Inventions of the 19th century table history. §thirty. “Scientific discoveries and inventions. Nikola Tesla - alternating current, electric motor, radio technology, remote control

Task number 1. Consider the drawings of two ships and determine where the Hanseatic ship is shown, and where the caravel is. What seaworthiness did each of the ships have?

On the left is a Hanseatic ship, on the right is a caravel. The main advantage of the Hanseatic ship is its large carrying capacity. The caravel, also having a large carrying capacity, had high maneuverability, good driving performance and could walk against the wind.

Task number 2. Think about how Europeans imagined the world before the start of the Great Geographical Discoveries. What continents (their separate territories), as well as parts of the world, did they know? Which seas, in your opinion, were the most mastered by Europeans?

The earth seemed to be flat, washed by one endless ocean. As such, the concept of continents did not exist. Europeans were familiar with Europe, part of Asia, as well as the north and part of the western coast of Africa. The Mediterranean, Baltic, North Seas, as well as part of the Atlantic Ocean, washing Europe and North Africa, were well mastered.

Task number 3. Fill in the table "Technical innovations that appeared by the end of the Middle Ages."

Task number 4. What famous navigator left this description? We know a lot about him and his voyage, and among other things, two such facts: 1. Preparing for the voyage, he painstakingly studied the work of the famous European traveler of the 13th century. 2. On his journey, he took an interpreter from Arabic. Who is this sailor? What kind of swimming are we talking about? Explain these two facts.
“After 33 days of travel, I brought a fleet to India, which my patrons, the king and queen, kindly gave me. Along the way, I discovered many islands and proclaimed them the property of their majesties, raising the royal flags over them, and nowhere did I meet resistance.

We are talking about Christopher Columbus and his first expedition. Long before the expedition, Columbus was familiar with the idea of the Italian astronomer and geographer Toscanelli that India could be reached by a shorter route by sailing west across the Atlantic Ocean. Preparing for the voyage, he studied the work of Marco Polo, who left a detailed description of the Asian countries, and took an Arabic translator on board, since in those days the Arabs held trade with India in their hands and were aware of the sea routes to India.

REMEMBER WHAT YOU LEARNED

Task number 1. Solve the crossword puzzle.

Horizontally. 1. The birthplace of chivalric poetry. five. Architectural style XI-XII centuries. 6. Medieval teaching, whose followers were looking for the philosopher's stone. 9. Poets from Provence. 11. Artist early renaissance, whose brushes belong to the paintings "Spring", "The Birth of Venus". 12. Head of the university. 13. Brothers-painters who created the "Calendar of the Duke of Berry". 14. Architectural style of the XII-XV centuries. 15. Higher educational institution that originated in the Middle Ages. 17. Inventor of printing. 20. Italian poet, who is called the first humanist. 21. The work of Giovanni Boccaccio. 22. The form of conducting classes in medieval universities is a discussion of pre-formulated questions, in which participants put forward their evidence.
Vertically. 2. Images made up of pieces of colored glass. 3. University teacher. 4. Head of faculty. 7. Division of the university. 8. Knightly poets from Germany. 10. Renaissance thinkers who created a new doctrine of man. 16. Knightly poets from Northern France. 18. Wandering schoolboys. 19. Collapsible type letters invented by Gutenberg.

Horizontal answers: 1. Provence. 5. Romanesque. 6. Alchemy. 9. Troubadours. 11. Botticelli. 12. Rector. 13. Limburg. 14. Gothic. 15. University. 17. Gutenberg. 20. Petrarch. 21. Decameron. 22. Dispute.
Vertical answers: 2. Stained-glass windows. 3. Master. 4. Dean. 7. Faculty. 8. Mennesingers. 10. Humanists. 16. Truvers. 18. Vagants. 19. Letters.

Task number 2. Which famous inhabitants of Florence do you know?

Dante Alighieri, Giotto, Boccaccio, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Brunelleschi, Botticelli, Cosimo Medici, Machiavelli, Savonarola and others.

The 19th century was revolutionary for the evolution of technology. So it was during this period that mechanisms were invented that radically changed the entire course of human development. Most of these technologies, although they have been noticeably improved, are still used today.
What technical inventions of the 19th century changed the whole course of human development? Before you will now be a list of important technical innovations that have made a technical revolution. This list will not be rankings, all technical inventions are of equal importance to the world technological revolution.

