Download presentation on Ethiopia. Ethiopia The federal democratic republic of Ethiopia is a state in northeast Africa. in the past, the country was often called Abyssinia. Ethiopia. Ethiopia is located in East Africa, west of Somalia

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Ethiopia is located in East Africa, west of Somalia

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Area and Borders

Total: 1,127,127 sq km; land surface area: 1 119 683 km2; water surface area: 7 444 km2 Land boundaries: total: 5,311 km; : n m with neighboring states: with Djibouti 337 km, with Eritrea 912 km, with Kenya 830 km, with Somalia 1,626 km, with Sudan 1 606 km.

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Population

Population - 96 million people. (estimate for 2014, 14th in the world). The annual growth rate is 2.89% (fertility is 5.23 births per woman). The average life expectancy is 58 years for men, 63 years for women.

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Head of state

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Form of government

The Federal Republic, consists of 9 kilometers (states), formed by ethnic division and 2 self-governing cities (Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa). The head of state is the president. Elected for a 6-year term (with the right to re-term) by the parliament (house of people's representatives). The head of government is appointed from the party that won the parliamentary elections. The legislature is a bicameral parliament: the Federation Chamber (108 members, elected by state assemblies for a 5-year term), decides constitutional and federal-regional issues, and the House of People's Representatives (547 members, popularly elected for a 5-year term).

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Ethiopian tribes

Mursi tribe

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Surma tribe

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Arbore tribe

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hamer

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karo

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kanso

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Ethiopian culture

Ethiopia is perhaps the most unusual of all African states. Her contacts with ancient civilizations, the influence of Judaism and Christianity made the culture of Ethiopia special and unique. The inhabitants of the country were able to keep it practically unchanged thanks to their desperate desire to resist outside forces and destruction. None of the colonizers and conquerors managed to enslave the people of Ethiopia, and therefore its civilization has survived from ancient times.

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Lalibela stone churches

This ancient city is located at an altitude of over 2,500 thousand meters. Its uniqueness lies in the fact that there are thirteen stone churches in Lalibela. The city bears the name of Saint Lalibela from the ruling dynasty, who built these temples in the XII century in response to the Muslim seizure of his beloved Jerusalem. The city of Lalibela is part of Ethiopia's culture, and UNESCO protects its sites along with other unique masterpieces of architecture. As in Europe, monasteries and Christian churches have served here as centers of education and cultural life. Crafts and arts flourished at the temples, icon painters worked and ancient historical books were created.

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Axum and the Ark Chapel

According to legend, the Queen of Sheba lived in the city of Aksum, and today it has become a place of pilgrimage for millions of believers. The reason is that in the Church of the Virgin Mary of Zion, according to the Ethiopian church, there is a unique relic - the Ark of the Covenant, which kept the Tablets and the Ten Commandments. Of the obvious attractions of Aksum, one can mention its steles and obelisks, whose age reaches several millennia. The largest of them was taken to Italy in 1937 and installed in Rome in one of the squares. The example of engineering achievements of the Aksumite kingdom returned to its homeland after seventy years by the decision of the UN.

UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Ethiopia Ethiopia has 9 titles (2013). The general World Heritage List for 2016 includes 1,052 sites. Thus, the share of Ethiopia's properties in the world is approximately 0.8%. Completed by the teacher of geography MBOU Secondary School No. 8 Ussuriysk Nagornaya Ekaterina Vladimirovna

Ethiopia is the first Christian country and the second most populous state in Africa, one of the oldest in the world, independent from time immemorial, a country great history and endless legends.

1. Lalibela is a city in the north of Ethiopia, famous for its Christian churches carved in stone. One of the holy places of the country, second only in importance to Aksum, the center of pilgrimage for the country's population. Unlike Axum, almost all of the inhabitants of Lalibela are Christians of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church. Lalibela was to become the New Jerusalem in response to the Muslim takeover of Jerusalem, which is why many of the city's historic buildings bear the name and design of Jerusalem buildings. 1978 included in the UNESCO list

For centuries, pilgrims have made their way through mountain passes and valleys to the holy city of Lalibela. Hunger, thirst, cold accompanied them on the way, but the purpose of such travels is worth it. "New Jerusalem", as this place is called, is not accidental. The churches of Sinai and Calvary, the Sorrowful Way, the Mount of Olives, all this is on the territory of a very small town in the north of Ethiopia. Everything around is reminiscent of biblical stories. Thanks to this, pilgrims-mantis feel themselves in close proximity to the Holy Sepulcher. The local Jordan River dries up when there is no rain. And then a sacred cross appears, installed at its bottom, as if reminding that God never leaves his children ...

