Processing wood on lathes. Wood lathes 10 device of a lathe for turning wood

Wood processing requires tools with different functions. Simple manual equipment may not be enough here. For detailed work on wood products, a lathe is required, but it is difficult to find a suitable option that would be suitable in cost and size. As a result, many craftsmen come to the conclusion that woodworking for the home is easier and more reliable.

Features of the lathe

Making a home lathe with your own hands is easy if you follow the recommendations of experts who deal with this business. This option will help save not only money, but also a lot of time, which is spent searching for a suitable turning unit. Typically the following problems arise:

There are a small number of factories that sell or keep mini-machines for woodworking.
Equipment can remain in storage for 10-25 years, which means its condition leaves much to be desired.

Considering all the problems of purchasing and finding a lathe, all that remains is to make reliable and durable equipment for home use. It will exactly correspond to the specified functions and will not be inferior to factory models in terms of technical indicators.

Before you start assembling the device, you should study various drawings and diagrams depending on the functional requirements, and also prepare all necessary materials and tools. We must not forget about safety precautions, because in the absence of any protective elements the risk of injury increases significantly.

Structural details

Municipal budget educational institution

"Tashlinskaya secondary school"

Orenburg region, Tyulgansky district, Tashla village

Technology teacher Evgeniy Vasilievich Samsonov

Methodological development technology lesson in 7th grade

Subject

"U CONSTRUCTION OF LATHE STD-120M.”

2010

Lesson topic:

U CONSTRUCTION OF LATHE STD-120M.

The purpose of the lesson: promote the study of the structure of models lathe for wood STD-120M;

consider the kinematic diagram of the machine and the operations performed on the machine; promote the development of careful attitude towards equipment and tools.

Lesson equipment: Wood lathe, tools and accessories for the machine; projector, computer, textbook, workbook. Blanks.

Teaching methods: story, conversation, frontal survey, presentation, practical work.

Lesson type: combined.

Basic concepts: Wood lathe, tools for the machine, machine equipment.

During the classes

1. Organizing time : Preparing for the lesson. Appointment of duty officers. Checking the class's readiness for the lesson.

2.Repetition of the material covered: (Slide 3)

Name the three components of the machine and their purpose.

Give an example of a chain transmission.

What links does a chain drive consist of?

What is the difference between a spline connection and a keyed connection?

Repetition results:

Communicating the topic and purpose of the lesson

3. Presentation of new material.

Illustrated story.

Teacher: In previous lessons, you were convinced that making a cylindrical part or product by hand is a rather difficult task.

It is much faster and easier to do this on a wood lathe.

A lathe is designed for processing workpieces made of wood and other materials in the form of bodies of rotation. Basic operations are performed on a lathe: turning surfaces, grinding surfaces. The main thing is that the movement (rotational) is carried out by the workpiece, the feed movement (translational) - by the cutting tool.

The history of wood lathes goes back to ancient times. They were used to make dishes, parts of tables, chairs and other household items. (Slide 4)

The following lathes are distinguished:

Screw-cutting;

Revolver;

Carousel;

Multi-cutters;

Center cutting;

On modern industrial enterprises apply

machines of various designs and purposes, including: - automatic machines;

Machine tools with numerical control (CNC). (Slide 5)

Some of you who choose the profession of a machine operator in the woodworking industry will be able to learn more about the design of such machines at a vocational school, college or technical school.

school workshops are usually equipped with lathes of the STD-120M model. Next, the teacher talks about the main components of the STD-120 machine. (Slide 6.)

Rice. 1

1) A carriage with a tool rest and tailstock.

2) The tailstock consists of a sliding sleeve, a helical gear, a flywheel and a tailstock center (quill). (Slide 7)

3) The machine spindle is installed in the headstock on ball bearing supports. (Slide 8)

4) Switching on and off is carried out using the “start” and “stop” buttons.

Let's consider the STD-120 device.

A special feature of the machine is the spindle, onto which the following parts can be screwed: (Slide 9)

Chuck - used for fastening short workpieces;

Trident - used for fastening long workpieces with tension at the center of the tailstock

Faceplate - used for processing workpieces of short length and large diameter. The workpiece is secured to the faceplate with screws.

Fig.2.

Devices for securing the workpiece during turning: a - chuck; b - faceplate; c- trident.

The teacher shows examples of fastening. (Slide 10)

Fastening rules:

Rice. 3. Fastening the part:

a - in the cartridge with a screw; b - with a trident with the center of the tailstock pressed

Rice. 4. Fastening (a) and turning (6) the workpiece on the faceplate

The rotational movement of the workpiece during turning is called the main one.