Technical inventions XIX.
1. The invention of the stethoscope. In 1816, the French doctor Rene Laennec invented the first stethoscope - a medical device for listening to the noises of internal organs (lungs, heart, bronchi, intestines). Thanks to him, doctors can, for example, hear wheezing in the lungs, thereby diagnosing a number of dangerous diseases. This device has undergone significant changes, but the mechanism has remained the same and is important diagnostic tool and today.
2. The invention of lighters and matches. In 1823, the German chemist Johann Döbereiner invented the first lighter - an effective means of making fire. Now the fire could be lit in any conditions, which played an important role in the lives of people, including the military. And in 1827, the inventor John Walker invented the first matches, based on the mechanism of friction.
3. The invention of Portland cement. In 1824, William Aspdin developed a type of cement that is used today in almost all countries of the world.
3. Internal combustion engine. In 1824, Samuel Brown invented the first engine that had an internal combustion system. This important invention gave rise to the development of the automotive industry, shipbuilding and many other mechanisms powered by an engine. As a result of evolution, this invention has undergone many changes, but the system of work has remained the same.
4. Photography. In 1826, the first photograph was invented by the French inventor Joseph Niepce, based on the method of fixing the image. This invention gave an important impetus to the further development of photography.
5. Electric generator. The first electric generator was invented in 1831 by Michael Faraday. This device is capable of converting all types of energy into electrical energy.
6. Morse code. In 1838, the American inventor Samuel Morse created the famous coding method called Morse code. Until now, this method is used in maritime military art and in navigation in general.
7. Anesthesia. In 1842, there was absolutely one of the most important medical discoveries - the invention of anesthesia. Its inventor is Dr. Crawford Long. This allowed surgeons to perform operations on a patient without a creation, which significantly increased the survival rate, since before that patients were operated on in full consciousness, from which they died from pain shock.
8. Syringe. In 1853, there was another very important medical discovery - the invention of the syringe familiar to us. Its inventor is the French doctor Charles-Gabriel Pravas.
9. Oil and gas drilling rig. The first oil and gas drilling rig was invented in 1859 by Edwin Drake. This invention marked the beginning of oil production and natural gas, which led to a revolution in the fuel industry.
10. Gatling gun. In 1862, the then-famous American inventor Richard Gatling created the world's first machine gun, the Gatling gun. The invention of the machine gun was a revolution in military craft and in the following years, this weapon became one of the deadliest on the battlefield.
11. Dynamite. Dynamite was invented by Alfred Nobel in 1866. This mixture completely changed the foundations of the mining industry, and also laid the foundation for modern explosives.
12. Jeans. In 1873, the American industrialist Levay Strauss invented the first jeans - trousers made of incredibly durable fabric, which have become one of the main types of clothing for more than a century and a half.
13. Car. The world's first automobile was patented by George Selden in 1879.
14. Gasoline internal combustion engine. In 1886, one of the greatest discoveries of mankind was made - a gasoline internal combustion engine. This device is being used around the world on an incredible scale.
15. Electric welding. In 1888, a Russian engineer invented electric welding, known and used throughout the world, which allows short term connect various iron parts.
16. Radio transmitter. In 1893, the famous inventor Nikola Tesla invented the first radio transmitter.
17. Cinematography. In 1895, the Lumiere brothers filmed the first movie in the world - the famous tape with the arrival of a train at the station.
18. X-ray radiation. Another important breakthrough in medicine was made in 1895 by the German physicist Wilhelm Roentgen. He invented an X-ray camera. This device, for example, can detect a broken human bone.
19. gas turbine. In 1899, the inventor Charles Curtis invented a mechanism, or rather a continuous internal combustion engine. Such engines were significantly more powerful than piston engines, but also more expensive. Actively used in the modern world.
20. Magnetic sound recording or tape recorder. In 1899, the Danish engineer Valdemar Poulsen made the first tape recorder - a device for recording and playing sound using magnetic tape.
Before you was a list of some of the most important technical inventions of the XIX century. Of course, during this period there were quite a large number of other inventions, in addition, they are no less important, but these inventions deserve special attention.

Reference table major inventions and discoveries world contains key dates major inventions and discoveries of the world in the history of mankind. The table will be useful to schoolchildren and students in preparing for tests, exams and the exam.

	The most important inventions and discoveries
	Paper is made in China.
	China introduced paper money.
	First use of a navigation buoy (River Weser, Germany).
	The first use of the compass in Europe (Italy) was recorded.
	Bologna School of Law for the first time in Europe received the status of a university
	The first windmills in Europe have been recorded.
	The first combat use of gunpowder was recorded (China).
	The first glasses are made in Italy.
	The commercial production of alcohol (Italy) has begun.
	Made the first surviving to the present day mechanical watches(England).
	The first mention of playing cards in Europe (Italy).

