School project on the theme of the steam turbine. Presentation on the topic "steam turbine". History of the development of steam turbines
slide 1
Robotics in our life
Completed by: Sarvanov A.A. Head: Romadanov K.N.
slide 2
3 generations of robots: Software. Hard-coded program (cyclogram). Adaptive. The ability to automatically reprogram (adapt) depending on the situation. Initially, only the basics of the program of action are set. Intelligent. The task is entered in a general form, and the robot itself has the ability to make decisions or plan its actions in an uncertain or complex environment that it recognizes.
A robot is a machine with anthropomorphic (human-like) behavior, which partially or completely performs the functions of a person (sometimes an animal) when interacting with the outside world.
slide 3
Architecture of intelligent robots
Executive organs Sensors Control system World model Recognition system Action planning system Action execution system Goal management system
slide 4
Domestic robots
Orientation and movement in a confined space with a changing environment (objects in the house can change their location), opening and closing doors when moving around the house. Manipulating objects of complex and sometimes unknown shape, such as dishes in the kitchen or things in rooms. Active interaction with a person in natural language and acceptance of commands in a general form
Tasks of home intelligent robots:
Mahru and Ahra (Korea, KIST)
slide 5
Home Robots - PR2 (Willow Garage)
PR2 can plug a plug into an outlet
Scientists from the University of California at Berkeley (UC Berkeley) have for the first time trained a robot to interact with deformable objects. Oddly enough, but only now it was possible to teach the machine to work with soft and, most importantly, objects that easily and unpredictably change shape.
slide 6
military robots
DARPA plans to rearm the army: By 2015, one third Vehicle will be unmanned Over 6 years from 2006, it is planned to spend $ 14.78 billion By 2025, it is planned to switch to a full-fledged robotic army
Slide 7
Unmanned aircrafts(UAV)
32 countries around the world produce about 250 types of unmanned aircraft and helicopters
RQ-7 Shadow
RQ-4Global Hawk
X47B UCAS
A160T Hummingbird
Air Force and US Army drones: 2000 - 50 units 2010 - 6800 units (136 times)
RQ-11 Raven
In 2010, the US Air Force, for the first time in its history, intends to acquire more unmanned aerial vehicles than manned aircraft. By 2035, all helicopters will be unmanned.
Drone market: 2010 - $4.4 billion 2020 - $8.7 billion US share - 72% of the total market
Slide 8
Ground combat robots
Transport robot BigDog (Boston Dynamics)
Fighting robot MAARS
Robot-sapper PackBot 1700 units in service
Robot Tank BlackKnight
Tasks performed: demining reconnaissance laying of communication lines transportation of military cargo protection of the territory
Slide 9
Marine robots
Underwater robot REMUS 100 (Hydroid) created 200 copies.
Tasks performed: Detection and destruction of submarines Patrol of the water area Fight against sea pirates Detection and destruction of mines Cartography of the seabed
By 2020, 1,142 devices will be produced in the world for a total of $2.3 billion, of which $1.1 billion will be spent by the military. 394 large, 285 medium and 463 miniature submersibles will be produced. In the case of an optimistic development of events, the volume of sales will reach 3.8 billion dollars, and in "piece" terms - 1870 robots.
US Navy boat Protector
Slide 10
Industrial robots
By 2010, more than 270 models of industrial robots have been developed in the world, 1 million robots have been produced. 178,000 robots have been introduced in the United States In 2005, 370,000 robots worked in Japan - 40 percent of the total number worldwide. There were 32 robots for every 1,000 human factory employees By 2025, due to the aging population of Japan, 3.5 million jobs will be robots Modern high-precision production is impossible without the use of robots Russia lost its industrial robot fleet in the 90s. There is no mass production of robots.
slide 11
space robots
Robonaut -2 went to the ISS in September 2010 (developer by General Motors) and will become a permanent member of the crew.
EUROBOT at the booth
The DEXTRE robot has been operating on the ISS since 2008.
slide 12
Security robots
Street patrolling Premises and building security Air surveillance (UAV)
SGR-1 (Korean border guard)
Security robot Reborg-Q (Japan)
slide 13
Nanobots
"Nanorobots", or "nanobots" - robots comparable in size to a molecule (less than 10 nm), with the functions of movement, processing and transmission of information, execution of programs.
