Presentation of ways of keeping cattle on farms. Presentation on cattle breeds. Mkou "sordonnohskaya sosh them. ti. Skrybykina "

Description of the presentation for individual slides:

1 slide

Slide Description:

2 slide

Slide Description:

Livestock industries Livestock - industry agriculture, which is engaged in the use of agricultural animals. It provides people food (milk, meat, cheese, butter); provides raw materials for light (leather, wool), as well as labor (horse, donkey) and organic fertilizer. Areas of animal husbandry: 1) Animal husbandry. 6) Rabbit breeding 2) Sheep breeding. 7) Reindeer breeding 3) Goat breeding 8) Beekeeping 4) Pig breeding. 9) Fishing 5) Horse breeding. Wash AA

3 slide

Slide Description:

4 slide

Slide Description:

Center for Domestic Cattle Domestication The areas of domestication and origin of breeds of domestic animals are associated with ancient centers of agriculture, but the places of origin of domestic animals are much more difficult than those of cultivated plants. This is due to the significant movement of their wild ancestors within the original ranges, which are now difficult to establish. Domestication could take place anywhere in such a primary range, and the subsequent distribution of breeds is associated not with the natural environment, but with human activities. Most domestic animals were domesticated 8-10 thousand years ago. their ancestors, as a rule, led a wholesale lifestyle, which contributed to the domestication of wild animals. During domestication, domestic animals underwent significant changes in structure, vital functions and ontogenesis, and their behavior changed.

5 slide

Slide Description:

6 slide

Slide Description:

The ancestor of cattle was a wild bull, a tur, which lived in the forest-steppe and steppe zones of Eurasia (the last animal of this species was destroyed in 1627 in Poland). Supposedly, it was domesticated about 4 thousand years ago in Ancient Greece. More than 50 breeds of cattle are known that are bred for meat, milk, leather and as draft force. The main directions of breeding are the creation of dairy (black-and-white, red steppe), meat (Aber-Dino-Angus, Hereford), meat and dairy (Simmental, Lebedinska) breeds (small 92). Everyone has heard about the oxen, which in the old days in Ukraine were used as a draft force. Castrated bulls were called oxen. In the countries of Southeast Asia, buffaloes are used as a draft force, the ancestor of which is a wild buffalo. In the mountains of Central Asia (Himalayas, Pamir, Tibet, Tuva), the local population for meat, milk and skin breeds which, whose ancestor was a wild yak.

7 slide

Slide Description:

8 slide

Slide Description:

9 slide

Slide Description:

10 slide

Slide Description:

11 slide

Slide Description:

The technology used for keeping cattle has a great influence on the intensity of livestock raising. One of the main prerequisites for the successful intensification of livestock breeding is taking into account the biological requirements of animals for housing conditions. Technological solutions applied on farms should not conflict with the biological needs of animals. At the same time, far from all the technological methods that have developed in the household plots are justified from the point of view of physiology. Therefore, the tasks of the breeder are to technical means and the use of rational technological methods to create optimal conditions for keeping cattle, contributing to the manifestation of their productive inclinations. If this is not achieved, then the ongoing work to increase the genetic potential of animals becomes ineffective.

12 slide

Slide Description:

On dairy farms, two methods of keeping cows are used, which have a fundamental difference: tethered and loose. In the first method, the cows are kept in individual stalls at the feeders, in which the feed is set in a standardized manner, in the second, the animals are placed in group sections of the barn with free access to feed. With both methods, in the summer, depending on the conditions of the farms, various maintenance systems are used. In the presence of good long-term cultivated or natural pastures, stall-pasture or camp-pasture maintenance is used. With stall-pasture keeping, cows are kept indoors at night, and grazed during the day. The campsite and pasture keeping of cattle provides for the placement of cows in the summer in summer camps, which are lightweight buildings located at a certain distance from the farm, but close to grazing areas. This avoids the need to move the cows to the pasture too much.

13 slide

Slide Description:

On farms where there are no pastures or their areas are limited, a stall-walking system for keeping cows is used. In this case, in the summertime, animals are fed in stalls or pens equipped with feeders, mowed green mass, or use a year-round uniform feeding with forage mixtures from silage, haylage, hay and root crops. With such a housing system, active walks of cows are carried out in the summer by driving them to a distance of up to 3 km 2 times a day. The experience of advanced farms shows that with all methods and systems of keeping dairy cows, high milk yield (from 4000 to 8000 kg) can be obtained in different zones of the country.

14 slide

Slide Description:

Systems and methods for keeping young cattle are selected taking into account the natural, climatic and economic conditions and use a loose or tethered system. The accumulated production and experimental data give reason to believe that the loose system is the most promising, since the area for the placement of young animals is reduced, there is no need for leashes, individual drinkers, the use of complex mechanization of feed distribution and manure removal is facilitated, the skeleton and hoof horn are better formed in animals. The loose keeping on slatted floors in cages of 15-20 animals in each with mechanical removal of manure from the premises with a delta scraper or self-alloy has proven especially good.

15 slide

Slide Description:

In farms with a sufficient amount of straw, young animals are kept loose on a deep, permanent bedding. Such a housing system requires the timely creation of a layer of straw bedding and its regular addition to maintain a good microclimate in the room and a warm den for animals to rest.

16 slide

Slide Description:

Box content - option loose content... Pens for young animals are equipped with individual boxes (in a ratio of 1: 1), due to which the animal receives a dry bed with a minimum consumption of litter or without it. It is desirable that the boxes are separate from the feeding areas. The lair is formed from earth and clay, compacted tightly and covered with a small layer of straw or sawdust on top. Expanded clay concrete, wood or other suitable materials can be used as materials for the boxes. The floor in the boxes must be sloped. Sizes of boxes for young animals aged 6 - 12 months: length 1.3-1.5 m, width 0.6-0.7 m; for young animals aged 12 months and older: 1.5-1.7 and 0.8-0.9 m

17 slide

Slide Description:

On small farms, it is possible to use tie-down keeping of young stock in the pasture. As one area is pitted, the animals are transferred to another. The grazing radius, depending on the age of the young, is 10-15 m. With such a system of keeping, it is necessary to water the young with clean water 2-3 times a day, if necessary, feed the concentrates from small portable feeders. In case of tied keeping of young stock for growing, the following stall sizes are provided: for young stock of 6-12 months, length is 1.5 m, width is 0.7-0.8 m; for young animals of older ages and large animals, the length is 1.6-1.7 m, the width is 0.9 m.

18 slide

Slide Description:

Breeding work Breeding work with cattle should be carried out on all farms. The main task of the breeding farms, organized for each breed of livestock separately, is to improve the breed bred on the farm, create new lines in the breed, raise elite young animals for breeding plants, breeding stations and artificial insemination, pedigree state and collective farms. The main methods of pedigree work in these farms are selection and selection in oneself, purebred and linear breeding, directed rearing of young animals. The most important task of pedigree state farms and pedigree farms of collective farms with large horned livestock is to create herds of purebred and high-blooded animals that meet the requirements of no lower than class 1; the main breeding methods are purebred breeding and absorption crossbreeding. Particular attention should be paid to increasing the fat content in all breeds of cattle. The main task of breeding work in commercial farms should be to obtain hardy animals capable of providing v. good conditions feeding high milk and meat productivity with high quality and low cost of these products. In commercial farms, both purebred breeding and different methods crossbreeding.

19 slide

Slide Description:

Dutch breed. This is the oldest and most highly productive breed, created without the blood of other breeds. The convenient geographical location of Holland, the availability of sea routes, large trade relations, as well as the demand for butter and cheese influenced the direction and development of cattle breeding in this country. Height at the withers in cows cm, with a proportionally developed trunk on low limbs; the head is elongated, dry; the chest is deep and wide; the upper back line is straight; the skeleton is strong, not rough; the muscles are well developed; the skin is thin, elastic, covered with delicate hair; the udder is well developed, usually bowl-shaped. Weight of calves at birth is 3642 kg, adult cows kg, bulls kg. Slaughter yield of fattened animals reaches 55-60%. Milk yield of cows is 6300 kg, fat content is 4.1%, protein content is 3.3-3.6%.