Rising to a height of 2600 m above sea level, on the slope of Mount Abuna Yosef, you can see the greatest wonder of these places. A whole complex of churches is carved out of stone right in the rock. You can't see them from the road, the domes are at ground level. It seems incredible that in XII there were engineering geniuses capable of creating such fantastic structures. Everything was calculated to the centimeter, the location of the columns, inside and outside, altars, ornaments. Artesian water and drainage system, many labyrinths and various sanctuaries, where even most of the clergy still have no access, have been supplied.

Abuna Yosef is a mountain in Ethiopia. Its height reaches 4301 m above sea level. It is located in the Amhara region, near the Ethiopian Highlands. A notable landmark on this mountain is the church

The height of the buildings reaches 12 meters, and they have stood for at least 800 years. No evidence of this grandiose construction has yet been found. Therefore, history has been "overgrown" with myths and legends. Church of St. George in Lalibela, Ethiopia.

The beauty of these buildings is amazing. Even more surprising is the time in which they were made. It took only 23-27 years to build them. According to ancient myths, workers worked on the structures during the day, and angels came to the rescue at night. They also say that the Templars, who came to help their fellow believers in the fight against Islam, supported the workers in the construction of the temple complex.

Apart from all the others, the Temple of St. George is located. If you look at it from above, you can see a large cross, 12 meters wide. The height (or depth) is also 12 m. You can get to the temple only through a narrow tunnel. But the yard is very wide, believers often stop here to rest and pray.

Until recently, it was believed that there are eleven churches in total, but about five years ago, under the rubble formed in the 16th century after the raid of Muslims, the ministers discovered another one dedicated to the local holy martyr. The fact that this is not just some big room, but the church is proved by the cross and shrines found in it.

2. Fasil Gebbi is a fortress of the city of Gondar in the Ethiopian region of Amhara. In the XVI-XVII centuries. the fortress served as the residence of the Emperor of Ethiopia Fasilidas and his successors. The old walled city is surrounded by a 900-meter wall, behind which are palaces, churches, monasteries and unique public and private buildings. The architecture of the buildings bears the imprints of the Indian and Arabic styles. The buildings were later modified in the Baroque style, which appeared in Gondar thanks to the Jesuit missionaries. In 1979, Fassil-Gebbie was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Gondar was founded in 1632. In 1704, an earthquake struck, which severely damaged the fortress. In the 19th century, the former residence of the kings was plundered by the Sudanese Mahdists. During the Italian occupation of East Africa, an unsuccessful restoration was made. In 1941, the buildings were used for the high command of Mussolini's army, and the fortress was damaged by British air raids. The fortress was closed to the public for 11 years, during which UNESCO carried out the restoration of the monuments. The attraction reopened in 2005.

3. Aksum - a city in the north of Ethiopia, named after the Aksumite kingdom, a maritime and commercial power that dominated this region from about 400 BC. e. until the X century A.D. e. Medieval sources sometimes referred to this kingdom as "Ethiopia". The city is located at an altitude of 2130 meters above sea level. Aksum airport is located in the vicinity of Axum. Highly appreciating their historical value, in 1980 UNESCO included the archaeological sites of Axum in the list of world heritage sites.

The main Aksumite monuments in the city are the steles. The largest number of them lie in the North Park of Stelae. Obelisks are of various sizes, the largest being the 33-meter-high Large Stele, which is believed to have fallen during construction. One of the tallest is the 24-meter Stele of King Ezana. Another stele, stolen by the Italian army, was returned to Ethiopia only in 2005, and as of July 2008 is in the process of being installed. Steles are believed to mark graves. On the sides they had cast metal discs with carved architectural forms. The steles are interspersed with graves mainly of the 4th century.

The world's largest obelisk Aksum Ethiopia. The Aksum archaeological zone contains 176 steles.

Other attractions in the city include the Church of St. Mary of Zion, built in 1665, which is said to house the Ark of the Covenant (the famous 12th century church of the same name with the same name is located nearby), archaeological and ethnographic museums. Local legend claims that the Queen of Sheba herself lived in the city.