The forward movement of the workpiece during turning is called auxiliary.

First, the workpiece is processed at a low rotation speed of 710-770 rpm, and finishing processing is performed at a rotation speed of 1000-1450 rpm. (Slide 11-12)

Students are shown cutters for working on a lathe (Slide 13)

The rotation speed is adjusted by setting

belt drives onto pulleys of different diameters.

The teacher demonstrates changing the spindle speed. Let's turn to the kinematic diagram of the machine. (Slide 14)

2. Circuit explanation:

1) The spindle is driven by an electric motor through a V-belt drive.

2) The tailstock screw mechanism converts the rotation of the handwheel handle into forward movement of the center of the tailstock.

SAFETY REGULATIONS:(Slide 14-15)

Do not turn on the machine without the teacher's permission.

Securely fasten the tailstock of the machine.

Before installing it on the machine, check the workpiece to ensure it is not cracked.

Securely secure the workpiece in a special fixture and the center of the tailstock of the lathe.

Before working on a lathe, prepare workplace: remove all unnecessary things from the machine and around it, prepare and arrange only the necessary tools and devices.

Check the working tool. The handles should not have cracks and should be firmly seated.

Tuck in your clothes. Fasten all buttons. Tuck long hair under the beret.

Wear safety glasses before starting the machine.

During the turning process, periodically stop the machine and press the part with the center of the tailstock (flywheel), eliminating gaps.

Periodically, as the surface is cut, when the machine stops, bring the tool rest closer to the surface of the workpiece by 2-3 mm, rotate the workpiece by hand 2-3 turns and securely fasten the tool rest.

4 . Practical work(Slide 16).

Completing tasks:

1. Familiarize yourself with the structure of the machine.

2. After making sure the machine is turned off:

1) move the tailstock to the extreme right position;

2) measure:

a) the distance between centers;

b) the distance from the center line to the bed; c) the amount of quill overhang.

3. Fill out the table.

Rotation frequency

spindle

Distance between

centers in mm.

Distance from line

centers to bed

Overhang amount

quills in mm.

4. Practice securing workpieces on the machine (in the chuck, centers, on the faceplate).

5. Current briefing: A constant reminder of safety precautions when working on a wood lathe.

6. Summing up the lesson:

Repetition and consolidation of material. Control questions: (Slide 17)

1. What machines does the STD-120 belong to?

2. Give examples of work and energy machines.

Z. What is the purpose of the working body? engine? transmission mechanism?

4. Name the main parts of a wood lathe.

5. What devices are used to secure the workpiece? What determines their choice?

6. How is rotation supplied to the workpiece?

Evaluation of practical work.

Overall lesson summary:

7. Homework: Familiarization with the material in the textbook and the table in workbook. §10. Page 40

8. Cleaning workplaces

A wood lathe is designed for the manufacture of cylindrical, conical and spherical parts by removing chips from the workpiece with cutters. The main parts of the machine are: electric motor, V-belt drive, headstock, tailstock, tool rest and bed.
From the electric motor (2) through the V-belt drive (1), rotation is transmitted to the spindle (3). Devices for securing the workpiece are attached to the spindle. When turning, the cutter is moved manually, resting it on the tool rest (5). The headstock (4) serves as a support for the left end, the tailstock (6) for the right end of the workpiece, and the tool rest for the cutting tool and hand.

The machine is started using the black button on the control panel (7), stopped using the red button (if you press the red button for a long time, the electric brake is activated).
Various devices are used to secure the workpiece. To secure workpieces of small diameter and up to 150 mm long (cups, salt shakers), a chuck (1) is used. For turning parts of large diameter and small thickness (plates, boxes), a faceplate (2) is used. When processing a long workpiece (candlestick), it is secured between the trident (3) and the tailstock.

Making a cylindrical workpiece on a lathe.

Centers are found at the ends of the workpiece. If the workpiece has a square shape in cross-section, then diagonals are drawn (to find the center of round workpieces there is a device - a center finder), the resulting centers are pricked with an awl or punched with a center punch. The ribs are planed with a plane, giving the workpiece an octagonal shape. On one side, make a cut for the trident with a hacksaw and secure it in the machine.