Slide 14
Robots for medicine
Hospital services Patient care
MRK-03 medicine carrier (Japan)
slide 15
Robots for medicine - surgical robots
Robot surgeon Da Vinci Developer - INTUITIVE SURGICAL INC (USA) 2006 - 140 clinics 2010 - 860 clinics In Russia - 5 installations
The operator works in a non-sterile area at the control console. The tool arms are only activated if the operator's head is correctly positioned by the robot. A 3D image of the surgical field is used. The movements of the operator's hands are accurately transferred to the very precise movements of the operating instruments. Seven degrees of freedom of movement of the tools provide the operator with possibilities never seen before.
slide 16
Robots for medicine - prostheses
Bionic hand prosthesis i-Limb (Touch Bionics) holds up to 90 kilograms of load Serially produced since 2008, 1200 patients worldwide.
The prosthesis is controlled by myoelectric currents in the limb, and for a person it looks almost like the control of a real hand. Together with the “pulsating grip”, this allows the disabled person to perform more precise manipulations, up to tying shoelaces or fastening a belt.
Slide 17
Exoskeletons (Japan)
HAL-5 , 23 kg, 1.6m 2.5 hours of operation Increases force from 2 to 10 times Serial production since 2009
The adaptive control system, receiving bioelectric signals taken from the surface of the human body, calculates what kind of movement and with what power the person is going to make. Based on these data, the level of required additional power of movement is calculated, which will be generated by the servos of the exoskeleton. The speed and response of the system are such that human muscles and automated parts of the exoskeleton move in perfect unison.
The Robot Suit Hybrid Assistive Limb (HAL) by Cyberdyne
Slide 18
Exoskeletons (Japan)
Honda Walking assist - manufactured since 2009, weight - 6.5 kilograms (including shoes and lithium-ion battery), operating time on a single charge - 2 hours. Application - for the elderly, facilitating the work of workers on the conveyor.
Farmer Exoskeleton (University of Tokyo Agriculture and technologies)
- Teacher: Kriventsov Leonid Alexandrovich,
- highest qualification category
- Lesson topic:
- Asino - 2014
- Municipal Autonomous General Educational Institution -
- secondary school No. 4, the city of Asino, Tomsk region
- (from robot and technology; English robotics) an applied science that develops automated technical systems.
- Robotics draws on disciplines such as electronics, mechanics, computer science, radio engineering, and electrical engineering.
- Construction
- Industrial
- household
- Aviation
- extreme
- Military
- Space
- underwater
- The word "robotics" was based on the word "robot", coined in 1920 by the Czech writer Karel Capek for his science fiction play "R. W. R. (“Rossum's Universal Robots”), first staged in 1921 in Prague and enjoyed success with the audience.
- In it, the owner of the plant arranges the production of many androids, which at first work without rest, but then rebel and destroy their creators.
- (Czech robot, from robota - forced labor or rob - slave) - an automatic device created on the principle of a living organism.
- Acting according to a predetermined program and receiving information about the outside world from sensors (analogues of the sense organs of living organisms), the robot independently performs production and other operations that are usually performed by humans (or animals).
- In this case, the robot can either have a connection with the operator (receive commands from him), or act autonomously.
- Android (from the Greek root ἀνδρ - the word ἀνήρ - “man, man” and the suffix -oid - from the Greek word εἶδος - “likeness”) - humanoid.
- V modern meaning usually refers to a humanoid robot.
- Manipulative
- An automatic machine consisting of an actuating device in the form of a manipulator with several degrees of freedom, and a program control device, which serves to perform in manufacturing process motor and control functions.
- Stationary
- Mobile
- Such robots are produced in floor, suspended and portal versions. Received the greatest distribution in machine-building and instrument-making branches.
- A manipulator is a mechanism for controlling the spatial position of tools and objects of labor.
- Manipulation robots
- forward movement
- angular displacement
- Types of movement
- The combination and mutual arrangement of links determines the degree of mobility, as well as the scope of the robot's manipulation system.
- To ensure movement in the links, electric, hydraulic or pneumatic drives can be used.
- Manipulation robots
- Part of the manipulators (although optional) are grippers. The most versatile gripping devices are similar to the human hand - gripping is done using mechanical "fingers".
- Pneumatic suction cup grippers are used to grip flat objects.
- To capture many parts of the same type (which usually happens when robots are used in industry), specialized designs are used.
- Instead of grippers, the manipulator can be equipped with a working tool. It can be a spray gun, a welding head, a screwdriver, etc.
- Mobile
- An automatic machine that has a moving chassis with automatically controlled drives.