4. Tiya is a city in the southern part of Ethiopia with 3363 inhabitants (2005). Located in the Gurage zone of the Peoples and Peoples' region of the south, south of Addis Ababa, on the border with the Oromia region. 36 prehistoric steles have been preserved near the city. Age and origin have not been reliably established. They are very similar to the steles in Aksum, which are also found in Ethiopia, but older and taller than them. These steles have been a World Heritage Site since 1980.

The archaeological site of Tiia consists of 36 huge stone monoliths, including 32 steles with images of swords and other mysterious signs and symbols carved on their surface, most of which have not yet been deciphered. Monoliths from 1 to 5 meters in height have different shapes - flat, cone-shaped or round. Who created these steles, for what purpose and at what time is not established. During archaeological excavations, skeletons of people who died in battle were discovered, their age varies from 18 to 30 years. Scientists suggest that the steles could have appeared in the period from the 11th to the 13th century, their most likely purpose is tombstones at the site of mass graves of soldiers who died in battle.

To date, the most reliable version is the assumption that the swords carved on the monoliths mean either the number of people buried in this place, or the number of deaths at the hands of a warrior who found his last refuge here. While the mysterious monoliths of Tiya sacredly keep their secrets, there is hope that further research will answer the questions of who, why and when built these steles.

5. The fortified historical city of Harar-Jugol is the fourth "holy city" for Muslims after Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem, located in Ethiopia. The city of Harar-Dzhugol is surrounded by desert and savannah, on a plateau cut by deep gorges. Fortified historical part the city is surrounded by walls built in the 13th - 16th centuries.

From the late 16th to the 19th century, it was known as a center for trade and Islamic education. Over its long history, Harar-Jugol was an independent emirate, then occupied by Egypt, and in 1887 became part of Ethiopia. The Harari people are famous for the development of their crafts, the main of which are weaving and basket weaving. In 2006, Harar-Jugol was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.

6. Cultural landscape of Konso. The site is unique or at least exclusive to a cultural tradition or civilization that still exists or has already disappeared. The site is an outstanding example of a human traditional structure, with the traditional use of land or sea, exemplifying culture or human interaction with environment... Year of listing: 2011

The facility covers an area of \u200b\u200b55 square kilometers in Ethiopia's Conso Highlands. Its landscape is formed by terraces supported by stone walls with fortified settlements scattered among them. It has preserved a clear example of a vibrant cultural tradition that has developed in this harsh and arid habitat for 21 generations (over 4,000 years).

Presentation on the theme "Ethiopia" The work was performed by a student of the 10th grade Sukmanova A lina

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Ethiopia, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, formerly also known as Abyssinia, is a landlocked state in East Africa. The Ethiopian Highlands have been a habitat for humans since ancient times, as evidenced by the remains of Australopithecus in the Omo Valley and the sites of the Olduvai culture in southern Ethiopia. The Ethiopian Highlands are the supposed center of the formation of the Kushite languages \u200b\u200band one of the most ancient centers of agriculture. Flag of Ethiopia Emblem of Ethiopia Land area 1 127 127 km2

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Ethiopia is a federal republic, it consists of 9 kylluls (regions or states) formed by ethnic division and 2 self-governing cities (Addis Ababa and Dyre Dawa). The head of state is the president. Elected for a 6-year term (with the right to re-term) by the parliament (house of people's representatives). The legislature is a bicameral parliament: the Federation Chamber (108 members, elected by the state assemblies for a 5-year term), decides constitutional and federal-regional issues, and the House of People's Representatives (547 members elected by the population for a 5-year term).

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Ethiopia is the highest mountainous country on the African continent. A significant part of its territory is occupied by the Ethiopian Highlands, stretching from north to south of Ethiopia. The highest part of the highland is the northern one. The highest points of the country are located here - Ras-Dashen (4620 m) and Talo (4413 m). In the east, the highland drops abruptly into the Afar depression, one of the lowest points in Africa.