The main tools for turning are cutters:reyer (semicircular chisel) – for rough turning and grooving andMaisel (slanting chisel) – for finishing turning, cutting and trimming workpieces. The turning chisel is held with both hands and moved along the tool rest. During the first pass, chips 1...2 mm thick are removed from the middle of the rafter blade. Further turning is performed with the side parts of the blade while moving the chisel both to the left and to the right. After 2...3 minutes of work, you should stop the machine and check the fastening of the workpiece and the gap between the workpiece and the tool rest (2-3 mm). When 3...4 mm remains to be removed, finishing turning begins. Meisel is placed on the rib with the blunt end down. The chips are cut off with the middle and lower part of the blade.
The diameter of the part is checked in several places with a caliper after stopping the machine. The straightness of the surface is checked with a ruler or square against the light.
Before cutting the part, it is treated with sandpaper and polished with a block of harder wood (while rotating the part). Marking along the length is done with a pencil using a ruler or caliper, turning off the machine.

To trim the ends, the maizel is placed at an acute angle downwards and a shallow cut is made at the risk. Then, stepping back a little to the right or left
(depending on which end is being cut), tilt the chisel and cut part of the workpiece into a cone. This operation is repeated several times until a neck with a diameter of 8...10 mm remains. Next, the part is removed from the machine, its ends are cut off with a hacksaw. The ends are cleaned. Turning of parts is carried out according to technological maps.

I also offer to your attentionpresentation"The history of the creation of a lathe"

Lathe

So,The history of lathes goes back to ancient times. They were used to make parts of spinning wheels, tables, chairs, courts, etc. And now we will take a detailed look at the technology of turning wood on a wood lathe.

Now it's time to test your knowledge on general theme"Wood turning"

Sign the names of the Sianka nodes

Match fasteners

The application contains interesting simulators that simulate the operation of a lathe. Download swf files to your computer and open it using the Google Chrome browser. Now you too can practice working on a lathe. Good luck!

Making a cylindrical part by handGood quality is a difficult task. Much faster and more accurately you can make such a part onlathe.

Lathes are designed for manufacturing (turning) wooden products that have cross section circle shape.

Lathes of various designs with foot and manualthe drive was used in ancient times (Fig. 29). Parts of spinning wheels, tables and chairs, dishes and many other products were turned from wood on them.

In Russia, only one mechanic, A.K. Nartov, developed and manufactured about 40 designs of various lathes. One of which is shown in Fig. thirty.

Modern industrial enterprises use lathes of various designs and purposes, including automatic machines and machines with numerical control.

In school workshops, lathes of the TD-120 (Fig. 31) and STD-120 M (Fig. 32) models are used.

The TD-120 machine has a frame with guides 1 (Fig. 31). On the guides of the frame there is a headstock 2, in which a spindle 3 is installed, connected by a V-belt drive 4 to an electric motor 5. On the guides of the frame there is a carriage with a tool rest 6 and a tailstock 7. The tailstock consists of a retractable sleeve (quills), helical gear, flywheel and tailstock center.

The machine spindle is installed in the headstock on ball bearing supports.

Turn the machine on and off using buttons 8 “start” and “stop”.

In Fig. 32 shows the structure of the STD-120M machine. A chuck (Fig. 33, a), a faceplate (Fig. 33, b) or a trident (Fig. 33, c) are screwed onto the machine spindles, in which the workpieces being processed are secured. The chuck is used for fastening short and small-diameter workpieces. The workpiece is secured in the chuck with a screw (Fig. 34, a).

The trident is used for fastening long workpieceswith their compression by the center of the tailstock (Fig. 34, b). Preloading is carried out by rotating the rear flywheel headstock, which moves the quill with the center when assisted screw transmission cabbage soup.

The workpieces fixed in the chuck and trident are sharpened by moving the chisel along the axis of rotation of the workpiece. This kind of turning is calledlongitudinal.

If it is necessary to sharpen a workpiece of short length and large diameter, for example, for the manufacture of plates, boxes, disks, then it is secured with screws to the faceplate (Fig. 35, a). (“Flange plate” translated from German means “flat disk.”) The screws are first marked and then pierced with an awl or blind (non-through) holes are drilled to the length of the screwed-in part of the screw.

To mark the position of the screws, the workpiece is applied to the faceplate and through the holes on it back side outline the locations of the screws (Fig. 35, a).

Screws must not enter the workpieceworkpieces, for which a line for the depth of the screws is outlined on the workpiece and then cut with a chisel (Fig. 35, b).