Holstein breed. It was bred in the USA and Canada by selection for abundant milk and butterfat content from an array of black-and-white cattle without crossing with other breeds. Live weight of cows kg, bulls kg, bulls at birth have live weight kg, heifers kg. Height at withers 144cm, chest deep, wide; udder of tub-shaped and bowl-shaped large capacity, milk yield kg, fat content of milk 3.6-3.7%, protein content 3.2-3.3%. It is widely used to improve dairy breeds in order to increase milk production. The most common lines all over the world are Vis Aydiala, Montvik Chieftain, Trainjun Rokita, Reflection Sovering.

Black and white breed. As in the rest of the world, it was bred by crossing local unproductive cattle with Dutch and other black-and-white breeds. Cows of the black-and-white breed are generally characterized by large size, somewhat elongated, proportionally developed body, deep and medium-sized chest, wide back and loin, strong bones; the head is somewhat elongated, rough; the neck is of medium length, thin, with fine folds; the muscles are satisfactorily developed; the udder is usually bulky; cylindrical nipples; the skin is thin, elastic, covered with soft hair. The weight of calves at birth in individual zones ranges from 32 to 40 kg, the weight of Siberian and Central Russian cows, kg and up to 1100 kg of bulls, milk yield kg with a fat content of 3.4-3.6%, protein 3.15-3.4 %.

Yaroslavl breed. It was bred in the 19th century on the territory of the Yaroslavl region by improving local livestock, known at that time as the northern Great Russian. Some researchers, based on the breeding of Kholmogory, Dutch and some other livestock breeds on landowners' farms b. Yaroslavl province, suggested the participation of these rocks in the formation of the Yaroslavl province. However, no noticeable traces of the influence of these breeds on local livestock can be established. Animals of the Yaroslavl breed are characterized by angular forms of constitution, average size (height at the withers in cows, cm), developed by the middle part of the body; the head is light, dry, with an elongated facial part; the neck is thin, of medium length, with small folds of skin; the chest is deep, but narrow, with a poorly developed dewlap; the withers are high, sometimes narrow; the skeleton is thin, the muscles are poorly developed, the udder is of medium size. Weight of cows kg, weight of calves at birth 27-30 kg, milk yield kg, with fat content 4.1-4.2%, protein-3.4-3.7%,

The red steppe breed was created as a result of complex reproductive crossing. The beginning of its creation dates back to the 18th century, when immigrants from Russia began to arrive in the steppe part of southern Ukraine, whose cattle were interbred with local Ukrainian cattle. Since 1789, the Mennonite Germans moved to Ukraine, raising red Ost Friesland cattle. As a result of crossing the crosses, obtained earlier by Russian settlers, with bulls of the Ost Friesland breed, the red steppe cattle was bred. The constitution of animals of the red steppe breed in the breeding herds is generally satisfactory, although in some cases they also have large exterior defects: some narrowness of the chest, back and rear, poor muscles, thin bones, especially limbs. The color of the cattle is uniform red of various shades. Live weight of cows in breeding farms on average kg, bulls kg. Calf weight at birth is 2630 kg. The meat qualities of red steppe cattle are not sufficiently developed. Milk yield kg, fat-3.6%.

Jersey breed. The homeland of these breeds are the islands of the British Channel: Jersey, Gernesei, Alderney and Kark. Since 1763, the import of livestock was banned on the island due to the fear of an epizootic. Since then, jerseys have been divorced "in themselves". Long-term breeding (200 years) of a relatively small group of livestock (10-13 thousand heads) with one-sided selection in terms of milk yield and milk fat content had a decisive influence on the formation of the dairy type of cattle. The color of Jerseys is red, there are animals with a dark shade with white markings. It is shallow (height at the withers cm), with a small light head, a concave profile and a wide forehead; the neck is thin, with many small folds of skin; the chest is deep, but not wide; small dewlap. Animals with a slightly stretched body, angular forms of constitution and a raised tail root; the skeleton is thin; the muscles are poorly developed; the udder is voluminous, often bowl-shaped and tub-shaped with widely spaced teats; the skin is thin, the hair is soft, delicate. Live weight of calves at birth kg, cows kg, bulls, breeding bulls kg. Milk yield kg with a fat content of 5.5%. The best cows yield 9-11 thousand kg of milk with a fat content of 5.2-5.8%, and some - up to 8%.

Ayrshire breed. The homeland of the Ayrshire is Scotland. Created by improving local livestock with repeated addition of the genotype of Shorthorn, Dutch, Flemish, as well as Jersey and Guernsey cattle. They are proportionally folded, with a thin, light bone, short in stature (cm at the withers). The head is light, elongated, the neck is thin. The animals have a well-developed middle part, with a deep, but not wide enough chest, the dewlap is not large, the musculature is moderately developed; the udder is often bath-like and less often bowl-shaped, with evenly developed lobes, the nipples are of medium size, widely spaced; the skin is thin, elastic, covered with delicate hair. They are early maturing, hardy, well adapted to breeding conditions in Northern Europe and long-term use. Live weight of calves at birth kg, adult cows, breeding bulls kg. Milk yield of cows 3.5-4 thousand kg with milk fat 3.8-4.4%, protein 3.5-3.8%. The meat quality is good, the slaughter yield in adult animals is%. Breeding work to increase the milk productivity of Ayrshirs is carried out with 4 genealogical groups A, B, C, D. These lines are enough to avoid inbreeding.

The Simmental breed was developed in Switzerland in the Simme Valley by selecting the desired animal type. The main color is fawn, pale-variegated. Cows are large (cm at the withers), proportional build, with strong bones; the head is large with a wide forehead; neck of medium length; deep chest of medium width, in bulls with a developed dewlap; the back is wide; the back of the body is long and wide; the musculature is well developed; strong skeleton; the skin is thick; the udder is often rounded with a large margin, with delicate hair; large nipples, conical or cylindrical. The weight of calves at birth is kg, cows weigh kg, bulls are kg, young animals are well fed, slaughter yield%, milk yield kg, fat content 3.7-4.0%, protein 3.3-3.6%. Lines of Mergel, Lord, Ziper and others. Breeding work is aimed at increasing milk production and improving physique. Distributed throughout the world in various natural and climatic zones.

The Swiss breed was bred in the mountainous regions of Switzerland by selecting local short-horned cattle. Unpretentious, more hardy than Simmental cattle. Color mouse-brown of various shades. The head is short with a wide forehead; elongated body, deep and wide chest; height at the withers cm; properly set strong limbs; the skin is thin, dense, the bone is strong; udder bowl-shaped and rounded; live weight of calves at birth kg, weight of adult cows kg, bulls 1100 kg, slaughter yield 55-60%; milk yield kg, fat content 3.7-3.9%, protein 3.2-3.6%. It was widely used in breeding dairy and meat brown cattle breeds in our country.

Kostroma breed. It was brought out in the Kostroma region at the Karavaevo gas processing plant. The beginning of the formation of the massif of brown cattle in the Kostroma region dates back to the end of the last century. Kostroma cattle have a lot in common with Swiss cattle in terms of live weight, productivity level and other characteristics. The Swiss bulls Artist, Albert, Prut, Kovyl, Baro had a great influence on the formation of the breed. They are light gray in color with a yellowish-fawn tinge on the middle part of the body. In mass, Kostroma cattle are characterized by a strong constitution, endurance and high milk yield for a long period of use. Live weight of cows 550 kg, bulls kg, milk yield 4452 kg with fat content 3.95%, protein 3.3-3.55%, slaughter yield 58-60%. The most famous lines of Strongman, Severe, Salat and Karo. The breed is widespread in the Kostroma, Ivanovo and Vladimir regions of the Russian Federation.