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The entire territory of Ethiopia is located in the subequatorial and equatorial climatic zones. But the fact that most of the country is located in the Ethiopian Highlands explains Ethiopia's milder and wetter climate. The temperature here all year round is + 25 ... + 30 ° С and there is a sufficient amount of precipitation. The eastern regions of Ethiopia are the exact opposite - they have a hot and dry desert climate. In general, Ethiopia is not characterized by temperature changes during the year. But the difference between night and day temperatures is significant: it is about 15 degrees. Usually in Ethiopia there is practically no day when the sun does not shine, and one of the tourist mottos sounds like this: "Ethiopia is a country of 13 months of sun" (according to the Ethiopian calendar, the year is divided into 13 months). Gambela Lalibela G l

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Flora of Ethiopia. Vegetation depends on the height above sea level - therefore, both flora typical for desert regions and alpine flora are found here. There are savannas and forest savannas, rainforests. Fauna of Ethiopia. Among the representatives of the animal world (quite rich, despite the extermination), one can name a giraffe, leopard, hippo, lion, elephant, antelope, rhinoceros, lynx, jackal, hyena, monkeys. A large number of birds live here, including the eagle, falcon, vulture, ostrich, heron, partridge, teal. Among insects, locusts and tsetse flies are especially distinguished.

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Most of the rivers in western Ethiopia belong to the Nile basin. The largest among them is Abbay or Blue Nile. The largest lake in Ethiopia, Tana, is also located here. In the east, the rivers are less full-flowing, which is associated with a more arid climate. The largest river is Jubba. Ethiopia is characterized by the presence of small lakes in the Great Rift Zone. About Zero Ethiopia - Tana Blue Nile Falls River Jubba

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The most important minerals of Ethiopia - natural gas, gold, platinum, polymetallic and rare ore elements, potash and rock salts, etc. Gold ores are the main minerals that play the greatest role in the economy of Ethiopia. About 80 deposits and ore occurrences of native gold are known. Most of the primary deposits are located in the provinces: Tigray and Eritrea, Wollega and Gojam. Platinum ore deposits are associated with the weathering crust on the Upper Proterozoic dunite massif (Yubdo deposit in Wollega province). Beryllium, tantalum and niobium ores are found in the Wollega and Sidamo provinces, and beryllium in the Harege province. The reserves of rare metal ores have not been calculated, but a preliminary geological assessment allows us to consider the territory of Ethiopia as a large rare metal province.

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Population - 96 million people. (estimate for 2014, 14th in the world) Annual growth - 2.89% (5.23 births per woman). The average population density is about 70 people. for 1 sq. km. (Urban population - 17%) The infant mortality rate was just 200 people per 1000 newborns. The adult literacy rate among women is 23%, among men - 45%. Average life expectancy is 58 years for men, 63 years for women.

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Ethnic composition (according to the 1994 census): About Romo - 32.1%; And mkhara - 30.1%; T play - 6.2%; From omali - 5.9%; Urage - 4.3%; With idamo - 3.5%; Oolaite - 2.4%; others (O meto, Dasanech, etc.) - 15.4%; Oromo Tigrai Somalia A mhara The official language is Amharic (Amharik). Somali, Arabic and English are widely spoken, as well as 70 languages \u200b\u200band dialects of the Semitic-Hamitic and Kushite language groups.

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Ethiopia is the only traditionally Christian African country. Religions: Eastern Christianity (Ethiopian Church) - 50.6%; X Christians-Protestants - 10.2%; Muslims - 32.8%; And borigenic cults - 4.6%; Others - 1.8%;

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Addis-Abeba amh. አዲስ አበባ - new flower) - the capital of Ethiopia and the African Union. Population 3 039 002 inhabitants (2012). It is the largest city in the world located in a landlocked country. Addis Ababa is often referred to as the "Capital of Africa" \u200b\u200bor "Paris of Africa" \u200b\u200bdue to its historical, political and diplomatic significance to the continent. The city is inhabited by people of many nationalities from different regions of Ethiopia: Amhara, Oromo, Tigers, Somali and many others. The confessional composition of the population is also rich; Myafisites, Muslims, Jews, Orthodox Christians, Protestants and adherents of traditional African beliefs live here. One of the highest mountain capitals in the world.

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Ethiopia is an underdeveloped agrarian country, where subsistence agriculture still plays the main role in the economy. Agriculture in Ethiopia is subsistence farming and employs 85% of the population. There are more favorable conditions for farming here than in other countries of the region. Mining Industry Mineral resources in Ethiopia are little developed. Gold deposits are being developed, production is about 1 ton per year. Iron ore and coal have been found, but they are not being developed yet. Manufacturing Industry The manufacturing industry is poorly developed. There are enterprises in the food industry, for the production of drinks, medicines, soap, etc. After the 1974 revolution, many large industrial enterprises were nationalized, after 1990 the state limited its role in the economy and seeks to attract foreign investment, on which the development of the manufacturing industry depends. In addition to wholesale and retail, transport and communications, the service sector consists almost entirely of tourism.