Flat workpieces on the faceplate are processedby moving the chisel perpendicular to the axis of rotationtovki. This kind of turning is calledtransverse (end, frontal), since the workpiece is processed from the end.

Conical parts are sharpened while simultaneously moving the chisel along and perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the workpiece. This kind of turning is called longitudinal-transverse.

Rotational movement of the workpiece during turningvayut main movement cutting, since without it at all turning is impossible. Forward movement of the chisel called auxiliary movement, i.e. movement submissions. The main cutting movement on kinematic diagrams indicate V, auxiliary - V s.

First, the workpiece is turned at low speed ( n = 710 for TD-120 and n = 770 for STD-120M), until its beat decreases. At low spindle speeds, large-diameter workpieces can also be machined.

The final and final processing of the workpieces is carried outat high rotation speed (n = 1000 for TD-120 and n = 1450 for STD-120M). Required speedthe spindle is obtained by installing a belt belt gearing to pulleys of various diameters.

On the kinematic diagram of the lathe (Fig. 31, b) shows the electric motor “M”, V-belt transmissiondacha, drive pulley mounted on the electric motor shaft, and a driven pulley located on the spindle. As seen from the diagram, the spindle is driven by electricengine through a V-belt drive.

The tailstock screw mechanism shown in kinematic diagram, converts the rotation of the maho handleVitka into the forward movement of the center of the tailstock.

Safety regulations

1. Do not turn on the machine without the teacher's permission.

2. Do not turn on the machine without a guarded beltno transmission.

3. Do not lean on lathe parts.

4. Do not place tools or other objects on the machine.

5. About all malfunctions in the machine and electricalwiring immediately report to the teacher.

You have already learned how to make cylindrical and conical parts using hand tools. It is easier, faster and more convenient to process such parts on lathes. Lathes are machines in which the workpiece rotates and the cutting tool moves along or across its axis.

In school workshops, students work on lathes for wood processing STD-120M. On such a machine you can perform the following operations: turning external and internal cylindrical, conical and shaped surfaces, drilling, cutting grooves, processing end surfaces, cutting off workpieces.

The largest diameter of the workpiece being processed is 190 mm. The longest turning length is 500 mm. The machine spindle has two rotation speeds: 840 rpm and 1860 rpm. The height of the centers above the bed level is 120 mm. Machine dimensions: 1250 x 575 x x 550 mm. The weight of the machine is approximately 100 kg.

The STD-120M machine (Fig. 20) is installed on base 1, for which a special stand or table is used. The machine has a frame 3 with guides on which all parts of the machine are mounted: a headstock 7 with a spindle, which is driven by an electric motor 2 using a belt drive, a tailstock 10, a tool rest 9. The working area of the machine is protected on all sides by a fence with a protective screen 11 made of organic glass.

Rice. 20. Lathe for wood processing: 1 - base (table); 2 - electric motor; 3 - bed with guides; 4 - belt drive guard; 5 - push-button switch; 6 - lamp; 7 - front headstock: 8 - spindle; 9 - tool rest; 10 - tailstock; 11 - protective screen

For local lighting the cutting zone is served by lamp 6. On push-button switch 5, the on button is painted black, and the off button is painted red.

In the headstock (Fig. 21, a) there is a spindle 3 - a shaft mounted in ball bearings 4 and receiving rotation from an electric motor using a belt drive 1, 2. The end of the spindle has a thread onto which the necessary devices are screwed for fastening the left end of the workpiece.

Rice. 21. Main parts of the SGGD-120M machine: a - front headstock: 1 - V-belt; 2 - two-stage pulley; 3 - spindle; 4 - ball bearing; 5 - fastening screw; b - tailstock: 1 - quill; 2 - center; 3 - clamp handle; 4 - screw mechanism; 5 - flywheel; 6 - fastening screw; c - tool rest assembly: 1 - tool rest; 2 - carriage (holder); 3 - stopper handle; 4 - carriage fastening handles

The tailstock (Fig. 21, b) can move along the guides of the frame and is fixed motionlessly with a fastening screw 6. The right end of the long workpiece is pressed with center 2, located in the quill (retractable sleeve) 1 of the tailstock. The center is moved using a screw mechanism 4 by rotating the flywheel 5 and secured with a clamp handle 3.

The tool rest (Fig. 21, c) serves as a support for the cutting tool (chisels). It is located in the carriage (holder) 2, can be rotated and fixed by the stopper handle 3. The carriage can move along the guides both along and across the frame and be secured in the desired position by turning the handles 4.