	The appearance of the first book on chess theory (Spain).
	The first aqueduct in Europe since Roman times was built in London.
	The first telescope was constructed in Holland.
	A spyglass and a binocular were created in Holland.
	For the first time in Europe, the production of sho-colada was started (France).
	G. Galileo made the first telescope, with the help of which he discovered the lunar mountains, the rings of Saturn and the satellites of Jupiter.
	R. Hooke discovered the cellular structure of living matter.
	Porcelain production began in Meissen (Germany).
	The "Leyden jar" was created - the first electric capacitor, which made it possible to accumulate significant discharges of electricity.
	The first pencil was made in Germany.
	In Great Britain invented toilet bowl with flush tank.
	The Briton E. Cartwright designed a loom that performed all the operations of weaving.
	For the first time an enamelled po-suda was made.
	The French National Assembly passed a law on the metric system of measures.
	The first smallpox vaccine was given in the UK.
	G. Models designed a screw-cutting lathe with a mechanical support, which made it possible to produce machines using other machines.
	The American R. Fulton built the Clairmont, the first steamship in the world.
	The first factory for the production of canned food in cans was opened.
	In the UK, J. Stephenson built the 4Rocket ”- the first practically used steam locomotive.
	Matches were invented in the USA.
	The typewriter was made in France.
	A daguerreotype, a prototype of a camera, was constructed.
	The telegraph was created in the USA - the first use of electricity in technology - and the first telegraph message was sent.
	In the USA, the first surgical operation using anesthesia was performed.
	I. Singer's sewing machine was designed.
	The first box of matches went on sale.
	In London, the first stage of the underground was commissioned.

	In Russia, D. I. Mendeleev discovers the periodic law, on the basis of which he draws up a periodic system of chemical elements.
	The first postcard was issued in Vienna.
	Edison improves the electric lamp.
	A. Bell designed the first telephone.
	T. Edison begins the industrial production of incandescent lamps.
	The first electric elevator was invented in Germany.
	The first camera is patented in the USA modern type. The first tram was put into operation in Berlin.
	T. Edison opens the first public power station.
	The Maxim machine gun was designed in the USA.
	The first car with an internal combustion engine was made in Germany.
	The first high-rise building (“skyscraper”, 10 floors) was built in New York.
	In the USA, a jackhammer and an electric chair are designed.
	An electric motor, the first industrial application of electricity, is installed in a textile factory in the United States.
	AS Popov (Russia) designed a radio receiver.
	Brothers L. and O. Lumiere (France) invent cinematography.
	VK Roentgen discovers x-rays, known to us today as x-rays.
	The first vacuum cleaner was created in the USA.
	The Wright brothers designed the first airplane.
	Discovery of radioactivity.

	The discovery of blood groups in humans is the beginning of blood transfusion.
	A drill with an electric drive was designed - a revolution in dentistry.
	The first refrigerator was made in the USA.
	The causative agent of dysentery was found.
	Norwegian traveler R. Amundsen reaches the South Pole for the first time.
	The first three-color traffic light was installed in New York.
	The discovery of insulin by a group of scientists led by J. McLeod - the possibility of treating diabetes.
	A. Fleming's discovery of penicillin, the first antibiotic.
	In New York, the Empire State Building was built - for a long time the tallest building in the world (102 floors).
	The first color film was made in the USA.
	Report of F. and I. Joliot-Curie on the discovery of artificial radioactivity.
	In the UK and Germany, regular television broadcasting has begun.
	The first jet aircraft was created in Germany.
	Creation in the USA of the first electronic computer.
	In Japan, the production of transistor radios began - the first use of transistors in consumer products.
	DNA molecule discovered.
	Launch of the first artificial Earth satellite.
	The first manned flight into space (Yu. Gagarin).
	The first exit of man into open space.
	Landing people on the moon (N. Armstrong).
	IN USA invented microprocessor on silicon chips.
	Microsoft personal computers (B. Gates) appeared on sale - the first computers designed for mass consumption.
	The AIDS virus has been discovered.
	A worldwide computer network has been developed.
	The birth of the first cloned creature - Dolly the sheep.

_______________

The source of information: Alekseev D.Yu. Brief reference book of dates in history / St. Petersburg: Peter, 2008. - 320s.