- wheeled
- Walkers
- Tracked
- Mobile
- crawling
- floating
- flying
- Insert video clip
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=9&v=PC2hsu0jTbo
- ASIMO
- Asimo
- NAO (Nao)
- Insert video clip
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bmglbk_Op64
- NAO (Nao)
- Insert video clip
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1W4LoQow_3o
- Actuators are the "muscles" of robots. Electric motors are currently the most popular motors in drives, but others using chemicals or compressed air are also in use.
- A robot cannot harm a person or by its inaction allow a person to be harmed.
- A robot must obey all orders given by a human, unless those orders are contrary to the First Law.
- The robot must take care of its safety to the extent that this does not contradict the First and Second Laws.
- Isaac Asimov, 1965
- In 1986, in Robots and Empire, Asimov proposed the Zeroth Law:
- 0. A robot cannot cause harm to humanity or, by its inaction, allow harm to be done to humanity.
- 0. A robot cannot harm a person unless it can prove that it will ultimately benefit all of humanity.
- The material is taken from the textbook - E.I. Yurevich, Fundamentals of robotics.
- http://www.prorobot.ru/slovarik/robotics-zakon.php
- Presentation background - http://sch1498.mskobr.ru/images/Kartinki/2.jpg
- Photo by Karl Chapek - http://static.ozone.ru/multimedia/books_covers/1007573981.jpg
- Photo of the play show - http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-o_TRaM0uze8/U_xYIx3d-FI/AAAAAAAAAfA/4QxDeeX9ICc/s1600/chapek-rur-4ital.ru.jpg
- Photos of NAO, wheeled and tracked robots - copyright
- Manipulation robots - http://training-site.narod.ru/images/robot6.jpg, http://toolmonger.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/10/450_1002031%20kopia.jpg
- Floating robots - https://images.cdn.stuff.tv/sites/stuff.tv/files/news/robot-water-snake_0.jpg
- Walking robot - http://weas-robotics.ru/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/mantis.jpg
- Robot Chef - http://bigpicture.ru/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/r12_1931.jpg
- Violin Robot - https://imzunnu.files.wordpress.com/2010/04/toyotaviolinplayingrobot.jpg
- Photo by Isaac Asimov - https://ds04.infourok.ru/uploads/ex/0d01/000256f0-8256e822/3/hello_html_382bf8c1.jpg
- Robot drives - https://gizmod.ru/uploads/posts/2000/14172/image.jpg, http://www.servodroid.ru/_nw/0/62696.jpg
- Lumberjack Robot - http://www.strangedangers.com/images/content/136345.jpg
- Aibo photo - http://img0.liveinternet.ru/images/attach/c/9/105/393/105393992_large_5361707_h_sAibo_img_0807.jpg
- Asimo photo - https://everipedia-storage.s3.amazonaws.com/NewlinkFiles/1149050/4690442.jpg
slide 2
A steam turbine (fr. turbine from lat. turbo whirlwind, rotation) is a continuous heat engine, in the blade apparatus of which the potential energy of compressed and heated water vapor is converted into kinetic energy, which in turn performs mechanical work on the shaft.
slide 3
The turbine consists of three cylinders (high pressure cylinder, high pressure cylinder and low pressure cylinder), the lower halves of the cases of which are designated 39, 24 and 18, respectively. Each of the cylinders consists of a stator, the main element of which is a fixed housing, and a rotating rotor. Separate rotors of the cylinders (high pressure cylinder rotor 47, TsSD rotor 5 and LPC rotor 11) are rigidly connected by couplings 31 and 21. The half coupling of the electric generator rotor is attached to the coupling half 12, and the exciter rotor is connected to it. A chain of assembled separate rotors of cylinders, a generator and an exciter is called a shaft line. Its length with a large number of cylinders (and the largest number in modern turbines is 5) can reach 80 m.
slide 4
Principle of operation
Steam turbines work as follows: steam generated in a steam boiler, under high pressure, enters the turbine blades. The turbine rotates and generates mechanical energy used by the generator. The generator produces electricity. The electric power of steam turbines depends on the pressure difference between the steam at the inlet and outlet of the plant. The power of steam turbines of a single installation reaches 1000 MW. Depending on the nature of the thermal process, steam turbines are divided into three groups: condensing, heating and special-purpose turbines. According to the type of turbine stages, they are classified as active and reactive.
slide 5
slide 6
Steam turbines - advantages
steam turbines can operate on various types fuels: gaseous, liquid, solid high unit power free choice of coolant wide power range impressive resource of steam turbines
Slide 7
Steam turbines - disadvantages
high inertia of steam plants (long start-up and shutdown times) high cost of steam turbines low volume of electricity produced in relation to the volume of thermal energy expensive repair of steam turbines reduction of environmental performance in the case of heavy fuel oils and solid fuels
Slide 8
Application:
The Parsons jet steam turbine was used for some time mainly on warships, but gradually gave way to more compact combined active-reactive steam turbines, in which the high-pressure reactive part was replaced by a single or double-crowned active disk. As a result, losses due to steam leakage through the gaps in the blade apparatus have decreased, the turbine has become simpler and more economical. Depending on the nature of the thermal process, steam turbines are usually divided into 3 main groups: condensing, cogeneration and special purpose.
