Development of foreign trade activities. Trends in the development of foreign economic activity in Russia (up to the present time). The managerial link in the foreign economic policy of the state

Types and forms of foreign economic activity.

Foreign economic activity refers to one of the areas of international business based on the production of products (performance of work and provision of services intended for foreign markets).

In Russian practice, this concept began to be actively used since the end of the 80s of the last century in connection with the beginning of the implementation of the economic reform (1086-1987), the essence of which was reduced to the decentralization of state foreign trade and the transition from the system of intergovernmental foreign economic relations to the independent implementation of foreign economic activity at the level enterprises. - manufacturers of export products.

Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of November 15, 1991 No. 213 "On the liberalization of foreign economic activity on the territory of the RSFSR" established that "all enterprises, organizations and associations registered in the territory of the Russian Federation, regardless of their form of ownership, are allowed to carry out foreign economic activity without special registration." ... Any Russian person whose constituent documents provide for the conduct of foreign economic activity has the right to import or export goods in accordance with the concluded contract.

As a result of the WPP reforming in Russia, two concepts of “WPP” and “FEA” have emerged, the last of which changed the content of the previously used WPP category, its meaning and nature. At the same time, foreign economic activity and foreign economic activity should not be considered as two separate foreign economic spheres of functioning and state regulation in the Russian economy. Because one of the priority aspects of foreign economic activity is that the foreign economic strategy of individual export-oriented enterprises, as well as the sectoral ministries and departments of which they are members, largely determines the directions and principles of the state's foreign economic policy.

Foreign economic relations. - one of the forms of interstate relations in the field of scientific, military and technical, industrial and trade and economic cooperation and monetary and financial interaction.

The content of the WEC consists in the unconditional fulfillment in the state interests of Russia of export supplies (and import purchases for federal needs) arising from the bilateral intergovernmental trade and economic agreements reached, as a rule, of a mutual nature within the framework of international specialization and cooperation, as well as in the fulfillment of financial and credit obligations ...

The planning of volumes and determination of the commodity nomenclature of export-import products and services within the framework of the implementation of the WPP is carried out by federal structures, i.e. at the government level on strategically important positions through the state order system and at the expense of the state budget.

The state order, in fact, acts as a directive plan for ensuring the production of export products for specialized enterprises selected as a contractor. The government allocates limits for centralized material and technical support and monetary and financial resources for the generated order.

By handing over the state order to the executing enterprises, federal structures, those responsible for the implementation of foreign economic agreements undertake the obligation to pay it in full in due time.

Foreign economic activity refers to the market sphere of relations, based on the criteria business activities, structural connection with production processes and is distinguished by legal and economic autonomy, as well as legal independence from sectoral departmental guardianship.

Foreign economic activity is carried out at the level of enterprises in part or in full ensuring the production of export products and their sale in the external market. Such enterprises, companies, firms are export-oriented enterprises.

FEA is based on complete independence in the development of an export strategy, in the choice of an export product, its nomenclature and composition of assortment positions based on production and technological capabilities, as well as the external market, a foreign partner, basic and financial and economic conditions of foreign trade transactions, in determining the export price and the cost of the contract, delivery times for products and transportation methods.

Factors in the development of foreign economic activity.

Foreign trade began to develop rapidly under the capitalist mode of production and reached its greatest development when a number of the largest countries in the world (the USA, Japan, Germany, France, etc.) entered the world market economic system.

The most significant factor that influenced the rapid development of foreign trade activity between countries in the 19th century was the development of sea and rail transport. In the XX century. the possibility of extensive development of foreign trade has increased due to the constant improvement of all types of transport.

The intensive development of various types of machine production makes it important to increase foreign trade exchange operations, since new types of raw materials, fuels, materials, as well as scientific developments are needed.

The following groups of factors also affect the development of foreign economic activity:

1. Economic factors.Throughout history, uneven economic development has been observed in various countries of the world. Each country has its own structure of industries, its own level of industrial development, agriculture, transport, communications, their specialization in the economy.

2.Political relationships.The existence of friendly political relations between countries contributes to the strengthening of foreign economic activity.

