothermic reactions that produce heat; The body's heat production rate is the rate at which energy is released from nutrients.

Body temperature of healthy animals:

Factors affecting the average body temperature include gender, breed, season, day, temperature external environment, physical activity, feed intake, pregnancy, level and nature of productivity, etc.

Body temperature in newborn animals also fluctuates. In Black-and-White calves, body temperature at birth is 38.8-39.6° (39.2°), and after a few hours it decreases by 0.5-0.6°; it stabilizes on the 4th-5th day from birth at the level of 38.5-39.5° (average 39°).

With excessive (outrageous) action of pathological stimuli, leading to exceeding the boundaries of temperature fluctuations, a general temperature reaction of the body occurs - fever (pyrexia).

Fever. According to the degree of temperature rise, fevers are distinguished: subfebrile (weak) - with an increase of up to 1 ° relative to the norm, febrile (moderate) - up to 2 °, pyretic (high) - up to 3 ° and hyperpyretic (very high) - more than 3 °.

According to the duration of the fever, there are: ephemeral, or fleeting (febris ephemera), lasting 1-2 hours; acute (febris acuta), lasting from several months to several years.

Daily fluctuations in body temperature are noted: in the mornings it is lower (remissio), in the evenings - higher (cxacerbatio); with tuberculosis sometimes the opposite is true (typus inversus - the reverse type of fever).

If the fever continues around the clock with a difference between the minimum and maximum of less than 1 °, this type of fever is called constant (febris continua, if this difference is above 1 °, but does not reach the norm, the fever will be laxative (febris remittens). When temperature fluctuations occur like this that it decreases to normal within a day, the fever is called intermittent (febris intermittens), even if this intermission (apyrexia) lasts 1-2 hours.

With repeated measurements of temperature over a number of days, it is possible to establish not only its daily fluctuations, but also its general dynamics. In various diseases, the temperature reaction (its rise, course and decrease) occurs differently. The fever may increase for a number of days (stadium incrementi), then stay at this high level (stadium acmes, acme - top), and finally, there comes a stage of gradual decrease in temperature (stadium decrementi).

Sometimes the decrease in temperature lasts several hours, and it can drop to normal or lower, which is accompanied by profuse sweating or a critical ending of the fever. Its gradual decrease is called lysis or lytic ending of fever.

Fever of the wrong type, taking the form of lebris continue, remittens, intermittens, is called debilitating (lebris hectica); it occurs in pulmonary tuberculosis, internal suppuration, and other debilitating diseases. When the fever ends critically, and then a new rise follows, it is customary to speak of a pseudocrisis (pseudocrisis).

Sometimes (for example, with croupous pneumonia), the difference between the minimum and maximum temperature is almost smoothed out, the daily curve turns into a straight line (monothermia - monotermia). With atypical fever, daily temperature fluctuations are not subject to any regularity.

Fever, as well as other manifestations of the disease, is detected only after the expiration of the incubation period, which lasts from several hours to several days, weeks and even months. However, already at this stage, one can notice signs of prodromal phenomena, expressed in a decrease in appetite, productivity, depression, muscle weakness, etc.

In relapsing fever, the temperature rises to a great height, lasts for several days in the form of febris continua, then drops and remains normal for 13 days, after which it rises again and falls critically (second attack). In most cases, the matter is limited to two attacks, but sometimes it reaches five. The fever-free period between two attacks is called apyrexia. Death is preceded by agony in two stages - the stage of the ascending or descending type of the agonal period. The type of fever, in some cases specific to certain diseases, serves as a rationale for the diagnosis.

Hypothermia (hypotermia)- a drop in temperature below normal. This is a rather rare phenomenon, which has a great diagnostic and prognostic value. A temperature 1° below normal is called subnormal (with puerperal paresis, uremia, hypoglycemia, in old, malnourished animals, after blood loss, trauma, brain tumors, hypothermia, etc.). With an improvement in the general condition, an increase in nervous tone, the temperature usually rises to normal. A drop in temperature below the norm by more than 2 ° is called moderate, and by 3-4 ° - algid collapse. The collapse differs from the crisis not only by more severe hypothermia, but also by cooling of the entire surface of the body, a decline in cardiac activity, general weakness, sticky sweat, severe cyanosis, sunken eyes, trembling, and a thready rapid pulse. A typical picture of collapse is observed with rupture of the stomach and intestines in horses, uterine rupture in cows, and severe feed poisoning. Then, individual organs and systems of the animal are examined, after which a preliminary (initial) diagnosis is established, which is then refined to make a final diagnosis.

The course of the disease (decursus morbi) and the ongoing treatment are recorded in the diary of the case history. At the end of treatment, an epicrisis is drawn up - a medical report on the diagnosis, etiology, pathogenesis, characteristics of the disease, treatment of a sick animal, and also provide a rationale for the prevention of such diseases.

An increased or decreased temperature in chickens may indicate internal inflammatory processes. Also, this indicator affects the productivity and egg production of the chicken. Therefore, it is necessary to comply with the rules for keeping poultry and to know the body temperature of the chicken in a normal state.

Chicken eggs are genetically programmed to develop normally when incubated by a female hen. Crucial here is the body heat of the mother hen.

Contrary to the opinion of experts, it does not increase, but decreases. In the first week it is 38-39°C, in the last it rises to 40°C.

Normal body temperature of common species of animals and birds

When sick

Chickens are susceptible to many diseases.