To fasten workpieces, use the following devices, which are screwed onto the threaded end of the spindle: chuck, trident, faceplate. The chuck (Fig. 22, a and 23, a) is used to secure small short workpieces in it. The workpiece is processed into a cone at one end, screwed at this end into the chuck and tilted with a screw.

Rice. 22. Devices for securing workpieces: a - chuck; b - trident; c - faceplate

The trident (Fig. 22, b and 23, b) is used to secure long workpieces, the second end of which is pressed with the rear center. To securely install the trident in the left end of the workpiece, make a cut with a hacksaw to a depth of 5...8 mm, and to reliably press the workpiece with the rear center in the middle of the right end, drill a hole ∅ 3...4 mm or make a recess using a center punch.

Rice. 23. Fastening the workpiece: a - in the chuck with a screw: b - using the rear center trident: c. g, e - on the faceplate: 1 - workpiece; 2 - faceplate; 3 - awl; 4 - screwdriver: 5 - screws; 6 - spindle; 7 - tool rest; 8 - cutting tool (chisel)

The faceplate (Fig. 22, c and 23, c-e) is intended for fastening flat workpieces of large diameter and short length, for example, blanks for the manufacture of decorative plates, vases, boxes, etc. The faceplate is applied to the workpiece and the centers of the fastening holes are marked with an awl (see Fig. 23, c). After this, they pierce the marked centers with an awl or drill blind holes with a depth equal to the length of the screwed-in part of the screw (usually 15...20 mm). Then the workpiece is fastened with screws (self-tapping screws) to the faceplate (see Fig. 23, d) and the faceplate with the workpiece is screwed onto the machine spindle (see Fig. 23, e). To prevent screws from getting into the cutting zone of the workpiece, a line for the depth of the screws is marked on it.

There are several types of turning. Longitudinal, in which the cutting tool (chisel) moves along the axis of the workpiece during rotation of the part (Fig. 24, a). Transverse, when the chisel moves across the axis of the workpiece (Fig. 24, 6). Longitudinal-transverse, in which the tool moves simultaneously both along the axis and across the axis of rotation of the workpiece (Fig. 24, c).

Rice. 24. Turning forks: a - longitudinal; b - transverse; c - longitudinal-transverse

The STD-120M machine can be connected to an installation for collecting chips and wood dust, which reduces the amount of waste in the workshop.

Be careful when operating the lathe. The slightest negligence in work or failure to follow safe operation and maintenance rules can lead to equipment failure and serious injury.

Safe work rules

Do not turn on the machine without the teacher's permission.
You can only operate the machine wearing special clothing and safety glasses.
Operate only with the protective screen lowered.
Do not lean on the machine, do not place tools or workpieces on it.
Do not move away from the switched on machine.

Currently, enterprises use automatic lathes and automatic lines, operating according to a given program in the required modes. Turners service such machines and perform turning work.

Getting to know the professions

Turner is one of the most common working professions in wood and metal processing. A turner must know the structure of machines, be able to read drawings, know the purpose and methods of using various tools and devices, be able to use instrumentation, understand the properties of wood, metals, alloys, etc.

Practical work No. 9

Studying the design of a lathe for wood processing

Familiarize yourself with the structure of the lathe using Figures 20 and 21 or posters available in the workshop.
Check that the machine installed in the workshop suits your height. Choose a footrest so that your palm right hand, lowered and bent at an angle of 90°, was not lower than the level of the center of the machine.
Check with your teacher that the protective screen of the machine is working properly.
With the machine off, examine the headstock, tool rest, and tailstock.
Guided by Figures 21, c and 24, a, b, install and secure the tool rest, first for longitudinal and then for transverse turning.
Consider the cartridge, trident and faceplate. Insert the short piece into the chuck and secure it with a screw. Screw the chuck onto the threaded end of the spindle until it stops.
With the permission of the teacher, turn on the machine with the “start” button* and stop the spindle rotation with the “stop” button (red).
Complete the table in your workbook.

Find on the Internet the history of the emergence of the lathe, consider modern machines. Compare them.

New words and concepts

Lathe, headstock, tailstock, tool rest, chuck, trident, faceplate, turning: longitudinal, transverse, longitudinal-transverse; turner.

Testing your knowledge

Name the main parts of a lathe for wood processing. What operations can be performed on this machine?
What is the tailstock used for?
How to install a tool support for longitudinal-transverse turning?
Tell us about the purpose of the cartridge, trident, faceplate.

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