3. Breeds of meat productivity (of world importance) British breeds: Hereford, Aberdeen-Angus, Lincoln, Shorthorn, Galloway, etc. French breeds: Charolais, Limousine, etc. Italian and American breeds: Santa Gertrude (hybrid), Kian Breeds Russian selection: Kazakh white-headed and Kalmyk

Hereford breed in the west of England in Herefordshire in the second half of the 18th century in a mild climate and abundant feeding. At first, the Herefords were meat-working animals, then they began to select only for meat and early maturity. By the end of the 18th century, Hereford cattle possessed all the qualities characteristic of modern herds: compact constitution, early maturity, high growth energy. The average live weight of Hereford cows in our country is: at the first calving 485 kg, at the second calving 530 kg, at the third 544 kg. The best cows weigh kg. The live weight of bulls aged 5 years and older is on average 920 kg, the best producers are kg. Lethal output up to 65%. The use of cattle of the Hereford breed in Russia currently has many-sided goals: industrial crossing of bulls with non-breeding cows of dairy and dairy-meat direction is used; Hereford bulls are used for shedding blood in herds of the Kazakh white-headed breed; The breeding stock is used for the reproduction of pedigree livestock of this breed and for obtaining their own Herefords, raised locally and better adapted to the zonal conditions.

The Kazakh white-headed breed was bred on the territory of Kazakhstan and the South-Eastern part of the Russian Federation in a sharply continental climate. To create a base beef cattle Since 1930, Kazakh and Kalmyk cattle have been crossed with animals of the Hereford breed on the state farms of Kazakhstan and the Lower Volga region. The resulting hybrids combined the high meat qualities of Hereford cattle with the endurance and fitness of the local. Work on the breeding of the Kazakh white-headed breed was carried out in the direction of obtaining animals of the meat type. It was completed in 1950. Valuable features of the Kazakh white-headed breed are the ability to tolerate heat and frost well, feed quickly and give high gains in live weight. By weight and body type, the animals of this breed are similar to the Hereford breed. The cattle are medium-sized, with a deep and wide chest, compact build, with a strong light bone, round and wide body, with well-developed muscles. The color is red of various shades, the head, dewlap, the lower part of the belly and legs, as well as the brush of the tail are white. Live weight of young stock at birth is 2730 kg, when reared on suction reaches 8 months of age. Adult cows weigh kg, some up to 700 kg. Bulls have a mass of kg. Cattle of this breed are bred in Kazakhstan, Orenburg, Volgograd, Chita and some other regions, as well as in Buryatia and Mongolia.

The Kalmyk breed was formed in the conditions of a nomadic economy with year-round grazing animals. Harsh conditions and epizootics led to the death of a large number of livestock. In such conditions, only the most robust, hardy and healthy animals, able to withstand the difficult wintering conditions, remained. Animals of the Kalmyk breed of medium size, compact constitution. There are two types in the breed: early maturing meat and late maturing meat. Animals of the first type are somewhat smaller and with a lower live weight, complete their growth faster, they have lighter bones, thin skin and a higher (by 24%) slaughter yield than animals of the late maturing type. The color of the animals is red, of varying intensity, with white markings on the head, belly, and limbs. The head is narrow, humpbacked, with a wide forehead tapering in the upper part, the occipital crest is strongly concave; the horns are crescent-shaped, directed to the sides, upward and inward. The withers, back and loin are usually straight and wide; the chest is deep, wide enough, with a well-developed dewlap. The sacrum is sometimes raised. Legs are strong, well set. The musculature is well developed. The skin is of medium thickness. The udder is small. The skeleton is light and strong. The live weight of cows is kg, some of them reach a mass of kg, bulls kg, some producers up to 1020 kg. Calves weigh 2225 kg at birth. The cattle have good feeding qualities. With intensive cultivation for meat, young animals reach a mass of kg by the age of one month. When feeding one and a half-year-old castrated bulls1, the daily gain is g. Slaughter yield varies from 55 to 60%, and for fattened oxen it is 68%.

The Charolais breed is one of the oldest European continental breeds, which have been known since 1760. It was created in the favorable natural and forage conditions of France as a result of improving the local cattle in terms of meat productivity. Charolais animals are large and have well-defined meat forms. The body is long, deep and wide. The head is relatively small, the chest is deep and wide. The back and loin are straight, broad and well muscled. The limbs are short, of medium thickness, correctly set, the skin is elastic, the color is white or creamy white. The disadvantage is the calving of cows, especially first-calf heifers, is difficult due to the high live weight of calves at birth (30-60 kg). Charolais cattle are capable of reaching a large live weight at a young age. In the body of animals of this breed, internal and intramuscular fat is deposited much later than animals of early maturing English breeds. With intensive rearing, from young animals of this breed, you can get heavy carcasses at the age of 18 months with a muscle tissue yield of 7880% with little fat deposition. In France, the average live weight of cows in the best herds is kg, and bulls-producers are kg. Individual bulls weigh kg. With intensive rearing for meat, animals have a high growth rate. The live weight of 12-month-old bulls reaches 525 kg, and heifers 360 kg, by 18 months it increases to 658 and 448 kg, respectively. Lethal output 6070%. Animals have a high life expectancy.

Limousines are bred by improving the local Aquitaine cattle of the province of Limousine (France). Raised for grazing on the poor hilly plateau of the province and in a harsh humid climate, this cattle is unpretentious in terms of feeding and housing, constitutionally stronger, but somewhat smaller than the Charolais breed, which makes calving easier for Limousine cows. Calves are born with a live weight of 3540 kg. On the exterior, the limousine breed is typically meat. Animals are characterized by a short head and wide forehead; thin horns, slightly rounded at the top; deep chest; broad back with well-developed muscles; the sacrum is long, wide in the ischial tubercles, somewhat drooping; the ham is well developed; legs are short, strong. Height at withers in cows cm, losses 137 I 38 cm. Color of cattle is red, lighter on the belly. Average live weight of cows kg, bulls kg. The milk yield of cows reaches kg. The carcasses of the young are full-flesh, the meat is tender, with a well-pronounced "marbling" and high taste, due to which it is in great demand. The gobies with intensive fattening at 12 months of age weigh 479 kg, the carcass weight is 312 kg, the slaughter yield is 71%. In terms of slaughter yield and meat quality, Limousine cattle are one of the best meat breeds.

The Qian is one of the oldest breed in Italy and throughout the world. Subsequently, the cattle in the Val di Chiana valley underwent improvement, from which the name of the breed originated. This is one of the largest breeds in the world, animals are called the giants of the species. The height of cows at the withers is 158cm, bulls - 170cm. Bulls-producers weigh kg, individual animals - 1700, adult cows - kg. Animals have a long, rounded body, thin bones, and high legs. The head is small with short horns; the back and lower back are made, the back is long and even; the skin is thin, elastic. The color of the animals is grayish-white, with a peculiar porcelain shade; dark skin pigmentation. Nasal mirror, tips of horns, upper part of tongue, black tail brush. Kian cattle tolerate high temperatures well, adapt both in mountainous areas and in wet pastures, make excellent use of roughage and have a high feed payment. Live weight of bulls at birth is 4755 kg, and heifers are 4248 kg. Despite the large size, calving is relatively easy, the proportion of stillborns is on average low, since calves are born with a small head and an elongated body. The Qian cattle are exceptionally vigorous. The live weight of bulls at 6 months of age is 260 kg, at 18 months at 680, and at 24 months at 850 kg, heifers are 225, 350.469 and 549 kg, respectively. The average daily gain in live weight of bulls from birth to 18 months of age ranges from 1200 to 2000 g, and heifers from 1000 to 1300 g. Carcasses of monthly castrated bulls have tender, fine-fibred and marbled meat with a small amount of fat and bones (15.4% ), excellent taste. Lethal yield 6267.7%.