The most common are infectious:

• Bronchitis and paralysis;
• Bird flu;
• Coliinfection;
• Atypical plague;
• Pasteurellosis.

The first sign of these and other diseases is the onset of fever, especially if it is accompanied by the following symptoms:

• Lethargy, refusal to eat;
• Discharge of mucus from the eyes and beak;
• Diarrhea.

Monitoring the temperature of the bird will help to diagnose diseases in a timely manner. The temperature of the mother hen is measured with a vaseline-lubricated thermometer, which is carefully inserted into the cloaca. This is the hole through which the birds poop.

Hypothermia and hypothermia in chickens

The peculiarity of the organism of these birds is such that a temperature increase of 0.5 ° C is abnormal and requires the attention of the owner. But this does not always indicate a disease.

Other common reasons why a chicken's body temperature is abnormal are:

• Stress. Chickens quickly get used to the routine, and any major changes in the daily routine and the world around them can cause serious stress. Even a change in diet or transfer to another room can make these birds nervous;
• Heat. If the chicken coop or aviary is more than 30 ° C, the chickens get hot. The processes of heat exchange with the environment do not lead to proper cooling of the body due to the absence of sweat glands in these birds.

Important. Hypothermia is also dangerous, especially for chickens and young animals.

Heat stress occurs, which can lead to death from heat stroke.

Overheating is indicated by the behavior of chickens:

• They open their beak;
• Breathe often
• Lie down on the ground with half-opened wings.

The temperature threshold is 33°C.

These causes are easily eliminated with proper care and compliance. standard requirements to the chicken coop. But if the temperature does not return to normal for more than a day or is increased by more than a degree, this is an occasion for a visit to the veterinarian.

What does temperature depend on?

In all living beings, normal body temperature depends on internal processes, and is optimal for the metabolism inherent in this species. The more intense it is, the more heat energy is released during the breakdown of substances in the process of cellular nutrition.

Second important factor- the temperature of the environment with which the body of a living being constantly exchanges heat. In hot weather, the body will be warmer, in a cold room - colder.

High temperature is a sign of an inflammatory process

A lot of diseases in animals are characterized by such a symptom as elevated body temperature, however, how do you know when the animal's body temperature is above normal, and when - in situations within the permissible range?

In order not to get confused with whether your pet is sick or not, whether he has a temperature or body temperature within the normal range, we decided today to talk about the temperature of animals.

In our publication, we will tell you how to measure such a temperature for cats and dogs, we will give data on temperature standards for certain types pets and share the symptoms of elevated body temperature in our animals.

And, although it is better that this knowledge is not useful to you later, and your pet is not sick, it is still better to be warned about such temperature indicators ...

How to measure the temperature of a pet

Schematic representation of temperature measurement

As a rule, in pets, the temperature is measured rectally - a thermometer is inserted into the anus, and not placed under the paw or leaning against the nose of the animal. And, although such a procedure cannot be called pleasant - it is necessary and you cannot do without it, therefore, it is necessary to accustom your pets to measuring temperature - then they will not react so violently to this procedure in a veterinary clinic, if trouble suddenly happens, and you You will always be aware of their body temperature.

Body temperature is measured with an ordinary "human" thermometer. Beforehand, you wash and disinfect such a thermometer (the animal must have its own thermometer), then shake it so that the mercury column drops to the lowest mark, then lubricate the tip of such a thermometer with petroleum jelly or baby cream (this is a must, so that the animal does not hurt and you did not inadvertently injure him when you enter a thermometer).

Now you need to put the animal on a flat horizontal surface in front of you - it can be a table or a chair. With one hand, lift your tailed patient's tail, and with the other, gently, but confidently and quickly, insert the tip of the thermometer into the anus. The thermometer should enter the rectum by 1 - 1.5 centimeters (depending on the size of your pet). The abdomen of the animal during this time must be supported in order to prevent any unnecessary movements of your patient. In no case should a cat or dog be allowed to sit on its hind legs. In this position, the thermometer may crack or go too deep and cause internal tears.

What to do if you insert a thermometer, but the animal is clamped, and the anal muscle is contracted - talk affectionately with your pet, stroke it on the head, try to divert its attention from the situation, but do not hesitate yourself - as soon as the animal relaxes - you must gently enter thermometer.

How long to keep a thermometer for an animal

As a rule, 4-5 minutes are enough to measure the body temperature of your four-legged patient. It is not worth taking out a thermometer earlier, since the temperature indicator may not be accurate, and the animal is unlikely to voluntarily agree to repeat such a procedure. Therefore, to be sure, hold the thermometer for 5 minutes, and then carefully remove it.

After you have taken the temperature reading, the thermometer must be cleaned, washed with soapy water under warm water and wiped with alcohol to disinfect.

You can also use an electronic thermometer to measure the body temperature of an animal, it is more convenient in the sense that when the temperature indicator is set, the thermometer notifies you with a sound signal, however, you should wash such an electronic thermometer very carefully so as not to damage it and so that moisture does not get into under the hull.

Temperature standards for pets

Temperature norm for a cat

If - then, the normal temperature indicator of her body ranges from 37.5 0С to 39.0 0С. If the temperature is above the upper limit of the norm - the dog has a temperature, if the thermometer shows the number of degrees less than the lower mark of the norm - check its serviceability, and if it is in order - then your pet has a low body temperature, which, in principle, is also not very good for animal health.

In cats, the limits of the temperature norm range from 38.00С to 39.2 0С, and in decorative rabbits - in the range from 38.5 0С to 39.5 0С.

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