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Ethiopian birr is the currency of Ethiopia since 1976. Currently, banknotes in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 50 and 100 birrs are in circulation.

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Foreign trade Export - $ 1.6 billion - coffee, gold, leather goods, livestock, oilseeds. Major buyers: Germany 11.8% Saudi Arabia 8.7% Netherlands 8.6% USA 8.1% Switzerland 7.7% Italy 6.1% China 6% Sudan 5.5% Japan 4.4% Import - 7 , $ 2 billion - food, oil products, manufactured goods, vehicles. Main suppliers: China 16.3% Saudi Arabia 12% India 8.7% Italy 6% Japan 4.9% USA 4.5%

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Transport in Ethiopia Ethiopia has an extremely low level of transport infrastructure development. Most of the roads are unpaved and suitable for use only in dry seasons. There is little provision of the railway network: the country has only one railway line connecting Addis Ababa with the port of Djibouti. Air transport is more widespread: there are about 80 airports in Ethiopia, to which the national airline, Ethiopian Airlines, flies. In developing transport infrastructure, the Ethiopian government is actively cooperating with European countries: Sweden, France, Russia and many others.

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The multilayered culture of Ethiopia is based on the biblical civilization, influenced by contacts with the ancient cultures of the Middle East. At the same time, it is a very separate culture. Religions have largely determined Ethiopian culture, but none of the world religions - Judaism, Christianity, Islam - was accepted in a pure, unchanged form. Monasteries have been the main educational and cultural centers for centuries, like monasteries in Europe. Crafts and arts flourished here, utensils, icons and ancient manuscripts have been preserved. About UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Ethiopia: Fasil Gebbi Fortress (Gondar City District)

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Ethiopian cuisine is usually made from savory vegetable and meat dishes, which are superimposed on an injera - a large round sour cake about 50 cm in diameter made from teff flour. Instead of spoons and forks, pieces of yngyra are used, which come off the whole yngyra while eating. Ethiopian cuisine practically does not use pork in its dishes, and this is typical not only for Muslims who are forbidden to eat pork, but also for Christians of the Ethiopian Church who adhere to the food prohibitions of the Old Testament. In addition, the Ethiopian Orthodox Church prescribes several fasts, including on Wednesdays and Fridays, which is why Ethiopian cuisine is replete with plenty of vegetarian options. Therefore, Ethiopian restaurants are popular with vegetarians in other countries.

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The last slide of the presentation: Presentation on the theme "Ethiopia" The work was done by a student of grade 10 Sukmanova A

Thank you for your attention Sources: www.google.ru ru.wikipedia.org economic-basic.ru www.mir-geo.ru ru-world.net www.mining-enc.ru

Geography presentation on Ethiopia. Pupils of 7 "B" class of MOU-secondary school No. 1 Nagovitsyna A. Borodulina V.

Ethiopia Ethiopia is the third most populous country in Africa, the oldest Christian country in Africa, and one of the oldest in the world, after Armenia. Unlike other African countries, it has never been colonized. In the past, the country was often called Abyssinia. Ethiopia is made up of several former semi-independent provinces-states, the largest of which were Amhara, Gojam, Shoah and Tigre. Capital of Ethiopia - Addis - Ababa

Animals of Ethiopia ... Animals of the Ethiopian region: 1 - lion and lioness; 2 - fennec fox; 3 -leopard; 4 - two-horned rhino; 5 - African elephant; 6 - hippo; 7 - zebra; 8 - giraffe; 9 - daman; 10 - beyza antelope; 11 - eland antelope; 12 - kaffir - buffalo; 13 - warthog; 14 - Kudu antelope; 15 - okapi; 16 - wildebeest; gorilla; 18 - aardvark; 19 - mandrill; 20 - spotted hyena; 21 - hairy frog; 22 - monkey; 23 - African ostrich; 24 - secretary; 25- chameleon; 26 - Nile crocodile; 27 - marabou.