The Shorthorns (Tisswater) are one of the oldest breeds of cattle, created in England in the XV11I century. The basis for the breeding of this breed was the cattle raised in the valley of the Tissa River. Highly developed agriculture and excellent pastures in these places have contributed to the increase in livestock productivity. Work began on the development of the Shorthorn breed in 1780. The Hubbuck bull became the ancestor of the breed. Its valuable successors were the bulls Favorite and grandson Kamet. Currently, Shorthorns are bred in North and South America, Australia, and New Zealand. The disadvantages of meat shorthorns include a noticeably decreasing milk yield in cows, intensive fat deposition in animals after the age of three years, while the demand for milk and lean beef is increasing. Meat-type animals are compact, on low legs. They have lush muscles ranging from red to white. The head is small, the horns are short, the chest is wide and deep, the back and loin are wide, the line of the back is even. Meat-type Shorthorns with a delicate loose constitution. Early maturity is high. Heifers are allowed to mate at 16 months. Shorthorns more often than other breeds are subject to diseases, and they are also quite difficult to acclimatize. Of all the imported breeds, meat shorthorns have the highest milkiness, therefore, when producing dietary dairy veal, two calves can be sucked under one cow. Adult cows usually weigh kg, bulls kg. Young growth when fattening per month At age, it reaches live weight kg, slaughter yield 60-65%.

MKOU "Sordonnohskaya secondary school named after T.I. Skrybykina "

Related project:

"Raising young cattle"

Completed by: Borisova Ekaterina,

8th grade student of the Moscow State Educational Institution "Sordonnoh Secondary School named after

T.I. Skrybykina "

Head: Prokopyeva Valentina Yegorovna.

Feb 2016

Objective of the project: create at school subsidiary farm for raising young cattle for profit, since our school is an agricultural one.

Tasks:

- think over the project on the topic and defend it to receive a subsidy;

Organization of production: 1) create conditions for raising young animals: build - a spacious, bright room; 2) purchase of 3 month old calves; 3) provide feed and hay;

- draw up a feeding program for calves during the milk period in order to get the maximum weight gain.

- Provide the rural population with local natural meat.

Research problem: the reduction in the number of livestock in the village leads to a deterioration in the welfare of the population. It is necessary to involve the younger generation of villagers in running a private farm for breeding a pet

Object of study: young cattle

Research novelty: for the first time in our village an attempt is being made to raise young animals separately from adult cattle

Hypothesis:

if a subsidiary farm for raising young cattle is created at the school and production is established, this will help to support required amount livestock in the village

Relevance:

Currently in the village. Orto-Balagan young cattle are not raised separately, over the past 4 years as a result of floods, bad weather conditions, lack of sufficient forage and hay, the number of cattle has sharply decreased. Therefore, we thought and decided that at school it would be advisable to create a subsidiary farm for raising young cattle in order to preserve and revive a truly Yakut occupation in the village.

Practical significance: raising calves with the right approach to production is a profitable business, we want to increase the number of livestock in the village and bring income to the school's subsidiary farming

Introduction

Raising young cattle on a school farm can be a profitable business. This is due to the low cost, the presence of significant areas of pastures and hayfields, the demand for high-quality beef in the market.

The most important characteristic of the Simmental breed is its adaptability to the direction of the economy, as well as to the climate of the breeding area. The breed stands out for its high meat qualities, early maturity, juicy, fine-fiber "marbled" meat, but to obtain the positive qualities of the breed, very good feeding and maintenance is required.

Our technology offers augmentation of dairy calves purchased at 3 months of age up to 18 months of age - 2.5 years and weighing 200-350 kg. The cultivation will take place in a special room. In this case, the feeding ration will consist mainly of hay, hay and compound feed.

To raise one calf per year, feed will be consumed in the amount of about 5,000 rubles, for 20 heads 100,000 rubles.

Calves of the Simmental breed will be purchased for raising beef cattle. This breed has good meat productivity to 18-2.5 at the age of one year, young animals gain weight from 300 to 350 kg.

Calves will be purchased at about 3 months of age at an average price of 15 000 rubles per head. It is better to acquire calves older and stronger. This reduces the risk of disease and, with proper feeding, the calves gain weight very quickly.

As adult cattle are slaughtered, the farm will acquire young cattle for more effective use production areas.

It should be noted that today the demand for quality cattle meat remains at a high level. The meat produced by our farm will be environmentally friendly, obtained on natural feed. This suggests that there will be no problems with the sale of manufactured products.

Young animals purchased at the age of 3 months proper nutrition and care for one year will gain up to 284 kg of live weight.

With a meat yield of 55%, about 157 kg is obtained. marketable meat from each young. The wholesale selling price of beef today averages 400 rubles per kilogram. Total estimated revenue from one calf for the year is: 157kg * 400 rubles / kg. \u003d 62 800 rubles.

With the simultaneous raising of 10 heads of cattle per year, about 1570 kg of marketable meat will be sold by the subsidiary farm. Total estimated revenue per year will be 628 000 RUB The monthly turnover of the subsidiary farm will be on average 52 333 rubles

In the supposed plan, the subsidiary farm acquires 20 heads of 3 month old cattle calves in the first year. In the first year he scores 10 goals, leaving the rest for the next year. Instead of slaughtered young animals, he acquires 10 new 3 monthly heads.

And the next year already slaughters 2-year-old young cattle. And so on, he will score 10 two-year-old cattle goals.

A 2-year-old cattle weighs on average about 350 kg of live weight.

Then, with a meat yield of 55%, about 192 kg of marketable meat is obtained. Total estimated revenue of a 2-year-old cattle is: 192kg * 400 rubles / kg \u003d 76 800 RUB

10 goals is 768 000 RUB estimated revenue per year.

However, taking into account the specifics of agricultural production, the sale of the first batch of products will take place only after 12 months of farm operation.

Age

Calves

amount

Live weight

Beef yield 55% kg

Revenue

400 rubles / kg

Feed consumption

Income

Creation of conditions for keeping young cattle.

Raising calves, oddly enough, does not begin with buying it, but with preparing a place where this animal will live. The room should be bright, clean, well-ventilated, but free of drafts.

The most optimal room temperature for keeping livestock is from 8 to 12 ° C. You also need to take care of the bedding - sawdust, straw. The bedding should be deep. Every day, the upper part will have to be changed, and the lower one - at least once every three weeks. Don't forget to get a special brush as the calf needs daily cleaning. Also prepare a calf feeder. Every day, preferably in the evening, the trough is cleaned.

How to choose young cattle.

The optimal age for the purchased calf is from 3 months. It is from this period that the calf can be grazed in the pasture. When choosing an animal, you need to pay attention to the wool. It should be smooth, shiny, not tousled. The calf is mobile, vigorous, eats and drinks willingly. He should have a moist nose and no signs of upset stomach. After purchasing a calf, you need to invite a veterinarian for examination and consultation.

Feeding young cattle.

Throughout the milk period from 3 months, calves are fed necessarily at the same time, 3-4 times a day. Warm water and concentrates must be present in the diet. Every month the amount of food consumed increases and, as a result, the calf grows. Its weight at 6 months is 155 kg. The main thing is not to overdo it with concentrated feed. If the calf grazes on a good pasture, then the use of concentrates is halved or stopped altogether.

Month

Age

Body weight at the end of the period.

September III m.

Hay

October IV m.

November V m.

Haylage

December VI m.

Compound feed

January VII m.

Salt

February VIII m.

April X m.

September XII m.

October XIII m.

Conclusion

If you create a subsidiary farm at the school, you can take profit from the school. For example, in our proposed plan, the subsidiary farm acquires 20 heads of 3 month old cattle calves in the first year. In the first year he scores 10 goals, leaving the rest for the next year. One young cattle at the age of one and a half years, with good growing and fattening, can reach a live weight of 284 kg. per year. With a meat yield of 55%, about 157 kg is obtained. marketable meat from each young. The wholesale selling price of beef today averages 400 rubles per kilogram. Total estimated revenue from one calf per year is 62,800 rubles. Then, for 10 heads, the proceeds will be 628 thousand rubles. And at the age of two and a half years, one young cattle will weigh 350 kg per year. With a meat yield of 55%, 192 kg is obtained. We multiply this by 400 rubles, we get 76800 rubles. Then, for 10 heads, the proceeds will be 768 thousand rubles.