Slide 9
The main advantages of PTM:
Wide power range; Increased (by 1.2-1.3 times) internal efficiency (~75%); Significantly reduced installation length (up to 3 times); Low capital costs for installation and commissioning; Lack of an oil supply system, which ensures fire safety and allows operation in the boiler room; The absence of a gearbox between the turbine and the driven mechanism, which increases the reliability of operation and reduces the noise level; Smooth regulation of the shaft rotation speed from idling to the load of the turbine plant; Low noise level (up to 70 dBA); Low specific gravity (up to 6 kg/kW of installed power) High service life. The operating time of the turbine before decommissioning is at least 40 years. With seasonal use of the turbine, the payback period does not exceed 3 years.
- Introduce students
- with device and principle
- steam turbine operation.
- Introduce the concept of thermal efficiency
- engine.
- Identify problems
- environmental protection.
- Goals:
- this is a continuous heat engine in which the potential energy of compressed and heated water vapor is converted into kinetic energy, which in turn performs mechanical work on the shaft.
- Turbines
- Steam
- Gas
- 1 - nozzle
- 2 - blades
- 3 - steam
- 4 - disk
- 5 - shaft
- It is used as a drive for an electric generator at thermal, nuclear and hydro power plants, as engines at sea, land and air transport, as an integral part of the hydrodynamic transmission.
- A device similar to a turbine, but having a drive for rotating the blades from a shaft - a compressor or pump.
- The most powerful power plant in the world is located in South America, on the Parana River. Its 18 turbines generate 12,600 million watts/hour of electricity.
- shortcomings of work
- steam turbine
- rotation speed cannot be varied widely
- long start and stop times
- high cost of steam turbines
- low volume of electricity produced, in relation to the volume of thermal energy.
- Benefits
- work
- steam turbine
- rotation occurs in one direction;
- there are no shocks, as during the operation of the piston
- operation of steam turbines is possible on various types of fuel: gaseous, liquid, solid
- high unit power
- working body
- Heater
- Refrigerator
- A n \u003d Q1-Q2
- Ap - Useful work;
- Q1 - Amount of heat,
- received from the heater;
- Q2 - Amount of heat
- given to the refrigerator.
- Cannot be more than 1 (or 100%)
- Steam engine efficiency ≈ 8–12%
- Steam or gas turbine > 30%
- ICE ≈ 20-40%
- Ways to increase efficiency
- steam turbine
- 1) creation of more perfect thermal insulation of the boiler;
- 2) an increase in temperature in the boiler, as well as an increase in steam pressure
- Rise in mean atmospheric temperature
- Changing of the climate
- Formation of the "greenhouse effect"
- disappearance certain types animals, birds, plants
- Acid rainfall
- Heat engines:
- 25.5 billion tons of carbon oxides
- 190 million tons of sulfur oxides
- 65 million tons of nitrogen oxides
- 1.4 Mt CFC
- Lead, cadmium, copper, nickel, etc.
- solar energy
- Electricity
- Magnetic field energy
- Wind energy
- In 1883, the Swede Gustaf de Laval managed to overcome many difficulties and create the first working steam turbine. A few years earlier, Laval had obtained a patent for a milk separator. In order to put it into action, a very high-speed drive was needed. None of the then existing engines did not satisfy the task. Laval was convinced that only a steam turbine could give him the necessary rotational speed. He began to work on its design and eventually achieved what he wanted.
- The Laval turbine was a light wheel, on the blades of which steam was induced through several nozzles set at an acute angle.
- In 1889, Laval significantly improved his invention by adding conical expanders to the nozzles. This significantly increased the efficiency of the turbine and turned it into a universal engine.
- In 1884, English engineer Charles Parsons received a patent for a multi-stage jet turbine, which he invented specifically to drive an electric generator.
- In 1885, he designed a multi-stage jet turbine, which later became widely used in thermal power plants.
- § 23, 24;
- cards,
- to prepare for control work
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