3. Scientific and technical development of the country.The formation of foreign economic activity is facilitated by the exchange between countries, researchers, teachers, students; joint research, experiments, execution of contracts for the design, research and development work.

4. Features of geographical location, natural and climatic conditions.

5. Resource factors... The difference between human, raw materials and financial resources also creates the basis for exchange relations.

After World War II, when the world was dominated by countries with closed economies, there was a widespread view that every state should succeed in all areas of the economy. This trend was driven by the desire to ensure the country's self-sufficiency, as well as the opinion that reaching the modern level presupposes the development of manufacturing industries, and not concentration on those areas where the country has achieved the greatest success. However, world experience has shown that a prerequisite successful development deeper integration of the country into the world economy has become, which allows obtaining new technologies and know-how, as well as increasing the role of competition.

Stage 1 (1986-1988) - was characterized by a change in the principles of organizing management processes in the foreign trade system and its decentralization. At this stage, two main tasks were solved: 1. Expanding the rights of sectoral ministries and departments and their enterprises, associations and organizations to enter the foreign market, establish direct links, carry out industrial and scientific and technical cooperation with foreign partners, represent enterprises - manufacturers of products, intended for export, independence in foreign economic activity. 2. Expansion of the number of participants in foreign economic activity due to the formation of new organizational structures - joint ventures (JV), production cooperatives, associations of foreign economic cooperation with foreign partners (AVEC), intergovernmental international associations and organizations (MO) in order to accelerate scientific and technological progress in the field and export production. The second stage (1989 - 1991): characterized by the further development of the foreign economic activity and the formation of a system of state regulation of foreign trade, primarily through the methods of non-tariff export restrictions. It was at this stage that the right to independently enter the foreign market was granted to all enterprises - manufacturers of goods, works and services competitive in the foreign market. About 97% of the total volume of export-import operations fell on the state foreign trade associations. The third stage (! 992-1995) - at this stage, the efforts of the state were directed, firstly, to the development of Russia's foreign economic strategy and the creation of a new mechanism for state regulation of foreign trade activities, corresponding to the principles of liberalization, as well as legislation in the field of foreign economic activity. Strategic goals were focused on improving the structure of foreign trade and export, using modern efficient forms of work in foreign markets and expanding their geography, developing industrial technologies in export production by attracting foreign partners, increasing competitive parameters and the share of exports of mechanical engineering products. An important moment of this stage was the adoption of the fundamental laws for the foreign economic sphere: “On the customs tariff”, “On currency regulation and currency control”, “On the foundations of state regulation of foreign trade”, the Customs Code of the Russian Federation. The fourth stage (1995-1999) was distinguished by the processes of improving the methods of state regulation of foreign trade in the direction of its unification with international practice. Forced forms of control (currency, customs) appeared. At the present stage, the main efforts are aimed at bringing domestic practice and legislation on state regulation in accordance with the rules and agreements of the WTO, coordinating positions in trade concessions with the WTO member countries. However, up to the present moment in the Russian Federation there is no clear generally recognized long-term strategy of integration into the world economy and development of the foreign economic sphere based on national interests and priorities.

The main types and forms of foreign economic activity

Foreign economic activity can be carried out in different types:

Foreign trade: export, import, barter transactions, commodity exchanges, compensation transactions;

Types of foreign economic activity

Export is the export of goods, works, services, results of intellectual activity, including exclusive rights to them from the customs territory of the Russian Federation, without obligations to re-import. The fact of export is recorded at the moment the goods cross the customs border or at the time of the actual provision of services or transfer of rights to the results of intellectual activity. Certain commercial operations without exporting them from the customs territory of the Russian Federation, in particular tolling (external and internal), are equated to the export of goods.

Internal tolling is the purchase by a foreign legal entity (non-resident) from a Russian legal entity (resident) of a product or resource (raw material) and transferring it to another Russian legal entity for processing and subsequent export of processed raw materials abroad.

External tolling is the purchase of goods or raw materials from abroad for processing in the country and the subsequent export of goods abroad.

Import is the import of goods, works, services, results of intellectual activity, including exclusive rights to them, to the customs territory of the Russian Federation from abroad without an obligation to export them back.

The fact of import is recorded at the moment the goods cross the customs border or actually receive services, or intellectual property rights.

Re-export - the import of goods into the territory of a given country for the purpose of their subsequent export to other countries without any intermediate processing.

Re-import is the import from abroad of previously exported goods that have not been processed there (not sold at an auction, exhibition, rejected by the buyer, etc.).

But if the goods were not originally intended for sale, they are not counted in re-import.

Trade and intermediary operations are operations related to the sale and purchase of goods and carried out on behalf of the manufacturer-exporter (importer) by an independent reseller on the basis of an agreement concluded between them or a separate order.

Working through intermediaries is an indirect method of doing business, as opposed to a direct method - direct contact between the manufacturer and the buyer.

Operations with capital and other specific payments related to the credit and financial sphere are international capital movements expressed in the acquisition of shares foreign companies and counter purchase by foreigners of shares of domestic companies, organization of joint ventures, alliances, etc. with capital from different countries, this is international lending, etc.

It began with the rise of capitalism and the improvement of production. The leaders in this were the most large countries the world: the United States, Germany, Japan, Italy and others in the process of entering into their relations on the world economic market.

Definition 1

Foreign economic activity is a set of processes in which foreign economic relations are implemented through the exchange of goods, entering into joint ventures and other forms of economic and scientific and technical relations, as well as through transactions with currency, financial and credit funds.

The concept of foreign economic activity is both a historical and an economic category. From a historical point of view, foreign economic activity is the result of the formation of civilization, which arose together with statehood and develops together with it. From point of view economic science Foreign economic activity is a system of economic relations between countries of the world, covering practically all spheres of economic life, primarily production, trade, investment.

FEA development factors

One of the main factors in the development of foreign economic activity is, of course, the export of capital. On this basis, transnational companies and corporations emerge, which are usually national in relation to capital and international in relation to the field of activity. The role of such transnational organizations is great, since they account for up to 1/3 of all international exports in the world.

Other factors affecting the development of foreign economic relations include:

Different levels of economic development of the countries of the world - each country has its own unique sectoral structure and its inherent level of industrial development, communications, transport, its own economic specialization.
Differences in the provision of labor, raw materials, financial opportunities - around the world every year about 25 million people move in search of work, while there are countries with a surplus of labor, and, conversely, with a shortage of labor and human resources. That is why the process of labor migration plays an important role in the development and strengthening of international economic, scientific and technical relations.
The political position of states - the development and strengthening of foreign economic activity is promoted by a positive political climate in the world and friendly relations between the states of the world, and political confrontation, on the contrary, aggravates the closed nature of economies, reduces trade turnover and can even lead to a break in economic relations.
Differences in the level of scientific and technological development are an important factor in the development and strengthening of foreign economic activity. Exchange of students, researchers, achievements, conducting joint scientific projects and research, concluding contracts for design research - all this strengthens the relationship between states.

Problems and prospects of Russia in the field of foreign economic activity

Russia is a country rich in mineral and raw materials, has the most advantageous geographical position, but recently it has faced significant bans and restrictions associated with the possibility of world trade.

Remark 1

Of course the introduction Russian Federation the WTO has somewhat eased the economic pressure from foreign states. However, the sanctions imposed since 2014 by the United States and individual western countries forced to search for alternative solutions regarding the conduct of foreign economic activity, since only the internal exchange of goods and services between regions would not ensure the achievement of normal economic indicators.

At present, for the effective and efficient development of foreign economic relations, Russia is striving to become a state that produces and sells competitive goods and services, creates equal conditions for competition among manufacturing enterprises in different market sectors. The main condition for solving such a problem is an effective state policy in the field of foreign economic activity, based on:

the growth of state control in the field of foreign trade relations
control of the quantity and quality of exported and imported goods
expanded attraction of investments into the economy from foreign partners
creating the most comfortable conditions for the activities of domestic manufacturers.

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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION OF RUSSIA

State educational institution

Higher professional education

Saint Petersburg University of Service and Economics

Test

In the discipline "Fundamentals of Foreign Economic Activity"

On the topic: "State strategy for the development of foreign economic activity in Russia"

Completed: 3rd year student of z.o.

Specialties 080501

Group 0611 PT

Dudina V.M.

Checked by: S.V. Efimova

Saint Petersburg, 2012

Introduction

2. Reforming the foreign economic activity of the Russian Federation

3. Problems of foreign economic activity in Russia

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

An important component of the country's economic growth is effective foreign economic activity (FEA), increasing its effectiveness and sustainability. Increasing the efficiency of foreign trade depends on many factors, among which are of particular importance, firstly, the formation of scientifically grounded externally trade policyand secondly, the effectiveness of the mechanism of state regulation of export and import operations. An effective foreign trade policy creates favorable conditions for increasing the competitiveness of domestic products in the world and domestic markets, motivates the implementation of a strategy for import substitution, contributes to the formation of the revenue side of the budget, and ultimately strengthens the economic security of the country.

At the turn of the 21st century, Russia's foreign economic activity is going through a difficult period of profound qualitative transformations associated with the implementation of reforms and the search for ways to integrate into the system of world economic relations.

The study and creative comprehension of the processes and trends that characterize the foreign economic development of our country at this critical stage are an important task of economic science. The analysis of these processes presupposes a broad and comprehensive approach to assessing many modern phenomena that arise both in the world economy and international relations, and within the country, associated with changes in the state of the domestic economy and the prospects for its development.

1. Foreign economic activity of the Russian Federation

Foreign economic activity of a country reflects its national interests and its foreign and foreign economic policy. At the same time, this activity characterizes the state of its economy, the level, pace and conditions of development, potential opportunities and the actual use of available resources.

Fundamental transformations in the socio-economic structure of our country, Russia's transition to a market economy, the return of its economy to the world economy have fundamentally changed the essence and nature of the RF foreign economic activity. Foreign economic activity of the USSR, the legal successor of which was the Russian Federation, was built on the principles of the state monopoly of foreign trade, currency monopoly and a ban on foreign investments, which reflected the administrative-command economic system that prevailed in the country.

The state of foreign economic activity during the years of so-called perestroika (1985-1991) deteriorated significantly as a result of the socio-economic crisis, an absolute decline in production volumes, a sharp increase in foreign debt (by the end of 1990, it amounted to more than $ 80 billion), limited resources export (in 1985-1990 due to the decline in world prices for energy resources, at least $ 45 billion of export earnings was lost).

This was the legacy that the Russian Federation received in the field of foreign economic activity.

The development of foreign economic activity in Russia in the 90s of the XX century took place in extremely difficult conditions of the growth of crisis phenomena in the economy, caused both by radical transformations of the economic structure of the national economy, and by the difficulties of the transition economy, burdened by the instability of the internal political situation. The transition to a market economy, the involvement of Russia in the world economy made it dependent on the processes taking place in it, which negatively affected its weakened economy (an example can be the impact of the world financial crisis of 1997-98, which was one of the reasons for the events of August 1998. - devaluation of the ruble and default on government obligations).

A significant drawback of the foreign economic activity of our country is the insufficient development of export of services, a small share of direct investments, both foreign and Russian, and a high state credit debt.

2. Reforming the foreign economic activity of the Russian Federation

The crisis of the economic system of state socialism, reflected in the insufficient and ineffective development of foreign economic activity, made it necessary to reform it.

The need for a radical reform of foreign economic activity was caused by a number of circumstances:

· The state monopoly of foreign trade gave rise to the isolation of direct economic entities from the world market and made it impossible for them to use the advantages of the international division of labor;

· Enterprises, especially manufacturing, were not interested in exporting their products, since all export earnings were completely centralized by the state;

· Export was mainly of a residual nature and pursued only one goal - to obtain foreign exchange earnings;

· Import, especially during the period of "stagnation", in the 70-80s of the XX century. was economically unjustified, imported mainly consumer goods and raw materials for their production, which did not create conditions for the development of production and its technical renewal;

Isolation from the global technology market, concentration of the latest technologies in military-industrial complex made domestic goods uncompetitive, especially machine and technical products and a number of other factors.

The foreign economic activity reform in the general complex of radical economic transformations has become especially acute as the possibilities of extensive development of the national economy have been exhausted.

The main goals of the foreign economic activity reform:

· turning on russian economy to the world economy;

· Taking advantage of the international division of labor;

· Acceleration of economic and scientific and technological development based on the use of the achievements of world science, technology and production;

· Creation of interest of economic entities in the implementation of export-import and other types of foreign economic activity;

· Overcoming monopoly in the economy;

· Overcoming the negative consequences of the command economy in foreign economic activity;

· Elimination of the adverse consequences of economic difficulties in the country's economy in the 80s.

· In accordance with these goals, the main directions of the foreign economic activity reform were determined. The main ones were:

· Demonopolization of foreign economic activity (elimination of the state monopoly of foreign trade, foreign exchange monopoly and a ban on foreign investment);

· Decentralization of foreign economic activity (transfer of the right to exercise it directly to economic entities);

· Liberalization of foreign economic activity (abolition and significant relaxation of restrictions generated by the administrative-command economy);

· Transition to the use of predominantly economic methods of state regulation of foreign economic activity;

· Solving the problem of convertibility of the Russian currency;

· Liberalization of pricing and bringing domestic prices closer to the world level;

· Development of non-state structures for foreign economic activity assistance;

RF entry into international economic organizations;

· Radical reorganization of foreign economic activity management at the federal, regional and local levels and at the level of firms and enterprises;

· Development of legislation on foreign economic activity, corresponding to the level achieved in the industrial developed countries and the norms of international law.

The foreign economic activity reform began in the second half of the 1980s. The first act was the decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated 08.19.1986 "On measures to improve the management of foreign economic relations", in accordance with which the rights of ministries were somewhat expanded and a small group of enterprises (about 80) was granted the right to enter the foreign market while maintaining the state monopoly on foreign trade. By the decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated 01/13/1987, it was allowed to create joint ventures with foreign capital on the territory of the USSR. A special role in the reform of foreign economic activity was played by the decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated 12.12.1988 "On the further development of foreign economic activity of state, cooperative and other public associations and organizations", according to which all named structures from April 1, 1989 were granted the right to enter the world market, subject to competitiveness their products.

The real beginning of genuine reform was laid by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of November 19, 1991 "On the liberalization of foreign economic activity in the territory of the RSFSR."

This act eliminated the former system of foreign economic activity and laid the foundation for the formation new systemadequate to the market economy.

In the 90s, many of these tasks were, to a certain extent, solved, and in the field of foreign economic activity in Russia, most of the market reforms were carried out. National legislation on foreign economic activity was developed and put into practice - federal laws on the regulation of foreign economic activity, on foreign exchange regulation and foreign exchange control, on foreign investments, on the customs tariff, on international commercial arbitration. The Customs Code of the Russian Federation and a number of other legal acts. Internal convertibility of the Russian ruble has been achieved. Firms and commercial banks, regardless of the form of ownership, got the opportunity to carry out any foreign economic operations.

Compared to the initial period of reforms, the role of foreign trade in the Russian economy in quantitative terms has significantly increased.

Foreign economic activity reform is taking place in difficult conditions of continuing instability of the economic and political situation, the economic crisis has not been completely overcome. Successful Foreign economic activity reform is hampered by a number of factors of an objective and subjective nature, both external and internal.

These factors include:

· The persisting raw material nature of Russian exports makes its value volume unstable;

· Exhaustion of extensive opportunities for increasing the export of raw materials;

· The stabilization and growth of exports took place, first of all, due to the growth of its physical volume at understated (relative to the level of world prices) average contract prices;

· Increase in the share of agricultural raw materials and food in 1991 -98. by almost one third, and in 1995 it amounted to more than 28%, which threatens the food security of the country.

· Existing restrictions for participants in foreign economic activity, in particular, the mandatory sale of 50-75% of foreign exchange earnings to the state and others;

· The loss of the established foreign economic relations with post-socialist countries;

· Increased competition from firms of industrialized countries and transnational corporations;

· Persistence by a number of countries of discriminatory measures against Russian goods;

· High interest rates on loans;

· Underdevelopment of the system of foreign economic insurance, especially in terms of financial risks;

· Insufficient qualification of personnel involved in foreign economic activity and other circumstances;

· Lack of a clear long-term reform program;

· Significant development of unorganized trade, the so-called "shuttle traders".

The granting of the right to enter the foreign market for all enterprises, without a sufficiently developed legal framework guaranteeing the economic security of the country, without due responsibility of foreign economic activity participants, in the absence of sufficient ability to conduct export-import operations and business ethics, caused enormous economic damage to Russia.

Further development of foreign economic activity, the continuation of its reform presupposes overcoming an unfavorable situation, creating conditions conducive to the progress of foreign economic activity and the national economy as a whole. One of the most important of these conditions is the development of a long-term strategy for foreign economic activity in Russia.

3. Problems of foreign economic activity in Russia

In determining Russia's foreign economic strategy, it is necessary to take into account the significant weaknesses of our economy in foreign economic relations. The main problems of foreign economic activity include:

· Extremely high resource intensity and production costs (even in technologically advanced industries);

· Prevalence of technologies and methods of production organization that are not competitive by modern standards;

· Significant, and in some industries critical depreciation of fixed assets;

· Limited possibilities of internal accumulation;

· Weak motivation and low labor intensity;

Significant unevenness in economic development regions of the country and large gaps in living standards between them;

· The rupture after the collapse of the USSR and the termination of the CMEA activities of the established economic and trade ties;

Tangible, especially after the collapse of the USSR, the irrationality of the location of production, zones of consumption of communications (including foreign economic), a high proportion of long-distance transportations:

· Great dependence of industrial modernization and living standards on imports and attracting foreign investment, a difficult situation with servicing a significant external debt;

· The inertia of the bureaucratization of the economy and the entire system of public administration and significant socio-political instability.

The development of a mechanism for state stimulation of exports and import-substituting production at the micro and macro levels should contribute to the successful solution of the problems of international economic relations in Russia; further development of the foreign economic activity infrastructure.

4. Prospects for the development of foreign economic activity in Russia

foreign economic reform export privilege

In the foreign economic complex of Russia in recent years there has been a drop in the absolute volumes of export products. In addition to the low competitiveness of domestic products in foreign markets, the following subjective factors began to play a significant role in weakening export positions:

1. Discriminatory restrictions of the EU, USA, Canada and others on products russian production, mainly semi-finished and finished products.

2. Anti-dumping procedures by the EU Commission, which cover a significant amount of products of metallurgical, chemical, light and other competitive sectors of the Russian industry. On the part of the USA and Canada, such measures are directed against the supply of certain types of ferrous metals.

3. The introduction since 1997 of import duties on Russian oil products imported into the territory of the EU countries, while in a preferential regime. At the same time, in an effort to reduce energy dependence on Russia, they are guided by energy suppliers from other countries.

4. A high level of concentration on the sales markets of Russian exports, limiting its expansion. Thus, about 90% of copper and nickel exports go to the Dutch market; 60% of aluminum supplies are carried out to the markets of two countries - Japan and the USA; about 70% of timber - Finland and Japan; more than 40% of natural gas is supplied to Ukraine and Germany.

In the context of a high export orientation of the Russian industry, as well as a decrease in the competitiveness of domestic products, both on foreign and domestic markets, the conjuncture of world commodity markets has a direct impact on the results of the development of foreign economic activity, as well as the real sector of the Russian economy.

The reduction in the value of foreign trade turnover in Russia leads to a decrease in the role of foreign economic activity in solving the problems of economic stabilization in the country, and has a negative effect on the revenue side of the state budget.

However, the main reason for the unfavorable situation in the sphere of foreign economic activity in Russia is the raw material overload of domestic exports. Its consequence is excessive dependence on market fluctuations, which are most susceptible to international commodity markets.

Orientation to the world market has been and remains an extremely profitable economic direction for Russia, which accordingly requires the export structuring of the national economy at a faster pace. To ensure this process, the Russian Government has identified strategic goals and priority directions for the development of Russia's foreign economic activity:

1. Development of Russia's export potential, including improving its structure, increasing the degree of competitiveness and increasing the share of science-intensive products.

2. Creation of a mechanism for state stimulation of exports and import substitution both at the micro level, through tax incentives for exporters and long-term concessional loans for the development of export production, and at the macro level, by using part of the income from export duties and an appropriate mechanism for distributing foreign loans and public investment.

3. Formation of a modern industrial, financial and economic infrastructure for foreign economic activity.

4. Elimination of the continuing discrimination against foreign investors and the formation of institutions of insurance against political and economic risk.

5. Rationalization of imports in order to change the structure of the economy and ensure the process of modernization of fixed assets of production aimed at strengthening the country's export base (purchase of complex equipment and licenses, etc.)

Achieving these goals and ensuring the stability of Russia's foreign economic activity involves changing the existing and working out new elements of the state regulation mechanism in accordance with the changing conditions of the domestic and world markets.

Conclusion

Now foreign trade activity in Russia is carried out on fundamentally new principles, different from the era of state monopoly.

All this is a powerful stimulus for the development of foreign economic relations. Many republics, territories and regions, within the framework of their powers, are actively engaged in establishing contacts with foreign partners, developing their own regulatory framework, improving infrastructure, and increasing export potential.

List of references

1. Law of the Russian Federation of 21.03.91 No. 943-1 "On the State Tax Service of the RSFSR".

2. Tax Code of the Russian Federation. Parts one and two - M .: Infa-M, 2006.

3. Goncharenko L.I., Melnikova N.P., Bashkirova N.N. and others. Workshop on the discipline "Taxation of organizations in the financial sector of the economy." - M .: Finance and Statistics, 2005.

4. Foreign economic activity of the enterprise: textbook for universities / Ed. L.E. Strovsky. - M .: UNITI, 2005.

5. Makhovikova G.A. , Fundamentals of Foreign Economic Activity.- SPb .: Peter, 2004.

6. L.M. Zibrova, Foreign economic activity. Methodical instructions for the implementation of the test for students of the specialty 080102.65 (060600) "World Economy". - SPb .: Publishing house of SPbGUSE, 2009.

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abstract

by discipline: Accounting, analysis and audit of foreign economic activity

on the topic "Essence, forms and conditions for the development of foreign economic activity"

Performed by the student gr. BA-82D:

Farakhieva Zilya Minzeferovna

Supervisor:

Eliseev Alexander Anatolievich

Cheboksary, 2012

INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………………… 3

1. ESSENCE, GOALS AND OBJECTIVES OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES …………………………………………………………………… 4

2. FORMS AND TYPES OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES. 7

3. CONDITIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES ………………………………………………………………… ..10

CONCLUSION ………………………………………………………… .... 17

LIST OF USED LITERATURE ……………………… .... 18

INTRODUCTION

International economic relations are one of the most dynamically developing spheres of economic life. Foreign economic activity is the process of implementing foreign economic relations, including trade, joint entrepreneurship, provision of services, and cooperation. Conducting foreign economic activity with foreign countries, the search for opportunities to make a profit in the world market is a necessity for any enterprise that is interested in increasing profit margins on the basis of foreign trade operations. The intensive development of production makes it necessary to increase foreign trade exchange operations. The development of production requires the existence of well-established foreign economic relations and developed foreign economic activity.

The study and generalization of the theoretical and methodological foundations of the development of foreign economic activity seems to be an important scientific and practical problem for Russian enterprises - participants in foreign economic activity, and indicates the high relevance of the selected research problem.

The purpose of the study is to study the essence of foreign economic activity and determine the conditions for the favorable development of foreign economic activity.

The implementation of this goal led to the solution of the following tasks:

1) determine the essence, goals and objectives of foreign economic activity;

2) consider the main forms and types of foreign economic activity;

3) consider the conditions for the development of foreign economic activity.

The essence, goals and objectives of foreign economic activity

Foreign economic activity - external economic relations of the state, enterprises, firms, closely related to foreign trade, export and import of goods and services, intellectual property rights, international cooperation, joint business and other activities with the participation of foreign legal entities in the economic territory and its organization abroad.

Foreign economic activity is carried out at the level of production structures (firms, organizations, enterprises, associations) with complete independence in the choice of the foreign market and foreign partner, the nomenclature and assortment items of goods for the export-import transaction, in determining the price and value of the contract, the volume and delivery time and is part of their production and commercial activities with both domestic and foreign partners.

Foreign economic activity refers to the market sphere, is based on the criteria of entrepreneurial activity and structural links with production, is distinguished by legal autonomy, economic, as well as legal independence from any branch departments and ministries.

The main goals of foreign economic activity:

changes in the volume of exports and imports;

provision of the necessary resources (raw materials, energy, etc.);

changes in the ratio of export and import prices.

These goals are achieved through the solution of the following tasks:

1) study of the theoretical foundations of the international division of labor and international trade;

2) study of techniques and methods of international trade policy;

3) study of methods of international pricing;

4) study of the organization and technique of foreign economic operations.

The essence of foreign economic activity is that it is based on the principle of commercial calculation based on economic and financial independence and self-sufficiency, taking into account its own monetary, financial and material and technical capabilities.

Of particular importance is the principle of foreign exchange self-sufficiency, which is ensured by foreign exchange earnings from export sales in the foreign market. Concentrated on the current foreign exchange account, they form the foreign economic activity participant's foreign exchange fund.

A foreign economic activity participant can open a foreign currency account in any foreign currency or in several currencies at once, the so-called multicurrency account and conversion account. Opening a foreign currency account in several types allows you to avoid currency conversion from one to another and additional costs that accompany the process of exchange transactions. Exchange differences associated with currency translation (in the event of a conversion) are charged to the company's foreign currency account.

Currency funds can be kept in deposit accounts. Interest is accrued on deposits in deposit accounts due to an increase in the amount of foreign currency funds, and there are advantages to using bank loans and innovative financing. The amount of accrued interest is accepted either on the basis of an agreement between the authorized bank and its client, or is based on the rates of the corresponding period in effect on the date of acceptance of foreign exchange funds in the international interbank market by type of currency.

At the moment of opening a foreign currency account, a foreign economic activity participant opens two types of accounts at once: transit and current, which are conducted in parallel. Foreign exchange earnings from the export of goods (works, services) are credited first to the transit account, and then, after the mandatory sale in the domestic foreign exchange market, the rest of it is transferred to the current foreign currency account of the foreign trade participant. The currency received from operations in the domestic foreign exchange market is credited directly to the current foreign currency account.

Sources of foreign exchange earnings in the domestic foreign exchange market are foreign exchange earnings received from the sale of goods (works, services) by bank transfer or in cash, as well as by checks, credit cards; currency bought on the currency exchange and in the bank; foreign currency donations, etc.

Receipts in cash in the form of the unused balance of the previously received cash currency may be credited to the current foreign currency accounts of foreign economic activity participants in authorized banks without restriction.

Interest is not accrued on the currency funds available on the transit account. On foreign exchange funds held in current foreign exchange accounts, banks accrue and pay interest only for those currencies in which they have income from their placement in the international foreign exchange market.

Thus, foreign economic activity is carried out at the level of production structures (firms, organizations, enterprises, associations) with complete independence in the choice of the foreign market and foreign partner. Foreign economic activity is based on the principle of commercial calculation based on economic and financial independence and self-sufficiency, taking into account its own monetary, financial and material and technical capabilities.

It might be helpful to read:

Development of foreign trade activities. Trends in the development of foreign economic activity in Russia (up to the present time). The managerial link in the foreign economic policy of the state

FEA development factors

Problems and prospects of Russia in the field of foreign economic activity

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abstract

The essence, goals and objectives of foreign economic activity