It means creating a subsidiary farm for raising young cattle and setting up production, then for each year the income will be approximately 600,000 rubles. (Appendix 3)

Conclusion

Thus, our agrarian school is an example of the well-being of the village, a universal tool that simultaneously performs a number of functions: the civil formation of the individual, the development of agriculture, the design of one's own activities, cognitive, developmental, spiritual and moral.

I was born and live here

All the paths have been covered here.

I will name without error

That land is a small homeland.

And even though I am still few years old,

I don't know much

But the school starts

That Motherland is big!

A.I. Ovsyannikov. Basics of experimental work in animal husbandry. 1979 91 p.
J. Antal. R. Fortunately ... Growing young cattle. 1986 186 p.
A.P. Golubitsky, V.K. Kazakevich. Raising heifers. 1986 184 s.
T.A. Misostov. Raising heifers. 1977 85 s.
S.I. Plyaschenko, V.I. Sidorov. Getting and raising healthy calves 1990 237 s.
N.G. Makartsev. Feeding farm animals. 1999 212-223 p.
A.T. Mysik. Nutritional value of feed, animal needs and rationing of feeding 205g. 17 s.

Meat breeds of cattle on biological characteristics and economic characteristics are divided into 3 main groups: - Meat early maturing (Aberdeen-Angus, Hereford, Shorthorn, Kazakh white-headed); - Meat tall (limousine, charolais, Kian, light Aquitaine); - Meat zone (Kalmyk, Santa Gertrude, Galloway, Beefalo)

Aberdeen Angus breed The breed was developed in the late 18th century in the North-East of Scotland (the original forms are the local Gumlis and Gobbi breeds). The livestock is well adapted to grazing, and the cows give birth easily. Animals of a pronounced meat type, compact build, with a deep and wide body, on short limbs (height at the withers cm). Black color and hornlessness inherent in the animals of this breed are steadily inherited when crossed with other breeds. Animals are characterized by high early maturity. They finish their growth early and show a tendency towards early fat deposition compared to other beef breeds. At birth, calves weigh kg, weaning kg. Live weight of cows on average 500 kg (max. 600 kg), bulls kg (max. 950 kg). Under good grazing conditions, the calves under the mother add up to g per day. The feed consumption per 1 kg of gain is 6.5 feed units. Lethal output up to 70%.

Features of the breed - Livestock is well adapted to grazing, calving is easy for cows - Animals are easily excitable, but obedient, docile - Animals finish their growth early and show a tendency to early fat deposition - Fine-fibred meat, with good marbling

Hereford breed The breed was bred in England, in County Hereford (in 1845 the herd book was opened). The color of the cattle is red of various shades, the head, dewlap, the lower part of the belly and legs, as well as the brush of the tail are white, the nasal mirror is pink. The animals have a rectangular body shape typical of beef cattle. The head is small, wide, the neck is wide, the dewlap stands out forward, the skin is thin, elastic, the horns are large and thick. Small animals (height at withers cm). At birth, calves weigh kg, by weaning, the weight of calves is kg, at 18 months. the weight of heifers reaches kg. Cows weigh kg (max. 720 kg), bulls kg (max. Kg). Hereford cattle have high meat qualities. With intensive cultivation by the age of 12 months, castrate bulls weigh kg, slaughter yield 60-70%. Meat without excessive salting, has a high taste. From cows for lactation receive kg of milk, fat content 3.9-4.0%.

Features of the breed - When crossed with other breeds, the white-headedness and white color of the belly inherent in Herefords are steadily inherited - By temperament, bulls are very calm and obedient; cows have well-developed maternal qualities - At the beginning of the 20th century, a group of hornless livestock was bred in the USA - Meat without excessive salting, has a high taste

Galloway breed The breed originated from the beef cattle of the Southwest coast of Scotland (Galloway County). The animals are hornless, black, sometimes gray with brown shades. Livestock can do without premises all year round. Due to their endurance and unpretentiousness to feed, animals are bred in countries with both cold and hot climates. The length of the hairline reaches 20 cm in winter. In hot countries, animals do not grow long hair and easily tolerate high air temperatures. Calf weight at birth kg, at weaning at 8 months kg. Live weight of cows - 500 kg, bulls - kg. The average daily gain of gobies reaches 900 g. Slaughter yield after fattening is up to 68%. Milk production of cows for 190 days is kg, fat content 4-4.5%.

Features of the breed - Hornless animals, black, sometimes gray color with brown shades - Congenital resistance to adverse weather conditions - Cattle can do without premises all year round - The length of the hairline reaches 20 cm in winter - Calves are born very strong and viable

The Shorthorn breed One of the oldest highly productive beef breeds, developed in the late 18th century by improving the local short-horned cattle raised in the Tisza Valley. Applied blood infusion Galloway breed and Dutch cattle. The homeland of the Shorthorn breed is the North-East of England (York County, Durgam). The color of the animal is diverse: red (50%), red-and-white (27%), roan (20%), white (3%). Animals are distinguished by a deep and wide body on low limbs. There are groups of dairy and meat animals in the breed. Calves weigh kg at birth and up to kg for weaning. Suction can be used to raise 2 calves. Live weight of cows kg, bulls kg (max kg). The average daily gain in fattening reaches 1200 g. Slaughter yield 65-70%, while the yield of pulp in the carcass is 80-81%, lard is up to 8%. Milk yield of cows is kg, fat content 3.7-3.9%. In England, the record milk yield was obtained from the Cherry cow - kg of milk.

Features of the breed - The breed has a hornless offspring - The color of animals is varied: red (50%); red and motley (27%); roan (20%); white (3%) - Dairy and beef groups are distinguished in the breed - Increased fat content in carcasses is often observed - Lower feed conversion compared to other British breeds

Kalmyk breed The breed was bred by crossing local Kalmyk cattle with Simmentals, and to improve meat qualities - with Shorthorns. The color of the animals is red, of varying intensity, sometimes with a white stripe along the upper part of the body and with a white head. Animals are of medium size (height at the withers cm), compact build (oblique body length cm). Calves at birth weigh kg, by 8 months - kg. Weight of cows kg (max. 675 kg), breeding bulls kg (max. Kg). Animals are well fed on succulent and roughage. Slaughter yield 55-60%, well-fed oxen - 68%. The meat is juicy and well-watered. Milk productivity is low and amounts to kg, with a fat content of 4.1-4.5%. Lactation in cows does not exceed 8-9 months.

Features of the breed - The facial part of the head is elongated, with a hump-nosed profile, the bend of the horns resembles the shape of a crescent - Animals are hardy, make good use of scarce pastures - Strong development of sweat and sebaceous glands - Large seasonal deposits of internal and intermuscular fat (up to 60 kg in adult animals) - Meat high quality carcass with good grease.

Kazakh white-headed breed The breed was bred in the territory of Kazakhstan and the southeastern part of Russia by crossing local Kazakh and Kalmyk cattle with Hereford animals. The resulting hybrids, mainly 2-3 generations, were bred "in themselves." In color and body type, the animals of this breed are similar to the Hereford breed. The cattle are medium-sized (height at the withers cm), with a deep and wide chest, compact build, with a strong, light bone (girth of the cannon cm), the body is rounded, with well-developed muscles. By winter, animals become overgrown with thick long hair. Calves at birth weigh kg, when raised on suckling by 8 months - kg. Cows weigh kg (max. 780 kg), bulls kg (max. Kg). Average daily gains of fattening young stock up to 900 g. Slaughter yield up to 67%.

Features of the breed - The breed has been bred for 20 years - Animals tolerate heat and frost well - By winter, animals grow thick long hair, many animals have curly hair - Milk productivity of cows is low: kg (record holder: cow Picture - 6680 kg of milk

Limousin breed The breed was bred in France in 1850 (by origin, the breed is a branch of the Aquitaine light cattle). Animals are characterized by large stature (height at the withers 135 cm), well-developed muscles and thin bones. The color of the cattle is light yellow, bright, darker on the back than on the belly, the horns and hooves are light, the forelegs are very muscular. Limousin cattle are distinguished by good acclimatization ability, relatively easily endure harsh conditions, and make excellent use of pastures. Calf weight at birth kg, at weaning kg. With intensive rearing, bulls reach at 15 months of age live weight up to 600 kg, with a level of average daily gains g. Slaughter yield up to 65% (bone content in the carcass%). Milk productivity of cows kg, in some animals up to 4000 kg, fat content 5%.