Thanks to the human discoveries of the last centuries, we have the ability to instantly access any information from all over the world. Advances in medicine have helped humanity overcome dangerous diseases. Technical, scientific, inventions in shipbuilding and mechanical engineering give us the opportunity to reach any point on the globe in a few hours and even fly into space.

Inventions of the 19th and 20th centuries have changed humanity, turned its world upside down. Of course, development took place incessantly and every century gave us some of the greatest discoveries, but the global revolutionary inventions occurred precisely in this period. Let's talk about those very significant ones that changed the usual outlook on life and made a breakthrough in civilization.

X-rays

In 1885, the German physicist Wilhelm Roentgen, in the course of his scientific experiments, discovered that the cathode tube emits certain rays, which he called x-rays. The scientist continued to study them and found out that this radiation penetrates through opaque objects without being reflected or refracted. Subsequently, it was found that by irradiating parts of the body with these rays, one can see internal organs and get an image of the skeleton.

However, it took as much as 15 years after the discovery of Roentgen for the study of organs and tissues. Therefore, the name "X-ray" itself is attributed to the beginning of the 20th century, since it was not used everywhere before. Only in 1919 did many medical institutions begin to put the properties of this radiation into practice. The discovery of X-rays has revolutionized medicine, particularly in the field of diagnosis and analysis. The X-ray device has saved the lives of millions of people.

Airplane

Since time immemorial, people have tried to rise into the sky and create such an apparatus that would help a person to take off. In 1903, the American inventors brothers Orville and Wilbur Wright did it - they successfully launched their aircraft with the Flyer-1 engine into the air. And although he stayed above the ground for only a few seconds, this significant event is considered the beginning of the era of the birth of aviation. And the inventor brothers are considered the first pilots in the history of mankind.

In 1905, the brothers designed the third version of the device, which was already in the air for almost half an hour. In 1907, the inventors signed a contract with the American army, and later with the French. At the same time, the idea of carrying passengers on an airplane came up, and Orville and Wilbur Wright improved their model by equipping it with an additional seat. The scientists also equipped the plane with a more powerful engine.

Television

One of the most important discoveries of the 20th century was the invention of the television. Russian physicist Boris Rosing patented the first apparatus in 1907. In his model, he used a cathode ray tube, and used a photocell to convert signals. By 1912, he had improved the television, and in 1931 it became possible to transmit information using a color picture. In 1939, the first television channel was opened. Television has given a huge impetus to change people's worldview and ways of communication.

It should be added that Rosing is not the only one who invented the television. Back in the 19th century, the Portuguese scientist Adriano De Paiva and the Russian-Bulgarian physicist Porfiry Bakhmetiev proposed their ideas for the development of a device that transmitted images over wires. In particular, Bakhmetiev came up with a scheme for his device - a telephotographer, but he could not assemble it due to lack of funds.

In 1908, the Armenian physicist Hovhannes Adamyan patented a two-color apparatus for transmitting signals. And at the end of the 20s of the 20th century in America, Russian emigrant Vladimir Zworykin assembled his own TV, which he called the "iconoscope".

Car with an internal combustion engine

Several scientists worked on the creation of the first gasoline-powered car. In 1855, the German engineer Karl Benz designed a car with an internal combustion engine, and in 1886 received a patent for his model. vehicle. Then he began to produce cars for sale.

The American industrialist Henry Ford also made a huge contribution to the production of automobiles. At the beginning of the 20th century, companies appeared that were engaged in the production of cars, but the palm in this area rightfully belongs to Ford. He had a hand in designing the low-cost Model T and created a low-cost assembly line to assemble the vehicle.

A computer

Today we cannot present our everyday life without a computer or laptop. But just recently, the first computers were used only in science.

In 1941, the German engineer Konrad Zuse designed the Z3 mechanical apparatus, which worked on the basis of telephone relays. The computer practically did not differ from the modern sample. In 1942, the American physicist John Atanasoff and his assistant Clifford Berry began developing the first electronic computer, but they failed to complete this invention.

In 1946, the American John Mauchly developed the electronic computer ENIAC. The first cars were huge and occupied entire rooms. And the first personal computers appeared only in the late 1970s.

antibiotic penicillin

In 20th century medicine, a revolutionary breakthrough occurred when, in 1928, the English scientist Alexander Fleming discovered the effect of mold on bacteria.

Thus, the bacteriologist discovered the world's first antibiotic penicillin from the mold fungi Penicillium notatum - a medicine that saved the lives of millions of people. It is worth noting that Fleming's colleagues were mistaken, believing that the main thing is to strengthen the immune system, and not fight germs. Therefore, for several years antibiotics were not in demand. Only closer to 1943, the drug was widely used in medical institutions. Fleming continued to study microbes and improve penicillin.

Internet

The World Wide Web has transformed human life, because today, probably, there is no such corner of the world where this universal source of communication and information would not be used.

Dr. Licklider, who led the US military information exchange project, is considered one of the pioneers of the Internet. The public presentation of the created Arpanet network took place in 1972, and a little earlier, in 1969, Professor Kleinrock and his students tried to transfer some data from Los Angeles to Utah. And despite the fact that only two letters were transmitted, the beginning of the era of the worldwide web was laid. Then there was the first Email. The invention of the Internet became a world famous discovery, and by the end of the 20th century there were already more than 20 million users.

Mobile phone

We can't imagine our life without mobile phone I can't even believe that they just appeared recently. American engineer Martin Cooper became the creator of wireless communication. It was he who made the first cell phone call in 1973.

Literally one decade later this remedy communications became available to many Americans. The first Motorola phone was expensive, but people really liked the idea of this method of communication - they literally signed up to get it. The first tubes were heavy and large, and the miniature display showed nothing but the dialed number.

After some time, the mass production of various models began, and each new generation was improved.

Parachute

For the first time, Leonardo da Vinci thought about creating a semblance of a parachute. And after a few centuries, people have already begun to jump from balloons to which they hung half-open parachutes.

In 1912, American Albert Barry parachuted out of an airplane and landed safely. And engineer Gleb Kotelnikov invented a backpack parachute made of silk. They tested the invention on a car that was in motion. Thus was created the brake parachute. Before the outbreak of the First World War, the scientist patented the invention in France, and it is rightfully considered one of the important achievements of the 20th century.

Washing machine

Of course, the invention of the washing machine greatly facilitated and improved people's lives. Its inventor, the American Alva Fisher, patented his discovery in 1910. The first device for mechanical washing was a wooden drum that rotated eight times in different directions.

The predecessor of modern models was introduced in 1947 by two companies - General Electric and Bendix Corporation. Washing machines were uncomfortable and made noise.

After a while, Whirlpool employees introduced an improved version with plastic overlays that muffled the noise. In the Soviet Union, the Volga-10 washing machine appeared in 1975. Then, in 1981, the production of the Vyatka-avtomat-12 machine was launched.

Vedernikova Natalya Ivanovna

teacher of history and social studies

MBOU "Parbig middle

Comprehensive school"

Tomsk region, with. Parbig

History lesson plan in grade 8 on the topic: "Industrial Revolution"

Target : consider the features of the modernization process of the early 19th century

Tasks:

Educational:assimilate key concepts course

Developing: promote the development of historical thinking based on the analysis of the essence of a long historical process

Nurturing: to cultivate an understanding of the essence of the historical process

Lesson equipment: presentation

Lesson type: lecture - conversation

Basic concepts:modernization, industrialization, competition, free competition capitalism, monopoly, cartel, syndicate, trust, concern, imperialism.

organizational part.Reporting lesson objectives.
Transition to learning new material. Introductory conversation

What period of history did we study last school year? What is the name of this period?(history of the new time)
What is the chronological framework of the period in the history of modern times studied last year?(1500-1800 years)
What are the main features of this time?(industrial revolution, religious wars and reformation, formation of capitalism)

Learning new material

Plan:

Chronological framework and features of the second period of the history of modern times. Modernization

We have to study a new period in the history of mankind.

Let's get acquainted with the textbook and determine the chronological period of this time(1800-1913)

What event will mark the end of the new time period?(World War I).True, there is a point of view that the period new history ends in 1900.

A feature of the period is the beginning of the process modernization .

Modernization - the process of transforming a traditional society into an industrial one

Upgrade features:

In the political sphere - democratization of public and political life
IN social sphere– rapid population growth, migration, urban population growth
In the economic sphere - industrialization
In the field of culture, the rapid growth of scientific knowledge

Industrialization– the process of development and implementation of a large machine technology, the production of machines with the help of machines

The development history of different countries is uneven. Here is the upgrade process different countries began at different times - it depended on the start of the industrial revolution.

What is an industrial revolution?(transition from manufactory to factory)

In which country did it start first?(In Great Britain)

What other countries experienced the industrial revolution in the 18th century?(Holland, France, USA)

These countries became the first echelon of modernization - the countries of the old capitalism.

Work on filling out the table:

Echelons of modernization at the beginning of the 19th century

First echelon	Second echelon	third echelon
Countries of old capitalism	Countries of young capitalism	traditional society
England France	USA Germany Italy Japan Russia Austrian Empire	China Latin American countries
The development of capitalism proceeded naturally	Development of capitalism through reforms	Modernization processes are limited

Completion of the industrial revolution

Work with the presentation, filling in the table in the course of the teacher's story

Technical inventions of the 19th century

date of	Invention		Meaning
1800	metal lathe	Maudslay (England)	Making machines with machines
	Automatic textile machine	J. M. Jacquard (France)	Replaced manual labor
1856	Converter	G. Bessemer (England)	steel smelting
	melting furnace	Brothers E. and P. Martin (France)	Smelting higher quality steel
1825	First Railway Stockton - Darlington	George Stephenson (England)	The beginning of the revolution in the field of transport, the railroad boom
1879	First train	Ernst Werner Siemens	The use of electricity for the railway
1803	First steamboat (tested on the Seine River)	R. Fulton (France)
1807	Steamboat "Clermont"	R. Fulton	Replacement sailing fleet steam
1819	Steamboat "Savannah"		made a transatlantic voyage
1803	Steam engine car	Evans (USA), Trevithick (England)	The appearance of the first car
1885	Petrol engine car	Karl Benz (Germany)
1895	Prototype of a modern car	Gottlieb Daimler (Germany)
1908	Model T car	Henry Ford (USA)	The arrival of the cheap car
	Balloon flight (aerostat)	Brothers Montgolfier (France) improved by Jacques Charles	First flight in the air
1900	Airship "Zeppelin" (length 128 m)	Ferdinand von Zeppelin (Germany)	Heavier-than-air flight, controlled balloon
1902	Glider with gasoline engine	Wright Brothers (USA)	Start of aircraft construction
1803	The invention of the spranel (explosive projectile)	H. Spranel (England)	The growth of lethal force of weapons
1862	Invention of nitroglycerin, manufacture of dynamite	Alfred Nobel (Sweden)	Obtaining weapons of great destructive power
1835	Revolver	Samuel Colt (USA)	Automatic weapons
1875	arc lamp	P.N. Yablochkov (Russia)	Electric lighting of public places
1880	incandescent lamp	T. Edison (USA)	Indoor lighting
1843	Baltimore-Washington telegraph line using code alphabet	morse	Information transfer, communication
1899	Wireless telegraph (radio)	A. Popov (Russia) G. Marconi (Italy)	Information transfer, communication
1876	Phone	M. Gray, A. Bell (USA)	Information transfer, communication

Conclusion: technical inventions laid the foundation for the development modern society(the symbol of this time is the Eiffel Tower)

Free competition capitalism and monopoly capitalism

In the first half of the 19th century, the era of free factory capitalism begins, orfree competition capitalism.

Free competition capitalism- a social system based on unlimited competition in the economic sphere

Competition - the struggle between entrepreneurs for the most favorable conditions for the production and sale of goods, providing the highest profit

The first half of the 19th century was a period of free competition. But already by 1870-1880. the manufacturing sector is conquered monopolies.

Monopoly - an association of capitalists that arises on the basis of a growing concentration of production and capital, concentrating production or sale in its hands and having the goal of establishing dominance in certain sectors of the economy and maximizing profits.

Variousforms of monopoly associations:

Cartel - an association in which the production and commercial independence of enterprises is preserved, but uniform prices are determined and sales markets are divided

Syndicate - an association engaged in the joint marketing of products

Trust - complete merger of enterprises, loss of commercial and industrial independence

Concern - association of trusts or enterprises dependent on any monopoly group

THEN. monopoly capitalism develops(imperialism).

Imperialism - a special stage in the development of capitalism, in which it seeks to spread its dominance in all areas of society.

Consolidation of the studied material:

What new features appeared in the development of capitalist production in Europe?
What is a capitalist monopoly?
What role did exacerbation play? competition in the formation of monopolies?
What forms of business merger do you know?
Why does capitalism of free competition develop into monopoly capitalism at the end of the 19th century?

Signs of imperialism - according to the textbook p. 20 - write out

Combination of free competition and monopoly
Merger of industrial and banking capital and the formation of a financial oligarchy
The predominance of the export of capital over the export of goods
Economic division of the world into spheres of influence
Establishing a close relationship between the financial oligarchy and the government

Homework:

§1-2, answer questions, vocabulary work

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