Climate Ethiopia's climate is highly dependent on altitude. In the tropical zone, located below 1830 m above sea level, the average annual temperature is about + 27 ° C, and the average annual rainfall is about 610 mm. In the subtropical zone (1 830 - 2 440 m above sea level) the average annual temperature is about + 22 ° С, and the norm of precipitation is from 510 to 1 530 mm. Above 2,440 m above sea level lies a zone of temperate climate with an average annual temperature of about + 16 ° C and an average rainfall of 1,270 to 1,780 mm. The rainy season usually lasts from mid-June to September, sometimes there is a short rainy season in February or March.

Language Amharic (Amarinya) - official, Tigre, Gaul, English, Arabic, about 70 different local languages \u200b\u200bare used. The entire population is divided into two main linguistic groups - the Semites, who live in the northern and central regions of the country, and the Kushites, who live mostly in southern and eastern Ethiopia.

Population. The peoples of Estonia speak predominantly. in Semitic and Kushite languages. a single Semitic-Hamitic language family: Amhara, Gurage, Argobba, Harari, Ti-Grai, Tigre and part of the Beni-Amer tribes - in Semitic languages, Gauls (Gallas), Somalis, Danakils, Sakho, Agau, Sidamo, Bedja, a number Beni-Amer tribes - in Kushite languages. Most numerous. the people of E. are Amhara, inhabiting Ch. arr. center, and partially sowing. E. (Prov. Shoah, Gojam, Begemder). In addition, Amhara live in Prov. Vollo, Arussi, Kaffa, Vol-lega, Harar, Sidamo. Amharic language. is public; half of us speaks it. of the country, teaching in schools and legal proceedings is being carried out, an Ethiopian lit-pa is being created. Of the other peoples, Gauls are the most numerous (5-6 million people), followed by the Somalis. By relpg. accessories more than 1/2 of us. E. - Christians of the Monophysite persuasion; most of the rest of us. - Muslims. Among the inhabitants of Yu and 3, various pre-Christian and pre-Islamic beliefs are still preserved. The most densely populated plateaus are the center and parts of Egypt, where the density ranges from 10 to 50 people. per 1 km2. In the village lives approx. 90% of us. Among the mountains. residents are Greeks, Armenians, Arabs, Indians.

Household. General characteristics of the economy. E. - agr. country. In with. x-ve feud prevails, relations intertwining in a number of districts with the remnants of the clan system and developing capitalist. relationships. Before World War II, the Estonian economy meant that italians held positions. monopolies, to-rye kept them after the war, especially in Eritrea. At the same time, the penetration of English into the country, and especially Amer. capital, intensified the activities of the Western German, firms. At the same time in E. established state. monopoly on the extraction of gold, salt, on the production and sale of tab. products. State in conjunction with a private Ethiopian, foreign ministry capital participates in a number of enterprises processing. prom-sti. Along with this, it creates favorable conditions for foreigners. investments, while limiting the export of capital and profits from the country. In 1962, a second 5-year program for the country's development for 1963-67 was developed. For its implementation, approx. 2 billion Ethiopian, USD attention is paid to s. h-woo and process. prom-sti. Carrying out of the agr. reforms. Construction of an oil refinery with the help of the USSR is envisaged as one of the most important objects of the program plant in Assab with a capacity of up to 500 thousand tons of crude oil per year.

Agriculture ... Agriculture gives St. 70% nat. income. Most of the land belongs to the feudal lords, the church and the reigning house. The overwhelming majority of peasants are landless and land short. In a number of provinces, communal land ownership is still preserved. In the north of the country, a shift farming system is practiced, in other districts - the slash-and-burn system. The yield is low. In order to increase the level of development with. kh-va pr-in creates experimental plots, exemplary field managers. and a livestock breeder. farms, showcase coffee plantations, gardens. However, Ch. a brake on the development of s. kh-va continue to be a feud, relations. The pr-in held some measures aimed at weakening the feuds, the duties of the peasants.

Vegetation. The plains and plateaus are dominated by savannah vegetation. Forests rising high into the mountains occupy rock valleys (tackle forests) and mountain slopes (treelike junipers). Arid B has sparse semi-desert and desert vegetation. On the Abyssinian Highlands - the altitudinal zonation of vegetation: savannah, tropical. forests, woodlands, alpine vegetation of the tropics and mountain meadows.

Mineral resources ... Ethiopia is rich in various minerals (gold, platinum, manganese ...), but the bowels of the earth are still poorly studied. The country has developed mainly aesthetic and food industry, leather processing, there are small metallurgical and other factories.

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