Features of the breed - The cattle is well acclimatized, perfectly uses pastures - The color of the cattle is red-brown, darker on the back than on the belly. Horns and hooves are light - Cows are distinguished by good reproductive and maternal qualities - The meat of limousines is considered the best in France, the bone content in the carcass is 14-15%

Charolais breed One of the oldest meat breeds in Europe. The main advantage of Charolais cattle is their ability to produce the maximum amount of good meat with a minimum of fat. Leather is also highly valued. The color of the animals is yellow, of different shades, turning into white, the nasal mirror. The animals are large (height at the withers cm), on not high limbs, the body is elongated, the muscles are loose, the skeleton is rather rough. The animals are very hardy (used for years). At birth, calves weigh kg (there are cases of difficult calving - up to 3.5%). Milk production of cows: weight of bulls at 8 months, kg, heifers - 280 kg. Live weight of cows kg, bulls kg. Gobies when fattening at 12 months. have a live weight of kg. Average daily gains of young animals (record: 1750 g). Lethal output 60-70%. Milk productivity kg (in France up to 4500 kg), fat content 4%.

Features of the breed - The color of the animals is light cream, without spots, the nasal mirror is light - A hereditary predisposition to the appearance of doppelenders is characteristic - The tendency of animals to prolonged muscle growth - Animals are very hardy (used up to years) - Difficult calving is observed (up to 80% of cows at calving need help

Breed Aubrac The breed was bred in the central part of France, well adapted to extensive production, known for its unpretentiousness, endurance during long transitions. Animals are able to assimilate large amounts of roughage. Animals of light brown color, with light markings on the end of the muzzle and limbs. The nasal mirror and end of the tail are dark. Calves weigh kg at birth and kg at weaning. Average live weight of cows kg, bulls kg. Young growth has a high growth rate and reaches 15 months. Live weight kg. When fattening, the average daily gain of animals is 60-62%. Slaughter yield.

Salers The breed was developed in the mountainous regions of Central France. These are native French cattle. Currently, 95% of these cattle are bred for meat production and 5% for milk production (used to make elite Cantal and Salers cheeses). The breed is known for its fertility, ease of calving and long-term productive use. The animals are dark red, the nasal mirror is light, the horns are long, directed to the sides and up. The cow has good mothering qualities. Calves weigh kg at birth and kg at weaning. Average live weight of cows kg, bulls kg. When fattening, the average daily gain of animals is g, the live weight of bulls at 12 months is kg. Lethal output 60%.

Features of the breed - Good endurance when moving long distances - Ability to assimilate a large amount of roughage - Due to well-developed hair coat (with a predominance of fluff), they tolerate sudden temperature changes - Light markings on the end of the muzzle, nasal mirror and tail brush are dark - Bulls-producers have hump

Kian breed The breed comes from the old Roman short-horned cattle. The animals are very large ("giants of the species"). The height at the withers of cows is 158 cm, bulls - up to 170 cm. Animals have an elongated body (oblique body length of cows - 173 cm, bulls - up to 193 cm), a small head, flat and wide back and loin. High-legged cattle. The color of the animals is white; in bulls, the front part of the body is gray. Calves are born with a red coloration. Kian cattle make good use of roughage. Calves at birth weigh kg, at 12 months. - up to 600 kg, 18 months - up to 800 kg. Daily gains of young animals (record: 2000). Lethal output up to 70%. Live weight of cows 700 kg (max kg), bulls 1300 kg (max kg).

Features of the breed - Animals are very large ("giants of the species") - Strong legs and very strong hooves - The color of animals is grayish-white, the mucous membrane of the mouth, the nasal mirror and pigmentation around the eyes are black. - Calves are born with a red coloration - Kian cattle make good use of roughage

LIGHT AQUITAN BREED The breed was bred in the south-west of France in 1962. Belongs to large breeds for intensive breeding. Height at withers in cows cm; bulls, see Color of animals one-color from light to wheat yellow. The animals are distinguished by excellent fattening and meat qualities, prominent muscles, especially on the back of the back and shoulders, and a long and symmetrical body. The animals are easy to keep on grazing, they are calm, they easily adapt to different climatic conditions... This breed can be kept extensively on pastures during the summer and fed with hay and silage in winter. Calves at birth weigh kg, the mass of adult cows is kg, bulls are kg. With intensive fattening, bulls reach a daily gain up to 2000 and reach at 12 months. live weight 465 kg. Lethal output from 62 to 66%.

Features of the breed - The breed was developed in the south-west of France in 1962; - Animals are distinguished by relief muscles, especially on the back of the back and shoulders, a long and symmetrical body; - The color of animals is one-color from light to wheat yellow; - Animals are calm, easily adapt to different climatic conditions.

Belgian Blue breed The breed originated in central and northern Belgium. Some sources point to the use of the Charolais breed, when bred during the 19th century. Animals with rounded shapes and well-developed muscles. Calves are not born with these muscles, and usually the muscles begin to show from 4 to 6 weeks of age. Extensive research has shown that the DNA of Belgian blue contains a gene that suppresses the production of myostatin, a protein that is responsible for inhibiting muscle growth after reaching some point. Therefore, muscle growth in the Belgian Blue breed practically does not stop. The breed has strong legs and is easy to walk. The weight of an adult bull ranges from 1100 to 1250 kg (height at the withers cm), cows usually weigh from 850 to 900 kg. Slaughter yield up to 70% (meat in carcass up to 80%).

Features of the breed - The color varies from white, bluish piebald and black to combinations of these colors; - Animals have a very calm temperament; - The breed is famous for its shape and is often called the "double" muscle breed; - Muscle growth in the Belgian Blue breed practically does not stop.

Breed Santa Gertruda Bred in the USA (Texas) by crossing a zebu with a Shorthorn breed and breeding hybrids "in themselves" (3/8 zebu genotype and 5/8 - shorthorns). The animals are well adapted to the hot climate, are hardy and do not get sick with pyroplasmosis, they use pastures well. The color of the animals is red with white markings. Calf weight at birth is 30 kg, at weaning kg. Live weight of cows kg, bulls kg. Average daily growth up to 1200, Slaughter yield up to 70%. Milk productivity is low: daily milk yield kg of milk, fat content up to 6%.

Features of the breed - First beef breedbred in the USA - Animals eat reeds and other marsh vegetation well - Livestock easily tolerate high temperatures and are able to make long transitions to pasture - Animals are resistant to pyroplasmosis, tuberculosis, foot and mouth disease

1 of 29

Presentation on the topic:

Slide No. 1

Slide Description:

Slide No. 2

Slide Description:

Slide No. 3

Slide Description:

Black-and-white breed The constitution of black-and-white cattle is strong, conformation and body type are typical for dairy cattle. Animals are different good health and adaptability to different climatic zones. Cows are usually large, live weight 500-550 kg, in breeding farms and reproducers 550-650 kg, with a slightly elongated, proportionally developed body (oblique body length is 158-162 cm), deep (70-75 cm) of average width chest, wide loins, back and sacrum. The belly is voluminous, the udder is large, generally round and bowl-shaped. As the blood count for Holstein increases, the proportion of animals with a bowl-shaped udder increases. The limbs are set straight. The color is black and motley, occasionally there are animals of the red and motley color.

Slide No. 4

Slide Description:

Kholmogory breed The cows of this breed are large, the height at the withers is 130-132 cm. The constitution is strong. The body is elongated and somewhat angular. The chest is deep, but not wide, the back is wide, sometimes with a raised sacrum, the bones are strong, the limbs are set correctly. The udder is medium in size, mostly round and bowl-shaped, with a goat-shaped and third pair of teats. The main color is black-and-white, but there are red-and-white and black.

Slide No. 5

Slide Description:

Tagil breed The color of animals is quite diverse, black and black-and-white prevails, then red and red-and-white. Tagil cattle are of medium size (height at the withers in cows is 125-128 cm), with a slightly elongated body (oblique length 153-156 cm); the head is medium in size, dry; the neck is long, straight, with small folds of skin; the chest is deep enough (66-68 cm), but not wide (33-38 cm); the back of the body is elongated, not wide; the udder is well developed; nipples are set correctly; the skin is firm and elastic. In cows, sometimes there is a drooping of the sacrum, a narrow pelvis, improper positioning of the limbs (saber, closeness in the hocks), as well as poor muscle development. Animals of the Tagil breed have a strong skeleton (the girth of the cannon is 18-18.5 cm), are well adapted to keeping in the pasture and give high milk yield over a long period of use. There have been registered cows that have not lost their reproductive capacity up to 15-20 years, and bulls that were used in reproduction up to 14-15 years of age.

Slide No. 6

Slide Description:

Yaroslavl breed Animals of the Yaroslavl breed are characterized by angular forms of constitution, average size (height at the withers in cows 125-127 cm), developed middle part of the body (oblique body length 152-155 cm); the head is light, dry, with an elongated facial part; the neck is thin, of medium length, with small folds of skin; the chest is deep (66-69 cm), but narrow (35-37 cm), with a poorly developed dewlap; the withers are high, sometimes narrow. The back of the body is wide; there are animals with a drooping and roof-like sacrum. The animals are relatively low-legged, with thin bones (cannon girth 17-18 cm); the muscles are poorly developed; the udder is medium in size, round in shape, the front nipples are often widely spaced, and the rear ones are close together; cylindrical nipples, medium length; udder skin is thin, tender, milk veins are well developed. Among the shortcomings of the exterior are narrow chest, poor muscle development in the back, lower back and sacrum, interception behind the shoulder blades.

Slide No. 7

Slide Description:

Istoben breed The predominant color of animals is black and white, black with a white stripe along the back, loin and rump. There are animals of red-and-white and red color. Istoben cattle are low (height at the withers 124-126 cm); the head is somewhat elongated; the neck is thin, with small folds; the chest is deep (64-66 cm), but not wide enough (37-40 cm); narrow withers; the body is elongated (length 152-156 cm); the skeleton is thin; elastic skin; the udder is round and bowl-shaped; nipples are medium in size, somewhat close; the musculature is poorly developed. Among the shortcomings of the exterior that are found in animals, one can note a narrow chest, a sagging back, a narrow rear, as well as improper positioning of the limbs (saber, closeness in the wrist and hock joints).

Slide No. 8

Slide Description:

Red steppe breed. The color of animals is red with different color intensity: from light red to dark red. Many cows have white markings, mainly on the lower torso. In bulls, the front and upper parts of the body are usually darker in color. If individual animals have signs of dairy and beef cattle, then in the mass cows of the red steppe breed are dairy type and are characterized by the following features of the exterior. Animals of medium height (height at the withers in cows 126-129 cm), with a somewhat deep and elongated body (152-156 cm); the head is small, light; deep chest (66-68 cm), medium width (37-42 cm); the back and loin are wide and long enough; the sacrum is often slightly raised; light backbone (cannon girth 17-19 cm); the udder is usually well developed, round and bowl-shaped; the skin is thin, elastic, and forms small folds on the neck. The most common defects are a narrow and drooping sacrum, a narrow chest, and improper positioning of the limbs.

Slide No. 9

Slide Description:

Ayrshire breed Ayrshire have a dry and strong constitution, proportional physique, typical for dairy cattle. The color of the cattle is red and motley (red markings on a white background). In some animals, red or white color predominates. Animals of this breed are characterized by peculiar features of the exterior: the head is light, dry, somewhat elongated in the front part, the horns are large, lyre-shaped, directed upward, the neck is thin, with small folds of skin, of medium length, smoothly turning into the shoulder. Deep chest (65-67 cm), moderate in width (38-40 cm); small dewlap; animals of short stature: height at the withers 124-125 cm; the sacrum is straight, the skeleton is thin, light (girth of the metacarpus is 17-18 cm), the muscles are moderately developed, the limbs are short, correctly set, with well-developed joints. Cows have a proportionally developed bowl-shaped udder with a lactation rate of 1.8-2.0 kg / min, an udder index on average 46-48%, teats of medium size, widely spaced; the skin is thin, elastic, covered with delicate hair. Live weight of cows is 450-500 kg, in the best farms - 550-570 kg, bulls - 800 kg; the weight of individual cows reaches 700 kg, and bulls - 1000 kg.

Slide No. 10

Slide Description:

Jersey breed Jersey cattle belong to a pronounced dairy type with a light thin bone (cannon girth 15-16.5 cm) and dense dry muscles. It belongs to small breeds of cattle with a height at the withers of 120–123 cm. The head is light, small, with strongly developed superciliary arches and a shortened facial part, the forehead is not wide, with a concave profile; the neck is thin, with many small folds of skin. The body of Jerseys cows is flat, the ribs are set obliquely; back with slight slack; the chest is relatively deep (63-65 cm), but not wide (37-38 cm); the dewlap is small (Fig. 43). The animals have a somewhat stretched body, angular forms of constitution, and the root of the tail is raised.

Slide No. 11

Slide Description:

Holstein breed At present, the importance of this breed is very high, as it is characterized by the highest milk yield and is used to improve dairy breeds all over the world. It is distinguished by its good adaptability to various climatic and economic conditions, and a high fee for feed with milk. The milk productivity of cows under optimal feeding conditions is 8000-10000 kg of milk with a content of 3.6-4.0% fat and 3.0-3.2% protein. In the best herds, the average milk yield is over 12,000 kg. All records for milk yield belong to cows of this breed. For example, Beecher cow Arlinda Ellen for 365 days of IV lactation yielded 25,248 kg of milk with a fat content of 2.8%, milk fat received 713 kg, from cow Miranda Oscar Lukinda - 30,870 kg of milk with 3.3% fat, milk fat 1018 , 7 kg.

Slide No. 12

Slide Description:

Slide No. 13

Slide Description:

Simmental breed The main color of the Simmental breed is fawn, fawn-motley, red-motley and red with a white head are found. In purebred Simmentals, the nasal mirror, tongue, pharynx and eyelids are light pink. As a rule, Simmental cows are large (height at the withers 135-140 cm), proportional build (oblique body length 160-165 cm), with strong bones (cannon girth 20-21 cm); the head is large, wide in the frontal part; neck of medium length; the chest is deep (68-72 cm), wide (45-47 cm), in bulls with a developed dewlap; the back is wide; the back of the body is long and wide; the sacrum is sometimes raised; strong skeleton; the muscles are well developed; the limbs are usually set correctly; thick skin; the udder is often rounded, with a large margin, with delicate hair; the nipples are large, conical or cylindrical. The udder index in cows is 42-45%.

Slide No. 14

Slide Description:

Sychevskaya breed Sychevskaya breed has characteristic features of the exterior and type of constitution, characteristic of dairy and meat cows. Among the Sychevsk breed, there are a large number of animals that deviate towards the milk type. In color, constitution and productivity, the cattle of this breed does not differ significantly from animals of the same type of Simmental breed. From the Smolensk region, Sychevsky cattle were imported to various regions of Russia, as a result of which it had a great influence on the formation of simmentalized cattle in the central regions, Siberia and the Far East.

Slide No. 15

Slide Description:

Brown Swiss breed The color of the animals is brown, with various shades: from light gray to dark brown. A characteristic feature is a light hairline around the nasal mirror, painted in a dark lead color. On the upper line of the body from the withers to the root of the tail, the hairline is lighter. In bulls, the head, neck and front of the body are dark in color. Cows have a short head with a wide forehead, the ends of the horns are dark; the body is somewhat elongated (oblique length 165-170 cm), with an even line of the back and loin; the chest is deep (68-70 cm) and wide (44-46 cm), with a developed dewlap. The animals are large (height at the withers is 133-135 cm), have strong, correctly set limbs (girth of the cannon is 19-20 cm); harmonious physique, well-developed muscles; the skin is thin, dense; the hairline is short and thick; the udder is voluminous, bowl-shaped and round in shape, nipples of medium size, cylindrical in shape; milk veins are well developed.

Slide No. 16

Slide Description:

Slide No. 17

Slide Description:

Bestuzhevskaya breed The bestuzhevskaya cattle are heterogeneous in constitution. Most herds are dominated by animals of the dairy-meat type, although there are cows deviating towards the dairy or meat-dairy type. Most of the cattle of this breed are characterized by the following features of the exterior: the head of cows of medium size, light and dry, with elongated facial bones, narrow forehead, wide ganaches, large, white horns; the neck is of medium length, with small folds of skin; the chest is deep, with a developed dewlap; the back is straight, the loin is straight and wide; the sacrum is slightly raised; limbs are low, widely spaced; udder medium in volume, round and bowl-shaped, with widely spaced nipples, covered with fine hair, lobes are clearly expressed; elastic skin; the muscles are well developed. In cows, the following exterior defects are encountered: interception behind the shoulder blades, the roof-like shape of the sacrum, saberiness of the hind limbs. The main measurements are as follows (cm): height at the withers in cows 130-132, chest depth 70-72, chest width 40-42, oblique body length 157-159, chest girth behind the shoulder blades 190-194, cannon girth 19-20.

Slide No. 18

Slide Description:

Red Gorbatovskaya breed. The color of animals is red, of different color intensity, there are animals with white marks on the lower part of the belly and udder, with a white color of the tail brush. Bulls are darker in color, turning almost black on the neck and head. The nasal mirror is light. Animals of the red Gorbatov breed are characterized by a strong constitution, well built. With short stature, they have an elongated body. The head is short, the neck is of medium length, wide; the chest is deep, wide; back line is straight; the loin is wide; the sacrum is slightly raised, wide, but not roof-like. The tail is set high, long. The udder is of medium size, the lobes are evenly developed, the nipples are conical, slightly close together; the muscles are well developed. The following exterior defects are encountered: drooping of the sacrum, sagging back, saberiness of the limbs.

Slide No. 19

Slide Description:

Slide No. 20

Slide Description:

Kalmyk breed Cattle of this breed is strong constitution, possesses endurance, makes good use of scarce pastures, quickly gaining fatness. This cattle is characterized by certain biological characteristics: large seasonal deposits of internal and intermuscular fat (up to 60 kg per cow); a special morphological structure of the hair with an increased thickness of the guard hair and its core; strong development of hair and fluff in winter and reduction in summer; strong development of sweat and sebaceous glands and an increased number of red blood cells and hemoglobin levels in the blood. The color of the animals is red, of varying intensity, sometimes with a white stripe along the upper part of the body and with a white head. Animals often have white markings on the lower part of the body; the nasal mirror is usually light; the head is small; the forehead is short; the horns are not long, directed upward with their ends inward; the face of the head is elongated, with a hump-nosed profile.

Slide No. 21

Slide Description:

Hereford breed The color of the Hereford cattle is red, of different shades; the head, dewlap, lower abdomen and limbs, as well as the brush of the tail are white. The nasal mirror is pink. The white-headedness and white color of the belly, characteristic of Hereford cattle, are rather steadily inherited when crossing it with other breeds. Animals of this breed have a rectangular body shape typical for beef cattle; the head is small, wide; the dewlap is well developed and protrudes slightly forward. Height at withers in cows 124-126 cm; the front and back of the body are well developed; deep chest (68-72 cm) and wide (48-50 cm); oblique body length is 152-158 cm; the back and loin are wide, short; the rear is wide, straight, well-muscled; the skin is thin, elastic, covered with delicate hair; the horns are long, thick.

Slide No. 22

Slide Description:

Kazakh white-headed breed Cattle of the Kazakh white-headed breed are well adapted to the conditions of a sharply continental climate and the use of natural pastures. He tolerates heat and frost well, feeds quickly and has high gains in live weight. Color: red body; head, chest, belly, lower part of the limbs and the brush of the tail are white; there are white markings on the withers and rump. In general, the color of the animals and the body type are in many respects similar to the animals of the Hereford breed. The height at the withers in cows is 123-125 cm, the depth of the chest is 68-70 cm, the width of the chest behind the shoulder blades is 43-45 cm. bone (cannon girth 18-20 cm); round and wide body (chest girth 187-190 cm), well-developed muscle-round. By winter, animals grow thick with long hair.

Slide No. 23

Slide Description:

Aberdeen-Angus breed Aberdeen-Angus cattle are hornless, black color, which is steadily inherited during interbreeding, of a pronounced meat type. Animals of compact constitution, with a deep (chest depth in cows 66-67 cm) and wide (chest width 45-46 cm) body on short limbs (height at the withers 116-118 cm); the head is light, tapers somewhat towards the back of the head and protrudes in the forehead; the neck is wide and short, passing imperceptibly into the shoulder; the musculature is well developed, on the leg it goes down to the hock; the skin is loose, covered with delicate hair. Animals are characterized by high early maturity. They finish growing early and tend to be more obese earlier than other beef cattle.

Slide Description:

Shorthorn breed The main color of the Shorthorn cattle is red, of varying intensity; there are red-and-white, roan and white animals. Animals of the meat production direction are characterized by a delicate loose type of constitution. They have a compact, deep body; the head is small, light, the horns are short, the forehead is wide; the neck is thick, short, imperceptibly connected to the body; back and loin are straight, wide; the chest is deep and wide, with a protruding dewlap; the sacrum is long, straight, wide; muscle tissue is well developed; limbs are strong, correctly set; the skeleton is thin; the skin is thin, elastic, covered with fine thick hair. There are herds of hornless animals in the USA, Great Britain and other countries.

Slide No. 26

Slide Description:

Limousine breed On the exterior, the animals of the Limousine breed are typically meat. They are characterized by a short head and broad forehead, deep chest and round ribs. The color of the animals is red, red-brown. The back is very broad and well muscled; the sacrum is wide, with well-defined muscle tissue; limbs correctly set, well muscled. The height at the withers in cows is 127-130 cm, in bulls - 135-140 cm; chest circumference 187-193 and 230-235 cm, respectively.

Slide No. 27

Slide Description:

Charolais breed The color of animals is light in different shades (from yellow to white). The nasal mirror is light; the head is short, with a wide forehead. The neck is short and fleshy. The chest is deep and wide (the girth of the chest behind the shoulder blades is 200-210 cm); dewlap is poorly developed; the back is wide, with a slight sagging; the back is wide, well muscled. The limbs are correctly positioned. Charolais cattle are large, large (the height of cows at the withers is 134-136 cm, bulls - 141-145 cm), on low limbs; the body is elongated, with almost the same length of the front, middle and back parts; loose musculature, rather coarse skeleton; the hairline is thin. The disadvantages of the exterior are the bifurcation of the shoulder blades, the unevenness of the back and the roof-like sacrum. Animals of this breed are hardy and have a long duration of use. Breeding bulls are effectively used up to 15 years old, cows - up to 13-14 years old.

Slide Description:

Breed santa gertruda The color of the animals is red, of varying intensity; there are animals with white markings on the lower part of the belly. At birth, calves weigh 29-30 kg. When raised on suckling at 8 months of age, the young weigh 230-250 kg, and at the age of one and a half years, when kept on pasture, heifers reach a live weight of 400 kg, gobies - 460-510 kg. Adult cows weigh 560-600 kg, individual animals - up to 780 kg, bulls - 830-1000 kg. Animals of the Santa Gertruda breed have good meat qualities. When calves are fattened, their daily increments reach 1000-1200 g. Well tolerating the heat, the animals give high increments in summer, even at high air temperatures. The lethal yield reaches 63-65% and more. Juveniles of the Santa Gertruda breed, under the same conditions of feeding and maintenance, exceed the live weight of the English breeds at weaning by 45 kg. The milk production of cows is low. The daily milk yield of first-calf cows is 5-10 kg of milk with a fat content of 4.6%. Some cows have up to 6% fat in milk.

It might be helpful to read: